The Industrial Revolution During The 19Th Century

The Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century
Since the emergence of man, the human race has gone through many changes throughout the time
and history. One of the greatest and most crucial changes for today's modern society was the
Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution brought many changes to the societies that
experienced the process of industrialization. Some of the changes benefited society, while others
caused harm to most of the society. Most affected by these changes was the working class of these
societies. The Industrial Revolution that took place throughout the 18th and the 19th centuries had
major effects which influenced every aspect of society and life such as, urbanization, imperialism
and nationalism. The main problems of the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe by the 1840s
were Pollution, unsafe, dirty, long working hours, never any breaks. Machinery very unsafe. Life
threatening injuries. Cheaper to have children work and they were easier to control. The ideals
liberalism of better addressed the problems of the Industrial revolution then those of the socialism.
In Factory Rules in Berlin, it states that workers should start working promptly at their designated
times, and if they weren 't promptly on time their wages would get cut (Factory Rules in Berlin
152). Here it shows that these Entrepreneurs were very rigid about their work. They wanted their
workers to work according to their rules and there weren 't any laws that protected the workers. The
workers were treated as if they were
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John Stuart Mill 's Qualitative Hedonism Essay
In this hypothetical, two options are given. A person may choose from being reincarnated as Haydn,
a famous musical composer, for 77 years. Or one may live as an Oyster, and decide for themselves
however long they want to live. An oyster would experience unlimited years of a feeling that is near
that of floating drunk in a bathtub. As Haydn, a person would experience the highs and the lows of
life. Haydn composed many symphonies, and was a celebrity in his day as a musical composer. With
being famous and influential, comes low times and struggles as well. The decision is between a
painless life of small satisfaction, or a mix between extreme satisfaction and extreme lows. Two
well–known philosophers have very different thought processes, when it comes to this thought
experiment. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill are their names. I side with John Stuart Mill's
qualitative hedonism. I believe that his theory is more plausible. I believe this because in my life I
have encountered the joy of higher pleasure and am certain it is much better than that of a lower
pleasure. Jeremy Bentham's quantitative hedonism is a viewpoint that quantity, intensity, and
duration of pleasures determines the value of that pleasure. Bentham argues that happiness is the
ultimate good. He argues that the definition of happiness is pleasure accompanied by an avoidance
of pain. Jeremy Bentham believed that creating the greatest combined happiness was the key to
correct moral behavior.

The Argument Of Punishment : Ethical Perspectives
Name: Andrew Padrta
Course: Ethic
Date: 03/21/2016
Punishment: Ethical Perspectives
The society generally has established customs and moral imperative to guide the conduct of each
member of that particular society. These norms designating certain ways in which people ought to
live in the society exist in societal laws and moral prescription. The justifications for the ideal
practices in the society have been found in the desire to maintain peaceful coexistence in the society.
The extent of freedom of an individual is therefore often curtailed for the greater good of the society.
These utilitarian considerations have been discussed amidst the concept and rationale of
punishment. John Stuart Mill, Michel Foucault and Kantian ethics have been used to justify or refute
the notion and rationale of punishment in our society. These ethical perspectives provide useful
insight into understanding punishment and its justifications or otherwise. Punishment is necessary as
a social control tool and must be exerted with reasonableness and with due regard for the aim for
which it is exerted.
Punishment refers to the deliberate or intentional infliction of pain and suffering on an individual for
breaching a particular law or code of conduct established in a given society. The idea of punishment
has been in existence for a long stretch of time in history with philosophers weighing upon the
necessity or otherwise of punishment. Inasmuch as a considerable number of philosophers agree that

The Postsecondary State Policy Network
The readings from "The Postsecondary State Policy Network", led by Jobs for the Future, is a
multistate partnership that is assists states in setting policies that will lead to student success and
completion. The supporters of this initiative are Achieving the Dream, Completion by Design and
Student Success Center. The primary focus is supporting structured student pathways from
connection to college through completion. The four pathways are connection, entry, progress and
completion (2014).
I agreed with this initiative and believe the network is well needed, and is committed to help states
create legislative policies that recognize the need for institutional reform strategies. By doing so it
helps institutions provide structured pathways through college for more students, while assisting
students enroll efficiently in programs of study that the student wants to pursue, and keep them
engaged and progressing until they complete their degree or certificate to compete in the job market
(2014).
As an Educator having a program like this at Bergen Community College is essential for many of
the students that struggle with academic success and completion. This program in collaboration with
our already existing ATD would be ideal and would help to set standards and policies that are very
much needed.
The College Promise is a national, nonpartisan, local and state led higher education initiative that
works together with leaders from the business community, philanthropy, higher

Essay on Navigating Interstitial Spaces
Navigating Interstitial Spaces
"[T]he law permits the Americans to do what they please."
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America
The protection of virtue, I submit, requires an understanding of interstitial spaces–spaces where
formalist adherence to rules and laws does not suffice to adequately promote virtue. Recognition of
these spaces spawned agent morality and Aristotle's practical wisdom. Fascination with these spaces
fueled Alexis de Tocqueville's inquiry into American religious, familial and political mores in
Democracy in America. Though America's formal, codified laws of the 1830s granted "dangerous
freedom" to the individual, Americans managed to navigate interstitial spaces with assiduous virtue.
This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Given the arguments in my second seminar paper on Socratic citizenship, the comparison between
Plato's Guardians and Aristotle's men of practical wisdom seems to be a reasonable one. Both
Guardians and men of practical wisdom operate relatively freely in a moral system of substantive
justice, with little reference to fixed principles. Plato's discussion of democracy in the Republic and
of obedience in the Crito, however, makes clear that he did not believe regular individuals could
operate virtuously in interstitial spaces between fixed rules and principles. Plato feared a democratic
expansion of liberty which would allow each citizen to "pursue a way of life to suit himself," as this
would unleash a torrent of subjectivism and a bastardization of virtue. As such, his ideal Republic
employed absolute rule of the Guardians, noble lies and temperance (read "disinterest in political
participation") to close the interstitial spaces which would allow the clumsy subjectivism of the
lower classes to operate. Emancipated from the rule of the Guardians, the "democratic man" cannot
control his desires and sows the seeds of tyranny. Plato seems convinced that the democratic
expansion of interstitial spaces could only mean extinguishing virtue.
Pericles' Athens provides a compelling counter–example to Plato's pessimism about democracy.
Pericles prescribes a mixture of individual

John Stuart Mill 's Utilitarianism
Happiness in terms of logic is considered to be a vague expression, meaning it has a wide range of
interpretations, as well as having no clear meaning. John Stuart Mill, an English philosopher, based
his controversial sentiments of happiness on Jeremy Bentham's utilitarianism, believing that goods
are the means to greatest happiness for the greatest number of peoples. Epicurus, an Ancient Greek
philosopher, who similarly encouraged people to follow his pleasure based philosophy to obtain
happiness. Unlike Mill, Epicurus' philosophy is based on individualistic hedonism, which often may
seem more practical and acceptable. Although, Mill's utilitarianism is indeed a form of social
hedonism rather than individual pleasure–seeking, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, unlike Jeremy Bentham, the father of utilitarianism, Mill was able to clarify
misinterpretations and controversies by additionally incorporating his own social, political and
moral theories that seemed fit with the philosophy.
Epicureanism belongs in the same hedonistic category as Mill's utilitarianism, but unlike
utilitarianism, Epicurean principles are not commonly used in American government and politics.
From afar, Epicureanism may seem the most practical and relatable because one may look and
assume that it is simply about indulging in pleasures as long as it makes you happy. However, that is
a naive interpretation, as Epicureanism promotes pleasure, but only the natural and necessary ones.
Along with only following the natural and necessary pleasures, it also highlights the importance of
suppressing desires that cause one to long for pleasures that aren't necessary.
In Epicurus' "Principal Doctrines," he writes, "on a basis of power sufficient to afford supports and
of material prosperity arises in most genuine form the security of a private life withdrawn from the
multitude"(2), meaning that wealth should not be a good that contributes to happiness. This may be
relatable and useful for certain individuals who devalue material goods, however, this would not be
plausible for the American

Who Is The Categorical Imperative?
Carl Zimmer, wrote an essay "whose life would you save?" that asks why humans make the
decisions they make and the philosophy behind it. Zimmer explains that Kant believed that pure
reason alone could lead us to moral truths. He declared that it was wrong to use someone for your
own ends and that it was right to act only according to principles that everyone could follow. For the
sake of understanding who Kant is and his views, the philosopher Kant was a German philosopher
and a deontologist; he believed that consequences don't matter because moral judgment is contained
in the act alone. He suggest the Categorical Imperative which means that morality is derived from
rationality and all moral judgments are rationally supported. So, just as rational thought leads us to
an objective reality, so to as there is an objective morality we can locate through the same process.
Kant believes that the Categorical Imperative is a universal moral law that holds up regardless of
context and circumstance. What's right is right and what's wrong is wrong. The Categorical
Imperative is divided into three maxims. The first is universality, which means that you should only
do something if it would be okay if everybody did it all the time. You would know if what you were
doing is correct if you would be okay with everyone else on the earth doing the exact same thing.
The second maxim is that every human being must be treated as an end rather than a means to an
end. You are never allowed to

Taken Review
Movie Review #2
___________________
A Paper
Presented to
Dr. Scott Hawkins
Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary
___________________
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course
PACO 604 Crisis Counseling
___________________
by
Michael Bruce Plont
November 18, 2009
Nature of the Crisis
The movie that I chose to review is entitled "Taken", which stars actor Liam Neeson as he plays the
part of Bryan Mills. The "crisis" of the movie is that Mills' daughter is abducted, drugged, and sold
into sexual slavery. Mills, who is a former government operative, begins the longest 96 hours of his
life, as he hunts for the gruesome organization that has taken his daughter Kim. Mills ... Show more
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Before he electrocutes the last abductor, Mills finds out that Amanda has died from being shot up
with drugs, and his daughter is about to be sold, as a virgin, for $500,000.00. Mills then tracks down
his daughter's buyers, kills them, and then fulfills the promise he made during the abduction to
rescue Kim. Mills then returns Kim to her mother and step–father in the United States.
Steps for Alleviating the Crisis
Mills remained surprisingly calm and focused throughout the ordeal. This was most likely do to the
training and background that he came from. Given the fact that Mills learned from his contacts, that

these abductors are able to make these girls disappear within 96 hours, he moved very quickly. I
would have recommended that Mills get the local police involved, but in reality he was much more
qualified to work this particular crime. Mills did attempt to illicit the help of his old government
contacts while in Paris, only to find out that they were involved in the girl smuggling. Mills was able
to quickly refocus his attention from an intense fear to a passionate search, due to the fact that he
was trained to handle stress. I would have recommended that Mills take one of his close
friends/colleagues, from the U.S., with him, as he could have greatly benefited from the colleagues'
support during those trying times. Instead, Mills worked completely alone. I would have also
recommended that Mills

Defining Feinberg 's Offence Principle And Hate Speech By...
To answer the above question I will start by defining Feinberg's Offence Principle and explain why
it is proposed to help fill the potential gaps in Mill's Harm Principle. Then by using an argument
Mill himself used in On Liberty, I will attempt to show why I believe The Offence principle actually
goes to far. Feinberg advocates that the Harm Principle 'cannot shoulder all the work necessary for
the principle of free speech'. He believes the Harm Principle does not go far enough in protecting
people. The law, he believes, needs to take into account serious offence, as a key factor in
determining what type of speech should be prohibited. Let us look at a brief explanation of what this
offence entails. To do this I have made use of the article Harm Principle, Offence Principle and Hate
Speech by R Cohen–Almagor . In this article Cohen–Almagor begins by setting out that Feinberg
uses the word offence in both a normative sense and a general sense. Normative defined, as 'all of
the miscellany of disliked mental states' like disgust, shame, hurt, anxiety and so on. General, in the
sense that these states are caused by others conduct. Feinberg postulates that offence takes place
when (1) 'one suffers a disliked state, and (2) one attributes that state to the wrongful conduct of
others, and (3) one resents the other in his role in causing one to be in that state'. So simply put one
can for example, be offended if one is deeply hurt by another's speech. After he has defined

The Fundamental Principles Of Machiavelli's The Prince
"Virtù" of a Prince in light of fortuna serves as one of the fundamental principles in Machiavelli's
The Prince. This virtù could be loosely translated as ingenuity or even machismo, however it is
more of a Prince's ability to master his fortuna: complications that arise because of varying
languages, people, culture and time. Machiavelli touts the virtù of Cesare Borgia in dealing with
Florentine fortuna as the ideal paragon: "I cannot think of any better example I could offer a new
ruler that that of his actions" (The Prince, pg. 22). This is not to say that Borgia did not have his
flaws. On these same principles, I hope to explain how Jerry John Rawlings, former president of
Ghana, in light of Ghanaian fortuna exhibited in some way the virtuoso recommended by
Machiavelli as he (Rawlings) staged two coup d'états and served two terms under democratic rule.
To provide some more context, Jerry John Rawlings, then Flt. Lt. JJ Rawlings, came into the
political spectrum after an attempted coup d'état in on 15th May 1979. He led a group of 6 military
personnel in an attempt to overthrow then military leader Gen. Akuffo. This revolt against the ruling
government, Supreme Military Council (SMC), was spurred as he and a few fellow compatriots
were "distressed by the perceived corruption of government officials and by drastic declines in the
Ghanaian economy" (Johnson). This initial coup was the first steps to displaying virtù and
controlling his fortuna. He rose up against the

The Threat Of Liberty Equality Based Societies By Alexis...
Threat to Liberty in Equality Based Societies While traveling across the United States, Alexis de
Tocqueville recorded how democracy operates and the roles of its participants in, "Democracy in
America." Tocqueville demonstrates his admiration of the American democratic system and
Americans' dedication to freedom, equality, and supporting one another. Despite these praises, there
is also a looming danger against liberty in not only America, but in all societies based on equality.
The most imminent threat to liberty in these societies is despotism as it prevents individuals from
exercising their natural freedoms and rights. Tocqueville proposes resolutions to this threat, such as,
government decentralization and civil associations. Despotism flourishes in equal societies due to
individuals isolating themselves and forming a centralized governing institution. As stated by
Tocqueville, "Equality places men beside one another without a common bond to hold them.
Equality disposes them not to think of those like themselves..." (485). With aristocracies, a society
not concerned with equality, there is a ligature between individuals within each socioeconomic
class. For instance, the noblemen associate with noblemen, while the poor associate with the poor.
However, with societies based on equality, mankind is no longer divided by their means. The
wealthy are equal to the poor in rights and freedoms, but not in monetary wealth. Lacking this
unification amongst each other's

Utilitarianism can be used to describe the reasons why...
Utilitarianism can be used to describe the reasons why healthcare should be made available
universally; why maximization of access to healthcare should be pursued for the greatest number of
people (Wilson). Utilitarianism is a theory of consequences, in which the results of actions should
determine their moral value. It can be summarized by the greatest happiness principle, which John
Stuart Mill describes as "happiness is desirable, and the only thing desirable, as an end; all other
things being only desirable as means to that end" (Wilson). For Mill, pleasure is the prime
motivator, and all beings must seek out maximum pleasure for themselves and others. This principle
can be used to judge the morality of healthcare policies in terms of ... Show more content on
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In a study out of Massachusetts, researchers examined measures of overall health in individuals
before and after healthcare expansion, and they reported a significant increase in health (Ubel). The
researchers suggest that a specific reason for this increase could be the greater willingness of
individuals to seek out preventative care when they have health insurance. Both of these studies
imply that when a government designs and implements a structure of healthcare that is expansive
and affordable, an increase is seen in both the use of medical service and the improvement of overall
health (Ubel).
Dr. Peter Mack, a surgeon in the Singapore General Hospital, discusses utilitarianism from a
different perspective, relating it to the dilemma often faced by physicians where they have to choose
between what is good for one and what is good for many. Even though physicians are trained to treat
each individual patient as an isolated case that deserves equal attention and allocation, the harsh
reality is that there are times when healthcare professionals are faced with limited time and
resources, and must decide how distribute them fairly (Mack). He justifies his decision to call on
Utilitarianism in such cases, mentioning three of its components of maximization, consequentialism,
aggregation, and welfare.
Consequentialists believe that "the right thing to do is to maximize some measure

Abortion (Marry Anne Warren “on the Moral and Legal Status...
Abortion is the process by which an embryo or fetus is removed from the uterus, resulting in the
termination of a pregnancy. Natural or non induced abortions are commonly known as miscarriages.
Abortion has had a long and passionate history. It has been induced through various methods
ranging from, herbal medicines, and the use of sharpened tools, physical trauma, and other
traditional methods. The different legal and cultural views on abortion differ around the world, and
in many regions of the world public debate over the ethics and legal ramifications of abortion are
intense. The topic of abortion has brought about a series of debates, controversy, and activism.
People often choose a position when it comes to abortion based off of ... Show more content on
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In Mill's "Utilitarianism," he argues that the principle of utility is the foundation of all morality. In
other words, the greatest happiness principle says to choose the decision or action that in return
creates the greatest amount of happiness for all that that are involved. He says that every other
principle we follow are principles that we take into our lives based on the fact that they will
hopefully help us to better or quantify our happiness. Abortion satisfies John Stuart Mill's
description of Utilitarianism. Women get abortions for a variety of different reasons. Different
reasons for getting an abortion range from health concerns and rape, to simply not being ready to
take on the responsibility of having, providing, and taking care of another life. Whatever the reason
may be, abortion is not wrong. According to Utilitarianism, one should do what will make them and
everyone around them the happiest. Now, one could argue that having an abortion may make the
other people around the women unhappy. The simple reply to this is that a women's decision to have
an abortion has nothing to do with other people. Other people will not be going through the
pregnancy and will not have to take care of another human life. Just because one doesn't agree with
a women's decision to have an abortion does not mean that the decision to have an abortion will
make other peoples lives unhappy.

John Locke And John Stuart Mill 's On Liberty Essay
Political Philosophers over time have developed their own conceptions of liberty and the
relationship of individuals to not only society, but also the state. Political Philosophers such as,
Aristotle and Plato have more of an ancient conception of liberty and the role the individual plays in
society and to the state. Whereas, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and John Stuart Mill have
developed a more modernized conception of liberty and the role of the individual to the state and
society. Plato's work the Republic, and Aristotle's works of literature Nicomachean Ethics, and
Politics will be contrasted against Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan, John Locke's Second Treatise, and
John Stuart Mill's On Liberty. The literature works of the Political Philosophers mentioned
previously will help convey the differences and similarities of liberty and the role of the individual
to society. The, regularly occurring, theme of liberty has been stressed greatly in the works of
political philosophers over time, ancient and modern. A definition of liberty can be said to be, "the
freedom of people to enter and negotiate open exchanges freely." Within liberty there is choice. The
notion of choice became a major difference between Ancient Political Philosophers, such as Plato
and Aristotle in compared to Modern Political Philosophers, such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke,
and John Stuart Mill. According to, Benjamin Constant, "The liberty of the ancients consisted in
carrying out collectively but directly

The Protest Of The United States
The activists feel like this disruptive protest is needed in order to disturb not only the public but to
disturb politicians and people in high places. They feel like in this way they will grab the attention,
sympathy, and support of citizens and will force politicians to face these issues and propose
solutions to them like police reform and will also remind the police force and all other authorities
that they are aware of these injustices and that they are never ignored (Mather). The main point of
the Two Treaties of Government was to illustrate John Locke's idea that all men were created equal
and naturally free. He went against the ideals of Robert Filmer who believed that humans were born
to be subjugated by the monarchs of their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
John Locke believed that since men were all equal that this makes, "the foundation of that obligation
to mutual love amongst men on which he builds the duties they owe one another from whence he
derives the great maxims of justice and charity," (Locke, 106). This is an idea shared by the Black
Lives Matter movement as well as they believe on evoking humanity in order to express their
frustration against police brutality. Yates, a BLM activists explains that, "at the very core of this is
humanity– Black Lives Matter. We matter. Black lives matter because they are lives..because we are
human.." (Harris). Both Yates and John Locke use humanity in order to support their arguments.
Another belief Locke had was that ".. men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to
order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons as they think fit, within the bounds
of the law of Nature.." (Locke, 106). BLM activists can argue that these men being brutalized had
no need for such exertion of power. The police should never be expected to terrorize the black
community, even though that is what it has come to in many black communities. Since people are
expected to have perfect freedom as Locke stated, there is no need for harsh authority since people
naturally act in the best interest of themselves which is typically the best interest of the community.
Knowing this, John Locke and the BLM

John Stuart Mill 's Book, Utilitarianism
In John Stuart Mill's book, Utilitarianism (1863) he challenges many critics that are against his
theory. One of which is the claim that Utilitarianism is a swine doctrine. They interpret the theory by
saying a humans ultimate goal in life, is that of a swine; pleasure in the absence of pain. It is quite
an understandable remark, but definitely is an over analyzed critique, in my opinion. Mill however
replies to the critics in grave detail, defending his theory. Although many strengths and weaknesses
are apparent, I recognize the higher and lower pleasures response, a very strong reply to a weak
critique.
Critics argue that utilitarianism is a swine doctrine by comparing the ethical theory, which states
there is no greater end then pleasure, to that of the pleasure a swine (pig). This criticism appears as
over evaluating a relatively good ethical theory. Critics view utilitarianism as a doctrine, not fit for
humans. They state that if people have no desire higher than pleasure than they have the same goal
as a pig. They do not think that the meaning of life should merely be reduced to pleasure (Mill, p
10). This is a very clear argument simply denying that life is that simple.
Mill's reply starts off with answering how the Epicureans do. It is not he but those who are accusing
him, that view human beings in a degrading and simple–minded view point (Mill, p. 10). He further
states that a beast's pleasure does not satisfy a human's concept of pleasure. This insinuates that

John Stuart Mill's Work
John Stuart Mill's work provides a valuable insight to the issue of medicine that harm people in the
classical utilitarian. Many people consider that prescription for medical marijuana as a moral sin or
something that should be given to help the patients to improve his/her bad condition. As a majority
of people and federal consider prescription for medical marijuana is immoral and it is restricted in
many states including Texas. In the section on liberty, John Stuart Mill introduces the harm
principle. Mill believes that "The only legitimate ground for social coercion is to prevent someone
from doing harm to others". (John Stuart Mill handout, Principle 1). It means that everyone should
have their own individual liberty to think as they satisfy unless their actions or decisions may not
cause harm to others. I am cancer patients, in first stage. Doctor can cure my disease; doctor gave
prescription for medical marijuana. However, I live in a Texas, where medicine is legal but federal
government do not give permission to use medical marijuana, which is somewhat unfair to me and
other cancer patients. Here people are minority group and majority people do not to listens minority
group. Federal government has a reason behind to make Marijuana medicine illegal but according to
Mill, if that medicine does not harm others and helpful to cancer patients, then it should not be
illegal. Mills also believe that a person should be given the freedom to form

The Media As A Valuable Outlet For Free Expression
The social media as a valuable outlet for free expression Introduction The communications and
media landscape is experiencing a profound and fast transformation. There is a possibility of
describing the evolution and development of new technologies as enterprising and open. The
internet comprises of the considered technological developments, which is the latest outlet that a
considerable number of people in the world can access and use to communicate (Maras 3). Just as
other technologies before it, the internet has the power to transform the manner in which people
realize the freedom to express themselves. Any person that can access the internet can create, share
or edit their individual information or other people's content. The flare–up of digital communication,
especially through the social media allows citizens to participate in public debates on a level
unparalleled historically. The right to free expression rests upon public communication platforms,
which is essential for the realization of the desired effects. Increasingly, the social media is playing
its role as a platform through which individuals can express their wide range views to a considerable
number of people. Through the social media, users can create and shape information. For this
reason, the social media is becoming a viral actor by encouraging people to center their attention to
particular issues. Additionally, the social media strikes a partisan position without regards for the
traditional journalistic

Utilitarianism : A Moral Theory
Utilitarianism can be defined as a moral theory that is generally considered to have been founded by
Jeremy Bentham who was a 19th century English philosopher and social reformer whom the
panopticon is also attributed to. At the center of utilitarianism is happiness, which is in fact the
ultimate goal of all human beings. To be happy and promote happiness. According to classical
utilitarianism, when a person wants to act in an ethical way, he or she should strive to bring about
the greatest possible amount of happiness for the greatest possible amount of people. This idea is
known the greatest happiness principle. A similar idea is that a person should always strive, if
incapable of producing happiness, to reduce unhappiness. These ideas ... Show more content on
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In the examples mentioned, your personal relationships are of no importance– it does not matter
how close you are to either party. The right thing to do would still be to mow the lawn for your sick
family member.
In Charles Darwin's, The Descent of Man, he says that,
The moral sense perhaps affords the best and highest distinction between man and the lower
animals; but I need say nothing on this head, as I have so lately endeavoured to shew that the social
instincts– the prime principle of man's moral constitution with the aid of active intellectual powers
and the effects of habit, naturally lead to the golden rule, "As ye would that men should do to you,
do ye to them likewise"; and this lies at the foundation of morality.
Upon reading this it is apparent that morality is intertwined in every aspect of our lives and nature
from the smallest rabbit to the tallest human. The excerpt shows an understanding that morality is
not just what is pleasurable, as utilitarianism suggests, but it also has to do with how we treat each
other to attain the highest good possible for the greatest number of people possible. In the case of
the sick family member, we'd feel good doing it, we'd hope they or someone else would do the same
for us, and thus are treating someone the way we want to be treated. Ethics and its subsets intersect
upon one another forming a beautiful union to show us that pleasure and happiness are

The Value Of Liberty ; Rousseau Vs. Mill
The Value of Liberty; Rousseau v. Mill The views and conceptions of what liberty is have continued
to change over time as society changes. Freedom is defined as the right to do "act, think, and speak
as one wants" without anyone or anything infringing on that right, but there exists types of freedoms
or liberties. Fyodor Dostoevsky, Jean–Jacques Rousseau, Stuart Mill, and Thomas Jefferson all give
their conceptions of what liberty is and while all of them believe government should not have so
much authority or any authority at all, they all have similar and different views on freedom. While
Rousseau believes that there should be a "social contract" between the individual and the sovereign,
Stuart Mill disagrees and believes that authority can only be exercised over the individual if it is
harmful. Mill understands what freedom really is and its value because he believes that public
authority does not have legitimate power over the individual and that the individual should be able
to exercise their rights without any interference. Rousseau does not truly understand what freedom
is because the "general will" can interfere with an individual's rights.
In "The Grand Inquisitor" written by Fyodor Dostoevsky, Dostoevsky focuses on free will of
humans being given up in exchange for a more secure "free will". Ivan reads aloud a poem he wrote
in which Christ is reborn and goes to Spain, and there he is healing the sick. After healing the sick
and a dead child, the Cardinal Grand

Kant 's Theory Of Moral Theory
Ever since Kant 's publication of his renowned ethical treatises, deontologists and utilitarians alike
have argued over which moral theory is most coherent. Yet, in Mill 's critique of Kant, Mill sidesteps
this issue, not by directly critiquing Kant 's moral theory, but rather by asserting that Kant 's moral
theory is actually just a form of utilitarianism. Essentially, Kant 's universal law test is nothing more
than a veiled appeal to consequences, as Mill correctly claims in his critique of Kant. After
evaluating what it means to have goodwill in his Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant
finds that it cannot depend on any particulars of the action being done. It is not one 's action or even
the consequences of one 's action that determines whether one has goodwill; as Kant asserts on page
416, "what is essentially good in the action consists in the mental disposition, let the consequences
be what they may". But, how do we determine what actions to undertake? On page 402, Kant argues
that it is a simple matter of not making an exception of yourself. As he states it, more formally, "I
should never act except in such a way that I can also will that my maxim should become a universal
law." Kant asks only that, before acting, you ask yourself whether you could will this action to be a
universal law that everyone should obey. Would you be content if this maxim, which is your
subjective principle for acting, were applied in all future situations resembling this one? If

Utilitarianism And The Political And Economic Aspects Of...
Utilitarianism in the political and economic aspects of development has been widely recognized and
human social practice plays a huge impact. But the utilitarian always at the place of criticism,
misunderstanding. People tend to equate utilitarianism simply with individualism. In fact, the means
of utilitarianism not only consider a behaviour and motivation, and to emphasize life purpose should
emerge to the scope of his own happiness, to care about other people 's happiness and the
improvement of the human condition, from self–interest to self–sacrifice, is a kind of noble moral
sentiment pursue "maximizing utility". This essay will talk about what utilitarianism is and how to
solve the problem when we as a utilitarian.
What utilitarianism is?
What is a standard of human behaviors' true or false, and what is the moral basis? Utilitarianism
gives the answer. Utilitarianism is the claim that the right action is that action which maximizes
utility. Utilitarianism think that people should be made a behavior of "maximizing utility", the so–
called good calculation must rely on the behavior of each individual involved going to feel the sum
of each individual is treated as the same quantity, and happiness and pain can be reduced, the pain is
only the pleasure of "negative". It is different from general ethics, utilitarian don 't consider a
personal behavior motive and means, only consider a behavior of results on the influence of the
maximum joy. Can increase the maximum happiness

Jerry Springer : The Opera
In this essay I will assess and explore the BBC's decision to broadcast "Jerry Springer: The Opera"
broadcasted on 8 January 2005, by drawing on Utilitarianism and Kantianism theories. Background
"Jerry Springer : The Opera" is a British musical written by Stewart Lee and Richard Thomas
(Freud, 2003). The opera is based on the famous American chat show which has been running since
1991 and is still a very popular television show to this date (A&E Television Networks, 2015). The
first time the musical was staged was at the Edinburgh Festival on '7 August 2002' (Wikipedia,
2009) and due to its popularity it became a fully staged production at the end of 2002 (Freud 2003).
The producers then moved the show to The National Theatre in London on 30 September 2003
(Freud, 2003). When the musical became very successful it was then decided to move the
production to the West End, London later in 2003 (Baldock, 2004). One of the reasons the public
and critics complained profusely was because of very bad language from the start. The opera has
more than 400 curse words (Thorpe, 2005), a grown man is dressed in a nappy (who is meant to be
Jesus later) and one of the guests on the show is cheating on his partner with a woman who likes to
dress up as a little girl (Wikipedia, 2009), which is a typical situation on the television show. At
around 1 hour and 25 minutes into the Opera, Jerry has been shot, goes to hell and the devil wants
an apology from Jesus, people were shocked to see

John Stuart Mill 's Moral Theory Of Utilitarianism
John Stuart Mill wrote on his moral theory of Utilitarianism, which many have refuted by explaining
that it failed to respect the dignity and worth of human beings. Mills theory of utility bases an
actions morality on its ability to create the maximum amount of happiness. Happiness as described
by Mill, is the maximization of pleasure over grief. Some critics have even said that Mill's theory
degraded humans to swine as it belittled morals to come from pleasures of the body that even
animals had. Mill defended his theory by stating that human happiness is much more complex than
that of swine. I do not believe that Mill's defense was particularly convincing, and many facets of
his theory continue to degrade the dignity, values, and worth of humans.
Mill responds to this claim that his theory degrades humans in the very beginning of the chapter as
he states, "Human beings have faculties more elevated than the animal appetites and, when made
conscious of them, do not regard anything as happiness which does not include their gratification."
Mill explains that the Epicureans, who preceded him were utilitarian's but lacked this essential part
of their argument. Although he does explain that where they lack in explanation in their arguments,
they did make great use of the higher valued pleasures such as intellect above mere sensations. Mill
enhances his argument by emphasizing the superiority of mental pleasures over bodily. This is not
convincing to me because it is very

The Moral Education Theory Of Punishment
I would now like to further demark the limitations of power that the government can have over its'
citizens with the Parent/ Child versus Law argument presented by Jean Hampton in "The Moral
Education Theory of Punishment". Hampton says that parents are much more entitled to punish their
children than any other institution, and particularly governments, as parents have the role of what
Hampton dubs "moral paternalism," which is to teach their children the entire content of morality.
Other Philosophers such as John Stuart Mill have also rejected a role of paternalism in government
and go even further and say that a law cannot restrict what an individual does to himself,
"specifically, such philosophers as John Stuart Mill have rejected the state's passing any law which
would restrict what an individual can do to himself (as opposed to what he can do to another) (John
Stuart Mill on Jean Hampton 218–219). This is also a principle that Nozick defends "to the right of
persons to be left alone and live their own lives, provided they are not violating the rights of others"
(Nozick 381). These limits agree with the origins of our legislation and I believe are quintessential
to creating moral legislation as well as picking which actions are punishable by the state and which
are not.
In summary, what I find to be a valid moral justification theory of punishment incorporates the
above mentioned limitations of law as explained by Hampton and Mill. Furthermore, I would like to

John Lewis : A Chain Of Upmarket Department Stores
John Lewis is a chain of upmarket department stores operating all over Great Britain, it's owned by
the John Lewis partnership which was founded in 1864, by John Lewis and headquarters in London
and with annual revenue of 4.06 billion GBP, John Lewis department stores are doing very well at
the moment, with sales figures rising strongly.
Whilst retailers elsewhere are struggling, several commentators have been going beyond the
marketing factors, behind their success, instead paying closer attention to the firm's unusual model
of ownership and control.
John Lewis is one of the few UK companies where bumper bonuses do not provoke a public outcry,
all staffs from chairman down to shelf stackers received the same percentage pay–out, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
John Lewis also belief that employees should have a greater say in how their business are run and
the idea that staff have nothing useful to contribute to management belongs to the 19th century and
not the 21st, and that motivated staff have a pretty big impact on a company's performance, its staff
retention rate is also very good, with 80 per cent staying for more than a year, john Lewis customers
are often fulsome in their praise of the staffs.
Furthermore, john Lewis its recording increased profits during a difficult period than other retailers,
it has a constitution that staff are involved in all sorts of councils, committees and boards designed
to create industrial democracy. "Even the former deputy British prime minister, Nick Clegg on his
Januray2012 mansion house speech sought to set out his vision of how this should be done. Quoting
John Stuart Mill, he set out to "end the feud between capital and labour" by promoting the virtues of
employee share ownership and employee ownership as he termed it John Lewis economy"
www.centreforum.org. Arguing that other firms should try to move towards a John Lewis economy,
in which employees will have a bigger stake in their firms, ushering in era of responsible capitalism.
Lastly, apart from the terrific

The Culture And Customs Of Ghana
Textile industry for centuries has played an important role in most West African societies. It has
been also a form of art that can give us information about the history of African's countries. The
materials used, the patterns, and the colors of the clothes can be associated with specific
communities. For example, Kente clothes are made from cotton, silk, and raffia. Salm and Falola
claim that, The cultures and customs of Ghana today are a product of diversity in indigenous form,
influenced by a long history of Islamic and European contacts. They represent a dynamic process of
adoption and adaptation, incorporating elements of outside cultures.
The Ghana Boy tunics are a good example of how African artists combined elements of traditional
African work with European elements. They are made in bright colors, and incorporate abstract
symbols of Western commodities and styles. This type of cloth clearly announces that people had
been abroad and know other cultures and languages.
This paper intends to show a comparison between two important symbols of the Ghanaian people's
history, the smocks and the Kente clothes, and it will be focused on the textile industry and their
makers.
The research questions developed for this study are:
In which part of Ghana are these two Ghanaian textiles usually worn?
Do these two different Ghanaian textile styles serve the same function?
What are the Challenges Ghana's textile industry has been facing during the last years?
Smock

John Stuart Mill 's Ethical Theory
Moral Dilemma A describes a case in which a physician has an option to inform a patient of an
untreatable cancer, or to not inform. This case in my opinion has the most merit, and can be applied
to Mill's Utilitarian Ethical Theory, the Kantian ethical theory, as well as the Principle of
Beneficence and the Principle of Respect for Autonomy in order to determine an appropriate
response for the doctor to act upon. Utilitarianism is an idea generated by John Stuart Mill and
encompasses the idea of Principle of Utility. The Principle states that acts are right when they
produce happiness, which is defined as pleasure and the absence of pain, as well as that acts are
wrong when they promote unhappiness, which is defined as pain and the privation of pleasure. This
theory is used to analyze a dilemma through a series of positive and negative consequences of a
certain action. In this case, the action performed by the doctor would be to inform the patient of the
cancer. Negative consequences, or those that will occur by not informing the patient, include
preventing unneeded worry and extreme stress due to the inability to cure the cancer, as well as the
patient can continue to live their everyday life in which they are accustomed. Positive consequences
of telling the patient even though a cure does not exist includes a chance for the patient to say
goodbye to loved ones, arrange their affairs accordingly, and the patient can come to the realization
of their impending death.

What Utilitarianism Is By Giving An Insight Into The...
This essay will give an in depth analysis of what utilitarianism is by giving an insight into the
history behind the theory and through the us of theoretical examples on both the positive and
negative connotations involved with this particular philosophical theory before making a well
informed conclusion on the topic, the hopes of this essay is educate on the topic of utilitarianism,
showing strengths and weaknesses involved with this theory.
To answer the question posed of what is utilitarianism first the origin of this philosophical theory
must be recognized. Dating back to the works of Thomas Hobbes in the seventeenth century the
theory evolved from a previous body of thought called Epicureanism. The theory of utilitarianism
was cursorily cultivated by Jeremy Bentham towards the end of the eighteenth century as scholars
like Gerald Postema insisted that Bentham was a 'careful student of Hobbes' and that the central
ideas he voiced mimicked his predecessor. When speaking about utilitarianism John Stuart Mill is
considered the father of it with his Victorian principles on the theory. This outlook and interpretation
that Mill had on the subject led to utilitarianisms immersion into multiple facets of modern thinking.
Utilitarianism's appearing aptness can in fact be debunked through using multiple faults that lie
within the theory. This is only able to take place when the doctrine of utilitarianism is broken down
to its simplest form.
For the use of this essay I will use

Aristotle 's Views On Society
Aristotle and J.S. Mill are two of the most well known philosophers who both believe that some
pleasures are seen as higher or more desirable than others. However, do both their theories really
relate to each other or is there a degree of conflict between them that reveals their difference in
views? Although both Aristotle's view along with J.S. Mill's view may originate many years ago,
they still have an impact on society today and what we can learn from them, especially in modern–
day Canada. Ultimately, we will be looking into both the similarities and differences of these two
philosophers views and determining whom we can most learn from as Canadians in today's society.
As their views may differentiate, both these philosopher's have a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Who is Aristotle one may ask? Aristotle was a Greek philosopher who dates back to the year 384
BC. Aristotle was a philosopher who studied numerous subjects and ideas ranging from geology,
epistemology, biology, and of course happiness (Aristotle, 2009). Aristotle has a very unique view
on happiness that is still looked at the same today, as it was when he first came up with it. Aristotle
states that one does not simply become happy after doing a small task or playing with friend for the
day. He states that one does not just become happy, but they strive for happiness throughout their
entire lives and then have finally achieved it once they have passed (Aristotle, 2009). The main
reasoning behind this is that one cannot always be happy by doing one thing, but they must do a
number of things in order to strive and reach for that certain level of happiness. For instance, while
doing research I came across a great analogy that I thought summed up Aristotle's view perfectly.
The article stated that we cannot claim children are truly happy, any more than we can say an acorn
in a tree (Cohen, 2008). That being said, there is so much more to happiness then some think. Sure
we may seem happy after hanging out with friends for one day, but there is simply just so much
more beyond that when talking about happiness in our lives. Happiness is

The Intellectual Level Of The Thinker
Introduction Human beings are blessed with the most evolved form of brain that can think. Mind is
the abstract form of brain where ideas originate freely. With the origin of ideas, the concept of
expressing them is related. In fact, most of the individuals in every society are of the view that ideas
should not go unnoticed and they must be expressed in order to evaluate their quality and to present
the intellectual level of the thinker. However, a great debate takes place when the question of
freedom of expression of ideas comes before people. Generally, there is a very thin line drawn
between the origin of ideas and their expression but, in certain conditions, the ideas must be
restricted to a limit; there should be laws that can limit the reflection of ideas through speech.
Theories like Utilitarianism, Deontology, Social contract and character based are connected with the
freedom of speech and they give a wide view about the presentation of ideas in definite
circumstances. An analysis of the above mentioned theory along with the ECS code of ethics jointly
prove that in the modern world of technology, a restriction is mandatory on the freedom of speech
failure of which can affect a large amount of people, ultimately resulting in a great chaos.
Background In the historical background of freedom of speech as a universal human right, it can be
inferred that there are not much records that are associated with this concept. In fact, when the
question of

The Recorded History Of Ghana
The recorded history of Ghana begins in 1471, when Portuguese traders landed on the coast in
search of gold, ivory, and spices. Following the Portuguese came the Dutch, the Danes, the Swedes,
the Prussians, and the British. Commerce in gold gave way to the slave trade until the latter was
outlawed by Great Britain in 1807. The 19th century brought a gradual adjustment to legitimate
trade, the withdrawal of all European powers except the British, and many wars involving the
Ashanti, who had welded themselves into a powerful military confederacy; their position as the
principal captors of slaves for European traders had brought them into conflict with the coastal
tribes. British troops fought seven wars with the Ashanti from 1806 to 1901, when their kingdom
was annexed by the British crown.(Encyclopedia, 2007) Amada (2010) stated that Ghana 's history
prior to the 15th century is concentrated primarily on oral traditions, however it is believed that
people may have inhabited what is present day Ghana from about 1500 B.C.E. European contact
with Ghana began in 1470. In 1482, the Portuguese built a trading settlement there. Shortly
thereafter for three centuries, the Portuguese, English, Dutch, Danes and Germans all controlled
different parts of the coast. Colonial period: 1902–1957 Amada (2010) also explained that in 1821,
the British took control of all of the trading posts located on the Gold Coast. From 1826 to 1900, the
British then fought battles against the native

Is It Better to Be a Human Dissatisfied Than a Pig Satisfied
Oak Trees versus Acorns: Which is better?
It has been argued for centuries now, that people do not grow their full human potential, largely
because they do not participate in a reasonably sophisticated refinement . John Stuart Mill, in his
book Utilitarianism, claims that "It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied"
[Mill JS: 1863]. This essay will show that the advantages of being a "human dissatisfied" are better
than those of a "pig satisfied". But before this can be proven, we have to understand the metaphor
that compares humans to pigs.
Mill compares two types of people: people who prefer to be "humans" according to his definition,
and those that prefer to be "pigs". As pigs would ‘eat up' anything that ... Show more content on
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Whatever kind of pleasure they prefer is the more worthy kind. Mill uses this concept to show that
knowledgeable, "higher order beings" prefer the intellectual pleasures:
Now it is an unquestionable fact that those who are equally acquainted with, and equally capable of
appreciating and enjoying both, do give a most marked preference to the manner of existence which
employs their higher faculties. Few human creatures would consent to be changed into any of the
lower animals, for the promise of the fullest allowance of a beast's pleasures; It is better to be a
human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be a Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied.
And if the fool, or the pig, is of a different opinion, it is because they know only their own side of
the question. The other party to the comparison knows both sides.[MillJS:1863]
Mill highlights that a, a fool or pig, can only have a different opinion because it knows only one side
of an issue. But a Socrates or human, knows both sides of an issue, and therefore can have a
different opinion based on valid justification– which can only be achieved haven taken all aspects
into regard. Therefore Mill's argument is a good one because it logically argues that people who
have experienced both types of pleasures (intellectual

John Stuart Mill 's Views On Morality
Humans are the most complex beings in the universe; at least based on our perception. We have
achieved so much, as we have destroyed equally. Created in a world full of unexplored wonders and
knowledge, we constantly seek for the true meaning of our wary existence. Those who see past the
picture displayed try to find a better understanding of the roles we play, and our importance in terms
of coexisting. Existing in a perception of peace, morality as always being the big staple on societies
within its grip. To show a higher intellect and understanding of the world, Philosophers throughout
the years have presented their views on what they believe to be good or bad. These views often
collide as many shape their views on their perception and experiences. Morality remain an illusion
and is highly subjective; based on my views of course. One of the many brilliant minds is John
Stuart Mill a philosopher that carries the views I have to a considerate satisfaction. Mill's views on
morality is utilitarianism, which is centered mainly on pleasure and happiness. Everyone can agree
that feeling pain is bad and that happiness is a good thing. He emphasizes that actions that
maximizes pleasure and decreases pain for the greatest number is right. Mills does not necessarily
mean personally happiness, as that is a common misconception of utility, whereas he means
happiness for the greater number of people. Which leads to examples in the aspect of sacrificing
yourself for others. This

Case Study on a Pastors Right to Freedom of Speech
The pastor's right to freedom of speech is justified by the harm principle and the necessity for truth
in a democratic society.
John Stuart Mill presents a liberal view for the defense of free speech in favour for the fullest liberty
to debate (1978, 15). Yet, Mill's harm principle states the government can rightfully interfere with
the pastor's freedom of expression under the condition to prevent harm to the homosexual
community (pg. 9) One problem that emerges is the lack of a universal consensus on among
scholarly work on what constitutes hate speech. Boyle argues hate speech, "is intended to entice
hatred or violence" (Boyle Freedom 6–7). While, Mill's "On Liberty" provides a strong liberal view
that makes it difficult to argue that hate speech directly causes any violence or interference of the
homosexual's community's liberty, which is supported by the notorious corn dealer example. The
pastor's portrayal that homosexuals are dangerous and comparable to cancer would not be
considered harm, as he does not advice to inflict physical harm upon the homosexual community. In
particular, psychological damage is far harder to argue in terms of legal rights compared to physical
damage. Even if the homosexual community are psychologically harmed by pastor remarks,
Jacobson (2000) notes Mill would be resilient to placing any sort of limits on the freedom of speech.
Hence, freedom of speech should be defended as, "silenced opinion be an error it may, and very
commonly does,

John Stuart Mill And Sarah Conly Essay
John Stuart Mill and Sarah Conly have opposing views on the necessity and justifiability of paternal
coercion in a state. This essay will present their views regarding the justifiability of state
intervention in the case of sugar tax. I will show what arguments both would use to justify their own
opinion and at the end present my own arguments in order to argue that sugar tax would not be the
ideal solution but coercive paternalism would still be necessary, although used in a slightly different
way.
In his book "On Liberty" Mill states that the only time individuals or society as a whole can interfere
with individual liberty is for self–protection and that coercion by the many toward the individual is
only acceptable when that specific individual poses a threat to others. This is known as the harm
principle: "The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a
civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others."
Sarah Conly's book "Against Autonomy" proposes many counterarguments to the liberalist approach
of Mill. One of her most interesting arguments in defense of coercive paternalism is that "while in
some cases autonomous action does no harm, in other cases it does, however 'harm' is construed – as
detrimental to happiness, detrimental to material survival, or even detrimental to the promotion of
autonomous action." It is really interesting because it claims that perfect autonomy would be
detrimental to itself. To give

Sweatshops And The Related Ethical Issues About It Essay
Introduction
This assignment is going to mainly discuss the existing of sweatshops and the related ethical issues
about it. Ethical theory will be applied in the study about the topic and personal reflection is also
going to displayed in the assignment. An understanding of it may be not interesting but can be
helpful to do research or run firms or organizations related in the future.
Firstly, the assignment will introduces the background of sweatshops and anti–sweatshop
movements as the opposite of it. Then, the ethical theory that will be used in the next steps is also
going to be recommended. Next, a further analysis and evaluation about the sweatshops issues will
be processed in three steps: who is effected by sweatshops, How to account their utility and How to
maximize the utility. To solve those problems, the assignment will address literature and taking
analysis with real cases. What's more is the personal reflections and there will be some examples
drew in this part to enhance the view. In the last, a conclusion will be given to summary some points
that may be useful for others.
It can be believed that the assignment can be helpful for understanding both positive and negative
influence of sweatshops issues. Following this article may be helpful when doing analysis market
researches for the economy in the international business.
Background
Unlike slavery which had existed for thousands years, sweatshops was created about two hundred
years ago. In general, sweatshop

The Economic Development Of Ghana Essay
The Economic Development of Ghana
Ghana is an African country located on the western side of Africa. Its neighbors are Burkina Faso to
the north, Togo to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the south, and Cote D'Ivoire to the west. It has a
population of 18,100, 703 and a population density of 197 people per square mile. Ghana is 92,098
square miles and English is its official language. The capital city of Accra has around 1, 673,000
people residing in it. There are the physical statistics, now onto the more interesting part.
The country's greatest strengths lie in its natural resources. In those terms, it is very rich. Cocoa, its
biggest export, accounts for 15% of the world's supply. Also its gold production, in recent years, it's
exported ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the new urban communities and mining, pollution is a very serious problem in this small
nation.
As for other statistics that are related, its farming does well because of the two rainy seasons. There
is only one doctor for every 12,523 people, but because of hygienic lessons, that doesn't cause too
much of a problem. The major causes of death are malaria, diarrheal diseases, and tuberculosis (due
to the pollution). As for regions, the north is rather poor, while the urban south is richer.
Now I chose Ghana for multiple reasons. First of all, because I always thought that Ghana was near
the Philippines for some reason. So I decided that it'd be good for me to research it. Also, as I said,
Ghana is very rich in natural resources. If you helped them get off on the right foot, not only could
they help themselves, but you could make some money also. Ghana would also be a good place for
economic help because all of its close neighbors also. If a neighboring country saw that what they
were doing was working, they'd either mimic them or ask them for help (as long as the countries
weren't enemies). So hopefully it'd spread throughout the region.
Now for government. The history of Ghana and its politics is very violent and turbulent. It has a
long history of coups and militant overthrows, for a while it happened every couple of years. Even
the current president, Jerry Rawlings, led two himself in 1979 and 1981. From 1981 to 1992,
Rawlings was the leader

The Good Life
PHI–112, Summer 2013 The Good Life, Late–Modern vs. Post–Modern
Hart, M. J. June 16, 2013
Most of the late–modern philosophers took a completely different view of ethics and a moral society
as their predecessors. Aside from Kierkegaard's deeply religious views, their ideas were to get away
from religion being necessary to achieve a good life. The emphasis was one in which people should
not think in order to be ethical one must be religious. This seemed as if they were all of a sudden
coming out and saying the earlier philosophers were wrong in tying ethics and religion. The post–
modern philosophers pursued this line of thinking further, going back to the basics from the
beginning of recorded ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Elizabeth Anscombe's statement, "Moral goodness and moral duty have no meaning in this day and
age because they have lost the context in which they made sense, specifically the divine law view of
ethics." (Story of Ethics, Clark & Poortenga, chapter 5, pg 117) Her views further reinforce the
overarching theme of the 20th century of analyzing how philosophy evolved over the centuries, and
the belief that one can live a moral and ethical life without insisting on having a religious backing.
Her statement, "And I should be inclined to congratulate the present–day moral philosophers on
depriving 'morally ought' of its now delusive appearance of content.." (Story of Ethics, Clark &
Poortenga, chapter 5, pg 118) shows her understanding of this.
My last example is from John Rawls' description of how a society should form from the beginning
with his deontological view of "justice as fairness." (Story of Ethics, Clark & Poortenga,
chapter 5, pg 120). He described a view of making a society with basic rights and liberties for all
without insisting one must adhere to any religious doctrine in order to do this. This seems to
coincide with the overall view that certain acts can be determined to be either good or evil, without
insisting on a referral to theology.
Given my interpretation of the writings of different philosophers in the 19th and 20th

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