THE HEAT ENGINE, REFRIGERATOR AND HEAT PUMPS.pptx
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A heat engine receives heat from a high temperature source, converts some of the heat into work, and rejects the rest to a low temperature sink. A heat pump and refrigerator are similar but operate in reverse, using work to transfer heat from a low temperature to a high temperature. The performance of heat engines is measured by thermal efficiency, while heat pumps and refrigerators are measured by coefficient of performance (COP), the ratio of desired heat transfer to work input.
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2. The Carnot cycle represents the theoretical maximum efficiency possible for a heat engine. The Carnot efficiency depends only on the high and low temperatures.
3. Practical heat engines like the Rankine, Otto, and Diesel cycles have lower efficiencies than the Carnot cycle but can extract useful work. Combined cycle gas turbines approach Carnot efficiencies.
chap4secondlawofthermodynamics-130703012656-phpapp01.ppt
This document summarizes key concepts related to the second law of thermodynamics. It introduces the second law and explains that while a process must satisfy the first law, the first law alone does not ensure the process will occur. The second law is useful for predicting process direction and establishing equilibrium conditions. It then provides examples of processes that cannot occur spontaneously even though they satisfy the first law. The document proceeds to define the Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements of the second law. It also discusses heat engines, thermal efficiency, Carnot cycles, and introduces entropy as a measure of system disorder or heat unavailability to do work.
Heat pumps
Heat pumps are devices that move thermal energy in the opposite direction of spontaneous heat flow by absorbing heat from a cold space and releasing it to a warmer one. There are two main types of heat pumps - vapor compression cycles which use a compressor to move heat and vapor absorption cycles which use a heat source like gas or steam instead of electricity to run the pump. Heat pumps have various applications like space heating and cooling, domestic hot water, industrial processes, and more. They are evaluated based on their coefficient of performance and energy efficiency. While efficient when temperatures are similar, noise from mechanical components and efficiency limits due to thermodynamics present issues.
Ch 6a 2nd law
The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics. It states that heat always flows spontaneously from hotter to colder bodies and it is impossible for any device operating in a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir and produce work without rejecting some heat to the reservoir. The second law places restrictions on the direction of spontaneous processes and thermal efficiency. No heat engine can achieve 100% efficiency as some heat will always be rejected according to the second law. Refrigerators and heat pumps are also discussed as devices that transfer heat from low to high temperature reservoirs using work.
Ch 6a 2nd law
The document discusses the Second Law of Thermodynamics. It states that heat always flows spontaneously from hotter to colder bodies and it is impossible for any device operating in a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir and produce work without rejecting some heat to the reservoir. The document also discusses heat engines, refrigerators, heat pumps, and how they are characterized. It introduces the concepts of thermal efficiency, coefficient of performance, and explains how refrigerators and heat pumps differ in their intended use but work on the same principles.
Building Energy 2014: PV and Heat Pumps by Fortunat Mueller
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The document provides an overview of the Mejia Thermal Power Station (MTPS) in West Bengal, India. It discusses:
1. MTPS is operated by Damodar Valley Corporation and has a total installed capacity of 2340 MW generated from various units.
2. The power plant layout includes the main equipment used in the generation process such as the coal handling plant, boiler, turbine, condenser, and cooling towers.
3. The stepwise operation begins with coal being burned in the boiler to produce high pressure steam, which is then used to rotate the turbine and generate electricity via the alternator.
Mejia Thermal Power Station
The document provides an overview of the Mejia Thermal Power Station (MTPS) located in West Bengal, India. It is owned by the Damodar Valley Corporation and has a total installed capacity of 2340 MW generated from various units. The document describes the key components of the thermal power plant including the coal handling system, pulverizer, boiler, turbine, condenser, and switchyard. It also provides a step-by-step explanation of how coal is converted into electrical energy within the power station.
Energy thermodynamic cycles
1) A thermodynamic cycle consists of a series of processes that transfers heat and work between a system and its surroundings, returning the system to its initial state.
2) The efficiency of a cycle is defined as the net work output divided by the total heat input. The Carnot cycle has the highest efficiency that is possible between two given temperatures.
3) Common heat engine cycles include the Otto, Diesel, and Brayton cycles which consist of different combinations of constant volume, constant pressure, and adiabatic processes.
Waste Heat Recovery Devices by Varun Pratap Singh
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Availability and Irreversibility
Availability Function
Second Law Efficiencies
Work Potential Associated with Internal Energy
Waste Heat Recovery
Heat Losses – Quality vs. Quantity
Principle of Heat Recovery Units
Classification of WHRS on Temperature Range Bases
Commercial Viable Waste Heat Recovery Devices
Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery
Development of a Waste Heat Recovery System
Commercial Waste Heat Recovery Devices
West Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB)
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Heat Pipe
Economiser
Feed Water
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chapter06_2 (1).ppt
The second law of thermodynamics states that spontaneous processes, like heat flowing from hot to cold, have a particular direction and cannot spontaneously reverse without an external input. Heat engines and heat pumps operate between a high and low temperature reservoir according to this law. The Kelvin-Planck statement specifies that a heat engine cannot produce work using only one reservoir, while the Clausius statement says a heat pump cannot transfer heat from cold to hot without an external input. Violating either statement would create a perpetual motion machine.
chapter06_2.ppt
1) The Carnot cycle consists of two isothermal and two adiabatic processes between a high-temperature and low-temperature heat reservoir. It represents the most efficient reversible heat engine.
2) The Carnot principles state that no heat engine can be more efficient than a reversible Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures, and all reversible engines between the same temperatures have the same efficiency.
3) Lord Kelvin used the Carnot cycle to define an absolute temperature scale where the temperature ratio between reservoirs equals the efficiency of a Carnot engine between those reservoirs.
chemistry lecture chemical thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics states that spontaneous processes, like heat flowing from hot to cold, have a particular direction and cannot spontaneously reverse without an external input. Heat engines and heat pumps operate between a high and low temperature reservoir according to this law. The Kelvin-Planck statement specifies that a heat engine cannot produce work using only one reservoir, while the Clausius statement says a heat pump cannot transfer heat from cold to hot without an external input. Violating either statement would create a perpetual motion machine.
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THE HEAT ENGINE, REFRIGERATOR AND HEAT PUMPS.pptx
- 1. THE HEAT ENGINE, REFRIGERATOR AND HEAT PUMPS.
- 2. A thermal (heat) reservoir • A part of environment which can exchange heat energy with a system. • It has sufficient large heat capacity and it temperature is not affected by the quantity of heat transferred to or from it. • Temperature is remains constant in thermal reservoir . • Processes within it are quasi-static. • The reservoir which is at high temperature and supplies heat is known as heat source (a). Examples are boiler furnace, a combustion chamber and a nuclear reactor etc.
- 3. Heat sink • The reservoir which is at low temperature and to which heat is transferred is called the heat sink. Ex: Atmospheric air, ocean and river etc.
- 4. A heat engine • A thermodynamic device used for continuous production of work from heat when operating in a cyclic process. • Both heat and work interactions takes place across the operating device.
- 5. A heat engine is characterised by following features: • Reception of heat Q1 from a high temperature source at T1. • Partial conversion of heat received to mechanical work W. • Rejection of the remaining heat Q2 to a low temperature sink at temperature T2. • Cyclic/ continuous operation
- 6. Kelvin-Planck statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics • The Kelvin–Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics, also known as the heat engine statement, states that it is impossible to devise a heat engine that takes heat from the hot reservoir ( Q H ) and converts all the energy into useful external work without losing heat to the cold reservoir ( Q C ) .
- 7. The performance of a machine • Expressed as the ratio of “what we want to what we have to pay for”. • In the context of an engine, work is obtained at the expense of heat input. • Accordingly, the performance of a heat engine is given by network output to the entire amount of heat supplied to the working medium, and this ratio is called thermal efficiency, ηth (Thermal efficiency is a measure of the degree of useful utilization of heat received in a heat energy).
- 8. Thermal efficiency How we can get the 100% of thermal efficiency?
- 9. Heat engine, Heat pump and Refrigerator Heat Engine Heat Pump Refrigerator Reversed Heat engine
- 10. Performance of a refrigerator and heat pump • The performance of a refrigerator and heat pump is expressed in term of coefficient of performance (COP) which represent the ratio of desired effect to work input
- 11. Refrigerator and Heat pump Refrigerator Heat pump
- 12. • Question • Develop a relationship between coefficient of the performance of refrigerator and heat pump?
- 13. Exercise 01 • A heat engine produces work equivalent to 80 kW with an efficiency of 40%. Determine the heat transfer rate to and from the working fluid.
- 15. Exercise 02 A heat engine develop a 10 kW power when receiving heat at the rate of 2250 kJ/min. Evaluate the corresponding rate of heat rejection from the engine and its thermal efficiency.
- 17. Exercise 03 • A reversed heat engine absorbs 250 kJ of heat from a low temperature region and has a mechanical input of 100 kJ. What would be the heat transferred to the high temperature region ?. Also, evaluate the coefficient of performance of the reversed engine when working as a refrigerator and as a heat pump.
- 19. Exercise 04 A machine operating as a heat pump extracts heat from the surrounding atmosphere, is driven by a 6.5 kW motor and supplies 2 x 105 kJ/hr heat to a house needed for its heating in winter. Find coefficient of performance for the heat pump. How this COP will be affected if the objective of the same machine is to cool the house in summer requiring 2 x 105 kJ/hr of heat rejection? Comment on the result.