j u l y a u g u s t 2 o o 2Volume 81 • Number 4The .docxpriestmanmable
j u l y / a u g u s t 2 o o 2
Volume 81 • Number 4
The Corporate Key
Using Big Business to Fight Global Poverty
George C. Lodge
In recent months, world leaders—including
President George W. Bush and un
Secretary-General Kofi Annan—have
proclaimed their determination to reduce
global poverty. Such promises, however,
have been made before, and past eªorts
to follow through on them have been dis-
appointing. Success this time will require a
new institution that can harness the capa-
bilities of global corporations and, helped
by loans from development agencies, di-
rectly attack the root causes of poverty.
The need for corporate involvement in
the fight against poverty stems from several
factors. To begin with, many of the world’s
poor live in countries where governments
lack either the will or the ability to raise
living standards on their own. Financial
assistance to such governments, therefore,
has often not helped their neediest citizens.
In fact, in spite of the roughly $1 trillion
that has been spent on grants and loans to
fight poverty around the globe since the end
of World War II, nearly half the world’s six
billion people still live on less than $2 a
day; a fifth get by on less than $1. At times,
foreign aid has even worsened the plight
of the poor, by sustaining the corrupt or
otherwise ine⁄cient governments that
caused their misery in the first place. In
such mismanaged countries—which
number close to 70—a way must be found
to change the basic system.
Globalization—seen by many today
as a sort of cure-all—will certainly not
eradicate poverty on its own. True,
international trade and investment have
increased vastly over the last decade,
making many people richer. But the
problem is that the process has not really
been global enough. In fact, some two
billion people today live in countries that
are actually becoming less globalized:
trade is diminishing in relation to national
income, economic growth has stagnated,
and poverty is on the rise. Most people
in Latin America, the Middle East, and
Central Asia are poorer today than they
were ten years ago, and most Africans were
better oª forty years ago. The average per
capita income of Muslim countries, from
Morocco to Bangladesh and Indonesia to
[ 1 3 ]
The Corporate Key
Using Big Business to Fight Global Poverty
George C. Lodge
George C. Lodge is the Jaime and Josefina Chua Tiampo Professor of
Business Administration, Emeritus, at Harvard Business School. His most
recent book is Managing Globalization in the Age of Interdependence.
the Philippines, is now just half the
world average.
Poverty is not, of course, a new phenom-
enon. But during the Cold War, economic
misery abroad did not matter to Washing-
ton; the United States and its allies were
concerned with sustaining anti-Soviet
regimes, not raising living standards.
Today, however, a new determination has
emerged to deal with what one un panel
has called the “pre-eminent moral and
humanitarian challenge of our ...
1. By 2025, annual consumption in emerging markets will reach $30 trillion, accounting for nearly half of global consumption as the consuming class expands to 4.2 billion people.
2. To compete for this massive growth opportunity, companies must master ten key capabilities, similar to how an athlete must excel in multiple events to win a decathlon. These capabilities include surgically targeting urban growth clusters, aggressively reallocating resources, creating tailored product portfolios and brands, and establishing effective go-to-market systems.
3. Surgically targeting growth in middleweight cities of hundreds of thousands to millions of people will be important, as these cities will generate nearly half of global GDP and consumption growth by 20
This document discusses various theories and models of development economics, including:
1. Linear stages theory/Rostow's stages of growth model which views development as a linear process through stages.
2. Structural change theories which focus on how economies transform structurally through industrialization and changes in economic structure.
3. Dependency theories which argue that underdevelopment is caused by the dominance of wealthy countries over poor countries in the international system.
4. Dualism theories which recognize that developing economies have both traditional and modern sectors coexisting.
5. Neoclassical theories emerged in response and argue for minimizing government intervention and relying on free markets.
The document provides an overview of the
The document summarizes an Oxfam report on rising economic inequality and its consequences. It finds that extreme inequality is damaging and threatens democratic systems, as it allows wealth to capture policymaking and concentrate power among a small elite. It recommends that world leaders curb tax avoidance by the wealthy and strengthen policies like progressive taxation to reduce inequality and ensure governments work for all citizens, not just the rich.
Bottom Of The Pyramid B24b Business ModelsTim Curtis
The document discusses the potential of a market-based approach to poverty reduction at the "base of the economic pyramid" (BOP), which comprises 4 billion people living on less than $3,000 per year. Traditional top-down development approaches have proven ineffective, so focusing on the BOP as consumers and producers could make markets more inclusive and help meet their needs. Examples show how mobile phones and microfinance have empowered people in developing countries. However, concerns remain about whether this approach alone can address the complex challenges of poverty.
Based on Erik Reinert, How Rich Countries Got Rich ... and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor (2007), London: Constable, Chapter 8: “Get the economic activities right”, or, the Lost Art of Creating Middle-Income Countries. Further discussion on how to make upper-middle income county out of middle-income trap. And how to synchronize different aspect on developmental policy in modern era.
The document discusses several key concepts related to economic development:
- Economies of agglomeration refer to the benefits that firms obtain from locating near each other, related to ideas of economies of scale and network effects.
- The Human Development Index is an indicator constructed by the UN to measure development across countries based on income, education, literacy, and life expectancy.
- Economies are divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary/quaternary sectors based on their use of natural resources and level of processing or services provided.
j u l y a u g u s t 2 o o 2Volume 81 • Number 4The .docxpriestmanmable
j u l y / a u g u s t 2 o o 2
Volume 81 • Number 4
The Corporate Key
Using Big Business to Fight Global Poverty
George C. Lodge
In recent months, world leaders—including
President George W. Bush and un
Secretary-General Kofi Annan—have
proclaimed their determination to reduce
global poverty. Such promises, however,
have been made before, and past eªorts
to follow through on them have been dis-
appointing. Success this time will require a
new institution that can harness the capa-
bilities of global corporations and, helped
by loans from development agencies, di-
rectly attack the root causes of poverty.
The need for corporate involvement in
the fight against poverty stems from several
factors. To begin with, many of the world’s
poor live in countries where governments
lack either the will or the ability to raise
living standards on their own. Financial
assistance to such governments, therefore,
has often not helped their neediest citizens.
In fact, in spite of the roughly $1 trillion
that has been spent on grants and loans to
fight poverty around the globe since the end
of World War II, nearly half the world’s six
billion people still live on less than $2 a
day; a fifth get by on less than $1. At times,
foreign aid has even worsened the plight
of the poor, by sustaining the corrupt or
otherwise ine⁄cient governments that
caused their misery in the first place. In
such mismanaged countries—which
number close to 70—a way must be found
to change the basic system.
Globalization—seen by many today
as a sort of cure-all—will certainly not
eradicate poverty on its own. True,
international trade and investment have
increased vastly over the last decade,
making many people richer. But the
problem is that the process has not really
been global enough. In fact, some two
billion people today live in countries that
are actually becoming less globalized:
trade is diminishing in relation to national
income, economic growth has stagnated,
and poverty is on the rise. Most people
in Latin America, the Middle East, and
Central Asia are poorer today than they
were ten years ago, and most Africans were
better oª forty years ago. The average per
capita income of Muslim countries, from
Morocco to Bangladesh and Indonesia to
[ 1 3 ]
The Corporate Key
Using Big Business to Fight Global Poverty
George C. Lodge
George C. Lodge is the Jaime and Josefina Chua Tiampo Professor of
Business Administration, Emeritus, at Harvard Business School. His most
recent book is Managing Globalization in the Age of Interdependence.
the Philippines, is now just half the
world average.
Poverty is not, of course, a new phenom-
enon. But during the Cold War, economic
misery abroad did not matter to Washing-
ton; the United States and its allies were
concerned with sustaining anti-Soviet
regimes, not raising living standards.
Today, however, a new determination has
emerged to deal with what one un panel
has called the “pre-eminent moral and
humanitarian challenge of our ...
1. By 2025, annual consumption in emerging markets will reach $30 trillion, accounting for nearly half of global consumption as the consuming class expands to 4.2 billion people.
2. To compete for this massive growth opportunity, companies must master ten key capabilities, similar to how an athlete must excel in multiple events to win a decathlon. These capabilities include surgically targeting urban growth clusters, aggressively reallocating resources, creating tailored product portfolios and brands, and establishing effective go-to-market systems.
3. Surgically targeting growth in middleweight cities of hundreds of thousands to millions of people will be important, as these cities will generate nearly half of global GDP and consumption growth by 20
This document discusses various theories and models of development economics, including:
1. Linear stages theory/Rostow's stages of growth model which views development as a linear process through stages.
2. Structural change theories which focus on how economies transform structurally through industrialization and changes in economic structure.
3. Dependency theories which argue that underdevelopment is caused by the dominance of wealthy countries over poor countries in the international system.
4. Dualism theories which recognize that developing economies have both traditional and modern sectors coexisting.
5. Neoclassical theories emerged in response and argue for minimizing government intervention and relying on free markets.
The document provides an overview of the
The document summarizes an Oxfam report on rising economic inequality and its consequences. It finds that extreme inequality is damaging and threatens democratic systems, as it allows wealth to capture policymaking and concentrate power among a small elite. It recommends that world leaders curb tax avoidance by the wealthy and strengthen policies like progressive taxation to reduce inequality and ensure governments work for all citizens, not just the rich.
Bottom Of The Pyramid B24b Business ModelsTim Curtis
The document discusses the potential of a market-based approach to poverty reduction at the "base of the economic pyramid" (BOP), which comprises 4 billion people living on less than $3,000 per year. Traditional top-down development approaches have proven ineffective, so focusing on the BOP as consumers and producers could make markets more inclusive and help meet their needs. Examples show how mobile phones and microfinance have empowered people in developing countries. However, concerns remain about whether this approach alone can address the complex challenges of poverty.
Based on Erik Reinert, How Rich Countries Got Rich ... and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor (2007), London: Constable, Chapter 8: “Get the economic activities right”, or, the Lost Art of Creating Middle-Income Countries. Further discussion on how to make upper-middle income county out of middle-income trap. And how to synchronize different aspect on developmental policy in modern era.
The document discusses several key concepts related to economic development:
- Economies of agglomeration refer to the benefits that firms obtain from locating near each other, related to ideas of economies of scale and network effects.
- The Human Development Index is an indicator constructed by the UN to measure development across countries based on income, education, literacy, and life expectancy.
- Economies are divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary/quaternary sectors based on their use of natural resources and level of processing or services provided.
The document discusses several key concepts related to economic development:
- Economies of agglomeration refer to the benefits that firms obtain from locating near each other, related to ideas of economies of scale and network effects.
- The Human Development Index is an indicator constructed by the UN to measure development across countries based on income, education, literacy, and life expectancy.
- Economies are divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary/quaternary sectors based on their use of natural resources and level of processing or services provided.
There is significant global inequality in the distribution of resources, with over 1 billion people living in absolute poverty according to UN criteria in 1999. Developing countries face numerous economic challenges including lack of access to safe water, sanitation, and primary education for many children. While there is wide diversity among developing countries, common problems include underdevelopment, unequal terms of international trade, structural economic issues, and debt burdens.
This document discusses emerging markets and their economic development. It begins by defining emerging markets and listing some of the largest ones, including China and India. It then discusses how marketing must adapt to changing consumer needs during economic development. Several models of economic development are presented, followed by classifications of countries by level of development. Key factors in the growth of newly industrialized countries are outlined. The role of infrastructure and information technology in development is also examined. Characteristics and recent economic histories of some large emerging markets like Brazil, China, and India are provided. Finally, some of the challenges multinational companies face when marketing in emerging markets are summarized.
Globalization has impacted standards of living in various ways. While there remain large inequalities between wealthy and poor countries, living standards have generally improved due to factors like global trade and financial integration. However, globalization has also reinforced inequalities through an international trade system and global financial architecture that favor developed nations. Domestic factors like natural resources, education levels, and institutions also contribute to differences in living standards between countries.
Core nations control and profit the most from the world system through military, economic, and political power. They are wealthy states that exploit resources and labor from peripheral countries for their own benefit. Examples of current core powers include the United States, Western European nations, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. Peripheral nations have limited industrialization and are exploited for their raw materials and cheap labor, resulting in underdevelopment and poverty. Semi-peripheral nations have some characteristics of both core and peripheral countries and serve as a connection between the two, facilitating trade and alleviating political pressures.
1. The document discusses opportunities and challenges for multinational companies (MNCs) in entering emerging and low-income markets known as the "Bottom of the Pyramid" (BOP), which consists of the 4 billion poorest people in the world living on less than $2 per day.
2. Some key opportunities include the vast size of the BOP market totaling $5 trillion in purchasing power, the rapid growth expected in developing markets, potential cost savings from local production, and opportunities for innovation to meet unfulfilled needs. However, challenges include the poverty of consumers which limits purchasing power, differences in geography, culture and economies between developed and emerging markets, and limited brand awareness in new markets.
What are two main concerns that MNCs should evaluate when doing busi.pdfananyainfotech
What are two main concerns that MNCs should evaluate when doing business in Russia?
Solution
Multinational corporations have existed since the beginning of overseas trade. They have
remained a part of the business scene throughout history, entering their modern form in the 17th
and 18th centuries with the creation of large, European-based monopolistic concerns such as the
British East India Company during the age of colonization. Multinational concerns were viewed
at that time as agents of civilization and played a pivotal role in the commercial and industrial
development of Asia, South America, and Africa. By the end of the 19th century, advances in
communications had more closely linked world markets, and multinational corporations retained
their favorable image as instruments of improved global relations through commercial ties. The
existence of close international trading relations did not prevent the outbreak of two world wars
in the first half of the twentieth century, but an even more closely bound world economy
emerged in the aftermath of the period of conflict.
In more recent times, multinational corporations have grown in power and visibility, but have
come to be viewed more ambivalently by both governments and consumers worldwide. Indeed,
multinationals today are viewed with increased suspicion given their perceived lack of concern
for the economic well-being of particular geographic regions and the public impression that
multinationals are gaining power in relation to national government agencies, international trade
federations and organizations, and local, national, and international labor organizations.
Despite such concerns, multinational corporations appear poised to expand their power and
influence as barriers to international trade continue to be removed. Furthermore, the actual nature
and methods of multinationals are in large measure misunderstood by the public, and their long-
term influence is likely to be less sinister than imagined. Multinational corporations share many
common traits, including the methods they use to penetrate new markets, the manner in which
their overseas subsidiaries are tied to their headquarters operations, and their interaction with
national governmental agencies and national and international labor organizations.
WHAT IS A MULTINATIONAL
CORPORATION?
As the name implies, a multinational corporation is a business concern with operations in more
than one country. These operations outside the company\'s home country may be linked to the
parent by merger, operated as subsidiaries, or have considerable autonomy. Multinational
corporations are sometimes perceived as large, utilitarian enterprises with little or no regard for
the social and economic well-being of the countries in which they operate, but the reality of their
situation is more complicated.
There are over 40,000 multinational corporations currently operating in the global economy, in
addition to approximately 250,000 overseas affiliates .
Factors That Empower And Constrain Mncs EssayNicole Jones
The document discusses factors that empower and constrain multinational corporations (MNCs). It begins by noting that MNCs have risen to prominence through mergers and acquisitions, setting up new enterprises worldwide, mobilizing resources across borders, and changing national and global economic relationships. The essay will evaluate what empowers and constrains MNCs, and whether their structural power is increasing or declining. It then discusses how research on this topic has understood MNCs and their role as primary "movers and shapers" of the global economy according to author Dicken.
This document discusses the development model that has been widely accepted over the past six decades of promoting economic growth through industrialization and centralized high-cost technologies. While there has been significant economic growth, the benefits have not been equally distributed, leading to large inequalities both between and within countries. International agencies now agree that development without equity is unsustainable. However, efforts to reduce inequalities through improved market rules and increased aid have had limited success. A fundamental rethinking of the development model and choice of technologies may be needed to achieve more equitable and sustainable development.
This document discusses the challenges of transformation societies in developing economies as they transition from labor-intensive to innovation-driven growth models. It addresses the "transformation trap," which is the inability to resolve political, social, and economic contradictions during periods of significant change. Specifically, it argues that:
1) Establishing political stability through an inclusive social compromise between established and emerging classes is essential to lay the foundation for sustainable development during transformations.
2) The development narrative must shift from identity politics and patronage to empowering all through universal access to opportunities and capabilities.
3) Bringing together a broad societal coalition around the vision of a "Good Society" with full capabilities for all can help shape transformations
Companies can make fortune at the bottom of the pyramid rajesh nandakumar -...Rajesh Nandakumar
This document discusses strategies for companies to profit from selling to the "Bottom of the Pyramid" (BoP) market, which consists of the world's poorest 4 billion people. It argues that the BoP represents a significant potential market size and purchasing power. To succeed in the BoP market, companies must innovate affordable products and distribution models tailored to consumers' needs and behaviors. Asian markets are a major focus because three-quarters of the BoP live in Asia. Some companies that have achieved success in the BoP include Hindustan Unilever, Coca-Cola, and Grameen Bank through innovative pricing, partnerships, and microloans. The document recommends understanding cultural differences, adopting a social
This document discusses the impacts of globalization and capitalism on developing countries. It argues that globalization has increased disparities between wealthy developed nations and poorer developing nations. While globalization was hoped to improve conditions in developing countries, it has instead increased their economic dependence and vulnerability. Multinational corporations have exploited low wages and resources in developing countries for profit, without providing sustainable growth. As a result, income inequality between the global North and South has drastically widened under globalized capitalism.
Science & Technology Studies Framework for Bottom of the Pyramid Business Str...Vijit Sunder
This document presents a framework for using Science and Technology Studies (STS) concepts to assess business strategies targeting the Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP) market. It begins with background on the BoP market, noting it represents 4 billion low-income people or $5 trillion in purchasing power. The document then discusses misconceptions about the BoP market that have prevented businesses from seeing its potential. Finally, it outlines an STS framework that can help businesses critically evaluate their strategies for developing products for the BoP market in order to better realize opportunities while addressing social factors.
Globalization Essay: The Role of State, The University of Cambridge, Mphil in...Milena Milicevic
This document provides a 3154 word summary of a student paper on whether developing countries need a strong and effective state to take advantage of opportunities in global markets. It begins by outlining the key factors that contribute to an effective state, including strong performance by various public and private actors working together. It then discusses how developing countries often need to improve governance to become more competitive globally. While an effective state is important, the role of the state declines in neo-liberal capitalism. The document examines the historical use of protectionism by now-developed countries and challenges for developing countries in globalization. It concludes by noting various policy challenges for developing country governments, such as gradual liberalization and managing monetary issues.
Act Local Please respond to the following in 2-3 paragraphsBased .docxbobbywlane695641
"Act Local" Please respond to the following: in 2-3 paragraphsBased on the two articles below, address the following:
What fundamental actions are at least two leaders of developing countries taking to improve the living standards of their people in terms of their economies, their political systems and their environments? Please give good response, DUE 6-11-15
· Development Shouldn’t Give Democracy the Cold Shoulder
· May 2013
· One of the strongest global trends today is the empowerment of citizens and their desire for dignity and freedom. As governments prepare for what should replace the Millennium Development Goals, they should take this into account. But don't hold your breath. Two recent surveys conducted by the United Nations to inform the discussion of the post-2015 agenda provide a striking demonstration of the widening gap between citizens and their governments.
·
· One of these is the U.N.-sponsored online survey known as My world. So far more than half a million citizens in 194 countries have voted in the survey, and the results show that "honest and responsive government" consistently ranks among the top three developmental priorities cited by respondents as desirable for their own countries. In the other survey undertaken among U.N. member state governments by the U.N. Secretary-General for the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development, "good governance" ranks bizarrely as only 25th out of 32 priorities listed. The disparity between the surveys' initial results are illustrative of a wider trend where citizens see democratic governance as a major priority, while governments don't. Keeping this in mind, there are two main reasons why the High-Level Panel report should make certain that it includes democracy in its recommendations for the new development framework.
·
· First, nothing matters more for development than national politics. As pointed out by Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson in their book Failed States, anyone who doubts the importance of national institutions and national policies need only look at the history of the two Koreas, which had the same economic starting point seven decades ago. Today, South Korea has a booming economy, high levels of education, and a life expectancy of 79 years, according to the World Health Organization. In North Korea, life expectancy is 64 years and the economy has stagnated under dictatorship. Open, democratic, and competitive politics with institutions that place constraints on power are far more likely to uphold the rule of law, protect property rights, and provide an inclusive market economy that limits corruption and provides opportunity for all.
·
· Second, this critical importance of national politics is only enhanced by the fact that trade, investment, and remittances are rapidly dwarfing traditional aid as vehicles for economic development. The world is waving goodbye to the old "donor-recipient" paradigm, in which the western world provides aid to support developi.
Global Growth Opportunities To 2030 Mark BeliczkyMark Beliczky
The document summarizes a presentation given by Mark Beliczky on global growth opportunities between 2008 and 2030. Some of the key points discussed include:
- Globalization will continue expanding and more non-Western nations like China and India will drive growth.
- The global population and middle class will increase significantly, fueling a boom in global consumption.
- China's economy will surpass the US to become the largest in the world and India will see very strong growth as well.
- However, poverty and income inequality are expected to rise substantially in parts of Africa and the developing world.
The document discusses how multinational corporations can profitably sell goods and services to the world's 4 billion poor people, who collectively have substantial purchasing power. It provides examples of companies like ITC in India that have built networks to connect with rural farmers, providing information and enabling direct sales of crops and supplies. While infrastructure and other challenges exist, companies that find ways to understand and serve the needs and lifestyles of the poor can tap into a large, growing market. Selling to the poor can be very lucrative while also benefiting consumers and helping reduce poverty.
This article discusses Root Capital, a nonprofit social investment fund that provides capital and financial training to small rural businesses in Latin America and Africa. Root Capital aims to grow rural prosperity and reduce poverty. It has provided over $320 million in loans to 350 businesses in 30 countries, benefiting over 500,000 small-scale farm households. Root Capital funds its loan portfolio from foundations, corporations, and other impact investors. The article profiles one such investor, The World We Want Foundation, and its leaders' visit to a Root Capital client in Haiti, an organic mango exporter helping farmers access premium markets.
Role of-financial-inclusion-in-restraining-entrepreneurial-breakdown-in-india1Ijcem Journal
This document discusses the role of financial inclusion in limiting entrepreneurial failure in India. It states that small and marginalized enterprises in the informal sector often do not have access to formal financial institutions due to a lack of proper documentation and property rights. As a result, millions of potential entrepreneurs are trapped in a cycle of exclusion and unable to benefit from opportunities. The document argues that increasing access to financial services like credit and insurance for these enterprises can empower entrepreneurs and help create an environment that fosters new business growth. It aims to explore how linkages between the formal and informal economies through financial inclusion tools can help plug leaks in the informal system and help entrepreneurs sustain their initiatives despite liquidity constraints.
Modernization theory posits that countries must undergo scientific and technological advancement to become modernized and increase living standards, with the West's role being to invest in developing countries' factories, education, and media to disseminate modern ideas. It has been criticized for being ethnocentric and for ignoring inequality. Dependency theory argues that the rich world's development was achieved through exploiting the developing world, making them dependent on imports and aid. World systems theory asserts that a global capitalist economy has existed since the 16th century, with some countries forging ahead to form the wealthy core region and the periphery specializing in raw materials.
The gathering of system related information about national infrastru.docxrtodd194
The gathering of system related information about national infrastructure is key for security analysis. In the same vein, correlation involves a specific type of analysis that can be performed to identify if security-related indicators emerge from the analysis. Discuss the importance of the security principle of collection and correlation. Identify some important sources from which information needs to be collected in the context of national and critical infrastructure protection. Also, identify the four distinct analytic methods that are available for the correlation of cyber security information. Provide examples and identify challenges that are involved in collection and correlation.
.
the gateway arch in St. Louis was built in 1965.it is the tallest mo.docxrtodd194
The Gateway Arch in St. Louis was built in 1965 and is the tallest monument in the United States. The arch can be modeled by the equation y=-0.00635x^2 + 4x, where x and y are in feet. This equation can be used to determine that the tallest point of the arch is 630 feet above the ground and the legs of the arch are 630 feet apart at their bases.
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The document discusses several key concepts related to economic development:
- Economies of agglomeration refer to the benefits that firms obtain from locating near each other, related to ideas of economies of scale and network effects.
- The Human Development Index is an indicator constructed by the UN to measure development across countries based on income, education, literacy, and life expectancy.
- Economies are divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary/quaternary sectors based on their use of natural resources and level of processing or services provided.
There is significant global inequality in the distribution of resources, with over 1 billion people living in absolute poverty according to UN criteria in 1999. Developing countries face numerous economic challenges including lack of access to safe water, sanitation, and primary education for many children. While there is wide diversity among developing countries, common problems include underdevelopment, unequal terms of international trade, structural economic issues, and debt burdens.
This document discusses emerging markets and their economic development. It begins by defining emerging markets and listing some of the largest ones, including China and India. It then discusses how marketing must adapt to changing consumer needs during economic development. Several models of economic development are presented, followed by classifications of countries by level of development. Key factors in the growth of newly industrialized countries are outlined. The role of infrastructure and information technology in development is also examined. Characteristics and recent economic histories of some large emerging markets like Brazil, China, and India are provided. Finally, some of the challenges multinational companies face when marketing in emerging markets are summarized.
Globalization has impacted standards of living in various ways. While there remain large inequalities between wealthy and poor countries, living standards have generally improved due to factors like global trade and financial integration. However, globalization has also reinforced inequalities through an international trade system and global financial architecture that favor developed nations. Domestic factors like natural resources, education levels, and institutions also contribute to differences in living standards between countries.
Core nations control and profit the most from the world system through military, economic, and political power. They are wealthy states that exploit resources and labor from peripheral countries for their own benefit. Examples of current core powers include the United States, Western European nations, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. Peripheral nations have limited industrialization and are exploited for their raw materials and cheap labor, resulting in underdevelopment and poverty. Semi-peripheral nations have some characteristics of both core and peripheral countries and serve as a connection between the two, facilitating trade and alleviating political pressures.
1. The document discusses opportunities and challenges for multinational companies (MNCs) in entering emerging and low-income markets known as the "Bottom of the Pyramid" (BOP), which consists of the 4 billion poorest people in the world living on less than $2 per day.
2. Some key opportunities include the vast size of the BOP market totaling $5 trillion in purchasing power, the rapid growth expected in developing markets, potential cost savings from local production, and opportunities for innovation to meet unfulfilled needs. However, challenges include the poverty of consumers which limits purchasing power, differences in geography, culture and economies between developed and emerging markets, and limited brand awareness in new markets.
What are two main concerns that MNCs should evaluate when doing busi.pdfananyainfotech
What are two main concerns that MNCs should evaluate when doing business in Russia?
Solution
Multinational corporations have existed since the beginning of overseas trade. They have
remained a part of the business scene throughout history, entering their modern form in the 17th
and 18th centuries with the creation of large, European-based monopolistic concerns such as the
British East India Company during the age of colonization. Multinational concerns were viewed
at that time as agents of civilization and played a pivotal role in the commercial and industrial
development of Asia, South America, and Africa. By the end of the 19th century, advances in
communications had more closely linked world markets, and multinational corporations retained
their favorable image as instruments of improved global relations through commercial ties. The
existence of close international trading relations did not prevent the outbreak of two world wars
in the first half of the twentieth century, but an even more closely bound world economy
emerged in the aftermath of the period of conflict.
In more recent times, multinational corporations have grown in power and visibility, but have
come to be viewed more ambivalently by both governments and consumers worldwide. Indeed,
multinationals today are viewed with increased suspicion given their perceived lack of concern
for the economic well-being of particular geographic regions and the public impression that
multinationals are gaining power in relation to national government agencies, international trade
federations and organizations, and local, national, and international labor organizations.
Despite such concerns, multinational corporations appear poised to expand their power and
influence as barriers to international trade continue to be removed. Furthermore, the actual nature
and methods of multinationals are in large measure misunderstood by the public, and their long-
term influence is likely to be less sinister than imagined. Multinational corporations share many
common traits, including the methods they use to penetrate new markets, the manner in which
their overseas subsidiaries are tied to their headquarters operations, and their interaction with
national governmental agencies and national and international labor organizations.
WHAT IS A MULTINATIONAL
CORPORATION?
As the name implies, a multinational corporation is a business concern with operations in more
than one country. These operations outside the company\'s home country may be linked to the
parent by merger, operated as subsidiaries, or have considerable autonomy. Multinational
corporations are sometimes perceived as large, utilitarian enterprises with little or no regard for
the social and economic well-being of the countries in which they operate, but the reality of their
situation is more complicated.
There are over 40,000 multinational corporations currently operating in the global economy, in
addition to approximately 250,000 overseas affiliates .
Factors That Empower And Constrain Mncs EssayNicole Jones
The document discusses factors that empower and constrain multinational corporations (MNCs). It begins by noting that MNCs have risen to prominence through mergers and acquisitions, setting up new enterprises worldwide, mobilizing resources across borders, and changing national and global economic relationships. The essay will evaluate what empowers and constrains MNCs, and whether their structural power is increasing or declining. It then discusses how research on this topic has understood MNCs and their role as primary "movers and shapers" of the global economy according to author Dicken.
This document discusses the development model that has been widely accepted over the past six decades of promoting economic growth through industrialization and centralized high-cost technologies. While there has been significant economic growth, the benefits have not been equally distributed, leading to large inequalities both between and within countries. International agencies now agree that development without equity is unsustainable. However, efforts to reduce inequalities through improved market rules and increased aid have had limited success. A fundamental rethinking of the development model and choice of technologies may be needed to achieve more equitable and sustainable development.
This document discusses the challenges of transformation societies in developing economies as they transition from labor-intensive to innovation-driven growth models. It addresses the "transformation trap," which is the inability to resolve political, social, and economic contradictions during periods of significant change. Specifically, it argues that:
1) Establishing political stability through an inclusive social compromise between established and emerging classes is essential to lay the foundation for sustainable development during transformations.
2) The development narrative must shift from identity politics and patronage to empowering all through universal access to opportunities and capabilities.
3) Bringing together a broad societal coalition around the vision of a "Good Society" with full capabilities for all can help shape transformations
Companies can make fortune at the bottom of the pyramid rajesh nandakumar -...Rajesh Nandakumar
This document discusses strategies for companies to profit from selling to the "Bottom of the Pyramid" (BoP) market, which consists of the world's poorest 4 billion people. It argues that the BoP represents a significant potential market size and purchasing power. To succeed in the BoP market, companies must innovate affordable products and distribution models tailored to consumers' needs and behaviors. Asian markets are a major focus because three-quarters of the BoP live in Asia. Some companies that have achieved success in the BoP include Hindustan Unilever, Coca-Cola, and Grameen Bank through innovative pricing, partnerships, and microloans. The document recommends understanding cultural differences, adopting a social
This document discusses the impacts of globalization and capitalism on developing countries. It argues that globalization has increased disparities between wealthy developed nations and poorer developing nations. While globalization was hoped to improve conditions in developing countries, it has instead increased their economic dependence and vulnerability. Multinational corporations have exploited low wages and resources in developing countries for profit, without providing sustainable growth. As a result, income inequality between the global North and South has drastically widened under globalized capitalism.
Science & Technology Studies Framework for Bottom of the Pyramid Business Str...Vijit Sunder
This document presents a framework for using Science and Technology Studies (STS) concepts to assess business strategies targeting the Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP) market. It begins with background on the BoP market, noting it represents 4 billion low-income people or $5 trillion in purchasing power. The document then discusses misconceptions about the BoP market that have prevented businesses from seeing its potential. Finally, it outlines an STS framework that can help businesses critically evaluate their strategies for developing products for the BoP market in order to better realize opportunities while addressing social factors.
Globalization Essay: The Role of State, The University of Cambridge, Mphil in...Milena Milicevic
This document provides a 3154 word summary of a student paper on whether developing countries need a strong and effective state to take advantage of opportunities in global markets. It begins by outlining the key factors that contribute to an effective state, including strong performance by various public and private actors working together. It then discusses how developing countries often need to improve governance to become more competitive globally. While an effective state is important, the role of the state declines in neo-liberal capitalism. The document examines the historical use of protectionism by now-developed countries and challenges for developing countries in globalization. It concludes by noting various policy challenges for developing country governments, such as gradual liberalization and managing monetary issues.
Act Local Please respond to the following in 2-3 paragraphsBased .docxbobbywlane695641
"Act Local" Please respond to the following: in 2-3 paragraphsBased on the two articles below, address the following:
What fundamental actions are at least two leaders of developing countries taking to improve the living standards of their people in terms of their economies, their political systems and their environments? Please give good response, DUE 6-11-15
· Development Shouldn’t Give Democracy the Cold Shoulder
· May 2013
· One of the strongest global trends today is the empowerment of citizens and their desire for dignity and freedom. As governments prepare for what should replace the Millennium Development Goals, they should take this into account. But don't hold your breath. Two recent surveys conducted by the United Nations to inform the discussion of the post-2015 agenda provide a striking demonstration of the widening gap between citizens and their governments.
·
· One of these is the U.N.-sponsored online survey known as My world. So far more than half a million citizens in 194 countries have voted in the survey, and the results show that "honest and responsive government" consistently ranks among the top three developmental priorities cited by respondents as desirable for their own countries. In the other survey undertaken among U.N. member state governments by the U.N. Secretary-General for the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development, "good governance" ranks bizarrely as only 25th out of 32 priorities listed. The disparity between the surveys' initial results are illustrative of a wider trend where citizens see democratic governance as a major priority, while governments don't. Keeping this in mind, there are two main reasons why the High-Level Panel report should make certain that it includes democracy in its recommendations for the new development framework.
·
· First, nothing matters more for development than national politics. As pointed out by Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson in their book Failed States, anyone who doubts the importance of national institutions and national policies need only look at the history of the two Koreas, which had the same economic starting point seven decades ago. Today, South Korea has a booming economy, high levels of education, and a life expectancy of 79 years, according to the World Health Organization. In North Korea, life expectancy is 64 years and the economy has stagnated under dictatorship. Open, democratic, and competitive politics with institutions that place constraints on power are far more likely to uphold the rule of law, protect property rights, and provide an inclusive market economy that limits corruption and provides opportunity for all.
·
· Second, this critical importance of national politics is only enhanced by the fact that trade, investment, and remittances are rapidly dwarfing traditional aid as vehicles for economic development. The world is waving goodbye to the old "donor-recipient" paradigm, in which the western world provides aid to support developi.
Global Growth Opportunities To 2030 Mark BeliczkyMark Beliczky
The document summarizes a presentation given by Mark Beliczky on global growth opportunities between 2008 and 2030. Some of the key points discussed include:
- Globalization will continue expanding and more non-Western nations like China and India will drive growth.
- The global population and middle class will increase significantly, fueling a boom in global consumption.
- China's economy will surpass the US to become the largest in the world and India will see very strong growth as well.
- However, poverty and income inequality are expected to rise substantially in parts of Africa and the developing world.
The document discusses how multinational corporations can profitably sell goods and services to the world's 4 billion poor people, who collectively have substantial purchasing power. It provides examples of companies like ITC in India that have built networks to connect with rural farmers, providing information and enabling direct sales of crops and supplies. While infrastructure and other challenges exist, companies that find ways to understand and serve the needs and lifestyles of the poor can tap into a large, growing market. Selling to the poor can be very lucrative while also benefiting consumers and helping reduce poverty.
This article discusses Root Capital, a nonprofit social investment fund that provides capital and financial training to small rural businesses in Latin America and Africa. Root Capital aims to grow rural prosperity and reduce poverty. It has provided over $320 million in loans to 350 businesses in 30 countries, benefiting over 500,000 small-scale farm households. Root Capital funds its loan portfolio from foundations, corporations, and other impact investors. The article profiles one such investor, The World We Want Foundation, and its leaders' visit to a Root Capital client in Haiti, an organic mango exporter helping farmers access premium markets.
Role of-financial-inclusion-in-restraining-entrepreneurial-breakdown-in-india1Ijcem Journal
This document discusses the role of financial inclusion in limiting entrepreneurial failure in India. It states that small and marginalized enterprises in the informal sector often do not have access to formal financial institutions due to a lack of proper documentation and property rights. As a result, millions of potential entrepreneurs are trapped in a cycle of exclusion and unable to benefit from opportunities. The document argues that increasing access to financial services like credit and insurance for these enterprises can empower entrepreneurs and help create an environment that fosters new business growth. It aims to explore how linkages between the formal and informal economies through financial inclusion tools can help plug leaks in the informal system and help entrepreneurs sustain their initiatives despite liquidity constraints.
Modernization theory posits that countries must undergo scientific and technological advancement to become modernized and increase living standards, with the West's role being to invest in developing countries' factories, education, and media to disseminate modern ideas. It has been criticized for being ethnocentric and for ignoring inequality. Dependency theory argues that the rich world's development was achieved through exploiting the developing world, making them dependent on imports and aid. World systems theory asserts that a global capitalist economy has existed since the 16th century, with some countries forging ahead to form the wealthy core region and the periphery specializing in raw materials.
Similar to The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramidby C.K. Prahalad and.docx (20)
The gathering of system related information about national infrastru.docxrtodd194
The gathering of system related information about national infrastructure is key for security analysis. In the same vein, correlation involves a specific type of analysis that can be performed to identify if security-related indicators emerge from the analysis. Discuss the importance of the security principle of collection and correlation. Identify some important sources from which information needs to be collected in the context of national and critical infrastructure protection. Also, identify the four distinct analytic methods that are available for the correlation of cyber security information. Provide examples and identify challenges that are involved in collection and correlation.
.
the gateway arch in St. Louis was built in 1965.it is the tallest mo.docxrtodd194
The Gateway Arch in St. Louis was built in 1965 and is the tallest monument in the United States. The arch can be modeled by the equation y=-0.00635x^2 + 4x, where x and y are in feet. This equation can be used to determine that the tallest point of the arch is 630 feet above the ground and the legs of the arch are 630 feet apart at their bases.
The G i r I on the PI an e John Morton came down.docxrtodd194
The
G i r I
on
the
PI an e
John Morton came down the aisle of the plane, banging his luggage
into people's knees and sweating angrily under his suit. He had just
run through the corridors of the airport, cursing and struggling with
his luggage, slipping and flailing in front of the vapid brat at the seat
assignmenJ: desk. Too winded to speak, he thrust his ticket at the boy
and readjusted his luggage in his sticky hands. ''You're a little late for
a seat assignment," Said the kid snottily. "!hope you can get on board
before it pulls away."
He took his boarding pass and said, "Thanks, you little prick."
The boy's discomfiture was made more obvious by his pretense of
hauteur; it both soothed and fed John's anger.·
At least he was able to stuff his bags into the compartment above
the first seat he found. He sat down, grunting territorially; and his
body slowly eased into a normal dull pulse and ebb. He looked at his
watch; desk attendant to the contrary; the plane was sitting stupidiy
still, twenty minutes after takeoff time. He had the ple-asing fantasy
of punching the little bastard's face.
He was always just barely making his flight. His wife had read in
one of her magazines that habitual lateness meant lack of interest in
life or depression or something. Well, who could blame him for lack
of interest in the crap he was dealing with?
121
Because they wanted to
He glanced at the guy a seat away from him on the left, an alco-
holic-looking old shark in an expensive suit, who sat staring fixedly at
a magazine _photograph of a grinning blonde in a white jumpsuit.
The plane continued to sit there, while stewardesses fiddled with
compartments and women rolled up and down the aisles on trips to
the bathroom. They were even boardlng a passenger; a woman had
just entered, flushed and vigorously banging along the aisle with her
luggage. She was very pretty, and he watched her, his body still fee-
bly sending off alarm signals in response to its forced run.
"Hi," she said. 'Tm in the middle there."
"By all means." The force of his anger entered his magnanimity
and swelled it hugely; he pinched his ankles together to let her by.
She put her bag under the seat in front of her, sat down, and rested
her booted feet on its pale leather. The old shark by the window
glanced appraisingly at her breasts through her open coat. He
looked up at her face and made smile movements. The stewardess
dld her parody of a suffocating person reaching for an air mask, the
pilot mumbled, the plane prepared to assert its unnatural presence in
nature.
"They said I'd missed my flight by fifteen minutes," she said. "But
I knew I'd make it. They're never on time." Her voice was unexpect-
edly small, with a rough, gravelly undertone that was seedy and
schoolgirlish at once.
"It's bullshit," he said.:.:.'·Well, what can you dol" She had large
hazel eyes.
She smlled a tight, rueful smlle that he associated with women
.
The Future of Project Management Please respond to the following.docxrtodd194
"The Future of Project Management" Please respond to the following:
Propose two (2) other areas of study (sociology, management, etc.) that might influence the future development of project management research. Support your proposals by specifying the reasoning behind your choices.
Determine how leaders should integrate fun activities into their projects. Provide two (2) examples of activities that you have been engaged in when working on a team project.
.
The function of professional nursing refers to the organizing princ.docxrtodd194
"The function of professional nursing refers to the organizing principle of a professional nurse ." With the numerous levels of entry in the nursing profession; discuss the following:
1. It is often said "a nurse is a nurse." Describe the attributes of a professional nurse?
2. How does a professional nurse impact patient and population outcomes?
At least two references, APA format
.
The Function and the use of Analytics of Partners Healthcare sys.docxrtodd194
The Function and the use of Analytics of Partners Healthcare system :
Clinical Knowledge Management
Financial
Administrative / Operations / Research
Incentive Funds Distribution
Best practice and success of partners healthcare system
The paper:
Must be two to four double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the
Ashford Writing Center. (Links to an external site.)
Must include a separate title page with the following:
Title of paper
Student’s name
Course name and number
Instructor’s name
Date submitted
Must use at least three scholarly sources in addition to the course text.
Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
.
The fundamental distinction between the Democrats and the Republican.docxrtodd194
The fundamental distinction between the Democrats and the Republicans during the late
nineteenth century arose from differences
A) in religious affiliation, geographic location, and ethnic background.
B) on civil service reform, foreign policy, and protective legislation.
C) on civil rights for blacks, Indian policy, and women's rights.
D) on tariffs, internal improvements, and currency policy.
.
The fundamental components of financial accounting, including it.docxrtodd194
The fundamental components of financial accounting, including items like assets/liabilities, journal entries, financial statements, debits/credits, and revenues/expenses. Select one of these topics or another item of your interest and discuss what you learned about it and how it will help you as you progress through accounting.
Take a closer look at accounting for inventory with a particular focus on inventory methods. The two primarily covered are referred to as FIFO and LIFO. Discuss what you learned about these methods, how they are alike and different, and why they are important to understand.
.
The Future of Health Care Delivery and Health PolicyThis discuss.docxrtodd194
The Future of Health Care Delivery and Health Policy
This discussion underlines the need for making forecasts regarding the future of the U.S. health care system and the forces in health care that shape change in the health system. The roles of various stakeholders in the U.S. health care system had been discussed: providers, employers, insurers, public policy makers, and consumers. An evaluation of the predictions of the health system and the identification of key challenges and what the stakeholders will play will need attention in the coming years.
Ø ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS LISTED BELOW.
Grading Rubric for the Future of Health Care Delivery and Health Policy
APA FORMAT, ENGLISH PUNCTUATION AND SPELLING. NO REFERNCES OLDER THAN 5 years. PLEASE PROVIDE PROOF OF TURN IT IN DOCUMENT.
1. Discuss how the U.S. health care system is evolving and the short- and long-term effects of forecasted changes.
2. Describe the principal drivers of change that will take place in the health system over the next 10 years.
3. What are some of your best ideas to improve quality and contain costs going forward?
.
The Futile Pursuit of HappinessBy Jon Gertner· Sept. 7, 2003.docxrtodd194
The Futile Pursuit of Happiness
By Jon Gertner
· Sept. 7, 2003
·
If Daniel Gilbert is right, then you are wrong. That is to say, if Daniel Gilbert is right, then you are wrong to believe that a new car will make you as happy as you imagine. You are wrong to believe that a new kitchen will make you happy for as long as you imagine. You are wrong to think that you will be more unhappy with a big single setback (a broken wrist, a broken heart) than with a lesser chronic one (a trick knee, a tense marriage). You are wrong to assume that job failure will be crushing. You are wrong to expect that a death in the family will leave you bereft for year upon year, forever and ever. You are even wrong to reckon that a cheeseburger you order in a restaurant -- this week, next week, a year from now, it doesn't really matter when -- will definitely hit the spot. That's because when it comes to predicting exactly how you will feel in the future, you are most likely wrong.
A professor in Harvard's department of psychology, Gilbert likes to tell people that he studies happiness. But it would be more precise to say that Gilbert -- along with the psychologist Tim Wilson of the University of Virginia, the economist George Loewenstein of Carnegie-Mellon and the psychologist (and Nobel laureate in economics) Daniel Kahneman of Princeton -- has taken the lead in studying a specific type of emotional and behavioral prediction. In the past few years, these four men have begun to question the decision-making process that shapes our sense of well-being: how do we predict what will make us happy or unhappy -- and then how do we feel after the actual experience? For example, how do we suppose we'll feel if our favorite college football team wins or loses, and then how do we really feel a few days after the game? How do we predict we'll feel about purchasing jewelry, having children, buying a big house or being rich? And then how do we regard the outcomes? According to this small corps of academics, almost all actions -- the decision to buy jewelry, have kids, buy the big house or work exhaustively for a fatter paycheck -- are based on our predictions of the emotional consequences of these events.
Until recently, this was uncharted territory. How we forecast our feelings, and whether those predictions match our future emotional states, had never been the stuff of laboratory research. But in scores of experiments, Gilbert, Wilson, Kahneman and Loewenstein have made a slew of observations and conclusions that undermine a number of fundamental assumptions: namely, that we humans understand what we want and are adept at improving our well-being -- that we are good at maximizing our utility, in the jargon of traditional economics. Further, their work on prediction raises some unsettling and somewhat more personal questions. To understand affective forecasting, as Gilbert has termed these studies, is to wonder if everything you have ever thought about life choices, and about h.
The function of a short story’s exposition is to __________. (.docxrtodd194
The function of a short story’s exposition is to
__________. (Points : 3)
present the setting and characters
carry the action to the turning point
begin the action of the plot
resolve the plot’s conflict
2. The point of highest action or the turning point of a short story is called its __________. (Points : 3)
climax
rising action
falling action
resolution
3. To imitate the way real people sound when they talk, writers can create dialogue that uses __________. (Points : 3)
dialect
imagery
sound effects
quotations
4. Readers can more readily identify with a story’s narrator if the writer uses __________. (Points : 3)
third-person omniscient point of view
third-person limited point of view
second-person point of view
first-person point of view
5. In "Thank You, M'am," the blue suede shoes represent __________. (Points : 3)
Roger's innocence
Mrs. Jones's youth
what Roger wants but cannot have
the lesson that Mrs. Jones teaches Roger
6. In their brief encounter, Mrs. Jones tries to teach Roger all of the following except __________. (Points : 3)
to never talk to strangers
to take responsibility for your actions
to have pride in yourself
to treat others respectfully
7. The narrator’s family life in “The Circuit” reveals the importance of __________. (Points : 3)
traveling for fun
having lots of money
getting a good education
working together toward a goal
8. At the beginning of “The Bracelet,” Ruri tells the reader that after her house has been packed up it feels like “a gift box after the nice thing inside was gone; just a lot of nothingness.” The author uses this image to communicate the story’s __________. (Points : 3)
mood
theme
climax
characterization
9. The climax of “The Circuit” occurs when __________. (Points : 3)
the narrator’s teacher agrees to give him trumpet lessons
the narrator and his brother join their father at work in the field
the narrator sits alone and worries on the bus
the family works quickly to pack the car with all their household goods
10. In what important way are facts and historical fiction used differently in a story? (Points : 3)
Historical fiction includes imaginative details that add dramatic interest, but facts can be proved.
Historical fiction is usually written about famous people, but facts are not about people.
Historical fiction is always based on historical events, but facts are not part of history.
Historical fiction usually includes details about the weather, but facts are usually about science.
11. What was most likely the author’s purpose for including the conversation between the two boys and Michael Faraday at the end of “Micha.
The Future Leader Scholarship is for students who have demonstrated .docxrtodd194
The Future Leader Scholarship is for students who have demonstrated enthusiasm and a natural aptitude to lead. This may be in a work context through inspiring and managing a high performing team, or by holding significant leadership roles in a social, charitable or entrepreneurial context
Requirments-
Name of organization -
Title of position held
Dates position held
Overview of role and responsibilities
A brief essay detailing the impact you had (max 300 words)
.
The Future of Cyber Crimes and Cyber TerrorismIn the United Stat.docxrtodd194
The Future of Cyber Crimes and Cyber Terrorism
In the United States, a number of law enforcement agencies, including the Secret Service, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the Department of Homeland Security among others have taken on roles to fight computer crimes and terrorism.
Use the Internet or Strayer library to research articles on the efforts of law enforcement agencies to combat cyber crimes and cyber terrorism, as well as the roles of such agencies in the future of the combat in question.
Create a 15-slide presentation or a 10-minute video presentation using Kaltura in which you:
Explain how the process of digital evidence is similar to the process of traditional crime scene evidence.
Identify some of the best sources of digital evidence for child abuse and exploitation, domestic violence, and gambling according to the National Institute of Justice.
Smartphones contain digital data and are often a key source of information for crimes. Summarize a criminal case in which a smartphone was a critical component in obtaining a conviction focusing on how the digital forensics from the phone was utilized in the case.
Describe Brothers' steps for forensic analysis of mobile devices.
.
THE FRANKENSTEIN PAPER!!!!!!!!!!!! For this paper, you.docxrtodd194
THE FRANKENSTEIN PAPER!!!!!!!!!!!!
For this paper, you will write a proposal for your honors thesis. The purpose of the thesis and
the presentation is to demonstrate that you have done or discovered something significant that
may make a difference in a particular field or gives others a new way to think about a theory,
text, author or process. Your thesis proposal should address the following according to
scholarly conventions in your field. Not every question will be spelled out in the final version,
but you will do well to consider each question as you write and think.
Statement of the Research Problem, Question, or Hypothesis
● What is the research problem/project, question, or hypothesis?
● Why are you interested in this area of research?
Context of the Problem, Question, or Hypothesis
● Based on your current review of the literature, how does the research problem,
question, or hypothesis fit in the context of the larger picture of the field?
● Why is the problem, question, or hypothesis important in light of the state of the
discipline in this area?
● Is there some historical/social/cultural/scientific context that you consider very
important for understanding this problem?
Methods and Procedures
● Describe the basic methods and procedures that you intend to use to address
or to solve the problem, question, or hypothesis.
● Are the methods conventional for your field?
Guidelines
-the appropriate format for your discipline
-8-10 pages
A B C D F
Statement of
problem/que
stion
The
“problem” is
stated clearly
and
concisely.
The problem is
stated but it is
either not clear
or not concise.
The
problem is
stated but
it is both
unclear
and
wordy.
It is hard to
find the
problem
statement.
There is no
problem stated.
Context of
problem/que
stion (lit
review)
The context
is presented
thoroughly.
Multiple
sources are
cited to
support the
point.
The context is
presented fairly
thoroughly but
may leave some
important
points not
touched upon.
Multiple
sources are
cited.
The
context is
presented
but not
thoroughly
. The
reader is
left with a
lot of
questions
about the
context.
Only one
or two
sources
are cited.
The context
is confusing
and does not
help the
reader at all.
There are no
sources.
No context is
provided.
Methods and
Procedures
The methods
and
procedures
are
appropriate,
feasible, and
clearly
described.
The methods
and procedures
are either
inappropriate,
not feasible or
not clearly
described.
The
methods
and
procedure
s are
inappropri
ate, not
feasible,
and not
clearly
described.
The methods
and
procedures
are a mess.
There are no
methods and
procedures.
Formatting The
formatting is
correct and
There are a few
formatting
errors.
There are
many
formatting
It is
impossible to
determine
No formatting
style was
attempted at all.
spe.
The Freedmens Bureau.....A. Had as its main purpose to prevent a.docxrtodd194
The Freedmen's Bureau.....
A. Had as its main purpose to prevent armed clashes between former masters and former slaves
B.regulated working conditions for former slaves, primarily through Freedmen's Court
C. was criticized bitterly by the planter class, but consistently praised by former slaves.
D. was canceled by congress over the opposition of Radicals, who saw the need for a permanent welfare agency.
.
The form attached is to be filled out on each one of these condi.docxrtodd194
The form attached is to be filled out on each one of these condition for a total of six separate assignment please save each one under the specified condition name.
Cervical cancer
Ovarian cancer
Lung cancer
Thalassemia
Sickle-cell anemia
anemia
.
The Fraud Triangle and HackingThe fraud triangle exists when t.docxrtodd194
The Fraud Triangle and Hacking
The fraud triangle exists when three elements are in place at a business – opportunity, pressure, and rationalization. Opportunity for fraud is usually present in organizations with weak (or few) internal controls. Pressure to commit fraud may come from outside sources (i.e. the boss wants to make sure EPS meets investor expectations) or could be internally driven (i.e. a person that has personal financial troubles). Once these first two elements are in place, a fraudster will commit fraud if they can rationalize it to themselves.
What motives do people have for hacking? Why has it become so popular in recent years?
PLEASE POST 200 WORDS WITH REFERENCES
.
The freedom of the press was included in the First Amendment to gu.docxrtodd194
The document discusses threats to an informed public from media sources throughout American history, including partisan bias, sensationalism, and government regulation. It also mentions more modern issues like narrowcasting and media consolidation. Students are assigned an essay on what they believe is the greatest obstacle today to an enlightened public, with examples and evidence to support their thesis. They must meet formatting and citation requirements.
The fourth mission of the Department of Homeland Security is to sa.docxrtodd194
The fourth mission of the Department of Homeland Security is to
safeguard and secure cyberspace (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
. The first goal supporting this mission is “Strengthen the security and resilience of critical infrastructure against cyber-attacks and other hazards.” A review of our nation’s
critical infrastructure (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
quickly highlights that much of our infrastructure is privately owned and operated, or it is a joint venture between public and private enterprise. Review the DHS Critical Infrastructure Sector Chart as you read the Introduction to Part 7 and Chapters 31, 32, and 34 in the primary text.
Initial Post
In a free and open economy, how does the Department of Homeland Security ensure our critical infrastructure is protected, especially when it is owned or operated by a private entity? For example, your post could deal with private airlines, airports, and port authorities; private power stations, dams, and electrical companies; transportation systems, cargo movement, and ports; or the Internet and the cyber world. What are the special considerations that must be taken into account? Write your post from the perspective of the Department of Homeland Security.
Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from required material(s) and/or other scholarly resources. Use APA format to cite your sources in text as well as at the end of your post in the list of references.
.
The fourth step in planning a unit plan is to research and decid.docxrtodd194
The fourth step in planning a unit plan is to research and decide on the necessary materials and resources that create engagement through anticipatory sets and help to develop confidence as competent users of technology.
Part 1: Materials, Resources, and Technology
Complete the “Materials, Resources, and Technology" sections of the "Science Unit Plan.” Include appropriate and relevant materials, resources, and technology that successfully:
Support students in chosen content, development of relevant skills, and encourage student engagement.
Support diverse student needs and learning advancement.
The details of the "Science Unit Plan" will continue to be fully developed and revised throughout the duration of the course, culminating in a complete unit plan due in Topic 5.
Part 2: Reflection
In 250-500 words, summarize and reflect on how planning for materials, resources, and technology can create engagement and motivation during a lesson. How can you utilize informational resources to engage students and help develop their confidence as competent users of technology? How will you evaluate curriculum materials, school/district resources, student data to make sure you are using appropriate and relevant materials?
Support your reflection with at least two scholarly resources.
Submit the "Science Unit Plan" and reflection as one deliverable.
.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
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তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
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In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
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Low-income markets present a prodigious
opportunity for the world’s wealthiest
companies — to seek their fortunes and
bring prosperity to the aspiring poor.
With the end of the Cold War, the former Soviet
Union and its allies, as well as China, India, and Latin
America, opened their closed markets to foreign invest-
ment in a cascading fashion. Although this significant
economic and social transformation has offered vast new
growth opportunities for multinational corporations
(MNCs), its promise has yet to be realized.
First, the prospect of millions of “middle-class” con-
sumers in developing countries, clamoring for products
from MNCs, was wildly oversold. To make matters
3. worse, the Asian and Latin American financial crises
have greatly diminished the attractiveness of emerging
markets. As a consequence, many MNCs worldwide
slowed investments and began to rethink risk–reward
structures for these markets. This retreat could become
even more pronounced in the wake of the terrorist
attacks in the United States last September.
The lackluster nature of most MNCs’ emerging-
market strategies over the past decade does not change
the magnitude of the opportunity, which is in reality
much larger than previously thought. The real source of
market promise is not the wealthy few in the developing
world, or even the emerging middle-income consumers:
It is the billions of aspiring poor who are joining the
market economy for the first time.
This is a time for MNCs to look at globalization
strategies through a new lens of inclusive capitalism. For
companies with the resources and persistence to com-
pete at the bottom of the world economic pyramid, the
prospective rewards include growth, profits, and incal-
culable contributions to humankind. Countries that still
don’t have the modern infrastructure or products toIll
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meet basic human needs are an ideal testing ground for
developing environmentally sustainable technologies
and products for the entire world.
Furthermore, MNC investment at “the bottom of
the pyramid” means lifting billions of people out of
poverty and desperation, averting the social decay, polit-
6. ical chaos, terrorism, and environmental meltdown that
is certain to continue if the gap between rich and poor
countries continues to widen.
Doing business with the world’s 4 billion poorest
people — two-thirds of the world’s population — will
require radical innovations in technology and business
models. It will require MNCs to reevaluate price–
performance relationships for products and services. It
will demand a new level of capital efficiency and new
ways of measuring financial success. Companies will be
forced to transform their understanding of scale, from a
“bigger is better” ideal to an ideal of highly distributed
small-scale operations married to world-scale capabilities.
In short, the poorest populations raise a prodigious
new managerial challenge for the world’s wealthiest
companies: selling to the poor and helping them
improve their lives by producing and distributing prod-
ucts and services in culturally sensitive, environmentally
sustainable, and economically profitable ways.
Four Consumer Tiers
At the very top of the world economic pyramid are 75
to 100 million affluent Tier 1 consumers from around
the world. (See Exhibit 1.) This is a cosmopolitan group
composed of middle- and upper-income people in
developed countries and the few rich elites from the
developing world. In the middle of the pyramid, in Tiers
2 and 3, are poor customers in developed nations and
the rising middle classes in developing countries, the tar-
gets of MNCs’ past emerging-market strategies.
Now consider the 4 billion people in Tier 4, at the
bottom of the pyramid. Their annual per capita income
7. — based on purchasing power parity in U.S. dollars —
is less than $1,500, the minimum considered necessary
to sustain a decent life. For well over a billion people —
roughly one-sixth of humanity — per capita income is
less than $1 per day.
Even more significant, the income gap between rich
and poor is growing. According to the United Nations,
the richest 20 percent in the world accounted for about
70 percent of total income in 1960. In 2000, that figure
reached 85 percent. Over the same period, the fraction
of income accruing to the poorest 20 percent in the
world fell from 2.3 percent to 1.1 percent.
This extreme inequity of wealth distribution rein-
forces the view that the poor cannot participate in the
global market economy, even though they constitute the
majority of the population. In fact, given its vast size,
Tier 4 represents a multitrillion-dollar market.
According to World Bank projections, the population at
the bottom of the pyramid could swell to more than 6
billion people over the next 40 years, because the bulk of
the world’s population growth occurs there.
The perception that the bottom of the pyramid is
not a viable market also fails to take into account the
growing importance of the informal economy among
the poorest of the poor, which by some estimates
accounts for 40 to 60 percent of all economic activity in
developing countries. Most Tier 4 people live in rural
villages, or urban slums and shantytowns, and they usu-
ally do not hold legal title or deed to their assets (e.g.,
dwellings, farms, businesses). They have little or no for-
C.K. Prahalad
([email protected]) is the
8. Harvey C. Fruehauf Professor
of Business Administration at
the University of Michigan
Business School, Ann Arbor.
He is also the founder and
chairman of Praja Inc., a
pioneer company in interactive
event experiences, based in
San Diego, Calif.
Stuart L. Hart
([email protected]) is professor
of strategic management,
Sarah Graham Kenan
Distinguished Scholar, and
codirector of the Center for
Sustainable Enterprise at the
University of North Carolina’s
Kenan–Flagler Business
School.
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mal education and are hard to reach via conventional
distribution, credit, and communications. The quality
and quantity of products and services available in Tier 4
is generally low. Therefore, much like an iceberg with
only its tip in plain view, this massive segment of the
global population — along with its massive market
opportunities — has remained largely invisible to the
corporate sector.
10. Fortunately, the Tier 4 market is wide open for
technological innovation. Among the many possibilities
for innovation, MNCs can be leaders in leapfrogging to
products that don’t repeat the environmental mistakes of
developed countries over the last 50 years. Today’s
MNCs evolved in an era of abundant natural resources
and thus tended to make products and services that were
resource-intensive and excessively polluting. The United
States’ 270 million people — only about 4 percent of
the world’s population — consume more than 25 per-
cent of the planet’s energy resources. To re-create those
types of consumption patterns in developing countries
would be disastrous.
We have seen how the disenfranchised in Tier 4 can
disrupt the way of life and safety of the rich in Tier 1 —
poverty breeds discontent and extremism. Although
complete income equality is an ideological pipe dream,
the use of commercial development to bring people out
of poverty and give them the chance for a better life is
critical to the stability and health of the global economy
and the continued success of Western MNCs.
The Invisible Opportunity
Among the top 200 MNCs in the world, the over-
whelming majority are based in developed countries.
U.S. corporations dominate, with 82; Japanese firms,
with 41, are second, according to a list compiled in
December 2000 by the Washington, D.C.–based
Institute for Policy Studies. So it is not surprising that
MNCs’ views of business are conditioned by their
knowledge of and familiarity with Tier 1 consumers.
Perception of market opportunity is a function of the
way many managers are socialized to think and the ana-
lytical tools they use. Most MNCs automatically dismiss
11. the bottom of the pyramid because they judge the mar-
ket based on income or selections of products and serv-
ices appropriate for developed countries.
To appreciate the market potential of Tier 4, MNCs
must come to terms with a set of core assumptions and
practices that influence their view of developing coun-
tries. We have identified the following as widely shared
orthodoxies that must be reexamined:
• Assumption #1 The poor are not our target con-
sumers because with our current cost structures, we can-
not profitably compete for that market.
• Assumption #2 The poor cannot afford and have
no use for the products and services sold in developed
markets.
• Assumption #3 Only developed markets appreci-
ate and will pay for new technology. The poor can use
the previous generation of technology.
• Assumption #4 The bottom of the pyramid is
not important to the long-term viability of our business.
We can leave Tier 4 to governments and nonprofits.
• Assumption #5 Managers are not excited by
business challenges that have a humanitarian dimension.
• Assumption #6 Intellectual excitement is in
developed markets. It is hard to find talented managers
who want to work at the bottom of the pyramid.
Each of these key assumptions obscures the value at
the bottom of the pyramid. It is like the story of the per-
son who finds a $20 bill on the sidewalk. Conventional
12. economic wisdom suggests if the bill really existed,
someone would already have picked it up! Like the $20
Exhibit 1: The World Economic Pyramid
* Based on purchasing power parity in U.S.$
Source: U.N. World Development Reports
Annual Per Capita Income*
More Than $20,000
$1,500–$20,000
Less Than $1,500
Population in Millions
75–100
4,000
Tiers
1
2 & 3
4
1,500–1,750
con
ten
14. bill, the bottom of the pyramid defies conventional
managerial logic, but that doesn’t mean it isn’t a large
and unexplored territory for profitable growth.
Consider the drivers of innovation and opportunities for
companies in Tier 4. (See Exhibit 2.) MNCs must rec-
ognize that this market poses a major new challenge:
how to combine low cost, good quality, sustainability,
and profitability.
Furthermore, MNCs cannot exploit these new
opportunities without radically rethinking how they go
to market. Exhibit 3 suggests some (but by no means all)
areas where an entirely new perspective is required to
create profitable markets in Tier 4.
Tier 4 Pioneers
Hindustan Lever Ltd. (HLL), a subsidiary of Great
Britain’s Unilever PLC and widely considered the best-
managed company in India, has been a pioneer among
MNCs exploring markets at the bottom of the pyramid.
For more than 50 years, HLL has served India’s small
elite who could afford to buy MNC products. In the
1990s, a local firm, Nirma Ltd., began offering deter-
gent products for poor consumers, mostly in rural areas.
In fact, Nirma created a new business system that
included a new product formulation, low-cost manufac-
turing process, wide distribution network, special pack-
aging for daily purchasing, and value pricing.
HLL, in typical MNC fashion, initially dismissed
Nirma’s strategy. However, as Nirma grew rapidly, HLL
could see its local competitor was winning in a market it
had disregarded. Ultimately, HLL saw its vulnerability
and its opportunity: In 1995, the company responded
with its own offering for this market, drastically altering
its traditional business model.
15. HLL’s new detergent, called Wheel, was formulated
to substantially reduce the ratio of oil to water in the
product, responding to the fact that the poor often wash
their clothes in rivers and other public water systems.
HLL decentralized the production, marketing, and dis-
tribution of the product to leverage the abundant labor
pool in rural India, quickly creating sales channels
through the thousands of small outlets where people at
the bottom of the pyramid shop. HLL also changed the
cost structure of its detergent business so it could intro-
duce Wheel at a low price point.
Today, Nirma and HLL are close competitors in the
detergent market, with 38 percent market share each,
according to IndiaInfoline.com, a business intelligence
and market research service. Unilever’s own analysis of
Nirma and HLL’s competition in the detergent business
reveals even more about the profit potential of the mar-
ketplace at the bottom of the pyramid. (See Exhibit 4.)
Contrary to popular assumptions, the poor can be a
very profitable market — especially if MNCs change
their business models. Specifically, Tier 4 is not a market
that allows for the traditional pursuit of high margins;
instead, profits are driven by volume and capital effi-
ciency. Margins are likely to be low (by current norms),
but unit sales can be extremely high. Managers who
focus on gross margins will miss the opportunity at the
bottom of the pyramid; managers who innovate and
focus on economic profit will be rewarded.
Nirma has become one of the largest branded deter-
gent makers in the world. Meanwhile, HLL, stimulated
by its emergent rival and its changed business model,
registered a 20 percent growth in revenues per year and
16. a 25 percent growth in profits per year between 1995
and 2000. Over the same period, HLL’s market capital-
Exhibit 2: Innovation and MNC Implications in Tier 4
Increased access among the poor to TV and information Tier 4
is becoming aware of many products and services
and is aspiring to share the benefits
Deregulation and the diminishing role of governments
and international aid
More hospitable investment climate for MNCs entering
developing countries and more cooperation from
nongovernmental organizations
Global overcapacity combined with intense competition
in Tiers 1, 2, and 3
Tier 4 represents a huge untapped market for profitable
growth
The need to discourage migration to overcrowded urban centers
MNCs must create products and services for rural populations
Drivers of Innovation Implications for MNCs
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ization grew to $12 billion — a growth rate of 40 per-
cent per year. HLL’s parent company, Unilever, also has
benefited from its subsidiary’s experience in India.
Unilever transported HLL’s business principles (not the
product or the brand) to create a new detergent market
among the poor in Brazil, where the Ala brand has been
a big success. More important, Unilever has adopted the
bottom of the pyramid as a corporate strategic priority.
As the Unilever example makes clear, the starting
assumption must be that serving Tier 4 involves bring-
ing together the best of technology and a global resource
base to address local market conditions. Cheap and low-
quality products are not the goal. The potential of Tier
4 cannot be realized without an entrepreneurial orienta-
tion: The real strategic challenge for managers is to visu-
alize an active market where only abject poverty exists
today. It takes tremendous imagination and creativity to
engineer a market infrastructure out of a completely
unorganized sector.
Serving Tier 4 markets is not the same as serving
existing markets better or more efficiently. Managers
first must develop a commercial infrastructure tailored
to the needs and challenges of Tier 4. Creating such an
infrastructure must be seen as an investment, much like
the more familiar investments in plants, processes, prod-
ucts, and R&D.
18. Further, contrary to more conventional investment
strategies, no firm can do this alone. Multiple players
must be involved, including local governmental author-
ities, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), commu-
nities, financial institutions, and other companies. Four
elements — creating buying power, shaping aspirations,
improving access, and tailoring local solutions — are the
keys to a thriving Tier 4 market. (See Exhibit 5.)
Each of these four elements demands innovation in
technology, business models, and management process-
es. And business leaders must be willing to experiment,
collaborate, empower locals, and create new sources of
competitive advantage and wealth.
Creating Buying Power
According to the International Labor Organization’s
World Employment Report 2001, nearly a billion people
— roughly one-third of the world’s work force — are
either underemployed or have such low-paying jobs that
they cannot support themselves or their families.
Helping the world’s poor elevate themselves above this
desperation line is a business opportunity to do well and
do good. To do so effectively, two interventions are cru-
cial — providing access to credit, and increasing the
earning potential of the poor. A few farsighted compa-
nies have already begun to blaze this trail with startling-
ly positive results.
Commercial credit historically has been unavailable
to the very poor. Even if those living in poverty had
access to a bank, without collateral it is hard to get cred-
it from the traditional banking system. As Peruvian
economist Hernando de Soto demonstrates in his path-
breaking work, The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism
19. Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else, commer-
cial credit is central to building a market economy.
Access to credit in the U.S. has allowed people of mod-
est means to systematically build their equity and make
major purchases, such as houses, cars, and education.
The vast majority of the poor in developing coun-
tries operate in the “informal” or extralegal economy,
since the time and cost involved in securing legal title for
their assets or incorporation of their microenterprises is
prohibitive. Developing countries have tried govern-
mental subsidies to free the poor from the cycle of
poverty, with little success. Even if the poor were able to
benefit from government support to start small busi-
nesses, their dependence on credit from local money-
lenders charging usurious rates makes it impossible to
succeed. Local moneylenders in Mumbai, India, charge
interest rates of up to 20 percent per day. This means
that a vegetable vendor who borrows Rs.100 ($2.08) in
the morning must return Rs.120 ($2.50) in the evening.
Extending credit to the poor so they can elevate
themselves economically is not a new idea. Consider
how I.M. Singer & Company, founded in 1851, pro-
vided credit as a way for millions of women to purchase
sewing machines. Very few of those women could have
Exhibit 3:
New Strategies for the Bottom of the Pyramid
Price Performance
• Product development
• Manufacturing
• Distribution
20. Views of Quality
• New delivery formats
• Creation of robust products
for harsh conditions
(heat, dust, etc.)
Sustainability
• Reduction in resource
intensity
• Recyclability
• Renewable energy
Profitability
• Investment intensity
• Margins
• Volume
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afforded the steep $100 price tag, but most could afford
a payment of $5 per month.
The same logic applies on a much larger scale in
Tier 4. Consider the experience of the Grameen Bank
Ltd. in Bangladesh, one of the first in the world to apply
a microlending model in commercial banking. Started
just over 20 years ago by Muhammad Yunus, then a pro-
fessor in the Economics Department at Chittagong
University, Bangladesh, Grameen Bank pioneered a
22. lending service for the poor that has inspired thousands
of microlenders, serving 25 million clients worldwide, in
developing countries and wealthy nations, including the
United States and Great Britain.
Grameen Bank’s program is designed to addresses
the problems of extending credit to lowest-income cus-
tomers — lack of collateral, high credit risk, and con-
tractual enforcement. Ninety-five percent of its 2.3
million customers are women, who, as the traditional
breadwinners and entrepreneurs in rural communities,
are better credit risks than men. Candidates for loans
must have their proposals thoroughly evaluated and sup-
ported by five nonfamily members of the community.
The bank’s sales and service people visit the villages fre-
quently, getting to know the women who have loans and
the projects in which they are supposed to invest. In this
way, lending due diligence is accomplished without the
mountain of paperwork and arcane language common
in the West.
With 1,170 branches, Grameen Bank today pro-
vides microcredit services in more than 40,000 villages,
more than half the total number in Bangladesh. As of
1996, Grameen Bank had achieved a 95 percent repay-
ment rate, higher than any other bank in the Indian
subcontinent. However, the popularity of its services has
also spawned more local competitors, which has cut into
its portfolio and shrunk its profits over the past few years.
In addition, Grameen Bank’s rate of return is not
easy to assess. Historically, the bank was an entirely
manual, field-based operation, a structure that undercut
its efficiency. Today, spin-offs such as Grameen Telecom
(a provider of village phone service) and Grameen Shakti
23. (a developer of renewable energy sources) are helping
Grameen Bank build a technology infrastructure to
automate its processes. As the bank develops its online
business model, profitability should increase dramatical-
ly, highlighting the importance of information technol-
ogy in the acceleration of the microcredit revolution.
Perhaps the most pertinent measure of Grameen
Bank’s success is the global explosion of institutional
interest in microlending it has stimulated around the
world. In South Africa, where 73 percent of the popula-
tion earns less than R5,000 ($460) per month, accord-
ing to a 2001 World Bank study, retail banking services
for low-income customers are becoming one of the most
competitive and fast-growing mass markets. In 1994,
Standard Bank of South Africa Ltd., Africa’s leading
consumer bank, launched a low-cost, volume-driven
e-banking business, called AutoBank E, to grow revenue
by providing banking services to the poor. Through the
use of 2,500 automated teller machines (ATMs) and 98
AutoBank E-centres, Standard now has the largest
presence in South Africa’s townships and other under-
serviced areas of any domestic bank. As of April 2001,
Standard served nearly 3 million low-income customers
and is adding roughly 60,000 customers per month,
according to South Africa’s Sunday Times.
Standard does not require a minimum income of
customers opening an AutoBank E account, although
they must have some regular income. People who have
never used a bank can open an account with a deposit of
as little as $8. Customers are issued an ATM card and
shown how to use it by staff who speak a variety of
African dialects. A small flat fee is charged for each ATM
transaction. An interest-bearing “savings purse” is
24. attached to every account to
encourage poor customers to save.
Interest rates on deposits are low,
but superior to keeping cash in
a jar. The Sunday Times also
reported that Standard Bank is
considering a loan program for
low-income clients.
Computerization of micro-
lending services not only makes
the overall operation more effi-
cient, but also makes it possible to
Exhibit 4: Nirma vs. HLL in India’s Detergent Market (1999)
Source: Presentation by John Ripley, senior vice president,
Unilever,
at the Academy of Management Meeting, August 10, 1999
Total Sales ($ Million) 150 100 180
Gross Margin (%) 18 18 25
ROCE (%) 121 93 22
Nirma HLL (Wheel) HLL (High-End Products)
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reach many more people — lending money to individ-
uals with no collateral and no formal address. Since
there is lower overhead and little paperwork, AutoBank’s
costs are 30 to 40 percent lower than those at tradition-
al branches.
At the 1999 Microcredit Summit, the United
Nations, in conjunction with several major MNCs, such
as Citigroup Inc. and Monsanto Company, set a goal of
making basic credit available to the 100 million poorest
families in the world by the year 2005. Unfortunately,
the success of this undertaking has been slowed by
high transaction costs, a lack of automation, and poor
information and communications infrastructures in
rural areas.
To address these issues and accelerate the develop-
ment of microlending, French banker Jacques Attali, the
founding president of the European Bank for
Reconstruction and Development and a former chief
aide of French President François Mitterand during the
1980s, has created PlaNet Finance. Its Web site,
www.planetfinance.org, links thousands of microcredit
groups worldwide into a network to help microbanks
share solutions and lower costs.
Ultimately, the development of an automated solu-
tion for tracking and processing the millions of small
26. loans associated with microlending should be possible. If
processing and transaction costs can be reduced enough,
they can then be bundled together and sold in the sec-
ondary market to multinational financial institutions
like Citigroup. This would greatly expand the capital
available for microlending beyond the current pool from
donors and governments.
In the United States, microlending has also taken
root over the past decade in poor urban neighborhoods.
For example, the ShoreBank Corporation, formerly
South Shore Bank, has demonstrated the profitability of
banking for the poor in Chicago’s troubled South Side.
Project Enterprise, a Grameen-like program based in
New York City, is aimed at minority entrepreneurs.
Several multinational banks are beginning to offer
microbanking services in developing countries.
Citigroup, for instance, is experimenting in Bangalore,
India, with 24/7 services for customers with as little as a
$25 on deposit. Initial results are very positive.
Shaping Aspirations
Sustainable product innovations initiated in Tier 4, and
promoted through consumer education, will not only
positively influence the choices of people at the bottom
of the pyramid, but may ultimately reshape the way
Americans and others in Tier 1 live. Indeed, in 20 years,
we may look back to see that Tier 4 provided the early
market pull for disruptive technologies that replaced
unsustainable technologies in developed countries and
advanced the fortunes of MNCs with foresight.
For example, Unilever’s HLL subsidiary has tackled
the lack of practical, inexpensive, low-energy-consum-
27. ing refrigeration in India. HLL’s laboratories developed
a radically different approach to refrigeration that allows
ice cream to be transported across the country in stan-
dard nonrefrigerated trucks. The system allows quantum
reductions in electricity use and makes dangerous and
polluting refrigerants unnecessary. As a bonus, the new
system is cheaper to build and use.
Electricity, water, refrigeration, and many other
essential services are all opportunities in developing
countries. A U.S.-based NGO, the Solar Electric Light
Fund (SELF), has creatively adapted technology and
applied microcredit financing to bring electrical service
to people in remote villages in Africa and Asia who
otherwise would spend money to burn hazardous
kerosene, candles, wood, or dung for their light and
cooking. SELF’s rural electrification system is based on
small-scale on-site power generation using renewable
resources. A revolving loan fund gives villagers the finan-
cial means to operate these electrical systems themselves,
also creating jobs. Since its founding in 1990, SELF has
launched projects in China, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal,
Exhibit 5:
The Commercial Infrastructure at the Bottom of
the Pyramid
Improving Access
• Distribution systems
• Communications
links
Shaping Aspirations
• Consumer education
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Vietnam, Indonesia, Brazil, Uganda, Tanzania, South
Africa, and the Solomon Islands.
The success of SELF and other NGOs focused on
small-scale distributed energy solutions has begun to
attract the attention of Western companies such as the
U.S.’s Plug Power Inc. (fuel cells) and Honeywell Inc.
(microturbines). They see the logic in moving into a
wide-open market in Tier 4 rather than trying to force
their technology prematurely into applications for the
developed markets, where incumbents and institutions
stand in their way. With several billion potential cus-
tomers around the world, investments in such innova-
tions should be well worth it.
31. Improving Access
Because Tier 4 communities are often physically and
economically isolated, better distribution systems and
communication links are essential to development of the
bottom of the pyramid. Few of the large emerging-
market countries have distribution systems that reach
more than half of the population. (Hence the continued
dependence of the poorest consumers on local products
and services and moneylenders.) As a consequence, few
MNCs have designed their distribution systems to cater
to the needs of poor rural customers.
Creative local companies, however, lead the way in
effective rural distribution. In India, for instance,
Arvind Mills has introduced an entirely new delivery
system for blue jeans. Arvind, the world’s fifth-largest
denim manufacturer, found Indian domestic denim
sales limited. At $40 to $60 a pair, the jeans were not
affordable to the masses, and the existing distribution
system reached only a few towns and villages. So Arvind
introduced “Ruf & Tuf ” jeans — a ready-to-make kit of
jeans components (denim, zipper, rivets, and a patch)
priced at about $6. Kits were distributed through a net-
32. work of thousands of local tailors, many in small rural
towns and villages, whose self-interest motivated them
to market the kits extensively. Ruf & Tuf jeans are now
the largest-selling jeans in India, easily surpassing Levi’s
and other brands from the U.S. and Europe.
MNCs can also play a role in distributing the prod-
ucts of Tier 4 enterprises in Tier 1 markets, giving
bottom-of-the-pyramid enterprises their first links to
international markets. Indeed, it is possible through
partnerships to leverage traditional knowledge bases to
produce more sustainable, and in some cases superior,
products for consumption by Tier 1 customers.
Anita Roddick, CEO of The Body Shop
International PLC, demonstrated the power of this
strategy in the early 1990s through her company’s “trade
not aid” program of sourcing local raw material and
products from indigenous people.
More recently, the Starbucks Corporation, in coop-
eration with Conservation International, has pioneered
a program to source coffee directly from farmers in the
Chiapas region of Mexico. These farms grow coffee
beans organically, using shade, which preserves songbird
33. habitat. Starbucks markets the product to U.S. con-
sumers as a high-quality, premium coffee; the Mexican
farmers benefit economically from the sourcing arrange-
ment, which eliminates intermediaries from the business
model. This direct relationship also improves the local
farmers’ understanding and knowledge of the Tier 1
market and its customer expectations.
Information poverty may be the single biggest
roadblock to sustainable development. More than half
of humanity has yet to make a single phone call.
Bringing modern IT equipment to Tier 4
villages makes possible such applications as
tele-education, telemedicine, microbanking,
and agricultural extension services.
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However, where telephones and Internet connections do
exist, for the first time in history, it is possible to imag-
ine a single, interconnected market uniting the world’s
rich and poor in the quest for truly sustainable econom-
ic development. The process could transform the “digi-
tal divide” into a “digital dividend.”
Ten years ago, Sam Pitroda, currently chairman and
CEO of London-based Worldtel Ltd., a company creat-
ed by a telecommunications union to fund telecom
development in emerging markets, came to India with
the idea of “rural telephones.” His original concept was
to have a community telephone, operated by an entre-
preneur (usually a woman) who charged a fee for the use
of the telephone and kept a percentage as wages for
maintaining the telephone. Today, from most parts of
35. India, it is possible to call anyone in the world.
Other entrepreneurs have introduced fax services,
and some are experimenting with low-cost e-mail and
Internet access. These communication links have dra-
matically altered the way villages function and how they
are connected to the rest of the country and the world.
With the emergence of global broadband connections,
opportunities for information-based business in Tier 4
will expand significantly.
New ventures such as CorDECT in India and
Celnicos Communications in Latin America are devel-
oping information technology and business models suit-
ed to the particular requirements of the bottom of the
pyramid. Through shared-access models (e.g., Internet
kiosks), wireless infrastructure, and focused technology
development, companies are dramatically reducing the
cost of being connected. For example, voice and data
connectivity typically costs companies $850 to $2,800
per line in the developed world; CorDECT has reduced
this cost to less than $400 per line, with a goal of $100
per line, which would bring telecommunications within
reach of virtually everyone in the developing world.
36. Recognizing an enormous business and develop-
ment opportunity, Hewlett-Packard Company has artic-
ulated a vision of “world e-inclusion,” with a focus on
providing technology, products, and services appropriate
to the needs of the world’s poor. As part of this strategy,
HP has entered into a venture with the MIT Media Lab
and the Foundation for Sustainable Development of
Costa Rica — led by former President Jose Maria
Figueres Olsen — to develop and implement “telecen-
ters” for villages in remote areas. These digital town cen-
ters provide modern information technology equipment
with a high-speed Internet connection at a price that is
affordable, through credit vehicles, at the village level.
Bringing such technology to villages in Tier 4 makes
possible a number of applications, including tele-educa-
tion, telemedicine, microbanking, agricultural extension
services, and environmental monitoring, all of which
help to spur microenterprise, economic development,
and access to world markets. This project, named
Lincos, is expected to spread from today’s pilot sites in
Central America and the Caribbean to Asia, Africa, and
Central Europe.