THE INFECTION PROCESS
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The document discusses the infection process, including the various causative agents of infection such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. It describes the characteristics of these agents including their pathogenicity, virulence, infective dose and organism specificity. The document also outlines the reservoir of these infectious agents, how they escape the reservoir and their various modes of transmission, including contact, vehicle, airborne and vectorborne. It discusses the routes of entry into the human body and important host factors that influence infection. Finally, it notes some emerging problems in infectious diseases like increasing antimicrobial resistance and more immunosuppressed individuals.
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This document discusses evidence-based practice (EBP) in nursing. It defines EBP as integrating the best research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values and needs. The document outlines the history of EBP beginning in the 1980s and its focus on improving patient outcomes. It also discusses the skills needed for EBP, including critical thinking, information literacy, and communication skills. The five key steps of the EBP process are also summarized: formulating a clinical question, gathering evidence, appraising evidence, integrating evidence with expertise and patient preferences, and evaluating the practice change.
NATIONAL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM Formerly EPI)
The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was established in 1976 to provide routine childhood immunizations against six diseases: tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and measles. The program aims to reduce child mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases and has specific goals around immunizing children, maintaining polio-free status, eliminating measles, and controlling other diseases. The EPI follows principles of targeting eligible populations, focusing on epidemiology, and providing immunization as a basic health service. It utilizes a cold chain system to store and transport vaccines according to their temperature sensitivities.
SCOPE OF CRITICAL CARE ORGANIZATION
The document discusses critical care nursing in the Philippines. It describes how critical care nursing deals with life-threatening illnesses and injuries. It outlines the responsibilities of critical care nurses to provide optimal care for critically ill patients and their families. It also discusses the development of critical care practice in the Philippines and the role of the Critical Care Nurses of the Philippines organization in promoting education and professional development in the field.
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- Types of medications and their purposes
- Therapeutic actions and effects of drugs
- Different types of doctors' orders and parts of prescriptions
- Routes of drug administration including their advantages and disadvantages
- The 11 rights of drug administration and importance of proper attitude when administering medications
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: REVIEW OF THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
This document discusses several endocrine glands and their associated hormones, pathologies of overproduction and underproduction. It addresses the thyroid gland and hormones which can cause Graves' disease (overproduction) or Hashimoto's disease (underproduction). It also discusses the pancreas and diabetes mellitus caused by overproduction or underproduction of insulin. Finally, it reviews the anterior pituitary gland and disorders like acromegaly and gigantism from overproduction of growth hormone, or dwarfism from underproduction.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
The document provides an overview of the endocrine system, including its major glands and hormones. It discusses the classical endocrine glands like the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenals. It explains how the hypothalamus regulates the pituitary which in turn regulates other glands. The pituitary is divided into the anterior and posterior portions. Hormones communicate between organs through negative feedback loops or by binding to target cells. The functions and mechanisms of several key hormones are reviewed like growth hormone, thyroid hormones, and parathyroid hormone.
BREATHING AND INCENTIVE SPIROMETRY PRESENTATION
This document discusses breathing and breathing exercises. It begins by defining breathing and describing the organs involved. It then discusses the goals and principles of breathing exercises, which are used to treat patients with pulmonary diseases or injuries. Various types of breathing exercises are described in detail, including diaphragmatic breathing, glossopharyngeal breathing, and pursed lip breathing. Guidelines for teaching patients and precautions are provided.
Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality
Madeleine Leininger developed the Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality in nursing. Some key points of her theory are:
- She recognized the importance of culture and caring in nursing.
- She observed cultural differences in caring practices between cultures.
- Her theory posits that there is culture care diversity between cultures but also some culture care universality.
- She identified three modes of nursing care - culture care preservation, accommodation, and repatterning/restructuring.
CARE OF THE CLIENT WITH RESPIRATORY DISORDER.ppt
The document discusses the care of clients with respiratory disorders, focusing on pulmonary embolism. It defines pulmonary embolism as an occlusion of the pulmonary blood vessels by an embolus. Risk factors include recent surgery, trauma, immobility, obesity, and deep vein thrombosis. Signs and symptoms may include dyspnea, syncope, chest pain, cough, and hemoptysis. Diagnostic tests include chest x-rays, EKGs, blood gases, perfusion scans, angiography, and blood coagulation tests. Treatment involves oxygen therapy, anticoagulation, thrombolytics, and sometimes embolectomy or placement of an inferior vena cava filter.
ADVANCE CARDIAC LIFE SUPPORT - (ACLS vs. BLS)
Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) protocols provide guidelines for treating cardiac emergencies. The ACLS guidelines were first published in 1974 and are updated regularly by the American Heart Association. ACLS training teaches algorithms for cardiac arrest, shock, heart attack, and other cardiovascular emergencies. It focuses on airway management, chest compressions, defibrillation, and medications to optimize survival from cardiac arrest. The algorithms guide treatment with decision points based on the patient's condition and response to therapy.
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Recomendamos muito.
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Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
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www.agostodourado.com
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1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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THE INFECTION PROCESS
- 1. THE INFECTION PROCESS By: Rommel Luis C. Israel III
- 2. CAUSATIVE AGENTS TYPES • Bacterium • Virus • Fungus • Parasite • Rickettssia • Chlamydia • etc
- 3. CAUSATIVE AGENTS CHARACTERISTICS DESCRIPTION Pathogenecity Ability to cause disease Virulence Disease severity Disease invasiveness (ability to enter and move through tissue) Infective Dose Number of organisms to initiate infection
- 4. CAUSATIVE AGENTS CHARACTERISTICS DESCRIPTION Organism Specificity (Host Preference) Antigenic Variations
- 5. RESERVOIR • the environment in which the agent is found Human a reservoir that is more dangerous to humans than to other species Animal responsible for infestation with tropozoites, worms, etc Non-animal street dust, garden soil, lint from beddings
- 6. MODE OF ESCAPE FROM THE RESERVOIR • Respiratory Tract (Most common) • GIT • GUT • Open Lesions • Mechanical Escape (includes Insect Bites) • Blood
- 7. MODE OF TRANSMISSION CONTACT TRANSMISSION Direct Contact Person-to-person Indirect Contact Usually an inanimate object Droplet Contact Coughing, Sneezing, talking by an infected person
- 8. MODE OF TRANSMISSION VEHICLE ROUTE (through contaminated items) FOOD Salmonellosis WATER Shigellosis Legionellosis DRUGS Bacteremia resulting from infusion of a contaminated infusion product BLOOD Hepatitis B, Non-A Hepatitis, Non-B Hepatitis
- 9. MODE OF TRANSMISSION AIRBORNE Droplet Nuclei Residue of evaporated droplets that remain suspended in air Dust Particles In the air containing the infectious agent Organism shed into the environment From skin, hair, wounds or perineal area
- 10. MODE OF TRANSMISSION VECTORBORNE TRANSMISSION Via contaminated or infected arthropods Flies, mosquitoes, ticks, and others
- 11. MODE OF ENTRY OF ORGANISMS INTO HUMAN BODY • Respiratory Tract • GIT • GUT • Direct Infection of mucous membrane/skin
- 12. HOST FACTORS • Age, Sex, Genetic, Constitution of host • Nutritional Status, Fitness, Environmental Factors • General Physical, Mental, and emotional health • Absent or abnormal immunoglobulins
- 13. HOST FACTORS • Status of hematopoietic systems, efficacy of reticulo-endothelial system • Presence of underlying disease (diabetes mellitus, lymphoma, leukemia, neoplasia, granulocytopenia, or uremia) • Patient treated with certain antimicrobials, corticosteroids, irradiation, immunosuppressive agents
- 14. EMERGING PROBLEMS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASE • Increasing number of different organisms that are developing resistance to increasing number of available antimicrobials. • Increasing number of person in state of immuno-suppression (cancer, leukemia, etc)
- 15. EMERGING PROBLEMS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASE • Person with serious disease and are exposed to more aggressive surgical procedures • Use of indwelling lines and implanted foreign bodies