4. “PATTERN”
implies that certain people are affected by a
disease and the association between the disease
and affected population can be described by
variables such as age, sex, racial or ethnic group,
occupation,social characteristics, place of residence,
susceptibility, and exposure to specific agents
5. “DYNAMICS”
refers to
a temporal pattern and is concerned with
trends, cyclic patterns, and the time that elapses
between the exposure to onset of specific disease
6. EPIDEMIOLOGIC INDICES
“attempts to quantitate clinical conditions on a
graduated scale, thereby facilitating comparison among
populations examined by the same criteria and methods”
7. PREVELENCE
the proportion of persons affected by a disease
at a specific point in
time
INCIDENCE
the rate of occurrence of new disease in a
population during a given interval of time
8. INDICES TO ASSESS GINGIVAL INFLAMMATION
PAPILLARY-MARGINAL-ATTACHMENT INDEX
GINGIVAL INDEX—LOE AND SILNESS
PERIODONTAL INDEX – RUSSELL
GINGIVITIS COMPONENT OF PDI -- RAMFJORD
9. GINGIVITIS COMPONENT
OF
PERIODONTAL DISEASE INDEX -- RAMFJORD
0=absence of signs of inflammation
1=mild to moderate inflammatory gingival changes,
not extending around the tooth
2=mild to moderately severe gingivitis extending
all around the
tooth
3=severe gingivitis characterized by redness,
swelling, tendency to bleed and ulceration
10. INDICES OF GINGIVAL BLEEDING
PAPILLARY BLEEDING INDEX --–------ BARNETT
GINGIVAL BLEEDING INDEX—CARTER & BARNESS
GINGIVAL BLEEDING INDEX—AINOMA & BAY
INTERDENTAL BLEEDING INDEX—CATON & PALSON
SULCUS BLEEDING INDEX – MUHLEMANN & SONS
11. SULCUS BLEEDING INDEX
-- MUHLEMANN& SONS
0 = no bleeding
1 = bleeding on probing after 30 seconds
2 = bleeding on probing betn 15-30 seconds
3 = bleeding spontaneously after probing
12. INDICES FOR PERIODONTAL DESTRUCTION
PERIODONTAL DISEASE INDEX -- RAMFJORD
EXTENT & SEVERITY INDEX -- CARLOS
BONE COUNT INDEX -- DUNNING & LEECH
13. INDICES USED FOR PLAQUE ACCUMULATION
PLAQUE COMPONENT OF PDI---RAMFJORDS
TURESKY-GILMORE-GLICKMAN PLAQUE INDEX
MODIFIED NAVY PLAQUE INDEX
PLAQUE INDEX --- SILNESS & LOE
GINGIVAL PERIODONTAL INDEX --- O`LEARY
SIMPLIFIED ORAL HYGIENE INDEX [OHI-S]
14. SIMPLIFIED ORAL HYGIENE INDEX [OHI-S]
-- GREEN & VERMILLION - 1964
TWO COMPONENTS:
SIMPLIFIED DEBRIS INDEX [DI-S]
SIMPLIFIED CALCULUS INDEX [CI-S]
15. each component is assessed on a scale of 0-3
mouth mirror and shepherd`s crook explorer
are used for
examination
no disclosing agent
six tooth surfaces examined
facial surfaces of #3, 8, 14, and 24
lingual surfaces of #19 and 30
16. DEBRIS INDEX [DI-S]
0 = no debris or stains present
1 = soft debris covering not more than 1/3 of the
exposed tooth surface
2 = soft debris covering more than 1/3 but not
more than 2/3 of the exposed tooth surface
3 = soft debris covering more than 2/3 of the
exposed tooth surface
1 2 3
17. CALCULUS INDEX [CI-S]
0 = no calculus present
1 = supra gingival calculus, covering not more than 1/3 of
exposed tooth surface
2 = supra gingival calculus covering more than 1/3 but,
not more than 2/3 of the exposed tooth surface or
the presence of individual flecks of subgingival calculus
3 = supragingival calculus covering more than 2/3 of the
exposed tooth surface or a continuous heavy band of
subgingival calculus
1 2 3
18. the clinical levels of oral cleanliness for debris that can be
associated with group DI-S & CI-S scores are as follows:
GOOD 0.0—0.6
FAIR 0.7---1.8
POOR 1.9---3.0
the clinical levels of oral hygiene that can be associated
with group OHI-S ( DI+CI ) score are as follows:
GOOD 0.0---1.2
FAIR 1.3---3.0
POOR 3.1---6.0
19. CALCULATION:
SUM OF THE INDIVIDUAL SCORES
=DI-S/CI-S
NUMBER OF TEETH EXAMINED
DI-S + CI-S = OHI-S SCORE
20. INDICES USED TO MEASURE CALCULUS
CALCULUS COMPONENT OF OHI --S INDEX
CALCULUS COMPONENT OF RAMFJORDS
PROBE METHOD OF CALCULUS ASSESSMENT
CALCULUS SURFACE INDEX
MARGINAL LINE CALCULUS INDEX
21. INDICES USED TO ASSESS TREATMENT NEEDS
GINGIVAL PERIODONTAL INDEX
PERIODONTAL TREATMENT NEEDS SYSTEM
COMMUNITY PERIODONTAL INDEX FOR
TREATMENT NEEDS [CPITN]
23. COMMUNITY PERIODONTAL INDEX OF TREATMENT NEEDS
[CPITN]
CRITERIA
PERIODONTAL STATUS
0 = HEALTHY PERIODONTIUM
1 = BLEEDING OBSERVED
2 = CALCULUS FELT DURING PROBING, BUT THE
ENTIRE BLACK AREA ON PROBE IS VISIBLE
3 = POCKET 4 or 5mm[gingival margin is on black area of probe]
4 = POCKET>6mm [black area on probe not visible]
TREATMENT NEEDS
0 = NO TREATMENT REQUIRED
1 = ORAL HYGIENE NEEDS IMPROVEMENT
2 = 1 + PROFESSIONAL SCALING
3 = 1 + 2 + COMPLEX TREATMENT
