This document presents a case study analysis of media coverage of Faisal Shahzad, the perpetrator of a failed car bombing in Times Square in 2010. The study examines how newspapers represented Shahzad's identity as both a Pakistani immigrant and U.S. citizen. It finds that unlike previous coverage of non-Muslim attackers, newspapers frequently identified Shahzad as a U.S. citizen and emphasized his American characteristics. This reflects the emergence of a "homegrown terrorism" narrative that relies on the duality of being both homegrown and a terrorist threat hiding in plain sight. The study uses this case to explore theoretical frameworks around representations of immigrants, Muslims, and the "Other" in media.
U. S. Constitutional Protections under the 1st Amendments, Differences Betwe...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Reviews and Endorsements for Henry Nau's Book: Conservative InternationalismHenry R. Nau
Debates about U.S. foreign policy have revolved around three main traditions--liberal internationalism, realism, and nationalism. In this book, distinguished political scientist Henry Nau delves deeply into a fourth, overlooked foreign policy tradition that he calls "conservative internationalism." This approach spreads freedom, like liberal internationalism; arms diplomacy, like realism; and preserves national sovereignty, like nationalism. It targets a world of limited government or independent "sister republics," not a world of great power concerts or centralized international institutions.
Nau explores conservative internationalism in the foreign policies of Thomas Jefferson, James Polk, Harry Truman, and Ronald Reagan. These presidents did more than any others to expand the arc of freedom using a deft combination of force, diplomacy, and compromise. Since Reagan, presidents have swung back and forth among the main traditions, overreaching under Bush and now retrenching under Obama. Nau demonstrates that conservative internationalism offers an alternative way. It pursues freedom but not everywhere, prioritizing situations that border on existing free countries--Turkey, for example, rather than Iraq. It uses lesser force early to influence negotiations rather than greater force later after negotiations fail. And it reaches timely compromises to cash in military leverage and sustain public support.
A groundbreaking revival of a neglected foreign policy tradition, Conservative Internationalism shows how the United States can effectively sustain global leadership while respecting the constraints of public will and material resources.
U. S. Constitutional Protections under the 1st Amendments, Differences Betwe...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Reviews and Endorsements for Henry Nau's Book: Conservative InternationalismHenry R. Nau
Debates about U.S. foreign policy have revolved around three main traditions--liberal internationalism, realism, and nationalism. In this book, distinguished political scientist Henry Nau delves deeply into a fourth, overlooked foreign policy tradition that he calls "conservative internationalism." This approach spreads freedom, like liberal internationalism; arms diplomacy, like realism; and preserves national sovereignty, like nationalism. It targets a world of limited government or independent "sister republics," not a world of great power concerts or centralized international institutions.
Nau explores conservative internationalism in the foreign policies of Thomas Jefferson, James Polk, Harry Truman, and Ronald Reagan. These presidents did more than any others to expand the arc of freedom using a deft combination of force, diplomacy, and compromise. Since Reagan, presidents have swung back and forth among the main traditions, overreaching under Bush and now retrenching under Obama. Nau demonstrates that conservative internationalism offers an alternative way. It pursues freedom but not everywhere, prioritizing situations that border on existing free countries--Turkey, for example, rather than Iraq. It uses lesser force early to influence negotiations rather than greater force later after negotiations fail. And it reaches timely compromises to cash in military leverage and sustain public support.
A groundbreaking revival of a neglected foreign policy tradition, Conservative Internationalism shows how the United States can effectively sustain global leadership while respecting the constraints of public will and material resources.
Iran in Latin America: Threat or 'Axis of Annoyance'? Felix Maradiaga
This book--edited by Cynthia Arnson, Haleh Esfandiari and Adam Stubits-- is a collection of essays and articles about Iran’s relationship with Latin America during the administration of Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Some of the contributors are Douglas Farah, Felix Maradiaga, Elodie Brun, Hugo Alconada, Javier Meléndez, Gustavo Fernández et. al. The book was published by The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
The common thread throughout these examples and the premise for this paper is the following. Slavery, Jim Crow, The Trail of Tears, the Holocaust, the internment of Japanese citizens during World War 11, and the current administrations desired prohibitions regarding Muslims, the fixation with a wall at the southern border, and now separating children from their families all stem from a tragic lack of belief in and respect for the humanity of “The Other.” When one group thinks itself better than another, tragedy happens. The fear of other races and ethnicities comingling feeds such thinking. Another theme is a very strong desire to retain what many believe is the one true culture, not to be mixed with language, religion, or traditions from other cultures. There is hope , though, and it comes from what for some may be a surprising source.
Using email and social media marketing along with a responsive website to generate more leads and sales. Tips and tricks to make your website stand out, your email marketing work, and social media to support your overall marketing.
As you create your master plan for success, consider the variety of tools needed to gain a competitive edge in your industry. By familiarizing oneself with the extensive US Security Clearance Process, you can begin to prepare and access opportunities that help you excel.
At the end of this seminar, participants will be able to:
a. Identify a series of career paths and associated tools to improve job marketability.
b. List a series of certification and association option.
c. Review the security clearance process and associated misconceptions and mistakes.
Iran in Latin America: Threat or 'Axis of Annoyance'? Felix Maradiaga
This book--edited by Cynthia Arnson, Haleh Esfandiari and Adam Stubits-- is a collection of essays and articles about Iran’s relationship with Latin America during the administration of Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Some of the contributors are Douglas Farah, Felix Maradiaga, Elodie Brun, Hugo Alconada, Javier Meléndez, Gustavo Fernández et. al. The book was published by The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.
The common thread throughout these examples and the premise for this paper is the following. Slavery, Jim Crow, The Trail of Tears, the Holocaust, the internment of Japanese citizens during World War 11, and the current administrations desired prohibitions regarding Muslims, the fixation with a wall at the southern border, and now separating children from their families all stem from a tragic lack of belief in and respect for the humanity of “The Other.” When one group thinks itself better than another, tragedy happens. The fear of other races and ethnicities comingling feeds such thinking. Another theme is a very strong desire to retain what many believe is the one true culture, not to be mixed with language, religion, or traditions from other cultures. There is hope , though, and it comes from what for some may be a surprising source.
Using email and social media marketing along with a responsive website to generate more leads and sales. Tips and tricks to make your website stand out, your email marketing work, and social media to support your overall marketing.
As you create your master plan for success, consider the variety of tools needed to gain a competitive edge in your industry. By familiarizing oneself with the extensive US Security Clearance Process, you can begin to prepare and access opportunities that help you excel.
At the end of this seminar, participants will be able to:
a. Identify a series of career paths and associated tools to improve job marketability.
b. List a series of certification and association option.
c. Review the security clearance process and associated misconceptions and mistakes.
The Enemy Within: United States news framing of the Boston bombingsAlice C Woodward
A research project studying US news coverage of the Boston Marathon bombings on 15th April 2013. The study compares coverage following the initial attacks to coverage following the release of the identity of the perpetrators, exploring racial profiling in the US press and how America's patriotism is conveyed in articles.
Book Analysis #1 — 45 pointsStephen Kinzer. All the Shah.docxAASTHA76
Book Analysis #1 — 45 points
Stephen Kinzer. All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle
East Terror.
This assignment is a more in-depth analysis than the short response papers. There are
two parts to the assignment to guide you through the book and paper. Complete paper
should be approx. 5 pages, standard font and margins. You may use any format guide,
(APL, MLA, Chicago, etc.) Citations may be ‘in-text’: Example of ‘in-text’ citation:
This book details CIA agent Kermit Roosevelt’s plans to initiate an Iranian coup in
1953. (Kinzer, p. 34) Kinzer provides evidence of the plot…
Part I: Patriotism and National Identity: How is declassification of information on
the Coup of 1953 linked to patriotism and nationalism in the U.S.?
The CIAs role in the 1953 coup in Iran remained classified until the early 2000s, some
details of these events remain classified today. While the story of US intervention for the
Shah is common knowledge in Iran, few US citizens are aware of the coup of 1953.
Think about how these different versions of the same historical era can affect relations
between the US and Iran. The purpose of teaching US history to students has long
been debated. In the past the subject of History has been used to promote nationalism
and teach nation identity. Questions and challenges regarding the notion of one
common ‘national identity’ have led to debates regarding inclusion of controversial
topics in history textbooks. Some argue that incidents such as protests of the 1960s or
the coup of 1953 may be perceived as unpatriotic and students should not be exposed
to negative national history. After reading Kinzer’s book, do you think the coup in Iran
should be taught or remembered as part of US history? What are the benefits of
remembering/forgetting this story? Is it patriotic/unpatriotic to criticize the US
involvement in such events? How is knowledge of events like the Coup of 1953 related
to national identity, or nationalism, within the U.S.?
Part II: The “Real” Story-How should researchers/students deal with the issue of
‘fake news’ when trying to learn/record significant historical events?
Look through the National Security Archive’s essay “Iran 1953: The Strange Odyssey of
Kermit Roosevelt's Countercoup” http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB468/
regarding Kermit Roosevelt’s attempt to write about the coup in his autobiography.
Examine some of the key word and phrase changes the CIA required in Roosevelt’s
book before publication, and how these ‘alterations’ changed the story.
In learning how to research a historical event, students are taught to search primary
sources (newspaper articles, government documents, letters, autobiographies, etc.) to
ensure an unbiased and objective account. After reading this book and learning how the
CIA manipulated the US press by inserting their own articles in New York Times, as well
as the changing key events and facts in Roosevelt’s autob ...
Muslims in the Media: Room for Moderation?Heather Risley
This is a final paper for a George Washington University course I took in 2011. It is composed of a research design for a content analysis project looking at how Muslims have been portrayed in American media over time. The actual research was not carried out, but the paper provides a roadmap for how one might investigate this issue.
The West’s View on Islam/Muslims: Islamophobia?Amira Daghache
This research paper will take a deeper look at the West’s view of Islam and asks questions whether it’s all Islamophobia or something deeper. It details how it started, who’s encouraging it and why, who’s benefiting from it, how it’s viewed in other mediums, how it affected Muslims, who are the most prominent public figures fighting it and how it become different in recent years.
No Human Being Is Illegal By Ngai, Mae M.Like abortion and gun.docxcurwenmichaela
No Human Being Is Illegal
By Ngai, Mae M.
Like abortion and guns, immigration has emerged as a hot-button issue in American politics. Because immigration involves concerns in different registers, economic and cultural, it is strangely and perhaps uniquely misaligned in traditional partisan terms (Wong 2006; Zolberg 2006). President Bush cannot manage the split in his own party, between those Republicans who want to exploit immigrants and those who want to expel them. Among Democratic voters, some support cultural diversity and inclusion while others worry that cheaper immigrant labor depresses domestic wages. Political consultants, sensing a no-win situation, are advising Democrats with presidential aspirations to stay clear of the issue altogether.
The lack of partisan coherence, however, does not explain why immigration evokes such heated debate. There is a dimension to the debate that seems irrational, impervious to arguments involving empirical data, historical experience, or legal precedent. This was brought home to me after I wrote an op-ed in a major newspaper about how, during the first half of the twentieth century, the U.S. government legalized tens of thousands of illegal European immigrants (Ngai 2006). I received postcards with invectives like, "stupid professor!" I faced similar hostility during a live call-in show on public radio. Confronted with ranting about how immigrants are bad for the United States, I wanted to counter that immigrants are good for the United States. At one level, negative generalizations about immigrants can be refuted point by point: they do not hurt the economy, they expand it; they are more law abiding than the native-born population; they want to learn English and their children all do (Smith and Edmonston 1997; Alba and Nee 2002).
But this approach is risky. Generalizations reproduce stereotypes and efface the complexity and diversity of immigrant experience. As Bonnie Honig (2001) has argued, xenophilia is the flip side of xenophobia. In both cases citizens use "immigrants" as a screen onto which they project their own aspirations or frustrations about American democracy. Casting immigrants as bearers of the work ethic, family values, and consensual citizenship renews the tired citizen's faith-liberal capitalism. But when the immigrants disappoint or when conditions change, they become easy scapegoats.
As Honig suggests, this kind of immigration discourse is an exercise in nationalism. In an important sense, "Are immigrants good or bad for us?" is the wrong question. It takes as its premise that immigrants are not part of "us." The idea falsely posits that non-citizens are not part of American society and leaves them out of the discussion. The mass demonstrations of Mexicans and other immigrants last spring were significant because they showed that immigrants are no longer content to be the object of discussion but have emerged as subjects with voice and agency. It was particularly noteworthy but p ...
How Stephen Miller Seized the Moment to Battle Immigration B.docxpooleavelina
How Stephen Miller Seized the Moment to Battle Immigration
By Jason DeParle
The New York Times
August 27, 2019
WASHINGTON—When historians try to explain how opponents of immigration
captured the Republican Party, they may turn to the spring of 2007, when George W.
Bush threw his waning powers behind a legalization plan and conservative populists
buried it in scorn.
Mr. Bush was so taken aback, he said he worried about America “losing its soul,” and
immigration politics have never been the same.
That spring was significant for another reason, too: An intense young man with wary,
hooded eyes and fiercely anti-immigrant views graduated from college and began a
meteoric rise as a Republican operative. With the timing of a screenplay, the man and
the moment converged.
Stephen Miller was 22 and looking for work in Washington. He lacked government
experience but had media appearances on talk radio and Fox News and a history of
pushing causes like “Islamo-Fascism Awareness Week.” A first-term congresswoman
from Minnesota offered him a job interview and discovered they were reading the same
book: a polemic warning that Muslim immigration cold mean “the end of the world as
we know it.”
By the end of the interview, Representative Michele Bachmann had a new press
secretary. And a dozen years later, Mr. Miller, now a senior adviser to President Trump,
is presiding over one of the most fervent attacks on immigration in American history.
The story of Mr. Miller’s rise has been told with a focus on his pugnacity and paradoxes.
Known more for his enemies than his friends, he is a conservative firebrand from liberal
Santa Monica, Calif., and a descendant of refugees who is seeking to eliminate refugee
programs. He is a Duke graduate in bespoke suits who rails against the perfidy of so-
called elites. Among those who have questioned his moral fitness are his uncle, his
childhood rabbi and 3,400 fellow Duke alumni.
Less attention has been paid to the forces that have abetted his rise and eroded
Republican support for immigration — forces Mr. Miller has personified and advanced
in a career unusually reflective of its times.
Rising fears of terrorism after the Sept. 11 attacks brought new calls to keep immigrants
out. Declining need for industrial labor left fewer businesses clamoring to bring them in.
A surge of migrants across the South stoked a backlash in the party’s geographic base.
Conservative media, once divided, turned against immigration, and immigration-
reduction groups that had operated on the margins grew in numbers and sophistication.
Abandoning calls for minority outreach, the Republican Party chose instead to energize
2
its conservative white base — heeding strategists who said the immigrant vote was not
just a lost cause but an existential threat.
Arriving in Washington as these forces coalesced, Mr. Miller rode the tailwinds with zeal
and skill. Warning of terrorism and disturbed by multic ...
his article argues that women of colour were central to the process of the legal transition to free labour in Cuba. Through an examination of legal appeals for freedom – which were often facilitated by new opportunities created by transition legislation – it shows that women were motivated by factors such as their families and frequently by their position as urban domestic servants. They could also make use of gendered understandings of slavery and freedom, which were socially prevalent although not legally enshrined. The paper argues that a focus on women and gender may have important implications for our understanding of Cuba's transition to free labour and of some of the constructions of citizenship and nationhood with which it was entwined.
Whiteness Studies The New History of Race in AmericaAu.docxpoulterbarbara
Whiteness Studies: The New History of Race in America
Author(s): Peter Kolchin
Source: The Journal of American History, Vol. 89, No. 1 (Jun., 2002), pp. 154-173
Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of Organization of American Historians
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Whiteness Studies: The New History
of Race in America
Peter Kolchin
Suddenly whiteness studies are everywhere. The rapid proliferation of a genre that
appears to have come out of nowhere is little short of astonishing: a recent keyword
search on my university library's electronic catalog yielded fifty-one books containing
the word "whiteness" in their titles, almost all published in the past decade and most
published in the past five years.1 All around us, American historians and scholars in
related disciplines from sociology and law to cultural studies and education are writ-
ing books with titles such as The White Scourge, How the Irish Became White, Making
Whiteness, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness, and Critical White Studies.2
Although the term "whiteness studies" might at first glance suggest works that pro-
mote white identity or constitute part of a racist backlash against multiculturalism
and "political correctness," virtually all the whiteness studies authors seek to confront
white privilege-that is, racism-and virtually all identify at some level with the
political Left. Most of them see a close link between their scholarly efforts and the
goal of creating a more humane social order.
Whiteness studies authors manifest a wide variety of approaches. In many of the
disciplines outside history, prescriptive policy goals assume a central position; writing
on whiteness in education, for example, Nelson M. Rodriguez calls for the creation
of "'pedagogies of whiteness' as a counterhegemonic act" predicated on the need to
"refigure whiteness in antiracist, antihomophobic, and antisexist ways."3 Although
Peter Kolchin is Henry Clay Reed Professor of History at the University of Delaware.
I would like to thank Margaret L. Andersen, Anne M. Boylan, Lori Ginzberg, and the graduate students in my
advanced seminar (Tracey Birdwell, .
Fahrenheit 451, A SAMPLE ESSAY BY MR SIM JOO JIN. ️ Main theme of fahrenheit 451. Fahrenheit 451 Symbolism & Themes: A .... fahrenheit 451 essay. Fahrenheit 451 Essay | Essay on Fahrenheit 451 for Students and .... ⇉Fahrenheit 451 thesis statements Essay Example | GraduateWay. Persuasive essay on fahrenheit 451: SparkNotes: Fahrenheit 451: Study .... Fahrenheit 451 Essay | PDF | Knowledge | Human. Fahrenheit 451 Final Essay: Analyzing Theme by The Daring English Teacher. Fahrenheit 451 Literary Analysis Essay by Book Cart Novelties | TpT. Fahrenheit 451 Censorship - Free Essay Example by StudyDriver. Fahrenheit 451 essay prompts. Fahrenheit 451 Theme of Literature and Writing. Remarkable Fahrenheit 451 Essay Introduction ~ Thatsnotus. Fahrenheit 451 Essay | English - Year 12 SACE | Thinkswap. Fahrenheit 451 Theme Essay. What is The Theme of Fahrenheit 451? - Free Essay Example. Essay fahrenheit 451 - Can You Write My Research Paper Plagiarism Free. Fahrenheit 451 (300 Words) - PHDessay.com. FAHRENHEIT 451 THEMES. Analysis on Fahrenheit 451 One of the major themes in the novel ....
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
1. Expanding the Parameters of Research on News Media & the Other: The Faisal Shahzad Case Study and ‘Homegrown’ Terrorism Angie Chuang & Robin Chin Roemer American University School of Communication
2. May 3, 2010: Faisal Shahzad, 30, attempts to detonate a car bomb in New York’s Times Square. “[A] new kind of attacker, who’s already here, able to hide in plain sight …” – Sen. Dianne Feinstein
3. Previous critical case study: 2009 coverage of U.S. citizen perpetrator of Binghamton mass shooting Top-circulation U.S. newspapers emphasized Jiverly Wong’s foreign identity, but very rarely as an American or naturalized citizen, reinforcing patterns of coverage observed in coverage of Virginia Tech shootings (in which perpetrator was a legal permanent resident).
4. Why is Shahzad a significant critical case study? Few studies have applied theory on representations of immigrant Americans to coverage of Muslim Americans. Muslim Americans have emerged as a frequently covered identity group since Sept. 11. Exploring overlaps and distinctions between groups – Muslims, South Asian Americans, immigrants, terror suspects – can contextualize existing research on race, identity, and the Other.
5. Orientalism and Constructions of the Other “…A style of thought based upon the ontological and epistemological distinction made between ‘the Orient’ and … ‘the Occident’,” in which the West is constructed in opposition, and superior, to the Orient.” – Edward Said, 1979 ● Concept applied to coverage of the 1979 Iranian Revolution and post-September 11 coverage of Muslims (Said, Powell). ● Recent research elaborates on mass media’srole as a powerful vehicle for dissemination of Orientalist representations of the Other ● Mass media’s attempts to fix connotative meaning actively reinforce dominant culture order, resulting in a “racialized regime of representation” (Hall, 1980).
6. Other relevant theoretical constructions of immigration and race ● Conflation of ethnic with foreign as a product of disparate patterns of assimilation for immigrant groups (Oscar H. Gandy, 1998) ● Parallels between Kerner-era coverage of black Americans and post-9/11 coverage of Muslim Americans (Brigitte L. Nacos & Oscar Torres-Reyna, 2007) “Fear and apprehension of racial unrest and violence are deeply rooted in American society” (Kerner). “Fear and apprehension of terrorism and violence by Muslims and Arabs are part of the American psyche since the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001” (Nacos & Torres-Reyna).
7. Research Questions RQ1: How was Shahzad’s identity as a Pakistani immigrant and a U.S. citizen represented by newspapers? RQ2: Which aspects of Shahzad’s life and identity were emphasized by newspapers as they developed a post-arrest profile of him, and how were the tensions between “homegrown” and “terrorist” characterized? RQ3: How did newspapers attempt to explain, if they did at all, Shahzad’s reasons for planning and attempting to carry out the attack? RQ4: Did newspapers try to place Shahzad in the context of other homegrown terrorists, like NidalMalikHasan or NajibullahZazi?
8. Study Methodology Textual analysis of newspaper depictions of Shahzad Explicit representations (denotative), such as immigration status, nationality, ethnicity, religion, and citizenship status. Implicit representations (connotative), such as references to lifestyle, family, social status, personality, and employment. Article emphasis (e.g. Shahzad, political ramifications, policy, etc.) Top 5 newspapers by circulation in 2010: The Wall Street Journal, USA Today, The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and The Washington Post ● 197 articles referencing “Faisal Shahzad”, excluding duplicates ● Articles published in May 2010 & June 2010 ● 2 coders and 22 coding categories
9. Mixed methods data analysis “The use of quantitative and qualitative analytical techniques, either concurrently or sequentially, at some stage beginning with the data collection process, from which interpretations are made in either a parallel, an integrated, or an iterative manner” - Onwuegbuzie & Teddlie, 2003 ● Content analysis with quantitative elements: code categories, intercoder reliability, numerical data ● Qualitative textual analysis of articles to better understand results of content analysis ● Breadth and depth, “representation and legitimation”
10.
11.
12. ‘Homegrown’ terrorism narrative “Faisal Shahzad appeared to lead an ordinary life. The 30-year-old was a naturalized U.S. citizen with a computer science degree and an MBA. He owned a home in Connecticut and has wife and two children…” – USA Today ●“At home, he sometimes wore ankle-length traditional Muslim garb … but he wore a shirt and tie to work.” – Wall Street Journal ●NidalMalikHasan and NajibullahZazi frequently mentioned in articles about Shahzad
13. Case Study Conclusions Unlike Jiverly Wong, who was rarely represented as a citizen or an American, newspapers frequently identified Shahzad as a U.S. citizen and emphasized his “American” characteristics. ●Why where Wong and Shahzad so treated so differently by U.S. media, one year apart? ●The answer: Homegrown terrorism. This narrative relies on the duality of “homegrown” and “terrorist” – the ultimate enemy straddles the divide between Orientalist and Other, Us and Them, to “hide in plain sight.”
14. Limitations and opportunities for future study Study could be expanded to broadcast and online-only media Coding for Shahzad’s grievances against the United States found to be too vague to apply to existing research on representations of domestic terrorists Study could be applied to existing research and theory on Muslim immigrants and national identity, assimilation vs. multiculturalism (Europe and U.K.) Future critical case studies could further explore the concepts of American vs. Other identity with other prominently covered identity groups, e.g. Latino immigrants
15. Contact information Angie Chuang Assistant Professor of Journalism American University School of Communication chuang@american.edu Robin Chin Roemer Communication Librarian American University Library robincr@american.edu We would like to thank Bianca Rainwater (M.A. ’11, American University) for her assistance with data collection.
Editor's Notes
Fears surrounding turn-of-century immigration in western Europe and U.S. – Oscar Gandy, Communcation and Race: A Structural perspective; root of Yellow Peril images in Hollywood, which in turn has its roots in hegemonic constructions of Other in Edward Said’sOrientalismand Roland Barthes’ Empire of Signs. More practically, 1968 Kerner Commission report after Watts riots concluded news media predominanly from white perspective.
![May 3, 2010: Faisal Shahzad, 30, attempts to detonate a car bomb in New York’s Times Square. “[A] new kind of attacker, who’s already here, able to hide in plain sight …” – Sen. Dianne Feinstein](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)