The document discusses the major components and functions of the integumentary system, including the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It describes the layers of the epidermis and dermis, and their cellular structure. Additionally, it covers the roles of skin in protection, sensation, temperature regulation, and excretion, as well as factors that determine skin color and hair growth cycles.
Black Canadians faced systemic racism and discrimination from the time of early slavery in the 15th century through the 1960s. Though slavery was abolished in 1833, Black communities experienced unequal treatment, restrictive laws, and stereotyping. The Underground Railroad helped many escape to Canada for greater freedom, but Black Canadians still faced obstacles to full equality. It was not until the 1950s-60s that the fight against segregation and for equal rights gained momentum, aided by legal changes and civil rights leaders like Martin Luther King Jr.
This document provides an overview of Immanuel Kant's deontological ethics. It discusses that for Kant, morality is concerned with doing one's duty rather than personal gain. Kant believed there is a single "Categorical Imperative" or universal obligation that forms the basis of moral rules and duties. For an action to have moral worth, it must be done purely out of respect for the moral law as one's duty, not because of personal interests or desires. The Categorical Imperative takes an unconditional form of "Do X" rather than a conditional "If X, then Y" structure like hypothetical imperatives.
This document provides an overview of several ethical theories: deontologism, consequentialism, and virtue ethics. Deontologism judges actions based on adherence to moral rules or duties, prioritizing rules over consequences. Consequentialism judges actions based on their outcomes and consequences, with the goal of maximizing happiness. Virtue ethics focuses on developing moral character and virtues through habitual good behaviors and choices over time. The document compares the strengths and weaknesses of each approach and provides examples of applying them to ethical dilemmas.
This document provides an overview of first aid, including its definition, history, aims, key skills, and training. It discusses how first aid involves preserving life by maintaining an open airway and promoting breathing and circulation. Specific conditions that often require first aid are also outlined, such as burns, bone fractures, choking, and cardiac arrest. The document explores first aid symbols and different types of specialized first aid training for situations like wilderness response or aquatic emergencies.
Difference between ethics, morals,, norms, feelings or emotions.Sannum Habibullah
This document defines and distinguishes between ethics, morals, norms, social institutions, feelings, and emotions. Morals refer to one's personal values of right and wrong, while ethics apply to principles of correct behavior in a specific context or field. Norms are standards that guide and regulate group behavior. Social institutions structure conduct in core areas like family, education, law, and politics. Feelings are generalized sensations or awareness, while emotions involve a conscious mental state like anger or fear experienced as strong feelings.
The document traces the historical roots of education in the United States from the colonial period to modern times. It discusses how education evolved differently across the 13 original colonies based on religion, demographics, and geography. Over time, ideas from European thinkers and the establishment of public schools influenced the development of education in the US. Controversies around the role of religion and the education of diverse groups like Native Americans, African Americans, and women continued to shape the system. The federal government also took on increasing responsibilities for reform, standards, and ensuring equal access to education.
what are the major problems in our personal life,community,environments (pers...Meg Grado
This document is a summary of a MAPEH 6 class on personal, community, and environmental health. It includes a list of group members and discussions of personal issues like financial and family problems, and unhealthy habits. Community issues covered include overpopulation, illegal logging, pollution, and cyanide fishing. Suggestions are provided for addressing problems like family communication, drinking, pollution, and protecting trees. The document is authored by Professor Rizalino Torralba for Group 3.
An electrocution occurs when an electrical current passes through the body from an energized object or power source. Signs of electrocution include irregular or absent heartbeat, pain, numbness, and unconsciousness. First aid management involves ensuring the scene is safe, calling for emergency help, checking vitals, and performing CPR if needed. Minor electrocutions may not require emergency care but the victim should be monitored for complications.
Black Canadians faced systemic racism and discrimination from the time of early slavery in the 15th century through the 1960s. Though slavery was abolished in 1833, Black communities experienced unequal treatment, restrictive laws, and stereotyping. The Underground Railroad helped many escape to Canada for greater freedom, but Black Canadians still faced obstacles to full equality. It was not until the 1950s-60s that the fight against segregation and for equal rights gained momentum, aided by legal changes and civil rights leaders like Martin Luther King Jr.
This document provides an overview of Immanuel Kant's deontological ethics. It discusses that for Kant, morality is concerned with doing one's duty rather than personal gain. Kant believed there is a single "Categorical Imperative" or universal obligation that forms the basis of moral rules and duties. For an action to have moral worth, it must be done purely out of respect for the moral law as one's duty, not because of personal interests or desires. The Categorical Imperative takes an unconditional form of "Do X" rather than a conditional "If X, then Y" structure like hypothetical imperatives.
This document provides an overview of several ethical theories: deontologism, consequentialism, and virtue ethics. Deontologism judges actions based on adherence to moral rules or duties, prioritizing rules over consequences. Consequentialism judges actions based on their outcomes and consequences, with the goal of maximizing happiness. Virtue ethics focuses on developing moral character and virtues through habitual good behaviors and choices over time. The document compares the strengths and weaknesses of each approach and provides examples of applying them to ethical dilemmas.
This document provides an overview of first aid, including its definition, history, aims, key skills, and training. It discusses how first aid involves preserving life by maintaining an open airway and promoting breathing and circulation. Specific conditions that often require first aid are also outlined, such as burns, bone fractures, choking, and cardiac arrest. The document explores first aid symbols and different types of specialized first aid training for situations like wilderness response or aquatic emergencies.
Difference between ethics, morals,, norms, feelings or emotions.Sannum Habibullah
This document defines and distinguishes between ethics, morals, norms, social institutions, feelings, and emotions. Morals refer to one's personal values of right and wrong, while ethics apply to principles of correct behavior in a specific context or field. Norms are standards that guide and regulate group behavior. Social institutions structure conduct in core areas like family, education, law, and politics. Feelings are generalized sensations or awareness, while emotions involve a conscious mental state like anger or fear experienced as strong feelings.
The document traces the historical roots of education in the United States from the colonial period to modern times. It discusses how education evolved differently across the 13 original colonies based on religion, demographics, and geography. Over time, ideas from European thinkers and the establishment of public schools influenced the development of education in the US. Controversies around the role of religion and the education of diverse groups like Native Americans, African Americans, and women continued to shape the system. The federal government also took on increasing responsibilities for reform, standards, and ensuring equal access to education.
what are the major problems in our personal life,community,environments (pers...Meg Grado
This document is a summary of a MAPEH 6 class on personal, community, and environmental health. It includes a list of group members and discussions of personal issues like financial and family problems, and unhealthy habits. Community issues covered include overpopulation, illegal logging, pollution, and cyanide fishing. Suggestions are provided for addressing problems like family communication, drinking, pollution, and protecting trees. The document is authored by Professor Rizalino Torralba for Group 3.
An electrocution occurs when an electrical current passes through the body from an energized object or power source. Signs of electrocution include irregular or absent heartbeat, pain, numbness, and unconsciousness. First aid management involves ensuring the scene is safe, calling for emergency help, checking vitals, and performing CPR if needed. Minor electrocutions may not require emergency care but the victim should be monitored for complications.
The document provides an overview of the integumentary system, including the structure and functions of the skin and its derivatives. It defines key terms and discusses the layers of the epidermis and dermis. Accessory organs like sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, and nails are described. The functions of skin include protection, regulation of body temperature, sensation, excretion, absorption, immunity, and synthesis of vitamin D. Skin color and various markings are also covered.
The document provides an overview of the integumentary system, including the structure and layers of the skin, hair and nails. It discusses the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis layers of the skin. Key functions of the skin include serving as a barrier, regulating temperature, and synthesizing vitamin D. The document also summarizes glands associated with the skin like sweat, sebaceous and mammary glands.
skin and fascia description for medical students from clinical anatomy by richard s. snell .you get everything you want follow me back and tell anything which is in your heart :) <3
slides by our kind hearted teacher MAM AMMARAH :)
The document summarizes the histology of skin. It describes the three main layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis and subcutis. The epidermis is composed of keratinocytes and contains melanocytes and Langerhans cells. It has multiple layers with different functions. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles and glands. The subcutis is the deepest layer composed of loose connective tissue and fat. There are regional variations in the thickness and components of the different skin layers.
The mammalian integument consists of two primary layers: the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis forms the protective outer barrier and has no blood vessels. It is further divided into 5 layers - the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum germinativum. The dermis lies underneath the epidermis and contains hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and mechanoreceptors. It is divided into the papillary and reticular regions and provides strength and elasticity to the skin.
The document provides an overview of the integumentary system and skin. It describes the three main layers of skin - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and provides protection. Below is the dermis, made of dense connective tissue containing hair follicles, sweat glands, and nerves. The deepest layer is the subcutaneous layer, consisting of loose connective tissue and fat. Accessory structures of the skin like hair, nails, and glands are also discussed.
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. The skin has three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis - and performs several important functions like protection, sensation, temperature regulation, and vitamin D production. It is the body's largest organ. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and undergoes keratinization. The dermis contains collagen, fibers, and glands. Hair, nails, and glands are also components of the integumentary system. The system helps regulate body temperature and protects against microbes and UV light.
The document describes the structure and function of the integumentary system. It discusses the different layers of the skin (epidermis and dermis), the cells found in each layer and their roles in protection, sensation, and regulation. It also describes skin appendages like hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands. The document outlines the types, layers and functions of fascia beneath the skin, and modifications like septa and sheaths. Finally, it discusses skin color changes that can provide diagnostic clues for medical conditions.
The document describes the structure and function of the integumentary system. It discusses the layers of the skin (epidermis and dermis), skin cell types, skin appendages like hair follicles and sweat glands, skin modifications in different areas, types of fascia and their functions, and methods of injections into the skin. The skin provides protection, sensation, temperature regulation and absorption, and its color can provide diagnostic clues for conditions like cyanosis, jaundice, erythema and pallor.
This document summarizes the structure and layers of skin. It discusses the three main layers - epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. It describes the five layers of the epidermis in detail. It also discusses the structures in the dermis like hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands. It provides information on the structure and types of hair, sweat and sebaceous glands found in the skin.
Skin ppt for Skin ear eye there are 3 to 4 layers although includedbrightventures54
The document provides an overview of the structure and functions of skin. It describes the layers of skin - epidermis and dermis, including the cell types found in each layer. The key functions of skin are protection, sensation, temperature regulation and vitamin D production. Clinical correlations are discussed, such as skin color changes in different conditions and skin grafts. Assessment methods like the Rule of Nines and Du Bois formula are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of the structure and functions of skin. It describes the layers of skin - epidermis and dermis - and their cellular components. Key functions of skin include protection, sensation, temperature regulation, and vitamin D production. The importance of skin anatomy is highlighted for clinical practices like skin grafts and estimating burn severity.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the skin and integumentary system. It describes the three main layers of skin - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes and is further divided into five sublayers. The dermis contains hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, nerves and blood vessels. The main functions of skin are protection, thermoregulation, sensation, vitamin D synthesis, and excretion and absorption.
This document summarizes the histology of skin. It describes the layers of the epidermis and dermis, the cells found in skin including keratinocytes, melanocytes and Langerhans cells. It also discusses skin structures like hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands. Functions of skin like protection, sensation and thermoregulation are covered. Cancers of the skin and wound healing are summarized.
This document provides an overview of the integumentary system, including the structure and functions of the skin and its accessory structures. It discusses the three main layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. Within the epidermis it describes the different cell types and layers. In the dermis it outlines the two layers and their components. It also covers hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands. Finally, it briefly discusses some common skin conditions like skin cancer, burns and pathology.
The document summarizes the anatomy and functions of the integumentary system. It describes the two main layers of skin - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is made up of stratified squamous epithelium with 5 layers (stratum basale to stratum corneum). The dermis lies underneath and is composed of connective tissue with two regions, the papillary and reticular regions. The skin provides protection, regulates temperature, and has sensory functions.
The document summarizes the integumentary system. It describes the three main layers of skin - epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis contains four main cell types and has five layers. The dermis has two layers and contains structures like hair follicles and glands. The hypodermis is made of adipose tissue and blood vessels. The document also outlines the functions of skin like protection, sensation, temperature regulation and vitamin D synthesis. It discusses pigmentation, glands, and other skin structures.
The skin and its appendages are summarized as follows:
1. The skin is composed of two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis contains stratified squamous epithelium in 5 layers that helps protect underlying tissues.
2. Hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails are appendages of the skin. Hair grows from hair follicles which contain sebaceous and arrector pili muscles. Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance while sweat glands secrete sweat to cool the body.
3. Nails provide protection to fingers and toes, consisting of three parts: the root, body,
The document provides an overview of the integumentary system, including the structure and functions of the skin and its derivatives. It defines key terms and discusses the layers of the epidermis and dermis. Accessory organs like sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, and nails are described. The functions of skin include protection, regulation of body temperature, sensation, excretion, absorption, immunity, and synthesis of vitamin D. Skin color and various markings are also covered.
The document provides an overview of the integumentary system, including the structure and layers of the skin, hair and nails. It discusses the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis layers of the skin. Key functions of the skin include serving as a barrier, regulating temperature, and synthesizing vitamin D. The document also summarizes glands associated with the skin like sweat, sebaceous and mammary glands.
skin and fascia description for medical students from clinical anatomy by richard s. snell .you get everything you want follow me back and tell anything which is in your heart :) <3
slides by our kind hearted teacher MAM AMMARAH :)
The document summarizes the histology of skin. It describes the three main layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis and subcutis. The epidermis is composed of keratinocytes and contains melanocytes and Langerhans cells. It has multiple layers with different functions. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles and glands. The subcutis is the deepest layer composed of loose connective tissue and fat. There are regional variations in the thickness and components of the different skin layers.
The mammalian integument consists of two primary layers: the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis forms the protective outer barrier and has no blood vessels. It is further divided into 5 layers - the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum germinativum. The dermis lies underneath the epidermis and contains hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and mechanoreceptors. It is divided into the papillary and reticular regions and provides strength and elasticity to the skin.
The document provides an overview of the integumentary system and skin. It describes the three main layers of skin - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and provides protection. Below is the dermis, made of dense connective tissue containing hair follicles, sweat glands, and nerves. The deepest layer is the subcutaneous layer, consisting of loose connective tissue and fat. Accessory structures of the skin like hair, nails, and glands are also discussed.
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. The skin has three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis - and performs several important functions like protection, sensation, temperature regulation, and vitamin D production. It is the body's largest organ. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and undergoes keratinization. The dermis contains collagen, fibers, and glands. Hair, nails, and glands are also components of the integumentary system. The system helps regulate body temperature and protects against microbes and UV light.
The document describes the structure and function of the integumentary system. It discusses the different layers of the skin (epidermis and dermis), the cells found in each layer and their roles in protection, sensation, and regulation. It also describes skin appendages like hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands. The document outlines the types, layers and functions of fascia beneath the skin, and modifications like septa and sheaths. Finally, it discusses skin color changes that can provide diagnostic clues for medical conditions.
The document describes the structure and function of the integumentary system. It discusses the layers of the skin (epidermis and dermis), skin cell types, skin appendages like hair follicles and sweat glands, skin modifications in different areas, types of fascia and their functions, and methods of injections into the skin. The skin provides protection, sensation, temperature regulation and absorption, and its color can provide diagnostic clues for conditions like cyanosis, jaundice, erythema and pallor.
This document summarizes the structure and layers of skin. It discusses the three main layers - epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. It describes the five layers of the epidermis in detail. It also discusses the structures in the dermis like hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands. It provides information on the structure and types of hair, sweat and sebaceous glands found in the skin.
Skin ppt for Skin ear eye there are 3 to 4 layers although includedbrightventures54
The document provides an overview of the structure and functions of skin. It describes the layers of skin - epidermis and dermis, including the cell types found in each layer. The key functions of skin are protection, sensation, temperature regulation and vitamin D production. Clinical correlations are discussed, such as skin color changes in different conditions and skin grafts. Assessment methods like the Rule of Nines and Du Bois formula are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of the structure and functions of skin. It describes the layers of skin - epidermis and dermis - and their cellular components. Key functions of skin include protection, sensation, temperature regulation, and vitamin D production. The importance of skin anatomy is highlighted for clinical practices like skin grafts and estimating burn severity.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the skin and integumentary system. It describes the three main layers of skin - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes and is further divided into five sublayers. The dermis contains hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, nerves and blood vessels. The main functions of skin are protection, thermoregulation, sensation, vitamin D synthesis, and excretion and absorption.
This document summarizes the histology of skin. It describes the layers of the epidermis and dermis, the cells found in skin including keratinocytes, melanocytes and Langerhans cells. It also discusses skin structures like hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands. Functions of skin like protection, sensation and thermoregulation are covered. Cancers of the skin and wound healing are summarized.
This document provides an overview of the integumentary system, including the structure and functions of the skin and its accessory structures. It discusses the three main layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. Within the epidermis it describes the different cell types and layers. In the dermis it outlines the two layers and their components. It also covers hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands. Finally, it briefly discusses some common skin conditions like skin cancer, burns and pathology.
The document summarizes the anatomy and functions of the integumentary system. It describes the two main layers of skin - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is made up of stratified squamous epithelium with 5 layers (stratum basale to stratum corneum). The dermis lies underneath and is composed of connective tissue with two regions, the papillary and reticular regions. The skin provides protection, regulates temperature, and has sensory functions.
The document summarizes the integumentary system. It describes the three main layers of skin - epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis contains four main cell types and has five layers. The dermis has two layers and contains structures like hair follicles and glands. The hypodermis is made of adipose tissue and blood vessels. The document also outlines the functions of skin like protection, sensation, temperature regulation and vitamin D synthesis. It discusses pigmentation, glands, and other skin structures.
The skin and its appendages are summarized as follows:
1. The skin is composed of two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis contains stratified squamous epithelium in 5 layers that helps protect underlying tissues.
2. Hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails are appendages of the skin. Hair grows from hair follicles which contain sebaceous and arrector pili muscles. Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance while sweat glands secrete sweat to cool the body.
3. Nails provide protection to fingers and toes, consisting of three parts: the root, body,
11. Epidermis
• 1st major skin region (outside)
• Composed of stratified squamous epithelium
• Keratinization:
- process in which new cells (with keratin) push
old cells to surface
- 40-56 days for new cells to reach surface
11
12. Strata of Epidermis
• Stratum corneum:
- outermost layer of epidermis
- 20-30 layers of dead squamous cells filled with keratin
- accounts for 75% of epidermal thickness
- dandruff is this layer flaking off scalp
• Callus:
forms when stratum corneum has frequent friction
12
17. Dermis
• 2nd major skin region
• Dense connective tissue
• Contains collagen and elastic fibers
• Contains fibroblasts, nerve endings, smooth muscle, glands,
blood vessels, and hair follicles
• Cleavage lines:
- area where skin is most resistant to stretching
- due to orientation of collagen fibers
- important in scarring
17
20. Layers of Dermis
• Papillary layer:
- thin connective tissue layer that contains blood
vessels
- Dermal papillae:
- projections that extend up into epidermis
- remove waste and help regulate body temp.
- ridged on hands and feet (fingerprints)
- pattern is genetically determined
20
21. • Reticular layer:
- deepest layer of dermis
- accounts for 80% of dermis
21
23. Hypodermis
• Below dermis
• Foundation of skin
• Attaches skin to underlying muscle and bone
• Contains loose and adipose tissue
• Contains ½ of body’s fat
• Body fat for females 20-23%, males 13-25%
23
24. Skin Color and Variations
• Determined by:
- pigments
- genetics
- blood circulation
- thickness of stratum corneum
• Melanocytes of darker skinned people produce
more and darker melanin than fairer skinned
people
• All races have same number of melanocytes
24
25. Skin Pigments
• Melanin:
- produced by melanocytes
- ranges from yellow to reddish-brown to black
- responsible for hair and eye color
- provides protection against UV light
- amt. produced determined by genetics, UV light, hormones
- freckles are accumulation of melanin
- albinism is absence of melanin
25
26.
27. • Carotene:
- yellow-orange pigment found in plants
- accumulates in stratum corneum
• Hemoglobin:
- gives pinkish-red color
- found in red blood cells
27
28. Tanning and Sunburns
• Exposure to UV light stimulates melanocytes to increase
production of melanin
• Melanin builds up to help protect skin against UV radiation
(tan)
• A sunburn is the skin reacting to UV exposure
• UV light causes elastic fibers to clump and become leathery
• UV light can alter DNA in cells causing them to mutate
(cancer)
28
33. • Hair Bulb:
- base of root
- where hair is produced
• Hair Follicle:
- group of cells that surround root and bulb
- gives hair different shapes
33
38. How is Hair Produced?
• Hair is produced in hair bulb
• Hair bulb rests on blood vessels to supply it with
nutrients
• Hair grows longer as cells are added to base of
hair bulb
38
39. Hair Facts
• Testosterone and good nutrition promote hair growth
• Growth occurs in cycles: active and resting
• Scalp hair grows for 3 years and rests for 1 year
• Eyelashes grow for 30 days and rest for 105 days
• We lose about 90 scalp hairs/day
• Grey hair is the loss or fading of melanin
• Male pattern baldness is from the loss of the hair follicle
39
40. Hair Muscles
• Arrector Pili:
- smooth muscle that surrounds each hair
follicle
- contracts and hair stands on end
(goose bumps)
40
41. Glands
• Sebaceous glands:
- connected to hair follicle
- sebum: oily substance that lubricates hair and
skin to prevent drying
• Eccrine sweat glands:
- all over body and open into sweat pores
- water and salt secretions
41
42. Sebaceous Gland
Sebaceous gland
Epidermis Low Magnification
Hair follicle Epidermis
Arrector pili m. Sebaceous gland and Sweat gland
duct
43. Basal cell of
Sebaceous gland
sebaceous gland
Duct of sebaceous Secretory cells
gland
Hair follicle
Sebaceous Gland High Magnification
45. Eccrine Sweat Gland
Eccrine sweat gland
High Magnification Epithelialgland of
sweat
cells
Lumen of sweat gland Myoepithelial cells
Basal lamina of eccrine sweat gland
46. Duct of Sweat Gland
High Magnification
Epidermis
Dermis
Duct of sweat gland
47. • Apocrine sweat glands:
- open into hair follicle
- only in armpits and genitalia
- thick, rich secretions
- become active during puberty and
causebody odor
47
53. Nail Structure
• Nail body:
visual part
• Nail root:
covered by skin
• Cuticle:
stratum corneum that extends into nail body
54. • Nail matrix:
- continuation of nail root
- gives rises to most of nail
• Nail bed:
attaches to nail and is distal to nail matrix
• Lunula:
- part of nail matrix
- whitish, crescent shaped area
- base of nail
55.
56. Vitamin D Production
1. UV light causes skin to produce a precursor
molecule of vitamin D
2. Precursor is carried by blood to liver where it is modified
3. Next to kidneys where it is modified again to form active
vitamin D
• Vitamin D can also be ingested through fish oils, fortified
milk, eggs, and butter.
• Vitamin D stimulates intestine to absorb calcium and
phosphate (bone growth and muscle function)
57. Temperature Regulation
• Body temp. should be 98.6oF
• Rate of chemical reactions (metabolism) is altered by
changes in temp.
• To cool body:
blood vessels in dermis dilate and heat is transferred
from deep in tissues to skin and sweat is produced
• To heat body:
blood vessels constrict to reduce blood flow to skin and heat is
retained
58.
59. Aging and the Integument
• Blood flow decreases and skin becomes thinner due to
decreased amounts of collagen
• Decreased activity of sebaceous and sweat glands make
temperature regulation more difficult
• Loss of elastic fibers cause skin to sag and wrinkle
59
60. Classification of Burns
• 1st degree:
- damages only epidermis
- redness, slight swelling, pain
- heals within 2-3 days (usually no scar)
- includes sunburns or exposure to cold
• 2nd degree:
- damages epidermis and upper dermis
- redness, swelling, pain, blisters
- heals in 2 weeks with some scarring
60
61. • 3rd degree:
- destroys epidermis and dermis
- burned areas are cherry red to black
- nerve endings are destroyed
- skin graft might be necessary
61
63. Skin Cancer
• Most common cancer
• Mainly caused by UV light exposure
• Fair-skinned people more prone
• Prevented by limiting sun exposure and using
sunscreens
• UVA rays cause tan and is associated with malignant
melanomas
• UVB rays cause sunburns
• Sunscreens should block UVA and UVB rays
63
64. Types of Skin Cancer
• Basal cell carcinoma:
- cells in stratum basale affected
- cancer removed by surgery
• Squamous cell carcinoma:
- cells above stratum basale affected
- can cause death
• Malignant melanoma:
- arises from melanocytes in a mole
- rare type
- can cause death
64