The inventions of the romans ciro
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This document describes several important inventions and structures from ancient Rome: the aqueduct which transported water, the colosseum for gladiator battles and entertainment, scales for weighing items, and the turtle formation used by soldiers for protection. It also discusses the Julian calendar established by Julius Caesar and inventions like the plow for farming and early candles made from animal fat that provided lighting.
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7.roman art, engineering
The Romans were effective conquerors who created a unified national identity across regions through architecture and construction. To support their grand vision, Romans innovated new building materials and techniques. They invented concrete, which allowed larger structures, and developed arched and vaulted designs that distributed weight efficiently. The dome also provided new possibilities. These innovations enabled monumental structures like aqueducts, baths, amphitheaters, and arches that dominated the landscape and consolidated Roman power.
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Roman architecture was influenced by the cultures they conquered, including the practical functionalism of early Italian cultures, the urban planning of the Etruscans, and the art, philosophy and literature of the Greeks. Roman architecture is characterized by monumentality, technical advances, and integration of beauty with practicality. Buildings were constructed with various vaulting techniques and durable materials like stone, concrete and brick. Roman cities had defined urban plans centered around forums and crossed by main roads, and included infrastructure like aqueducts, bridges and harbors. Major building types included temples, basilicas, baths, theatres, amphitheatres and circuses.
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The Celts originated in central Europe and had spread throughout parts of Europe including Britain by around 200 BC. They lived in small farmsteads or villages and sometimes retreated to hill forts for safety. Celtic society had Druids who were religious leaders and teachers. The Celts were skilled metalworkers and craftspeople and believed in an afterlife. They fought with swords, spears and chariots and left behind coinage and artwork depicting their culture.
Video summaries
1) In 389 BC, barbaric Celtic tribes invaded the Roman Empire, looting and burning the city until paid ransom.
2) In 535 AD, the massive volcanic eruption of Krakatoa caused global climate catastrophe and stunted tree growth for years.
3) In 1532, 168 Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro attacked and killed 7,000 Inca soldiers in Peru, conquering the vast Inca Empire with few casualties due to their technological advantages.
LECTURE 17 An IONIC COMPOUND that CHANGED the WORLDSa.docx
This document provides three recipes for producing salt. Recipe #1 describes the geological process of plate tectonics, wherein salt deposits form deep underground over millions of years within shifting continental plates. Recipe #2 involves a chemical reaction but is not described. Recipe #3 depends on water evaporation from seas and salt pans. The document discusses the historical and economic importance of salt and how its production and trade influenced civilizations and politics over centuries.
LECTURE 17 An IONIC COMPOUND that CHANGED the WORLDSa.docx
LECTURE 17 An IONIC COMPOUND that CHANGED the WORLD
Salt (NaCl) comes from dead, dried-up seas or living ones. It can bubble to the surface as brine or outcroppings in the form of salt licks and shallow caverns. Below the surface of the earth, it is deposited in white veins, some of them thousands of feet deep. It can be evaporated from salt “pans,” boiled down from brine, or mined from shafts extending half a mile down. Since Neolithic times, salt from upwelling brine was recovered in an area on the outskirts of present-day Kraków, Poland, and excavations began in the 13th century. The crown jewel of the Wieliczka salt mine is St. Kinga's Chapel (above), which is sculpted entirely in salt. The mine reaches a depth of almost 1100 feet, and extends via horizontal passages and chambers for over 178 miles. Over the centuries, among the visitors of the Wieliczka salt mine were Copernicus, Goethe, Chopin and Mendeleev.
The “history of the world according to salt” is simple: animals wore paths to salt licks; men followed; trails became roads, and settlements grew beside them. When the human menu shifted from salt-rich game to cereals (see Lecture 1), more salt was needed to supplement the diet. Since underground deposits were beyond reach, and the salt sprinkled over the surface was insufficient, scarcity kept the mineral (Halite) precious. As civilization spread, salt became one of the world’s principal trading commodities.
Salt routes crisscrossed the globe. One of the most traveled led from Morocco south across the Sahara to Timbuktu. Ships bearing salt from Egypt to Greece traversed the Mediterranean and the Aegean.
Herodotus (484-425 BC), “The Father of History,” a title first conferred on him by Cicero in the first-century BC, describes a caravan route that united the salt oases of the Libyan desert. The passage is in his book The Histories, a detailed record of his inquiry on the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars.
Venice’s glittering wealth was attributable not so much to exotic spices as to commonplace salt, which Venetians exchanged in Constantinople for the spices of Asia. In 1295, when he first returned from Cathay, Marco Polo delighted the Doge with tales of the prodigious value of salt coins bearing the seal of the great Khan.
As early as the 6th century, in the sub-Sahara, Moorish merchants routinely traded salt for gold, ounce for ounce. In Abyssinia (Ethiopia), slabs of rock salt, called ‘amôlés, became coin of the realm. Each one was about ten inches long and two inches thick. Cakes of salt were also used as money in other areas of central Africa.
Not only did salt serve to flavor and preserve food, it made a good antiseptic, which is why the Roman word for these salubrious crystals (sal) is a first cousin to Salus, the goddess of health. Of all the roads that led to Rome, one of the busiest was the Via Salaria, the salt route (in gray on the map below), over which Roman soldiers marched and merchants drove oxcart.
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The Romans were effective conquerors who created a unified national identity across regions through architecture and construction. To support their grand vision, Romans innovated new building materials and techniques. They invented concrete, which allowed larger structures, and developed arched and vaulted designs that distributed weight efficiently. The dome also provided new possibilities. These innovations enabled monumental structures like aqueducts, baths, amphitheaters, and arches that dominated the landscape and consolidated Roman power.
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Celdid
The Celts originated in central Europe and had spread throughout parts of Europe including Britain by around 200 BC. They lived in small farmsteads or villages and sometimes retreated to hill forts for safety. Celtic society had Druids who were religious leaders and teachers. The Celts were skilled metalworkers and craftspeople and believed in an afterlife. They fought with swords, spears and chariots and left behind coinage and artwork depicting their culture.
Video summaries
1) In 389 BC, barbaric Celtic tribes invaded the Roman Empire, looting and burning the city until paid ransom.
2) In 535 AD, the massive volcanic eruption of Krakatoa caused global climate catastrophe and stunted tree growth for years.
3) In 1532, 168 Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro attacked and killed 7,000 Inca soldiers in Peru, conquering the vast Inca Empire with few casualties due to their technological advantages.
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This document provides three recipes for producing salt. Recipe #1 describes the geological process of plate tectonics, wherein salt deposits form deep underground over millions of years within shifting continental plates. Recipe #2 involves a chemical reaction but is not described. Recipe #3 depends on water evaporation from seas and salt pans. The document discusses the historical and economic importance of salt and how its production and trade influenced civilizations and politics over centuries.
LECTURE 17 An IONIC COMPOUND that CHANGED the WORLDSa.docx
LECTURE 17 An IONIC COMPOUND that CHANGED the WORLD
Salt (NaCl) comes from dead, dried-up seas or living ones. It can bubble to the surface as brine or outcroppings in the form of salt licks and shallow caverns. Below the surface of the earth, it is deposited in white veins, some of them thousands of feet deep. It can be evaporated from salt “pans,” boiled down from brine, or mined from shafts extending half a mile down. Since Neolithic times, salt from upwelling brine was recovered in an area on the outskirts of present-day Kraków, Poland, and excavations began in the 13th century. The crown jewel of the Wieliczka salt mine is St. Kinga's Chapel (above), which is sculpted entirely in salt. The mine reaches a depth of almost 1100 feet, and extends via horizontal passages and chambers for over 178 miles. Over the centuries, among the visitors of the Wieliczka salt mine were Copernicus, Goethe, Chopin and Mendeleev.
The “history of the world according to salt” is simple: animals wore paths to salt licks; men followed; trails became roads, and settlements grew beside them. When the human menu shifted from salt-rich game to cereals (see Lecture 1), more salt was needed to supplement the diet. Since underground deposits were beyond reach, and the salt sprinkled over the surface was insufficient, scarcity kept the mineral (Halite) precious. As civilization spread, salt became one of the world’s principal trading commodities.
Salt routes crisscrossed the globe. One of the most traveled led from Morocco south across the Sahara to Timbuktu. Ships bearing salt from Egypt to Greece traversed the Mediterranean and the Aegean.
Herodotus (484-425 BC), “The Father of History,” a title first conferred on him by Cicero in the first-century BC, describes a caravan route that united the salt oases of the Libyan desert. The passage is in his book The Histories, a detailed record of his inquiry on the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars.
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As early as the 6th century, in the sub-Sahara, Moorish merchants routinely traded salt for gold, ounce for ounce. In Abyssinia (Ethiopia), slabs of rock salt, called ‘amôlés, became coin of the realm. Each one was about ten inches long and two inches thick. Cakes of salt were also used as money in other areas of central Africa.
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The inventions of the romans ciro
- 1. PART 1 Ciro
- 2. The aqueduct The colisium The scales The turttle formation The calendar The plough The candle
- 3. It was invented for the water go from one place to another place. They constructed it with only rocks and persons, to put the rocks in order.The water that was dirty went to the sewer that was in the streets of the ancient Rome
- 4. It was constructed for entertain the emperors, and when the emperors put the thumb in the middle it meant that the gladiator lived and when the emperor put the thumb down the gladiator died.
- 5. It was invented for calculate the weight of the things. It was like a cross with two plates, and when one plate move down this thing weigh more.
- 6. It was constructed for protect the soldiers of the arrows and the spears with her shild with shape of a rectangle.
- 7. It was invented by Julius Caesar to now in wich they were living.
- 8. It was contracted to plow the soil and to plant seeds.
- 9. The candle was invented by the Romans. It was a wick submerged in liquid tallow (animal fat). When the tallow got cold it became hard. The candle could make the light last for a long time and lighten the houses at night.