1. The Karkheh Basin Focal Project took a multi-disciplinary approach to understand water availability, productivity, poverty, and institutions in the basin.
2. Key findings included groundwater overdraft, high variability in evapotranspiration, the need to incorporate flow variability in planning, and substantial room for increasing water productivity.
3. Recommendations focused on improving rainfed and irrigated practices, targeting irrigation, exploring additional water sources, and shifting from low-value grain to higher-value crops and uses over the long term.
1) The study mapped water productivity in the Karkheh River Basin in Iran using remote sensing data and secondary data to identify opportunities for improving agricultural production.
2) The analysis found large variations in land and water productivity within and between sub-basins, indicating scope for improving farm-scale productivity through better irrigation, fertilizer use, and supplemental irrigation for rainfed areas.
3) Certain sub-basins in the upper and lower parts of the basin had higher water productivity that could help guide interventions, while including livestock more accurately portrayed basin productivity.
Nile water accounting — how much is water resources and use in the Nile basin?ILRI
The document summarizes a water accounting analysis of the Nile River basin. It finds that of the 1745 km3 of annual rainfall in the basin, only 76.6 km3 (4%) is available for diversion due to high evapotranspiration rates. Natural land uses like forests and savannah account for 85% of the basin's water consumption, while irrigated agriculture accounts for just 4% despite occupying a larger area. There is potential to increase water productivity in natural lands through improvements that benefit livestock grazing without increasing river diversions.
Civano neighborhoods in Tucson, Arizona have successfully achieved water conservation through the use of desert landscaping, reclaimed water systems in neighborhood 1, and several rainwater collection systems. Proper landscape and irrigation requirements outlined in development documents specify the use of low water use plants, soil pretreatment, efficient irrigation systems, and water harvesting to reduce potable water usage for irrigation and meet water saving goals.
This document discusses regional nitrogen and phosphorus trading programs in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. It notes that high nutrient loads from sources like wastewater treatment plants, urban stormwater, and agriculture are causing water quality problems in the bay like algae blooms and low dissolved oxygen. The Chesapeake Bay Total Maximum Daily Load plan sets goals to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loads to levels the bay can assimilate. The document discusses the costs of reducing nutrient loads from different sources and how trading programs can provide a cost-effective approach to allowing growth while meeting reduction targets. It analyzes how expanding trading across state boundaries could increase opportunities for lower-cost nutrient reductions compared to the current system of separate state-based
The document discusses subwatershed planning efforts in Calvert County, Maryland to improve water quality and meet Chesapeake Bay restoration goals. It provides an overview of current conditions, including land use, impervious surfaces, nutrient loads, and water quality. Modeling shows that implementing best management practices, such as forest buffers and stormwater management, could reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loads. The document proposes draft water quality goals and outlines plans to develop subwatershed master plans, prioritizing the Mill Creek watershed, to identify restoration solutions and measure progress toward improving water quality. Engaging citizens in the planning process is also discussed.
Water infrastructure regulation in Italy: how does it work, does it work, and...Alberto Asquer
The water infrastructure regulation reform in Italy in 1994 aimed to introduce a hybrid regulatory model combining public ownership with regulation of access, quality, and prices. However, implementation was slow and uneven across regions due to political and economic factors. By 2006, most regions had established regulatory authorities but investments still relied heavily on public funds and ownership remained largely public. The hybrid model that emerged appeared to fit Italy's political economy better than the original design. However, the willingness of stakeholders to improve performance under this hybrid regime remains uncertain.
Workshop Trade-off Analysis - CGIAR_19 Feb 2013_CRP 3.3_Bjoern Ole SanderLotteKlapwijk
This document discusses research at IRRI related to trade-offs in climate change. It summarizes several projects measuring greenhouse gas emissions from rice production. Alternate wetting and drying reduces CH4 emissions from rice but can increase N2O emissions. It also discusses developing a new methodology for the Clean Development Mechanism that establishes default values for reducing CH4 emissions through intermittent flooding in rice production. Accurate sampling is important for estimating seasonal GHG impacts. The research aims to balance scientific accuracy with potential impact.
1) Irrigation has been important for agriculture in Asia, helping boost food production and alleviate poverty through the Green Revolution. However, irrigation systems need to be modernized and adapted to meet future needs like changing diets and climate change.
2) Five strategies are proposed to unlock value from Asia's irrigation infrastructure: modernizing hardware and software, incorporating local farmer innovations, looking beyond traditional participatory irrigation management approaches, expanding irrigation expertise, and investing in related sectors outside of water.
3) Specifically, systems should be reconfigured for multiple cropping, conjunctive use of surface and groundwater should be promoted, and managed aquifer recharge explored. Irrigation bureaucracies also need reform to better manage main
1) The study mapped water productivity in the Karkheh River Basin in Iran using remote sensing data and secondary data to identify opportunities for improving agricultural production.
2) The analysis found large variations in land and water productivity within and between sub-basins, indicating scope for improving farm-scale productivity through better irrigation, fertilizer use, and supplemental irrigation for rainfed areas.
3) Certain sub-basins in the upper and lower parts of the basin had higher water productivity that could help guide interventions, while including livestock more accurately portrayed basin productivity.
Nile water accounting — how much is water resources and use in the Nile basin?ILRI
The document summarizes a water accounting analysis of the Nile River basin. It finds that of the 1745 km3 of annual rainfall in the basin, only 76.6 km3 (4%) is available for diversion due to high evapotranspiration rates. Natural land uses like forests and savannah account for 85% of the basin's water consumption, while irrigated agriculture accounts for just 4% despite occupying a larger area. There is potential to increase water productivity in natural lands through improvements that benefit livestock grazing without increasing river diversions.
Civano neighborhoods in Tucson, Arizona have successfully achieved water conservation through the use of desert landscaping, reclaimed water systems in neighborhood 1, and several rainwater collection systems. Proper landscape and irrigation requirements outlined in development documents specify the use of low water use plants, soil pretreatment, efficient irrigation systems, and water harvesting to reduce potable water usage for irrigation and meet water saving goals.
This document discusses regional nitrogen and phosphorus trading programs in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. It notes that high nutrient loads from sources like wastewater treatment plants, urban stormwater, and agriculture are causing water quality problems in the bay like algae blooms and low dissolved oxygen. The Chesapeake Bay Total Maximum Daily Load plan sets goals to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loads to levels the bay can assimilate. The document discusses the costs of reducing nutrient loads from different sources and how trading programs can provide a cost-effective approach to allowing growth while meeting reduction targets. It analyzes how expanding trading across state boundaries could increase opportunities for lower-cost nutrient reductions compared to the current system of separate state-based
The document discusses subwatershed planning efforts in Calvert County, Maryland to improve water quality and meet Chesapeake Bay restoration goals. It provides an overview of current conditions, including land use, impervious surfaces, nutrient loads, and water quality. Modeling shows that implementing best management practices, such as forest buffers and stormwater management, could reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loads. The document proposes draft water quality goals and outlines plans to develop subwatershed master plans, prioritizing the Mill Creek watershed, to identify restoration solutions and measure progress toward improving water quality. Engaging citizens in the planning process is also discussed.
Water infrastructure regulation in Italy: how does it work, does it work, and...Alberto Asquer
The water infrastructure regulation reform in Italy in 1994 aimed to introduce a hybrid regulatory model combining public ownership with regulation of access, quality, and prices. However, implementation was slow and uneven across regions due to political and economic factors. By 2006, most regions had established regulatory authorities but investments still relied heavily on public funds and ownership remained largely public. The hybrid model that emerged appeared to fit Italy's political economy better than the original design. However, the willingness of stakeholders to improve performance under this hybrid regime remains uncertain.
Workshop Trade-off Analysis - CGIAR_19 Feb 2013_CRP 3.3_Bjoern Ole SanderLotteKlapwijk
This document discusses research at IRRI related to trade-offs in climate change. It summarizes several projects measuring greenhouse gas emissions from rice production. Alternate wetting and drying reduces CH4 emissions from rice but can increase N2O emissions. It also discusses developing a new methodology for the Clean Development Mechanism that establishes default values for reducing CH4 emissions through intermittent flooding in rice production. Accurate sampling is important for estimating seasonal GHG impacts. The research aims to balance scientific accuracy with potential impact.
1) Irrigation has been important for agriculture in Asia, helping boost food production and alleviate poverty through the Green Revolution. However, irrigation systems need to be modernized and adapted to meet future needs like changing diets and climate change.
2) Five strategies are proposed to unlock value from Asia's irrigation infrastructure: modernizing hardware and software, incorporating local farmer innovations, looking beyond traditional participatory irrigation management approaches, expanding irrigation expertise, and investing in related sectors outside of water.
3) Specifically, systems should be reconfigured for multiple cropping, conjunctive use of surface and groundwater should be promoted, and managed aquifer recharge explored. Irrigation bureaucracies also need reform to better manage main
This document summarizes a study of vegetation distribution on saline lands within the Hailstone National Wildlife Refuge. Vegetation characteristics and diversity were measured at sampling points and compared to abiotic landscape and soil conditions including elevation, distance to water, soil salinity, saturation depth, and nutrients. An environmental gradient was observed where salinity and saturation increased closer to the lake and decreased in upland areas. Based on these observations, the document recommends developing a revegetation model to organize planting zones based on elevation, hydrology, and salinity to guide species selection and restoration efforts.
Food security in Africa is likely to be “severely compromised” by climate change with production halved by 2020
> 95% of Africa’s agriculture currently depends on rainfall
Changes in hydrology will aggravate other stresses and threaten sustainable development
As a consequence of climate change:
80,000 km2 “constrained” will improve
600,000 km2 currently “moderately constrained” will become “severely limited”
Groundwater mining in the South-Eastern area of Spain: consequences and evaluation. Jose Luis García Aróstegui, Geological and Mining Institute of Spain (IGME). International Annual UN-Water Zaragoza Conference 2012/2013. Preparing for the 2013 International Year. Water Cooperation: Making it Happen! 8-10 January 2013
The document discusses environmental problems in the Ethiopian Rift region related to improper water resource utilization practices over the last few decades. Key issues include some lakes shrinking due to excessive water abstraction for irrigation and soda production, while others expanded due to increased surface runoff and groundwater from irrigated fields. Over-irrigation has led to salinization of soils and changed lake levels and hydrochemistry. The study analyzes changes in lake levels and hydrochemistry to understand the impacts of climate change and human activities on the fragile rift ecosystem. Urgent action is needed for integrated sustainable water management to address these problems.
This document discusses land use systems analysis for agriculture in Brazil's São Francisco River Basin. It provides an overview of the project, including changes in agriculture from 1991 to 2004 with increased specialty crops. Land use systems under evaluation include small-scale goat/sheep production and mango production under flood and micro-sprinkler irrigation. The analysis estimates economic performance, labor requirements, water use, and productivity to assess and compare different land use systems.
Kane Aldridge presents a seminar from the second Water Wednesday entitled "Future options for the Lower Lakes." Kane Aldridge is a postdoctoral fellow with Water Research Centre with The Environment Institute at The University of Adelaide.
This document summarizes a study that used multi-scale hydro-economic models to assess the effects of alternative water policies and conditions in the São Francisco River Basin in Brazil. The models were used at the plot, sub-catchment, and basin levels to understand farmer behavior, predict outcomes of proposed policies, and inform policymaking. The models linked hydrologic models with economic models of agriculture to analyze impacts on cropping patterns, income, employment, water use and availability under different scenarios. Scenarios examined included drought years, implementation of water guidelines, and increases in sugarcane prices. The basin-wide model predicted changes across the basin in available water, agricultural land use, rural employment, profits and other factors.
This document contains information about geographical investigations, including:
- A flood map and digital map of Shrewsbury showing flood risk areas and defenses.
- Extracts from a shoreline management plan for North Norfolk with maps showing predicted shoreline retreat and existing coastal defenses.
- A table and maps showing the distribution of various services in rural and urban areas of England.
- Figure 4 provides information from various sources about the town of Wem in North Shropshire, including concerns about vacant buildings, closed shops, and limited pool access.
This document summarizes water-related projects being conducted as part of the Southern Lao Project in Laos. [1] It involves participants studying various aspects of water including: rainfed rice production, farm and community ponds, groundwater resources, and water saving strategies. [2] Projects include modeling water availability, evaluating new rice varieties tolerant to drought and flood, and strengthening community water management. [3] The goal is to improve access to water for agriculture and secure crops during both wet and dry seasons in southern Laos.
presentatie geselecteerd paper ’Planning 0-energy cities, using local energy sources';
paper gepubliceerd in boek dat samengesteld is n.a.v. conferentie: 'Towards 0-Impact Buildings and Built Environments; eds: R.Rovers, J.Kimman, C.Ravesloot; Techne Press, Amsterdam, 2010'
1) The document discusses stormwater retrofit assessments (SRA) conducted by Metro Conservation Districts to identify the most cost-effective locations for installing stormwater best management practices (BMPs).
2) An SRA involves delineating subwatersheds and catchments, analyzing land use and soil data, identifying potential BMP locations, modeling BMP designs and pollutant reductions, and ranking catchments based on performance metrics like cost per pound of pollutant reduced.
3) The assessments help direct limited funding and labor resources to projects that provide the greatest water quality benefits, in support of total maximum daily load implementation plans.
A GIS based framework for assessing and mapping potential irrigation areas in...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document describes a GIS-based framework developed to assess and map potential irrigation areas in Rwanda. A team of experts from various organizations collected climate, soil, land use and water resources data to analyze suitability for irrigation. The framework identifies favorable locations for irrigation infrastructure, estimates available water supply, prioritizes water distribution, and produces maps of potential irrigation areas. The overall goal is to promote sustainable irrigated agriculture and improve food security in Rwanda by developing and managing the country's water resources.
This document summarizes a hydro-economic model of the São Francisco River Basin in Brazil. The model assesses links between agriculture and water availability at the basin scale. It consists of a hydrology model integrated with an economic model of agriculture. The models operate at a monthly temporal resolution and município spatial resolution. A policy experiment is described that applies water use guidelines and simulates a sugarcane price shock to predict impacts on cropping patterns, water use, employment, income, and water availability. Simulation results show shifts to more sugarcane production and increased profits but limited employment growth under a price increase scenario.
The document summarizes a study measuring carbon dynamics in Brunei's peat forests. The study is using a combination of field measurements and modeling to understand (1) carbon fluxes to and from peatlands, (2) how peat accumulates over time, and (3) how deforestation impacts peat. Sensors are being deployed to measure river and atmospheric carbon fluxes at multiple scales, from soil chambers to flux towers. Additional data on hydrology, biogeochemistry, and core samples will be combined with ecosystem models.
Dr. Terry Fulp of the Bureau of Reclamation provides an overview of the river and potential challenges the river may face in the future. Part of the Water Authority's May 1 Water Talks event: The Colorado River and its Future
Ine VANDECASTEELE "Mapping of current and projected Pan-European water withdr...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
This document summarizes a study that mapped current and projected water withdrawals across Europe. It used water supply and demand models along with sectoral data to estimate withdrawals for agriculture, industry, energy, public, and livestock sectors from 2006 to 2030. The results showed increasing water exploitation and scarcity in many regions, particularly in Southern Europe. The study concluded more work is needed to improve the models and address the growing sustainability challenges around European water use.
Martin Labadz_Influence of land use change on the catchment water balance and...TERN Australia
The document discusses a study examining the influence of land use change on water quality in the Samford Valley catchment in Southeast Queensland, Australia. The study aims to determine baseline water quality conditions and compare them between a more disturbed and undisturbed site. Methods included monitoring physico-chemical parameters, nutrients, and hydrology over time to understand the impacts of urbanization on water balance and nutrient cycling in subtropical ecosystems.
The waterway and erosion management plan at the Arlington Agricultural Research Station organic fields requires improvements. Significant erosion is occurring due to steep slopes and intensive tillage. Some fields exceed the tolerable soil loss rate of 5 tons/acre/year. A HydroCAD model showed the existing waterway can convey 10-year storm flows. Recommendations include strip cropping, terracing problem fields, and diverting flows around a gullying area. Terraces will be installed in two fields to reduce slopes and soil loss to under 5 tons/acre/year.
New York: Alternative Stormwater Management Practice - Rain GardensSotirakou964
The document provides details on the design, construction, and maintenance of rain gardens as an alternative stormwater management practice. Rain gardens are shallow depressions planted with native plants that capture and filter runoff from small areas like rooftops and driveways. They are well-suited for residential redevelopment projects. Key aspects covered include recommended sizing based on water quality volume, suitable plant selection, amended soil composition, and routine upkeep requirements.
This document discusses institutions related to access to water, particularly for poor people. It examines how institutions at different levels interact to facilitate or inhibit water access. Key questions addressed include who controls water resources, the incentives for providing poor access, how institutions adapt to hydrology, and how droughts and floods are managed. The document provides examples of different types of water institutions like state, collective, and market-based and how they vary in scale and complexity. It emphasizes the need to understand existing water rights and power structures to reform institutions to better support water access for the poor.
The document discusses knowledge management in the Niger River Basin project. It covers three main topics: knowledge capture, organization, and sharing/impact. For knowledge capture, it lists the types of data being collected, including demographic data, country indicators, agricultural statistics, climatic predictions, and hydrological time series data. It provides examples of the types and quantities of hydrological data being recorded. The document emphasizes organizing the large amount of data being collected but does not provide details on the organization strategy. It does not discuss how the knowledge will be shared or what impact is expected.
This document summarizes a study of vegetation distribution on saline lands within the Hailstone National Wildlife Refuge. Vegetation characteristics and diversity were measured at sampling points and compared to abiotic landscape and soil conditions including elevation, distance to water, soil salinity, saturation depth, and nutrients. An environmental gradient was observed where salinity and saturation increased closer to the lake and decreased in upland areas. Based on these observations, the document recommends developing a revegetation model to organize planting zones based on elevation, hydrology, and salinity to guide species selection and restoration efforts.
Food security in Africa is likely to be “severely compromised” by climate change with production halved by 2020
> 95% of Africa’s agriculture currently depends on rainfall
Changes in hydrology will aggravate other stresses and threaten sustainable development
As a consequence of climate change:
80,000 km2 “constrained” will improve
600,000 km2 currently “moderately constrained” will become “severely limited”
Groundwater mining in the South-Eastern area of Spain: consequences and evaluation. Jose Luis García Aróstegui, Geological and Mining Institute of Spain (IGME). International Annual UN-Water Zaragoza Conference 2012/2013. Preparing for the 2013 International Year. Water Cooperation: Making it Happen! 8-10 January 2013
The document discusses environmental problems in the Ethiopian Rift region related to improper water resource utilization practices over the last few decades. Key issues include some lakes shrinking due to excessive water abstraction for irrigation and soda production, while others expanded due to increased surface runoff and groundwater from irrigated fields. Over-irrigation has led to salinization of soils and changed lake levels and hydrochemistry. The study analyzes changes in lake levels and hydrochemistry to understand the impacts of climate change and human activities on the fragile rift ecosystem. Urgent action is needed for integrated sustainable water management to address these problems.
This document discusses land use systems analysis for agriculture in Brazil's São Francisco River Basin. It provides an overview of the project, including changes in agriculture from 1991 to 2004 with increased specialty crops. Land use systems under evaluation include small-scale goat/sheep production and mango production under flood and micro-sprinkler irrigation. The analysis estimates economic performance, labor requirements, water use, and productivity to assess and compare different land use systems.
Kane Aldridge presents a seminar from the second Water Wednesday entitled "Future options for the Lower Lakes." Kane Aldridge is a postdoctoral fellow with Water Research Centre with The Environment Institute at The University of Adelaide.
This document summarizes a study that used multi-scale hydro-economic models to assess the effects of alternative water policies and conditions in the São Francisco River Basin in Brazil. The models were used at the plot, sub-catchment, and basin levels to understand farmer behavior, predict outcomes of proposed policies, and inform policymaking. The models linked hydrologic models with economic models of agriculture to analyze impacts on cropping patterns, income, employment, water use and availability under different scenarios. Scenarios examined included drought years, implementation of water guidelines, and increases in sugarcane prices. The basin-wide model predicted changes across the basin in available water, agricultural land use, rural employment, profits and other factors.
This document contains information about geographical investigations, including:
- A flood map and digital map of Shrewsbury showing flood risk areas and defenses.
- Extracts from a shoreline management plan for North Norfolk with maps showing predicted shoreline retreat and existing coastal defenses.
- A table and maps showing the distribution of various services in rural and urban areas of England.
- Figure 4 provides information from various sources about the town of Wem in North Shropshire, including concerns about vacant buildings, closed shops, and limited pool access.
This document summarizes water-related projects being conducted as part of the Southern Lao Project in Laos. [1] It involves participants studying various aspects of water including: rainfed rice production, farm and community ponds, groundwater resources, and water saving strategies. [2] Projects include modeling water availability, evaluating new rice varieties tolerant to drought and flood, and strengthening community water management. [3] The goal is to improve access to water for agriculture and secure crops during both wet and dry seasons in southern Laos.
presentatie geselecteerd paper ’Planning 0-energy cities, using local energy sources';
paper gepubliceerd in boek dat samengesteld is n.a.v. conferentie: 'Towards 0-Impact Buildings and Built Environments; eds: R.Rovers, J.Kimman, C.Ravesloot; Techne Press, Amsterdam, 2010'
1) The document discusses stormwater retrofit assessments (SRA) conducted by Metro Conservation Districts to identify the most cost-effective locations for installing stormwater best management practices (BMPs).
2) An SRA involves delineating subwatersheds and catchments, analyzing land use and soil data, identifying potential BMP locations, modeling BMP designs and pollutant reductions, and ranking catchments based on performance metrics like cost per pound of pollutant reduced.
3) The assessments help direct limited funding and labor resources to projects that provide the greatest water quality benefits, in support of total maximum daily load implementation plans.
A GIS based framework for assessing and mapping potential irrigation areas in...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document describes a GIS-based framework developed to assess and map potential irrigation areas in Rwanda. A team of experts from various organizations collected climate, soil, land use and water resources data to analyze suitability for irrigation. The framework identifies favorable locations for irrigation infrastructure, estimates available water supply, prioritizes water distribution, and produces maps of potential irrigation areas. The overall goal is to promote sustainable irrigated agriculture and improve food security in Rwanda by developing and managing the country's water resources.
This document summarizes a hydro-economic model of the São Francisco River Basin in Brazil. The model assesses links between agriculture and water availability at the basin scale. It consists of a hydrology model integrated with an economic model of agriculture. The models operate at a monthly temporal resolution and município spatial resolution. A policy experiment is described that applies water use guidelines and simulates a sugarcane price shock to predict impacts on cropping patterns, water use, employment, income, and water availability. Simulation results show shifts to more sugarcane production and increased profits but limited employment growth under a price increase scenario.
The document summarizes a study measuring carbon dynamics in Brunei's peat forests. The study is using a combination of field measurements and modeling to understand (1) carbon fluxes to and from peatlands, (2) how peat accumulates over time, and (3) how deforestation impacts peat. Sensors are being deployed to measure river and atmospheric carbon fluxes at multiple scales, from soil chambers to flux towers. Additional data on hydrology, biogeochemistry, and core samples will be combined with ecosystem models.
Dr. Terry Fulp of the Bureau of Reclamation provides an overview of the river and potential challenges the river may face in the future. Part of the Water Authority's May 1 Water Talks event: The Colorado River and its Future
Ine VANDECASTEELE "Mapping of current and projected Pan-European water withdr...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
This document summarizes a study that mapped current and projected water withdrawals across Europe. It used water supply and demand models along with sectoral data to estimate withdrawals for agriculture, industry, energy, public, and livestock sectors from 2006 to 2030. The results showed increasing water exploitation and scarcity in many regions, particularly in Southern Europe. The study concluded more work is needed to improve the models and address the growing sustainability challenges around European water use.
Martin Labadz_Influence of land use change on the catchment water balance and...TERN Australia
The document discusses a study examining the influence of land use change on water quality in the Samford Valley catchment in Southeast Queensland, Australia. The study aims to determine baseline water quality conditions and compare them between a more disturbed and undisturbed site. Methods included monitoring physico-chemical parameters, nutrients, and hydrology over time to understand the impacts of urbanization on water balance and nutrient cycling in subtropical ecosystems.
The waterway and erosion management plan at the Arlington Agricultural Research Station organic fields requires improvements. Significant erosion is occurring due to steep slopes and intensive tillage. Some fields exceed the tolerable soil loss rate of 5 tons/acre/year. A HydroCAD model showed the existing waterway can convey 10-year storm flows. Recommendations include strip cropping, terracing problem fields, and diverting flows around a gullying area. Terraces will be installed in two fields to reduce slopes and soil loss to under 5 tons/acre/year.
New York: Alternative Stormwater Management Practice - Rain GardensSotirakou964
The document provides details on the design, construction, and maintenance of rain gardens as an alternative stormwater management practice. Rain gardens are shallow depressions planted with native plants that capture and filter runoff from small areas like rooftops and driveways. They are well-suited for residential redevelopment projects. Key aspects covered include recommended sizing based on water quality volume, suitable plant selection, amended soil composition, and routine upkeep requirements.
This document discusses institutions related to access to water, particularly for poor people. It examines how institutions at different levels interact to facilitate or inhibit water access. Key questions addressed include who controls water resources, the incentives for providing poor access, how institutions adapt to hydrology, and how droughts and floods are managed. The document provides examples of different types of water institutions like state, collective, and market-based and how they vary in scale and complexity. It emphasizes the need to understand existing water rights and power structures to reform institutions to better support water access for the poor.
The document discusses knowledge management in the Niger River Basin project. It covers three main topics: knowledge capture, organization, and sharing/impact. For knowledge capture, it lists the types of data being collected, including demographic data, country indicators, agricultural statistics, climatic predictions, and hydrological time series data. It provides examples of the types and quantities of hydrological data being recorded. The document emphasizes organizing the large amount of data being collected but does not provide details on the organization strategy. It does not discuss how the knowledge will be shared or what impact is expected.
Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol used for communicating data across packet-switched networks using the TCP/IP protocol suite. IP is the primary protocol in the Internet Layer and delivers packets from source to destination hosts based solely on their addresses. IP defines addressing methods and encapsulation structures for datagrams. While IPv4 is still dominant, its successor IPv6 is being actively deployed worldwide.
This document discusses the political dimensions of river basin management. It argues that a conventional view treats river basin interventions as technical solutions involving infrastructure and institutions, but a political ecology approach sees them as redistributing costs, benefits, and risks unevenly across groups. Interventions are driven by the interconnected interests of politicians, agencies, companies and lenders seeking control and profits. This leads to river basins being overbuilt, creating water scarcity but justifying further interventions. The document concludes river basin issues cannot be depoliticized and treated merely as technical problems.
This document discusses mapping poverty in the Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra river basin using small area estimation techniques. It notes that direct survey estimates have large standard errors for small areas due to small sample sizes. Small area estimation methods "borrow strength" from related areas through statistical models linking variables of interest to supplementary census and survey data. Commonly used SAE techniques include empirical Bayes, hierarchical Bayes, and empirical best linear unbiased prediction procedures. The document indicates these methods will be used to estimate poverty at the district level in the river basin.
This document summarizes research on agricultural productivity in the Volta Basin region of West Africa. The researchers used crop simulation models to analyze the yields of maize, millet, and sorghum across seven sites representing a north-south transect in Burkina Faso. The analysis found that fertilizer increased yields significantly at low latitude sites with poor soils, but was too risky at higher latitudes subject to greater drought stress. Climate change may further increase risk through greater climate variability and shifts in isohyet zones. The researchers recommend management practices to better use rainfall like water harvesting and micro-dosing of fertilizer, as well as small-scale irrigation, to cope with increasing drought risk.
The document discusses water productivity (WP) mapping in agricultural basins. It defines WP as the ratio of agricultural output to water input. The goals of WP assessment are to identify opportunities to improve net gains from water by increasing productivity with the same water or reducing water use with little productivity decrease. WP is mapped at sub-catchment and district levels using crop yields, livestock/fisheries production, and water depletion estimates from remote sensing data. Groundtruthing involves extensive field sampling to verify productivity, land use, cropping patterns, and water sources across the Indo-Gangetic basin.
The document discusses the role of biosaline agriculture in coping with water scarcity in the WANA region. It notes that the WANA region has very low available renewable water resources per capita that are projected to decline further. Biosaline agriculture focuses on growing crops that are tolerant of saline or brackish water and soil conditions as a way to use marginal water resources and reduce pressure on freshwater supplies. The document provides estimates of available brackish water resources and potential land areas for biosaline agriculture in several WANA countries, finding that approximately 14% of total irrigated land in the region could utilize brackish water resources.
The document discusses the role of biosaline agriculture in coping with water scarcity in the WANA region. It notes that the WANA region has very low available renewable water resources per capita that are projected to decline further. Biosaline agriculture focuses on growing crops that are tolerant of saline or brackish water and soil conditions as a way to use marginal water resources and reduce pressure on freshwater supplies. The document provides estimates of available brackish water resources and potential land areas for biosaline agriculture in several WANA countries, finding that approximately 14% of total irrigated land in the region could utilize brackish water resources.
The document discusses the need for a new paradigm in groundwater management in rainfed areas. It argues that past programs that brought investments, decisions, and knowledge to local communities have been successful. For groundwater management, it suggests taking a similar participatory approach focused on secure access to groundwater for all households to ensure crop security and livelihood stability. Case studies show how communities have collectively managed groundwater resources through pooling borewells and sharing water. The document calls for public investments to trigger such community-driven solutions and the development of a new localized knowledge system to support groundwater management goals.
Water resources and biofuels water quality april 2012Sharon Lezberg
This document discusses water quality issues related to hypoxia. It begins by defining hypoxia as low dissolved oxygen concentrations that cannot support marine life, typically below 2 ppm. It then explains that hypoxia occurs due to algae blooms in freshwater settling on the bottom and consuming oxygen during decomposition. The size of hypoxic areas can be large, such as the size in 2008 shown on a map. Nutrient flux and sources of nitrogen and phosphorus that contribute to algae blooms and hypoxia are also discussed. The document considers future impacts on water quality from different cropping systems and biofuel production approaches.
This study investigates the effects of land use changes on microclimate in the area surrounding Botanical Garden Bukit Cerakah in Shah Alam, Malaysia between 1991 and 2001. Land use/land cover maps were generated from Landsat images and showed losses of agricultural land, forest land and increases in built-up and barren areas. Land surface temperature maps were also developed and showed temperature increases in built-up and barren areas compared to cooler temperatures in forested and agricultural areas. The results demonstrate the impacts of urbanization and land use changes on local microclimates.
This study compared the water use and water use efficiency of maize, sorghum, and soybean in two years in Nebraska. In 2009, maize used 14.5 inches of water, soybean used 14 inches, and sorghum used 13.7 inches. In 2010, maize used 23.3 inches, soybean used 22 inches, and sorghum used 21.3 inches. Crop water use efficiency was highest for sorghum in both years, at 5.6 bu/inch in 2009 and 5.5 bu/inch in 2010. Maize was most efficient in the drier year of 2009 at 6.7 bu/inch, while sorghum showed the most consistent efficiency between
The California Central Valley Groundwater-Surface Water Simulation Model (C2VSim) simulates the monthly response of the Central Valley’s groundwater and surface water flow system to historical stresses, and can also be used to simulate the response to projected future stresses. C2VSim contains monthly historical stream inflows, surface water diversions, precipitation, land use and crop acreages from October 1921 through September 2009. The model dynamically calculates crop water demands, allocates contributions from precipitation, soil moisture and surface water diversions, and calculates the groundwater pumpage required to meet the remaining demand.
The document discusses the need for high resolution digital elevation data to identify critical areas for targeting conservation practices in Minnesota. Precision conservation, which focuses practices on disproportionately polluting areas, can better protect water quality and habitat than spreading practices evenly. Lidar data can help identify critical sources of runoff and pollution like upland depressions, eroding stream banks, and ravines. Targeting best management practices to these critical areas identified through terrain analysis of high resolution elevation data can maximize the impact of conservation efforts.
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Crop choice and irrigation strategies have large effects on deep drainage in ...Joanna Hicks
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A report prepared for the Department for International Development (DFID) Project: ‘The Role of Fisheries in Poverty Alleviation and Growth: Past, Present and Future’
INVESTIGATING THE LINKAGES BETWEEN FISHERIES, POVERTY AND GROWTH: A SUMMARY AND SYNTHESIS OF EIGHT NATIONAL CASE-STUDIES INCLUDING MOROCCO, INDIA, BANGLADESH, THAILAND,
MALAWI, PACIFIC ISLANDS, MAURITANIA AND CANADA
A report prepared for the Department for International Development (DFID) Project: ‘The Role of Fisheries in Poverty Alleviation and Growth: Past, Present and Future’
This Bangladesh case study analyzes the linkages between fisheries, poverty, and economic growth. It examines the current status and trends in Bangladesh's fishery system to understand the key role fisheries has played in reducing poverty. The study uses various published and unpublished literature sources. It provides background on Bangladesh's population, poverty levels, economic growth, fisheries production and management, and policies around fisheries. The fisheries sector accounts for over 5% of GDP and involves millions of people. Improved aquaculture techniques have increased fish farming productivity. The study aims to inform DFID's efforts to increase fisheries' contributions to poverty reduction in Bangladesh.
A report prepared for the
Department for International Development (DFID)
Project: ‘The Role of Fisheries in Poverty Alleviation
and Growth: Past, Present and Future’
A report prepared for the
Department for International Development (DFID)
Project: ‘The Role of Fisheries in Poverty Alleviation
and Growth: Past, Present and Future’
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4. WP 2-Approach
1. Synthesis studies
2.
2 Time series meteorological and h d l i l d
Ti i l i l d hydrological data collection f
ll i from
secondary sources/relevant ministries
3. Identification of information/data gaps and filling
4.
4 Quick understanding of hydrology and water balance a simple
balance,
spreadsheet water account applied with help of Mac Kirby
5. Detailed hydrological analysis
– Assessment of the spatial variability in land use classification,
precipitation and actual evaportranspiration using surface energy
i it ti d t l t i ti i f
balance model
– Time series analysis of stream flow mainly using Flow Duration
Curves (FDC) approach
– Detailed b t h
D t il d sub-catchment l t level water b l
l t balance analysis using HBV and
l i i d
SWAT models
5. Spatial distribution of precipitation and
actual evapotranspiration (2002-3)
(2002 3)
Rainfall distribution in the Basin Actual evapotranspiration in the
(2002-3)
(2002 3) Basin (2002-3)
6. Percentage distribution of ETa from
different land use classes
(year 2002-03, summary of SEBS results)
Irrigated crops
11% Water
Range Lands 7%
27% Other land
classes
27%
Bare
Lands/Urban
areas
Bare Rain fed crops 27%
Lands/urban 29%
areas
3%
Grass land
7%
Orchards
Forest 2%
21%
Irrigated crops
39%
(a) Upper Karkheh (b) Lower Karkheh
7. WP 2 Findings
• Scarcity and Competing Demands Meeting the competing water
demands is emerging as the key challenge in Karkheh mainly because of
increasing allocations for irrigation
• Groundwater Overdraft Rapidly increasing reliance on groundwater use
for agriculture, especially in upper Karkheh. Groundwater withdrawals have
already exceeded the safe limits in Gamasiab and Gharsu sub-basins and
sub basins
pose a threat to agricultural sustainability.
• High Variability in ET Remote sensing analysis showed high inter- and
intra-subcatchment level variability in evaportranspiration which is mainly
attributed to fragmented and diverse land uses in Karkheh-possible
g p
opportunities
• Flow Variability and Planning FDC analysis reveals that planning on the
basis of mean annual surface water availability could only provide a supply
security in the range of 35-50%. There is a need to incorporate the natural
variability of surface water availability i water resources d
i bilit f f t il bilit in t development and
l t d
allocation strategies, particularly for low flow years when meeting the
competing water demands becomes more difficult.
8. Hawr Al Azim Swamp Devolution
7,600 Km2
of primary
wetlands
areas
disappeared
Year 1973-76 Year 2000
10. WP 3 - Approach
1. Synthesis study
2a. Secondary data collection (district)
Crop production, Livestock production, Forest production, Prices
2b. Remote sensing based analysis
Land use classification, Yield estimation for major crops, RS
determined Et (surface energy balance), RS interpolated yield
3. Farm Survey
Sample survey, all sub-basins in Karkheh
Small, medium,
Small medium large farmers; rainfed
rainfed,
irrigated and mixed farms.
data on factors of production
11.
12. A paper based on Water Productivity is submitted for BPF Special Session, 13 IWRA World Water Congress at Montpellier, France –
September 2008.
14. WP 3 Findings
1.
1 Likely b t ti l
Lik l substantial room for water productivity
f t d ti it
through changed practices further substantiated by
the high variation in farm scale productivity estimates
even within the same sub catchments Though of
sub-catchments.
course cross-country comparisons must be used with
caution.
2.
2 Likely substantial room for water productivity
increase through reallocation, though our models
not sufficient for analysis
3.
3 Importance of Livestock (fish others?)
(fish,
16. WP 1-Approach
1. Synthesis study
2. Use Household Income and Expenditure Surveys
for Iran covering the last 2 decades and calculate
g
urban and rural poverty lines for Iran
• We were lucky it existed
3. Re-categorize data to perform analysis on the
Karkheh and its sub-basins
17. WP 1 Findings
1. Poverty in Iran and the Karkheh has dropped over
y pp
the last 20 years, particularly in rural areas.
2. The Karkheh basin is less poor than is Iran as a
whole.
3. Rural areas of the Karkheh are less poor than
urban, when adjusted for differing costs of living
4.
4 Farmers are in the top half of the rural income
F i th t h lf f th li
bracket in the Karkheh.
5. The poorest rural area of the Karkheh is the lower
reach-based on 6 sub-basin breakdown
18. U
ne
m
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
pl
oy 0.40
ed
M
an
ag
er
C
le
Tr r k
ad
ep
er
s on
Pr Fa
o rm
du er
ct
io
n
w
U or
ke
ns
ki r
lle
d
w
or
ke
r
KB
C
ou
nt
ry
20. WP 4- Approach
1. Examine the history of the basin-in terms of water use
as well as th policy environment i which th t use
ll the li i t in hi h that
changed.
2. Gain an understanding of the formal institutions
directly i
di tl involved in the water sector within th
l d i th t t ithi the
Karkheh.
3. Look at those institutions within Iran in general and
the Karkheh in particular which are directly related to
the alleviation of poverty.
4. Look at some of the broader policy issues within Iran
which are likely to influence both water use and
poverty within the Karkheh.
21. WP 4 Findings
1. Basin has gone through a series of phases
since 1900, the most recent of which has put
substantial emphasis on wheat production, not
water productivity. Questions of sustainability
2. “Standard” set of partially overlapping water
management institutions
3. Large set of poverty alleviation institutions
22. 4) Broader issues
• Fall of Shah, conflict with US/West and Iran-Iraq war
q
made food self-sufficiency a national priority
• Ongoing wars on two borders and nuclear conflict with
west given continued reason for policy
• Result is use of water for low productivity grains that
could be imported
• P i i and subsidy system th t b
Pricing d b id t that benefits mostly th
fit tl the
urban sector and encourages waste-Iran now one of
largest agricultural importers
• Implicit subsidy on fuel equal to 12% of GDP-targeted
redistribution of about ½ would eliminate poverty
23. Work Package 5
Water,
Water Poverty and
Productivity Linkages
(Analysis of Interventions)
24. PODIUMSim: 2025 Horizon
(Food & Water Demand and Supply)
Three scenarios are developed:
1- Business as Usual Scenario
Focus on wheat
2- Sustainable Management Scenario
Focus on the environment
3- “Best Case” Scenario
Focus on tradeoffs and social optimums
Productivity/Poverty in all
25. WP 5 Findings
• No question that increase in water use has
allowed expansion of area and increase in
y
yields
• But now no direct connection between
p
production and rural p
povertyy
• Probably greater connection between
p
production and urban p poverty and/or
y
national food security goals-which may be
in opposition to WP maximization
26. Trends in poverty and agricultural
production, Karkheh
1,800
1 800 0.7
07
1,600
0.6
1,400
,
0.5
1,200
1,000 0.4
000 Ha
800 0.3
600
0.2
400 Harvested Area
Poverty Incidence 0.1
200
0 0
1983 1993 2004
27. Karkheh Recommendations
• the use of non-agricultural water measures is likely
to b
t be a more effective solution t remaining rural
ff ti l ti to i i l
poverty in the Karkheh basinareas, better and increased use
1. For both rainfed and irrigated and Iran.
of inputs.
• In the shortgto medium term, agricultural water policy
2. For irrigated areas, better targeted irrigation applications.
g g
should For rainfed areas, exploring means ofphysical water
h ld f
3. focus on i improvements in additional water t
t i h i l
productivity wherever possible, though considering possible
application so as to improve the use scarce water
resources for given national food security priorities.
trade-offs with downstream areas.
Promising options include:
4.
4 While opportunities of improving productivity exist in both the
• In the longerlower Karkheh, towardsbasin appears to be most
upper and term, shift the upper economic water
productivityfor productivity improvement potential. lower
promising by moving water away from
productivity grain production and towards higher
value agricultural and other activities including
hydropower generation and urban uses.
28. High Priority Research
1. What makes basin results comparable or not?
– Agro-ecosystm
Agro ecosystm similarity?
– Economic similarity?
– Political similarity?
The answer may change for given basins over time.
2.
2 What are the national and global water impacts of food self-sufficiency
policies, such as those caused by food embargo threats?
– especially applicable to the arid and generally water scarce states of the Middle
East/North Africa.
– Not unreasonable to hypothesize that water productivity gains from policy change in this
arena could be as large or larger than those possible through technical intervention
intervention.
3. Is there a general framework to determine when and where (both within
and across countries/basins) water is a cost effective poverty alleviation
tool?
4.
4 How to better consider surface/groundwater interaction and implement
effective groundwater policy?
5. How best to capture livestock, fisheries, forestry and possibly other
agricultural systems? How to easily move from average to marginal water
productivity calculations for use in decision making?
29. Key suggestions for new BFPs
• Do quick assessments/reports on key issues
• Take
T k an historic perspective to understand h
hi i i d d how things got to the
hi h
current state
• Take a broad view of policy and its effects on agriculture and water
use
• Make sure any water productivity estimates are inclusive, e.g.
livestock-maintain difference between average and marginal
• Think simultaneously about water as a means for overall economic
growth,
growth reducer of poverty in general and reducer of poverty in the
general,
agricultural sector and the tradeoffs between the three
• Put another way, don’t force the water poverty issue but think about
water as a means for additional poverty alleviation
• MAKE THE PROJECT A TEAM EFFORT WITH EACH PACKAGE
LEADER IS INVOLVED IN EVERY WORK PACKAGE
30. Actor (or group of Change in Practice Change in Knowledge
Knowledge, What are the project s
project's What are the key
actors who required to achieve Attitudes, Skills and strategies assumptions?
are the project's vision? Aspirations (KASA) (including
expected to required to achieve development of
change in the project's vision? outputs) to bring
the same about these
way) changes in KASA
and Practice?
CPWF It will provide base Methodologies used/ Frequent interaction with The methodologies and
information and developed for each CPWF BFP central process useful for
highlight emerging work packages will be and other BFB Karkheh and
issues related to useful to conduct teams to share similar river basins
agricultural poverty, similar studies in other methodologies,
productivity and CPWF river basins experience and
sustainability in the results
basin context. This will
help CPWF (and donor
agencies) to make
strategic decision for
further funding.
Ministry of Jehad-e- The results will help The improved understanding Joint studies with Iranian Capacity building will
Agriculture; transformation towards of basin function in organizations/institut contribute to
Ministry of basin scale term of water es were conducted. longer term object
Energy; perspective on issues availability, use, Trainings of NARS of the project. The
Ministry of of land and water,
fl d d t productivity and
d ti it d for PODIUMSi
f PODIUMSim results of the
lt f th
Rural agriculture, poverty livelihood will help analysis were projects will be
planning; and their inter-linkages enhance interaction conducted. Results uptake by relevant
Universities between different were disseminated institutes.
(University of ministries. Thereby, through workshop,
Tabrez) formulating coherent IWMI/CPWF reports,
policies for improving peer reviewed
land and water journal papers and
productivity and PhD thesis
reducing water related
poverty.
31. Outputs Who will use the outputs? Why? What is in it for Change in Knowledge, Indicator(s) of change
them? Attitudes, Skills,
Aspirations and
Practice resulting
from use
1) Karkheh BFP Project CPWF, IWMI, AREO, To plan future research Improved understanding Research & development
reports MOE and other agenda and make of basin scale investments leading
Iranian partners better water issues related to towards addressing
management water productivity, key challenges in river
decisions in the poverty and basin management
light of the tradeoffs
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questions out
spanning from the
BFP research
2) IWMI research CPWF, Policy makers, improving knowledge Improved understanding Reference of this research in
reports/working
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information and poverty and water
policy directions management.
3) Conference Participants Sharing and learning Extracting relevant No. of workshops/conference
papers/presentatio from each others lessons/messages organized
ns/ Discussions experiences for their local
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4) Journal papers Researchers/scientists, New knowledge, Improved understanding Reference of this research in
p
policy makers,
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policy documentations,
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stakeholders management.
5) PhD thesis Researchers/scientists, New knowledge, Improved understanding Reference of this research in
policy makers, methodologies and management policy documentations,
water managers, and scientific facts of basin scale discussions, research
scientists, issues related to papers
students, farmers water productivity,
and other poverty and water
stakeholders management.