This document provides a summary of the history and development of mass media in Nepal, including print, radio, television, and internet. It discusses the establishment of the first printing press, magazine, newspaper, radio station, and television station. It notes that while radio access is high, actual listenership is low due to language barriers. Television is widely accessible but costs are prohibitive. Internet access is limited to urban areas due to costs. The document also summarizes the legal structures, ownership, and governance of key mass media organizations in Nepal.

1. History of Mass Media
The history of modern mass media such as Press, Radio and Television is not older that one and a half
centuries in Nepal. Giddhe Press was the first ever printing press in Nepal established in 1851, Sudha Sagar
was the first magazine published in 1898, Gorkhapatra was the first newspaper published in 1901, Radio
Nepal was the first Radio station established in 1951 and Nepal Television was the first Radio station
established in 1985, Internet services started in the mid-nineties. Among these mass media, about 90% of
Nepalese people have access to Radio Nepal, but the number of people who actually listen to Radio Nepal is
low because o the language barrier. Television programmes are also widely accessible but the cost factor of
TV sets and electricity is a major barrier. Internet is accessible mostly in urban areas but very few people
can afford buying computers.
The last twelve years of democracy have been a boon for rapid growth of Nepalese media. The reason for
such a dramatic growth of Nepalese media. The reason for such a dramatic growth are as follows: - (i)
Conducive legal environment, (ii) entry of young bloods in mass media, (iii) growth in advertisement market
and (iv) rise in consumers of mass media. The constitutional guarantees of media freedom, including the
right of information of the citizens has created a congenial atmosphere for the growth of private sector
initiative as never before in the expansion and development of mass media industry. The liberal provisions
of National communication policy, 1992 and the promulgation of National broadcasting act 1993 have
become major trial buzzers in promoting a culture of free flow of information and pluralism of thoughts.
The growth of mass media and communication infrastructure is quite commensurate with the rise in national
literacy from the level of 39.5 to 53.6 (2001 census.) The media boom is felt everywhere. The letterpress
printing has already gone obsolete. A recent finding has revealed that of the 320 regularly published
newspapers published in the country, 160 belongs to locations outside the capital. The privatization of
Nepalese film industry and liberalization of airwaves have opened up an era of competition and
diversification of access to information sources. Nepal can very aptly claim to be one of the foremost South
Asian countries for opening up airwaves to the private sector. Subsequently, there are about 45 Radio
Broadcasting services dotting over the remote parts and hamlets of Kingdom. The Television sector is also
not lagging behind. The state run Television service no longer enjoys monopoly of the coveted information
market. The emergence of Internet, web sites of various sorts and online media services signal that Nepal is
already on the threshold of an information revolution and experiencing the impact of multi-media
environment.
The expanding reach of various modes of information and communication, though a welcome sign, is very
much limited to about 20% of the urban areas served by power supply. The other factor inhibiting rapid
advancements has been the absence of policy perspectives on manpower development and expertise that
should sustain a rapid advancement of information industry. Further move, this sector is also handicapped
by the absence of relevant publications that focus on recent trends in the fast expanding domain of mass-
communications.
/fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt – /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt P]g, @)!(
u7g p2]Zo –
;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;'ljwf sfod /fVg g]kfn clw/fHo leqsf / ljb]zsf ;d]t lgikIf
Pj+ cflwfl/s ;dfrf/ tyf ;"rgf b]zjf;L tyf ljb]zLn] klg hfgsf/L kfpg /
clw/fHodf Pstfsf] efjgfsf] a[l4sf ;fy} 7f]; hgdtsf] ;[hgfdf d2t xf]; eGg]

2. x]t'n] b]z tyf ljb]zdf k"0f{ tyf jf:tljs ;dfrf/ Pj+ ;"rgfsf] vf]hL u/L k|fKt
pPsf ;dfrf/ tyf ;"rgf k|of]ustfPx?df ljt/0f ug{sf] ;fy} ;dfrf/ x?sf] ;d'lrt
cfbfg–k|bfg ;d]t ug{ Ps /fi6«JofkL /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldltsf] u7g / To;sf]
:j:y Pj+ dha"t hu a;fNg Joj:yf ug{ .
k"FhL, z]o/ / z]o/ xf]N8/x? –
!;ldltsf] clws[t k"FhL >L %sf] ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
@= ;ldltsf] s'n k"FhLdf sDtLdf %!% z]o/ >L %sf] ;/sf/n] lng]5 / a9Ldf
@%% z]o/ ;ldltsf sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsP adf]lhd laqmL ul/g]5 . afFsL
/x]sf] z]o/ ;a{;fwf/0fnfO{ laqmL ul/g] 5 . sd{rf/Ln] v/Lb u/]sf] z]o/
lghn] ;ldltsf] ;]jfdf /x'Gh]n laqmL ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
af]8{sf] u7g –
;+rfnsx?sf] af]8{df b]xfo adf]lhdsf % hgf ;+rfns /xg] 5g .
s_ ;ldltsf] dxfk|aGws
v_ u}/–;/sf/L z]o/xf]N8/x? dWo]af6 ;fwf/0f ;ef åf/f lgjf{lrt Ps hgf .
u_ ;/sf/L z]o/ jfkt >L %sf] ;/sf/n] dgf]gog u/]sf ! hgf
3_ kqsfl/tf, k|sfzg jf ;flxToIf]qdf Vofltk|fKt JolQm dWo]af6 >L %sf]
;/sf/n] dgf]go u/]sf] Ps hgf
;ldltdf sfd ug]{ z]o/ xf]N8/ sd{rf/L dWo]af6 lgjf{lrt ! hgf af]8{sf] cWoIf
>L %sf] ;/sf/n] tf]Sg] 5 / To;/L cWoIf gtf]s]df af]8{sf] cWoIftf ;ldltsf]
dxfk|aGwsn] ug]{ 5 .
dxfk|aGws, ;Nnfxfsf/ / cGo sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm –
;ldltsf] sfo{x?sf] s'zn ;+rfngsf] lgldQ >L %sf] ;/sf/n] Ps hgf dxfk|
aGws / cfjZos eP hlt ;Nnfxsf/ lgo'Qm ug]{ 5 .

3. @= ;ldltn] c? sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm ug{ ;Sg]5 . lghx?sf] lgo'lQm, ;]jfsf]
zt{, sfo{ljlw / kfl/>lds tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g] 5 .
#= sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQm, ;]jf zt{x?, sd{rf/L z]jf zt{ ljlgodfjnLdf pNn]v
eP adf]lhd x'G5 .
$= cfly{s sf/f]af/, cfly{s k|zf;g ;DaGwL ljlgodfjnLdf pNn]v
ePadf]lhd x'G5 .
Joj:yfdgsf] jt{dfg l:ylt –
!= cWoIf, dxfk|aGws nufot ;Dk"0f{ ;+rfnsx? >L %sf] ;/sf/ åf/f
lgo'Qm x'g] .
@= ;+:yfgsf] cfo >f]t – >L %sf] ;/sf/af6 k|fKt cg'bfg, ljb]zL ;+:yfx?
af6 k|fKt ;xfotf, ;dfrf/ a'n]l6g laqmLaf6 k|fKt x'g] /sd / cfˆg} l:y/
;DklQaf6 cfh{g x'g] /sd .
;ldltsf] ;Dk"0f{ z]o/ >L %sf] ;/sf/sf] dfq .
;ldltsf] cfo – Joosf] n]vf k/LIf0f, >L %sf] ;/sf/ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf]
ljefuaf6 lgo'Qm x'g] n]vf k/LIfs af6 x'g] .
uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg
uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg P]g @)!( åf/f ul7t .
u7gsf] p2]Zo – g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;'ljwf Pj+ cfly{s lxtsf] nflu uf]/vfkq
b}lgssf] ;+rfng Pj+ k|sfzgnfO{ >L %sf] ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0faf6 lemsL
;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ ;se/ a9L dfqfdf ;/Ls u/fO{ To;sf] k+sfzgsf] :t/
p7fP/ ;dofg's"n a9tf nf]slk|o Pj+ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;+:yfgsf] ?kdf u7g /
Joj:yf ug{ .

4. • k"FhL, z]o/ / z]o/xfN8/x? –
;+:yfgsf] clws[t k"FhL >L %sf] ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/]adf]lhd x'g] 5 .
@= ;+:yfgsf] s'n k"FhLdf a9Ldf @%% z]o/ ;+:yfgsf
sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPadf]lhd laqmL ul/g] 5 . sd{r/Ln] v/Lb u/]sf] z]o/
lghn] ;+:yfgsf] ;]jfdf /x'Gh]n laqmL ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
#= afFsL %)% z]o/ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ laqmL ul/g] 5 .
/]l8of] k|;f/ ;]jf lasf; ;ldlt
• /]l8of] k|;f/ ;]jf ljsf; ;ldlt u7g cfb]z, @)$! åf/f ul7t
• ;ldltsf] u7g
s_ ;lrj, ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfno – cWoIf
v_ efiff, ;flxTo jf k|;f/0fsf] If]qdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg
k'¥ofPsf JolQmx? dWo]af6 ! hgf – ;b:o
u_ ;+uLt tyf snfsf] If]qdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf
JolQmx? dWo]af6 ! hgf – ;b:o
3_ k|ltlglw, cy{dGqfno ;x;lrj :t/ – ;b:o
ª_ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs –;b:o – ;lrj
• sd{rf/L ;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf –
/]l8of] k|;f/ ;]jfsf] sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs >L %sf] ;/sf/af6 lgo'Qm x'g] >L
%sf] ;/sf/n] k|fljlws / k|zf;sLo sd{rf/LnfO{ ;ldltaf6 tna vfg]u/L >L %sf]
;/sf/n] ;ldltdf sfd ug{ sfh v6fpg ;Sg] >L %sf] ;/sf/sf] ;]jfdf /xL ;ldltdf
sfh vl6Psf k|fljlws jf k|zf;sLo

5. sd{r/Lx?sf] ;?jf, a9'jf, ;]jfsf zt{ tyf ;'ljwf / ljefuLo sf/jfxL tyf ;hfosf]
;DaGwdf
>L %sf] ;/sf/sf] lgodfg';f/ x'g] /]l8of]sf cGo sd{rf/Lx?sf]
kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf zt{ tyf
;'ljwf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g] .
• sf]if –
s_ >L %sf] ;/sf/af6 k|fKt /sd
v_ ljb]zL ;/sf/ / cGt/f{li6«o ;+3–;+:yfaf6 k|bfg ul/Psf] /sd
u_ /]l8of] g]kfnsf] lj1fkg ;]jfaf6 k|fKt /sd
3_ cGo >f]taf6 k|fKt /sd
• sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ –
/]l8of] k|;f/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ .
/]l8of] k|;f/ ;]jfsf] ;'wf/ / lj:tf/sf] nflu cfjZos ;fwg / ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
/]l8of] k|;f/ ;]jfnfO{ :jfjnDaL agfpg lj1fkg ;]jfnfO{ Jofkfl/s b[li6sf]0fn] ;
+rfng ug]{ .
d'n'ssf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts, ;flxlTos, wfld{s Pj+ snfTds kIfx?sf]
hu]gf{ tyf ;Daw{g ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] lsl;dsf sfo{qmdx?sf] pTkfbg u/L
k|;f/0f ug]{, u/fpg] .
ljleGg If]q, hflt, efiff, wd{, ju{ tyf ;Dk|bfoaLr efjgfTds Pstf clea[l4 ug]
{ lsl;dsf sfo{qmdx?sf] pTkfbg u/L k|;f/0f ug]{, u/fpg] .
g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfg
u7g – ;+rf/ ;+:yfg P]g, @)@* cGtu{t ul7t .
• ;+:yfgsf] k"FhL, z]o/ / z]o/xf]N8/x?
k|To]s ;+:yfgsf] clws[t k"FhL >L %sf] ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]
5 . ;+:yfgsf] s'n k"FhLdf sDtLdf %!% z]o/ >L %sf] ;/sf/n] lng] 5 /

6. a9Ldf @%% z]o/ ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsP adf]lhd lalqm ul/g] 5 .
afFsL /x]sf] z]o/ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ laqmL ul/g] 5 .
;+:yfgsf] /]vb]v / Joj:yf –
;+:yfgsf] ;a} sfdsf/jfxLsf] /]vb]v, lgb]{zg / Joj:yf ;+rfns ;ldltn] ug]{ 5 .
t/ ;+rfns ;ldltn] of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgoddf pNn]v ul/Psf]df
cfˆgf] st{Ao / clwsf/x? dWo] cfkm"n] cfjZos Pj+ plrt b]v]sf st{Ao /
clwsf/x? dxfk|aGws jf Ps jf PseGbf a9L ;+rfnsx?sf] pk;ldlt jf ;
+:yfgsf c? kbflwsf/Ln] kfng / k|of]u ug]{ u/L ;'Dkg ;Sg] 5 .
• ;+rfns ;ldlt –
s_ ;+:yfgsf] dxfk|aGws,
v_ u}/–;/sf/L z]o/ xf]N8/x? dWo]af6 ;fwf/0f ;efåf/f lgjf{lrt ! hgf,
u_ ;/sf/L z]o/afkt >L %sf] ;/sf/n] dgf]gog u/]sf] ! hgf,
3_ ;+:yfgsf] sfo{If]q ;+u ;DalGwt If]qdf Vofltk|fKt JolQm
dWo]af6 >L %sf] ;/sf/n] dgf]gog u/]sf ! hgf
ª_ ;+:yfgdf sfd ug]{ z]o/xf]N8/ sd{rf/L dWo]af6 lgjf{lrt ! hgf .
/fli6«o k|;f/0f P]g, @)$(
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& åf/f k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] hgtfsf] cleJolQm
:jtGqtf tyf ;';"lrt x'g kfpg] xsnfO{ ;+/If0f Pj+ ;+a4{g ug{ tyf k|;f/0f k|
0ffnLsf] dfWodaf6 d'n'ssf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts lqmof–snfknfO{
hg ;dIf k'¥ofO{ ;a} hflt, efiff, ju{, If]q tyf wfld{s ;Dk|bfo aLr ;dfgtf,
cfk;L ;befjgf / ;fdGh:otfsf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/L /fi6«efiff Pj+ /fli6«o
efiffsf] dfWodaf6 ;d]t hgr]tgf hufpg,

7. ;"rgf / ;+rf/sf If]qdf pknAw cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L k|;f/0fsf
dfWodx?nfO{ ljZj;gLo, k|efjsf/L Pj+ ;'b[b agfO{ /fli6«o Pj+
cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ePsf lgikIf Pj+ cflwsfl/s ;dfrf/ tyf ;"rgfsf] hfgsf/L cfd
hgtfn] kfpg] u/L ;"rgfsf] k|jfxnfO{ lgjf{w ?kn] k|;f/0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df
sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ jf+5gLo ePsf]n] .
• Ohfhtsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg' kg]{ –
g]kfn clw/fHoleqsf] s'g} 7fpFdf ;}6]nfO{6, s]a'n jf cGo ;+rf/ dfWod
åf/f s'g} sfo{qmdsf] k|;f/0f ug{ jf k|mLSj]G;L df]8'n]zg k|zf/0f k|
0ffnLsf] :yfkgf u/L lzIffk|b, dgf]/+hgfTds tyf ;dfrf/d'ns sfo{qmd k|;f/0f
ug{ rfxg] JolQm jf ;+ul7t ;+:yfn] tf]lsPsf] b:t"/ ;lxt tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf >L
%sf] ;/sf/ ;dIf lgj]bg lb' kg]{ 5 .
• k|;f/ssf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ –
cfkm" ;dIf k|fKt x'g cfPsf ;"rgf, ;dfrf/, n]v jf sfo{qmdsf] ;Totfaf/]
cfjZos 5fgaLg u/L lgwf{l/t ;dodf k|;f/0f ug]{, u/fpg] .
v_ /fhg}lts ?kdf lgikIf e} ;dfrf/sf] ;Dkfbg / k|;f/0f ug]{, u/fpg]
u_ ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff, g}lts / ;fdflhs dof{bfdf cfFr cfpg] lsl;dsf sfo{qmdx?
k|;f/0f
gug]{ tyf ug{ gnufpg] .
3_ nfk/jfxL jf x]Nr]qmofO{+k"j{s s'g} klg s'/fsf] k|;f/0f ug{ jf u/fpg
gx'g] .
ª_ s'g} ljjfbf:kb ljifodf k|;f/0f ug{' k/]df klg ;Dej eP ;Dd ;a}
b[li6sf]0faf6
ljZn]if0f u/L a:t'l:ylt nfO{ gg+UofO{ k|;f/0f ug{' kg]{ .
r_ unt tyf e|fds ;dfrf/sf] ;+sng tyf k|;f/0f ug{ g x'g] .

8. k|]; sfplG;n P]g, @)$*
• u7g –
kqsfl/tfsf] k]zfut pRrtd cfr/0f sfod /fvL :j:y, :jtGq / pQ/bfoL kqsfl/tfsf]
ljsf; tyf ;Da4{gsf] nflu k|]; sfplG;nsf] :yfkgf / Joj:yf ug{ jf+5gLo
ePsf]n] .
• sfplG;nsf] sfd, st{Ao / clwsf/ –
kqsfl/tf ;DaGwL gLltnfO{ ;do ;dodf cjnf]sg u/L ;DalGwt If]qsf] /fo
;Nnfx lnO{ >L %sf] ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbg] .
v_ :j:y kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf; ug{ kqsfl/tf ;DaGwL cfrf/–;+lxtf tof/ u/L nfu"
ug]{ .
u_ kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;sf nflu >L %sf] ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbg] .
3_ kqsfl/tfsf] ljt/0f l:yltsf] cfBfjlws clen]v /fVg] .
ª_ kq–klqsfdf k|sflzt ;dfrf/;+u ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ lnP/ s;}n] sfplG;ndf
ph'/L
lbPdf ;f] ;DaGwdf cfjZos sf/jfxL ug]{ .
r_ kq–klqsfsf] j:t'l:ylt / ultljlw jf/] cWoog / d"NofÍg ;lxtsf] jflif{s k|
ltj]bg >L
%sf] ;/sf/ ;dIf k]z ug]{ .
5_ kq–klqsfdf k|sflzt c;fdflhs / cfklQhgs s'/fx?sf] ;DaGwdf 5fgaLg
ug]{ .