The document discusses the concept of public diplomacy and whether the Fulbright Program constitutes public diplomacy. It analyzes public diplomacy as a defective concept due to issues like novism, loss of etymological anchorage, and loss of mainstream discourse. It then reconstructs public diplomacy by defining its properties and distinguishing it from diplomacy. Using this framework, it examines how the Fulbright Program could relate to public diplomacy or not, due to conflicting definitions within the State Department and issues around its role, accountability, and labeling.

2. THE FULBRIGHT
PROGRAM:
Is It Really
Public Diplomacy?
César Corona

4. “Soft power is the
communications between
people about policy, and
basically, from the government
perspective, it’s putting policy
and people together. That’s what
soft power, that’s what public
diplomacy is”
Q&A with Under Secretary Richard Stengel. USC Annenberg. Los Angeles. October 21, 2014.
Link: https://youtu.be/R-zEkZTnY-k?t=33m18s

5. SARTORI, GIOVANNI. Guidelines for concept analysis. In: COLLIER, DAVID; GERRING, JOHN. Concepts and method
in social science: The tradition of Giovanni Sartori. (pp. 97-150). Routledge. New York. 2009. p. 120.

6. AYHAN, KADIR JUN. The boundaries of public diplomacy and nonstate actors: A taxonomy of
perspectives. In: International Studies Perspectives. Vol. 20. No. 1. (pp. 63-83).

7. MURRAY, STUART. Consolidating the gains made in diplomacy studies: A taxonomy. In: International Studies
Perspectives. Vol. 9. No. 1. (pp. 22-39).

8. • international broadcasting
• international public relations
• nation-branding
• persuasion
• pressure politics
• propaganda
• soft power
• strategic communication
Public Diplomacy is used
interchangeably with:
AYHAN, KADIR JUN. The boundaries of public diplomacy and nonstate actors: A taxonomy of
perspectives. In: International Studies Perspectives. Vol. 20. No. 1. (pp. 63-83). p. 66.

9. Public Diplomacy is a
defective concept

12. Why is public diplomacy a
defective concept?

13. •Novitism
•Loss of etymological anchorage
•Loss of historical anchorage
•Loss of mainstream of discourse
SARTORI, GIOVANNI. The Tower of Babel. In: COLLIER, DAVID; GERRING, JOHN. Concepts and method in
social science: The tradition of Giovanni Sartori. (pp. 61-96). Routledge. New York. 2009.

14. • 1.5 Track Military
Diplomacy
• Baseball Diplomacy
• Brand Diplomacy
• Business Diplomacy
• Celebrity Diplomacy
• Citizen Diplomacy
• Culinary Diplomacy
• Diaspora Diplomacy
• Digital Diplomacy
• Diplogastronomy
• Disarmament Diplomacy
• Dollar Diplomacy
• Drug Diplomacy
• E-Diplomacy
• Economic Diplomacy
• Emoji Diplomacy
• Fashion Diplomacy
• Female Sports
Diplomacy
• Gastrodiplomacy
• Guerrilla Diplomacy
• Gunboat Diplomacy
• Health Diplomacy
• Hip Hop Diplomacy
• Horticultural Diplomacy
• Internet Diplomacy
• Jazz Diplomacy
• Jewelry-Box Diplomacy
• Koala Diplomacy
• Neighborhood
Diplomacy
• NGO Diplomacy
• Niche Diplomacy
• Panda Diplomacy
• People-To-People
Diplomacy
• Ping-Pong Diplomacy
• Political Party
Diplomacy
• Science Diplomacy
• Shuttle Diplomacy
• Side-Eye Diplomacy
• Skateboard Diplomacy
• Soap Opera Diplomacy
• Soft Shoe Diplomacy
• Sports Diplomacy
• Tango Diplomacy
• Track II Diplomacy
• Triplomacy
• Twiplomacy
• Wife Diplomacy
• Wikiplomacy
• …
BROWN, JOHN. Diplomacies, from public to pubic. Huffington Post. March 23, 2016. [Accessed: January 2, 2018].
Link: https://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-brown/diplomacies-from-public-to-public_b_9530412.html
BROWN, JOHN. Ongoing updating of article, "Diplomacies, from Public to Pubic" (updated, 4/9/2016). John Brown's Public Diplomacy Press and Blog Review. April 1, 2016.
Link: http://publicdiplomacypressandblogreview.blogspot.com/2016/04/ongoing-updating-of-article-diplomacies_1.html

15. Loss of etymological anchorage
• Diploma
• Diplomacy
• Diplomatist
• Documented
authenticity
• Due process

16. Loss of historical anchorage
• Accreditation*
• Political
sovereignty*
• Communication

17. Loss of mainstream of discourse
• Non-cumulability
• Collective ambiguity
• Increasing incommunicability
SARTORI, GIOVANNI. Guidelines for concept analysis. In: COLLIER, DAVID; GERRING, JOHN. Concepts and
method in social science: The tradition of Giovanni Sartori. (pp. 97-150). Routledge. New York. 2009. p. 122.

18. Reconstructing the concept
Public Diplomacy

19. Properties of public
• Democratic
• Non-governmental
• Not private
• Open
• Private
• Society
• Transparent
• Truthful
• …

20. Properties of diplomacy
• Accreditation
• Communication across
sovereign jurisdictions
• Elite
• Foreign policy
• International
• Non-violent
• Professional
• Representativeness
• Sovereign polity
• Tact
• …

21. Defining properties of public
Defining properties
• Non-government
Accompanying
properties
• Democratic
• Not private
• Open
• Private
• Society
• Transparent
• Truthful

22. Defining properties of diplomacy
Defining properties
• Sovereign polity
• Communication
across sovereign
jurisdictions
• Duly accredited
representativeness
Accompanying
properties
• Elite
• Foreign policy
• International
• Peaceful / Non-violent
• Professional
• Tact

25. A definition of public diplomacy
Public diplomacy is the
communication of a sovereign
polity, through duly accredited
representatives, with private
persons subject to the
jurisdiction of another sovereign
polity

26. How does this relate to the
Fulbright Program?

27. Fulbright Program for U.S. citizens
Fulbright Distinguished Awards in Teaching Program
Fulbright English Teaching Assistant (ETA) Program
Fulbright European Union Scholar-in-Residence (EUSIR) Program
Fulbright Specialist Program
Fulbright U.S. Scholar Program
Fulbright U.S. Student Program
Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Abroad Program
Fulbright-Hays Program
Fulbright-Hays Seminars Abroad--Bilateral Projects
Fulbright-Hays--Group Projects Abroad Program
Fulbright-mtvU Fellowships
Fulbright-National Geographic Storytelling Fellowship
The Fulbright Program: Program summaries. Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, Department of State.
Washington (D. C.). [Accessed: October 15, 2019].
Link: https://eca.state.gov/fulbright/fulbright-programs/program-summaries

28. Fulbright Program for non-U.S.
citizens
• Fulbright Distinguished Awards in Teaching Program
• Fulbright European Union Scholar-in-Residence (EUSIR) Program
• Fulbright Foreign Language Teaching Assistant Program
• Fulbright Foreign Student Program
• Fulbright Foreign Student Program
• Fulbright Visiting Scholar Program
• Hubert H. Humphrey Program
The Fulbright Program: Program summaries. Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, Department of State.
Washington (D. C.). [Accessed: October 15, 2019].
Link: https://eca.state.gov/fulbright/fulbright-programs/program-summaries

30. Two conflicting meanings within the
Department of State
Under Secretary for
Public Diplomacy and
Public Affairs, ECA
• Non-government
persons as diplomats
• Government officials,
not duly accredited
as diplomats, as
diplomats
Office of the Chief of
Protocol, Diplomatic
Affairs Division
• Duly accredited
representatives as
diplomats

31. Passive or active role?
Accountability, monitoring and
evaluation
Labelling the program
Who studies international
educational programs?
Some possible issues

32. “[…] the defect is not in the
multiplicity of the meanings of each
word per se (out of context) but
resides in their entanglement, in
the fact that it is unclear (in context)
which meaning is intended”
Giovanni Sartori

33. The Fulbright Program:
Is It Really
Public Diplomacy?
César Corona
cesarcorona@cesarcorona.com