The formation of the centralised state
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The document discusses the formation of the centralized state in Japan during the Asuka period through influence from China. It notes how Japan adopted Chinese systems of bureaucracy (Ritsuryo codes), religion (Buddhism), culture, and architecture. The Soga clan rose to power by supporting Buddhism and defeating opponents. Prince Shotoku implemented early reforms based on Confucian ideals. Later reforms, like establishing the capital Nara based on Chang'an and the Taika reforms, further integrated Chinese systems of government into Japan. However, these reforms weakened the centralized state over time.
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Japan
During the 7th-8th centuries CE, Japan's imperial court in Nara was influenced by Chinese culture. The Taika Reforms of 646 aimed to restructure Japanese administration along Chinese lines. Aristocrats adopted Confucian customs and Buddhism spread among peasants, who combined Buddhist deities with Japanese nature spirits. In 784, the capital moved to Heian (Kyoto) to curb powerful Buddhist monks, but monasteries still grew in surrounding areas. The Heian period saw a luxurious imperial culture centered around poetry and courtly love.
China
- China has a 4,000 year old society that was traditionally ruled by a series of dynasties made up of rulers from the same family, with the first being the Shang Dynasty in 1700 BC.
- The Qin Dynasty in 221 BC was responsible for uniting China under one government and giving the country its name. Other important dynasties included the Han and Qing dynasties.
- In the 20th century, China experienced periods of civil war and unrest as the Nationalist party vied for control with the Communist party led by Mao Zedong, culminating in the Communists defeating the Nationalists and establishing the People's Republic of China in 1949.
Brief history of china
China has a long history spanning thousands of years. Early societies developed agriculture and pottery making as evidenced by artifacts from the Yangshao period and oracle bones from the Shang Dynasty. Imperial rule was established through a dynastic system with emperors viewed as the "Son of Heaven" ruling with the "Mandate of Heaven." Key dynasties included the Qin which first unified China, the Han which was a golden age, the Tang which expanded Chinese territory, and the Ming which was a stable period. In the early 20th century, the Qing Dynasty fell and the Republic of China was established, but civil war erupted between the Nationalists and Communists with Mao Zedong founding the People's Republic of
Nara and heian periods
The document describes a scenario where the reader is a noble serving the empress of Japan during the Heian period. While walking in the garden, the empress gives the reader a small blank book and instructs that nobles keep diaries to record their lives. The reader is then asked what they will write in their new diary.
How,when and where
Hindu,Muslim and British In AD 1817,a scottish economist and political philosopher called James mill divided india’s past into three periods–Hindu,muslim and british. mill’s preiodisation was widely accepted at the time. But today,many historians do not agree with his division of the past into hindu or muslim periods on the basis of the religion of rulers. They point out the number of problems with such a classification. firstly,not all ancient a rulers were hindu and not all medival indian rulers were muslim.Many rulers in ancient india belonged to other faiths , such as Buddhism Jainism, etc
Nowdays, many historians classify India past into the ancient, the medival and the modern period.The ancient period said to have ended in the 7th century AD with the death of harshavardhana. The medival period is said to extend from AD 700 to AD 1750.This was the period of regional rulers such as the cholas ,rajputs, the palas, etc. the modern is period is to have begun in the 18th centuary AD.The British also exploited the country resources for their own gain-they collected revenue from the land owners. There polices
Gradually turned india from an exporter of finished goods to an exporter of raw material of british goods. This led to a huge drain of wealth and resources of india . Such subjucation of one country by another that brings about political social ecnomic and cultural changes is called colonisation. Therefore, this period which saw the colonisation of india is also called the colonial periods in indian history.
New political formations After Aurangzeb’s death in AD 1707, mughal power declined and many regional and political forces began to assert their authority over the subcontinent. A number of independent states were carved out of the old mughal provinces in the 18th century AD. Among these the states of Awadh,Bengal and Hyderabad were important. They were founded by mughal nobels the state of hyderabad was founded by Chin Qilich khan , the state of bengal was established by Murshid Quli khan , while awadh became independent under Sa’adat khan another important state at the time was Mysore ,which was never under direct
Mughal control. It had emerged as a powerful state under Hyder Ali and his son Tipu sultan. As Mughal power faded ,other political groups, such as the raj puts, the Marathas , the Sikhs, and the also seized control of various territories . Tipu sultan Aurangzeb
The British intially came to India for trade. They were interested in setting up trading centers for exchanging Indians goods, not conquering territories . They tried to take control of indian markets and setup trading posts they came in conflict with religions powers and other euoropean traders , like the Dutch and Protuguese after that they soon realised the need for occuping territories to established their power by AD 1757 , The British had forcibly taken control on bengal .
THIS PROJECT WAS MADE BY: RAHUL KUMAR BHAGAT
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- Early dynasties that ruled China included the Xia Dynasty from around 2200-1500 BCE and the Shang Dynasty from 1500-1050 BCE, which developed innovations like the first Chinese writing system and oracle bone divination.
- The Zhou Dynasty arose in 1027 BCE and introduced a new feudal system of government, but eventually declined as local lords grew more powerful, leading to the Warring States period.
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Japan
During the 7th-8th centuries CE, Japan's imperial court in Nara was influenced by Chinese culture. The Taika Reforms of 646 aimed to restructure Japanese administration along Chinese lines. Aristocrats adopted Confucian customs and Buddhism spread among peasants, who combined Buddhist deities with Japanese nature spirits. In 784, the capital moved to Heian (Kyoto) to curb powerful Buddhist monks, but monasteries still grew in surrounding areas. The Heian period saw a luxurious imperial culture centered around poetry and courtly love.
China
- China has a 4,000 year old society that was traditionally ruled by a series of dynasties made up of rulers from the same family, with the first being the Shang Dynasty in 1700 BC.
- The Qin Dynasty in 221 BC was responsible for uniting China under one government and giving the country its name. Other important dynasties included the Han and Qing dynasties.
- In the 20th century, China experienced periods of civil war and unrest as the Nationalist party vied for control with the Communist party led by Mao Zedong, culminating in the Communists defeating the Nationalists and establishing the People's Republic of China in 1949.
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China has a long history spanning thousands of years. Early societies developed agriculture and pottery making as evidenced by artifacts from the Yangshao period and oracle bones from the Shang Dynasty. Imperial rule was established through a dynastic system with emperors viewed as the "Son of Heaven" ruling with the "Mandate of Heaven." Key dynasties included the Qin which first unified China, the Han which was a golden age, the Tang which expanded Chinese territory, and the Ming which was a stable period. In the early 20th century, the Qing Dynasty fell and the Republic of China was established, but civil war erupted between the Nationalists and Communists with Mao Zedong founding the People's Republic of
Nara and heian periods
The document describes a scenario where the reader is a noble serving the empress of Japan during the Heian period. While walking in the garden, the empress gives the reader a small blank book and instructs that nobles keep diaries to record their lives. The reader is then asked what they will write in their new diary.
How,when and where
Hindu,Muslim and British In AD 1817,a scottish economist and political philosopher called James mill divided india’s past into three periods–Hindu,muslim and british. mill’s preiodisation was widely accepted at the time. But today,many historians do not agree with his division of the past into hindu or muslim periods on the basis of the religion of rulers. They point out the number of problems with such a classification. firstly,not all ancient a rulers were hindu and not all medival indian rulers were muslim.Many rulers in ancient india belonged to other faiths , such as Buddhism Jainism, etc
Nowdays, many historians classify India past into the ancient, the medival and the modern period.The ancient period said to have ended in the 7th century AD with the death of harshavardhana. The medival period is said to extend from AD 700 to AD 1750.This was the period of regional rulers such as the cholas ,rajputs, the palas, etc. the modern is period is to have begun in the 18th centuary AD.The British also exploited the country resources for their own gain-they collected revenue from the land owners. There polices
Gradually turned india from an exporter of finished goods to an exporter of raw material of british goods. This led to a huge drain of wealth and resources of india . Such subjucation of one country by another that brings about political social ecnomic and cultural changes is called colonisation. Therefore, this period which saw the colonisation of india is also called the colonial periods in indian history.
New political formations After Aurangzeb’s death in AD 1707, mughal power declined and many regional and political forces began to assert their authority over the subcontinent. A number of independent states were carved out of the old mughal provinces in the 18th century AD. Among these the states of Awadh,Bengal and Hyderabad were important. They were founded by mughal nobels the state of hyderabad was founded by Chin Qilich khan , the state of bengal was established by Murshid Quli khan , while awadh became independent under Sa’adat khan another important state at the time was Mysore ,which was never under direct
Mughal control. It had emerged as a powerful state under Hyder Ali and his son Tipu sultan. As Mughal power faded ,other political groups, such as the raj puts, the Marathas , the Sikhs, and the also seized control of various territories . Tipu sultan Aurangzeb
The British intially came to India for trade. They were interested in setting up trading centers for exchanging Indians goods, not conquering territories . They tried to take control of indian markets and setup trading posts they came in conflict with religions powers and other euoropean traders , like the Dutch and Protuguese after that they soon realised the need for occuping territories to established their power by AD 1757 , The British had forcibly taken control on bengal .
THIS PROJECT WAS MADE BY: RAHUL KUMAR BHAGAT
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- Ancient China's geography played an important role in its development, with several physical barriers separating it from its neighbors. Its two major rivers, the Yellow River and Yangtze River, would often flood, leaving fertile silt behind.
- Early dynasties that ruled China included the Xia Dynasty from around 2200-1500 BCE and the Shang Dynasty from 1500-1050 BCE, which developed innovations like the first Chinese writing system and oracle bone divination.
- The Zhou Dynasty arose in 1027 BCE and introduced a new feudal system of government, but eventually declined as local lords grew more powerful, leading to the Warring States period.
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The document summarizes major political developments in China from ancient dynasties to the modern era. It describes the rise and fall of dynasties like the Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han and the philosophies like Confucianism and Legalism that influenced government. It then discusses foreign invasions, the decline of the Qing, and the establishment of the Republic of China. Finally, it outlines the Communist rise under Mao Zedong, the establishment of the People's Republic of China, and Mao's social and economic campaigns like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution.
Chapter 6
The major colonizers of Southeast Asia were Europeans, Japanese and the U.S. All in all, there were seven colonial powers in Southeast Asia: Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, Great Britain, France, the United States, and Japan. From the 1500s to the mid-1940s, colonialism was imposed over Southeast Asia.
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1) The Yuan Dynasty was founded by Kublai Khan and was part of the vast Mongol Empire, which at its peak covered over 4.6 million square miles and was the largest empire in history.
2) While the Mongols adopted some aspects of Chinese governance, they maintained power and did not fully adopt Chinese culture, leading to tensions with the Chinese population.
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Brief introduction to history of china and its administrative divisions
Brief introduction about chinese history including pre imperial era and post imperial era in China, Chinese culture & language and its territorial administrative divisions.
Ptm 1.13 ancient china
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The document summarizes the history of China and East Asia from prehistory to imperial China. It notes that early Chinese civilizations developed along major rivers like the Huang He and Chang Jiang. The earliest dynasties, like the Xia and Shang, ruled in this region. The Zhou dynasty that followed was the longest lasting in Chinese history. Confucianism and other philosophies like Daoism and Buddhism gained influence during different dynasties. The Qin unified China for the first time and established the imperial system, though their rule was brief. The Han dynasty then ruled China for centuries and saw developments like the Silk Road. Later, China divided during the Three Kingdoms period before reunifying.
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1) As a nation of islands, it was able to remain isolated from other countries when it chose but was still near enough to China to borrow from its civilization.
2) Its mountainous terrain and appreciation for nature shaped Japanese culture, religion, and arts which emphasized simplicity and natural beauty.
3) Its isolation allowed feudal systems and samurai warriors to develop with their own cultural traditions and codes of conduct before eventually closing itself off from the world during the Tokugawa period.
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Empress Gemmi established residence in Heijyo-kyo, now Nara City, in 710, marking the start of the Nara period. During this time, Buddhism gained widespread acceptance in Japan, due in part to Empress Shotoku, though her relations with a Buddhist faith healer later led to women being excluded from imperial succession. Emperors admired Buddhist teachings like the Sutra of Golden Light, and literature advanced as the imperial court produced famous works like the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki to record history.
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1) The document discusses key people and terms from China's Qin and Han dynasties such as Qin Shihuangdi, the first emperor of China who built the Great Wall, and Han Wudi who instituted civil service exams.
2) It also summarizes how Buddhism spread in China due to people seeking relief from stress, and the impact of the Silk Road in connecting China to trade networks in Asia and beyond.
3) The Qin dynasty fell due to its cruelty and oppression of people, while the Han dynasty improved life and government but eventually declined due to wars, rebellions and plots against the emperor.
History of japan
1) Early Japan saw the development of rice agriculture and social classes during the Yayoi Period. By the 4th century AD, Yamato Japan had emerged with its capital in the Yamato province.
2) The Asuka Period saw increased Chinese influence and the introduction of Buddhism. The Taika Reforms of 645 modeled Japan's government after the Chinese system.
3) The Nara and Heian Periods saw the establishment of permanent capitals in Nara and Heian-kyo (Kyoto). Chinese influence declined as indigenous Japanese culture grew. Political power shifted from the emperor to powerful landowners like the Fujiwara clan.
Japan history early japan
1) Early Japan saw the development of rice agriculture and social classes during the Yayoi Period. By the 4th century AD, Yamato Japan had emerged with its capital in the Yamato province.
2) The Asuka Period saw increased Chinese influence and the introduction of Buddhism. The Taika Reforms of 645 modeled Japan's government after the Chinese system.
3) The Nara and Heian Periods saw the establishment of permanent capitals in Nara and Heian-kyo (Kyoto). Chinese influence declined as indigenous Japanese culture grew. Political power shifted from the emperor to powerful landowners like the Fujiwara clan.
Japan
During the 7th-8th centuries CE, Japan's imperial court in Nara was influenced by Chinese culture. The Taika Reforms of 646 aimed to restructure Japanese administration along Chinese lines. Aristocrats adopted Confucian customs and Buddhism spread among peasants, who combined Buddhist deities with Japanese nature spirits. In 784, the capital moved to Heian (Kyoto) to curb powerful Buddhist monks, but monasteries still grew in surrounding areas. The Heian period saw a luxurious imperial culture centered around poetry and courtly love.
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The document discusses the cultural and political influences between East Asian countries over several centuries. It describes how Korea acted as a cultural bridge, transmitting influences between China and Japan in various areas like technology, philosophy, art and techniques. Specific examples provided include the introduction of Buddhism to Japan via Korea in 538 AD, and Korean craftsmen influencing a revolution in Japanese pottery making in the 16th century. Many influences originated in China but were adapted in Korea first before reaching Japan.
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The document provides an overview of South Korea, including its history, government, culture, economy, and relationship with Kentucky. Some key points:
- South Korea has experienced occupation by foreign powers like China, Japan and the US throughout its history. It is now a liberal democracy.
- Korean culture is heavily influenced by Confucianism and emphasizes collectivism, hierarchy and maintaining harmony. Nonverbal communication is important.
- South Korea has a modern economy focused on exports like electronics and automobiles. It faces challenges from a declining population and aging workforce.
- Kentucky has economic ties to South Korea through trade and foreign companies with facilities in the state. Understanding cultural differences is important for business relations.
NCERT History ssc book our pasts
Map 1 from 1154 CE and Map 2 from the 1720s depict the same area of the Indian subcontinent. Map 1, created by the Arab geographer Al-Idrisi, is less accurate with places labeled in Arabic and south India appearing in the north. Map 2, created by a French cartographer nearly 600 years later, seems more familiar to us as information had changed considerably over time. The maps demonstrate how cartography and knowledge of geography evolved between the 12th and 18th centuries.
3unifiedsilla 150915215939-lva1-app6892 revised
The Three Kingdoms period in Korean history saw the rise of Buddhism and its adoption as the state religion in different kingdoms at different times. Silla initially accepted Buddhism later than the other kingdoms. Buddhism profoundly influenced Silla arts and architecture, with many temples built including the famous Pulguksa temple. The powerful kingdom of Silla went on to unify the Korean peninsula under its rule in the 7th century through military victories over neighboring kingdoms with some assistance from China. Silla developed advanced political institutions, culture, and the arts during this time.
Asian studies lecture hand outs
This document summarizes the history of pre-colonial Asia, focusing on Japan and Korea. It outlines 11 distinct periods in Japanese history from 12,500 BCE to 1573 CE, characterized by developments like the creation of pottery, introduction of agriculture and iron tools, construction of large burial mounds, acceptance of Buddhism, and the establishment of a feudal system. It also notes Korea was dominated by three kingdoms: Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. Archaeological and historical evidence are used to understand these societies.
Tangsong
The Tang and Song dynasties saw periods of political unification and cultural and economic achievements in China, but also decline. The Tang expanded the Chinese empire through military campaigns and trade along the Silk Road but weakened due to internal corruption and external invasions. The Song modernized bureaucracy, developed new farming techniques, and pioneered printing paper money, but faced invasion from nomadic groups and the Mongols, culminating in the start of the Yuan dynasty in 1279. Neo-Confucianism became the new governing philosophy and footbinding emerged as a female tradition during this time period.
AP Yuan Dynasty
The document discusses the Yuan Dynasty in China, which was established in 1271 after Kublai Khan conquered the Song Dynasty. Some key points:
1) The Yuan Dynasty was founded by Kublai Khan and was part of the vast Mongol Empire, which at its peak covered over 4.6 million square miles and was the largest empire in history.
2) While the Mongols adopted some aspects of Chinese governance, they maintained power and did not fully adopt Chinese culture, leading to tensions with the Chinese population.
3) The Yuan Dynasty encouraged trade and communication with other countries, importing goods from places like India and Arabia and exporting Chinese goods like silk and porcelain. However, taxes and
Qing dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1911. It was established by the Manchu people after conquering the Ming Dynasty. Culturally, the Manchus adopted many aspects of traditional Chinese culture, especially Confucianism, though they maintained control politically as a foreign ethnic group. The dynasty experienced a period of stability and expansion under powerful emperors like Kangxi and Qianlong before encountering internal rebellions and challenges from Western imperialism in the 19th century, leading to its eventual overthrow during the Xinhai Revolution.
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The 19th century was a time of decline and unrest for the Chosŏn dynasty in Korea. The monarchy grew increasingly weak as powerful clans vied for control, while the country faced domestic issues like social upheaval and popular uprisings. At the same time, Korea was threatened by external forces as it struggled to maintain independence amid the imperial ambitions of neighboring Japan and Western powers like France. By the late 1800s, Korea had signed unequal treaties and opened itself to foreign influence in an effort to both modernize and preserve its sovereignty.
Brief introduction to history of china and its administrative divisions
Brief introduction about chinese history including pre imperial era and post imperial era in China, Chinese culture & language and its territorial administrative divisions.
Ptm 1.13 ancient china
Ancient China was geographically isolated by natural barriers like deserts, mountains, and large bodies of water. This isolation influenced China's development, posing environmental challenges and limiting outside invasions. Early dynasties like the Xia and Shang emerged around 2000 BC and 1700 BC respectively, implementing irrigation projects and building walled cities for protection and governance. Chinese culture was centered around the family, with a social hierarchy divided between nobles and peasants. Religion involved ancestor worship and consulting gods through oracle bones. Writing also developed but had many symbols, limiting literacy.
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The document summarizes the history of China and East Asia from prehistory to imperial China. It notes that early Chinese civilizations developed along major rivers like the Huang He and Chang Jiang. The earliest dynasties, like the Xia and Shang, ruled in this region. The Zhou dynasty that followed was the longest lasting in Chinese history. Confucianism and other philosophies like Daoism and Buddhism gained influence during different dynasties. The Qin unified China for the first time and established the imperial system, though their rule was brief. The Han dynasty then ruled China for centuries and saw developments like the Silk Road. Later, China divided during the Three Kingdoms period before reunifying.
Japan2
Japan's geography influenced its history in several ways:
1) As a nation of islands, it was able to remain isolated from other countries when it chose but was still near enough to China to borrow from its civilization.
2) Its mountainous terrain and appreciation for nature shaped Japanese culture, religion, and arts which emphasized simplicity and natural beauty.
3) Its isolation allowed feudal systems and samurai warriors to develop with their own cultural traditions and codes of conduct before eventually closing itself off from the world during the Tokugawa period.
Nara period
Empress Gemmi established residence in Heijyo-kyo, now Nara City, in 710, marking the start of the Nara period. During this time, Buddhism gained widespread acceptance in Japan, due in part to Empress Shotoku, though her relations with a Buddhist faith healer later led to women being excluded from imperial succession. Emperors admired Buddhist teachings like the Sutra of Golden Light, and literature advanced as the imperial court produced famous works like the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki to record history.
Ming dynasty
The Ming Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644 and controlled territory from Korea to Southeast Asia. It rose after the decline of the Yuan Dynasty due to civil war, natural disasters, and peasant rebellions. The Ming was China's last dynasty and one of its most prosperous eras, with a strong central government. Key figures included Hongwu, who founded the dynasty and maintained a strong military, and Zheng He, who led naval expeditions to Southeast Asia, India, and East Africa between 1405 and 1433. The Ming pursued isolationist foreign policies and saw the arrival of the first Europeans in 1514.
Yuan Dynasty: China's History
The Yuan Dynasty
Mongol Conquest of China
Under the Rule of Kublai Khan
Contributions to China
Contributions to the World
Chapter 7 Section 3
1) The document discusses key people and terms from China's Qin and Han dynasties such as Qin Shihuangdi, the first emperor of China who built the Great Wall, and Han Wudi who instituted civil service exams.
2) It also summarizes how Buddhism spread in China due to people seeking relief from stress, and the impact of the Silk Road in connecting China to trade networks in Asia and beyond.
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Brief introduction to history of china and its administrative divisions
Brief introduction to history of china and its administrative divisions
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History of japan
1) Early Japan saw the development of rice agriculture and social classes during the Yayoi Period. By the 4th century AD, Yamato Japan had emerged with its capital in the Yamato province.
2) The Asuka Period saw increased Chinese influence and the introduction of Buddhism. The Taika Reforms of 645 modeled Japan's government after the Chinese system.
3) The Nara and Heian Periods saw the establishment of permanent capitals in Nara and Heian-kyo (Kyoto). Chinese influence declined as indigenous Japanese culture grew. Political power shifted from the emperor to powerful landowners like the Fujiwara clan.
Japan history early japan
1) Early Japan saw the development of rice agriculture and social classes during the Yayoi Period. By the 4th century AD, Yamato Japan had emerged with its capital in the Yamato province.
2) The Asuka Period saw increased Chinese influence and the introduction of Buddhism. The Taika Reforms of 645 modeled Japan's government after the Chinese system.
3) The Nara and Heian Periods saw the establishment of permanent capitals in Nara and Heian-kyo (Kyoto). Chinese influence declined as indigenous Japanese culture grew. Political power shifted from the emperor to powerful landowners like the Fujiwara clan.
Japan
During the 7th-8th centuries CE, Japan's imperial court in Nara was influenced by Chinese culture. The Taika Reforms of 646 aimed to restructure Japanese administration along Chinese lines. Aristocrats adopted Confucian customs and Buddhism spread among peasants, who combined Buddhist deities with Japanese nature spirits. In 784, the capital moved to Heian (Kyoto) to curb powerful Buddhist monks, but monasteries still grew in surrounding areas. The Heian period saw a luxurious imperial culture centered around poetry and courtly love.
Hindu Buddhism
The document outlines major achievements of Chinese and Indian societies from 1100 BCE to 500 CE. It discusses the development of Indian civilization including the Maurya Empire, Golden Age under Gupta, and emperor Ashoka. It also explains the development and impact of Hinduism and Buddhism on India. For China, it describes development under the Zhou and Qin dynasties and the impact of Confucianism on Chinese culture. It also explains how geography contributed to movement of people and ideas in India.
East asia under challenge
The document summarizes the decline of the Qing dynasty in China from 1841-1911 CE due to external pressures from Western imperialism and internal pressures such as corruption and unrest. It led to events like the Opium Wars, which forced China to open ports to British trade, and the Taiping Rebellion, a massive civil war. Meanwhile, Japan underwent the Meiji Restoration from 1868-1912 CE which transformed it from an isolated feudal society into a modern imperialist power through reforms emulating Western political systems and industrialization.
Meiji revolution in Japan
The Meiji Revolution in Japan began in 1867 and transformed the country from a feudal shogunate system into a modern imperial state over the next several decades. The revolution was initiated by a group of reformist daimyo called the Ishin Shishi who overthrew the Tokugawa Shogunate and restored power to the Emperor. Under Emperor Meiji, Japan underwent rapid modernization through Western-style political, economic, social, and military reforms while maintaining aspects of traditional Japanese culture. The revolution established Japan as the first non-Western imperial power and set it on a path to industrialization and becoming a world power.
AP WH Chapter 10 PPT
The document summarizes political and cultural developments in Inner and Eastern Asia between 400-1200 CE. It describes the rise and fall of the Sui and Tang Empires in China, followed by division and the emergence of the Song Empire in the south. It also discusses the Liao and Jin states that separated China from Central Asia after the Tang. Additionally, it outlines the influence of China on surrounding regions like Korea, Japan, and Vietnam through cultural diffusion of Confucianism, Buddhism, technology, and administrative practices during this period.
Japan amalgamation defense constitution
The document traces the history and cultural development of Japan from ancient times through the early 20th century. It discusses how Japan originally incorporated religious and philosophical traditions from China, including Shintoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism. Over time, military leaders called shoguns gained power and ruled regions separately from the emperor. Japan isolated itself in the 17th century but was forced to reopen to Western powers in the 1850s. The shogunate struggled to modernize under Western influence and was replaced by a new imperial government in 1868 that instituted reforms to rapidly industrialize the country. Japan's military victories over China in 1894-95 and Russia in 1905 established it as a world power in East Asia.
History of japan
The document provides a brief history of Japan from prehistoric times through the Heian period. It summarizes the main periods as follows:
The Jomon period lasted from 14,000 BC to 300 BC and was characterized by a hunter-gatherer lifestyle and the earliest pottery in Japan. The Yayoi period from 400/300 BC to 250 AD saw the introduction of wet-rice farming and metallurgy from mainland Asia. The Kofun period from around 250 AD featured large burial mounds and the establishment of powerful military states centered around clans. The Asuka period from 538 to 710 AD saw the development of a centralized state and the introduction of Buddhism. The Nara period of the
The Qin And Tang Dynasties
The Qin and Tang Dynasties unified China through strong central governments. The Qin Dynasty standardized laws and currency, built the Great Wall of China, and unified the country through harsh rule. However, rebellions arose due to oppressive policies. The Tang Dynasty expanded China's territory and promoted trade, education, and Buddhism. The civil service exam system recruited officials based on merit. However, later heavy taxes led to rebellions and the dynasty's decline.
Japan1
- Early Japan was inhabited by the Ainu people, who were later displaced by migrants from mainland Asia around 500 CE. This led to the rise of the first dominant clan called the Yamato.
- In the 6th century, Prince Shotoku established Buddhism as the official religion and used Chinese models to reorganize the government. Major reforms transformed Japan into a centralized state modeled on Chinese bureaucracy and institutions.
- The Heian period saw the imperial court move to Kyoto and a period of relative peace and cultural flowering. However, powerful noble families emerged who controlled the political realms, weakening central authority.
Chinese Literature (AFRO-ASIAN) PED 12
I hope that this power point could help a lot of students and I spent a lot of time about this, it is the cause why my eyes are always dropping tears. Instead making a power point about chinese literature, I offer this ppt and make some edit of it.
Lecture Outline 6 Political Thought & Religion in Early China.docx
Lecture Outline 6: Political Thought & Religion in Early China & Japan
In this section you will find:
1) Chapter Overview
2) Major Concepts
3) Terms You Should Know the Significance
4) Map Activity (Concept of Place)
5) Concept of Time (Relationships in Time)
Print the material and use it as a guide when you study the main text.
1. Chapter Overview
CHINA'S FIRST EMPIRE (221bc-220ce)
One of the key turning points in Chinese history was the third century bc, when the old, quasi -feudal Chou
multi-state system gave way to a centralized bureaucratic government that built an empire from the steppe in
the north to Vietnam in the south. This first empire was divided into three parts: Chin dynasty (256-206bc),
Former Han dynasty (206bc-8ce), and the Later Han dynasty (24-220ce)
The Ch’in dynasty established its control on the geopolitical advantages offered by the Wei River in
northwest China. This state was brutal and tough, yet stable. Despite its harsh laws, it attracted farmers who
welcomed the security and order of its society. It relied on Legalist Administrators who developed policies
for enriching the country and strengthening the military. Under the control of the emperor, the Ch' in dynasty
expanded its territorial holdings, instituted bureaucratic reforms, and stressed uniformity of thought in
establishing a centralized state. The Great Wall of China was extended some fourteen hundred miles from the
Pacific Ocean to central Asia and is testament to the efficiency and control of this dynasty. However, too
many changes in rapid succession caused the entire system to collapse under the harsh rule of the dynasty.
Rebellion spread as the Ch’in government lost its popular support.
The first emperor of the Han dynasty, Kao Tzu of plebeian origin, established the capital in the Wei basin
close to the former capitals of the Chou and Ch' in dynasties. Although it took many years to consolidate
power, this action permitted a degree of continuity to exist in the political development of China. The second
phase of the dynastic cycle began with the rule of the martial emperor, Wu Ti, in 141bc. Old policies like
government monopolies on salt, iron, liquor, etc. were established to maintain control of China. Wu Ti
expanded the boundaries of China by sweeping south into North Vietnam and north to central Manchuria and
North Korea. This aggressive leadership created a strong army and led to the policy of using the barbarians to
control the barbarians, thus making allies of border nomads against those more distant. This policy worked
for the most part and brought about the establishment of the Silk Road that connected with the Roman
Empire.
During the course of the Han dynasty, the Legalist structure of government became partially confucianized.
The Confucian classics gradually were accepted as the standard for education and served as an ethical
justification for dynastic rule. After a period of instability and civil war in which contending faction ...
Meiji Restoration
The Meiji Restoration in Japan brought an end to the Tokugawa shogunate and feudalism, restoring imperial rule under Emperor Mutsuhito. There was opposition to the isolationist Tokugawa from court nobles and southern domains like Satsuma and Choshu. This led to a palace revolution in 1868 that removed the Tokugawa from power. The new Meiji government recentralized authority, weakened the domains, and began adopting Western political systems and culture to modernize Japan.
World religion - New Movements in Japan
This document provides a brief history of Japan and an overview of Shinto. It discusses how Shinto played a role in early Japanese culture and the formation of national identity. Key events included the Taika Reform which established a central government, and the rise of military governments called shogunates which lasted until 1867. The document also summarizes some core beliefs of Shinto such as the Kami spirits, origins from Shinto myths, and emphasis on ritual over doctrine. It provides examples of influential Shinto shrines and sects such as Soka Gakkai that developed from Nichiren Buddhism.
Civilization In China
The civilization of China dates back nearly 4,000 years and is one of the oldest in the world. It developed along the Yellow River and endured through many ruling houses and invasions. Confucian ideals of merit-based government helped shape Chinese society and administration for hundreds of years. China experienced periods of unification and division between numerous dynasties from around 2000 BC to the founding of the modern People's Republic of China in 1949.
12 point ----Times New Roman---- MLA FORMAT ---use sources att.docx
12 point ----Times New Roman---- MLA FORMAT ---use sources attached
Assignment Instructions
This assignment is a take-home essay consisting of 3 questions, 2 pages total, to test knowledge and assimilation of the course objectives. Please exclusively use the course materials to support each answer. To answer these questions paraphrase, do not use quotations.
Please answer all three questions below in a paragraph format by listing the number followed by your answer. I recommend using the MEAL plan to organize your paragraphs. For more information, please check out this link. Please cite your sources using in-text citations; a reference list is not needed. Please review your work for errors before submitting it and ensure that it is grammatically correct. Your submission should be no more than 2 pages in length.
1. Explain what Zewei's article from the week 4 reading was all about. Be sure to identify the thesis and conclusions.
2. What are the main ideas in Steinberg’s article?
3. Based on the Cragg, Arnold, and Muchlinski article from week 6, when and why did "business and human rights" become an international topic? What explains the delay?
Please note that all assignments should be written in Word and uploaded as attachments within the Assignments section of the classroom. Use 12 pt. font and double-space. Be sure to put your name and class information on the document and put your name on the file. Insert page numbers. Assignments will be graded using this rubric.
Week 6
MNCs and globalization go hand-in-hand. After reading this week's lesson, find an MNC and describe ways it has been a good citizen or a bad citizen. Don't use Nestle since it is described in the lesson.
Instructions: Your initial post should be at least 350 words.
JHIL
brill.nl/jhil
© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2011 DOI: 10.1163/187119006XXXXXXX
Western International Law and China’s Confucianism
in the 19th Century. Collision and Integration
Yang Zewei*
Professor of Law, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
The Confucian world view in China was based on the concept of the Celes-
tial Empire of China and embodied in the Tributary System. The Chinese
view could not fit into the equal international relationship asserted among
European countries. In the mid-19th century, especially after the Opium
Wars, international law embarked on a furious collision with Chinese tra-
ditional Confucianism. Threatened by forces of Western powers, the Qing
government had no choice but to come to compromise with the Western
powers. Consequently, the Confucian world order based on the Celestial
Empire of China collapsed and Chinese officials and scholars began to learn,
accept and apply international law.
Introduction
Due to its special history and culture, China did not build a diplomatic
system based on the principle of sovereign equality. The Confucian world
view based on the concept of the Celestial Empire and the Tributary System
lasted until the mid-19 ...
JapanTension in TraditionThe Tokugawa Shogunate.docx
Japan
Tension in Tradition
The Tokugawa Shogunate
Tokugawa Shogunate 1600 – 1868 established military rule and class based society by controlling contact with outside world including giving the Dutch a limited trade monopoly and eliminating Christianity from Japan
Loyalty was primary political value during this time and contributed to factionalism
Motori Norinaga (1730-1801) articulated the ideology of kokutai as an expression of Japanese superiority in the Imperial way and rejected foreign influences such as Buddhism and Confucianism
The Meiji Period
Economic and social problems plagued late Tokugawa Japan including a famine that led to hundreds of thousands of deaths and the impoverishment of many in the samurai class
Concessions to Commodore Matthew Perry to open trading ports to America ignited nationalist forces that would culminate in the Meiji Restoration – Revere the Emperor and Expel the Barbarians – Sonno Joi
Brief civil war and drawing up of the Charter Oath to embrace a course of modernization – 1877 Samurai rebellion defeated
The Meiji Period
Itagaki Taisuke reorganized forces into the Jiyuto, the Liberal Party, in 1881 that eventually became the modern Liberal Democratic Party – parties in the 80s were more leader centered and did not represent mass interests
The Meiji Constitution of 1889 asserted authority of emperor and was followed by the Imperial Rescript on Education that further articulated conservative values
Japan succeeds in war against China 1894 and Russia 1905 and establishes itself as an imperial power in Korea in 1910
Korea at the Crossroads
Korea and Japan had early contact but chose different cultural paths with Korea emphasizing Confucianism and Japan preserving a balance between Buddhism and Confucianism
Early Twentieth Century Japanese colonialism is established and country is liberated by Russians and Americans setting the stage for the Korean War 1950-1953
Democratic People’s Republic is one of the few remaining authoritarian, communist states in the world
Republic of Korea has worked through six constitutions with the 1987 permitting direct elections. Presently ROK is a multiparty democracy with the Grand National Party and the Democratic Party dominating electoral outcomes
Civic activism plays an important role in ROK politics. Sometimes activism is directed against the United States
The Twentieth Century: Pluralistic and Authoritarian Legacies
Cleavages emerged between political elites who followed the Meiji reformers with those adhering to kokutai, State Shinto, and emperor worship prevailing
Japan becomes integrated into global economy and becomes aware of need for resources and territorial expansion
Cycles of economic recession hit Japan with labor market flexibility met by bringing women in during times of growth and pushing them out during recessions
Early twenties sees the birth of labor unions, a Communist party, and a variety of other left leaning parties but these gro.
Ch.7.india&china establish empires
The document discusses ancient India during the Mauryan Empire from 321-185 BCE. It summarizes that Chandragupta founded the Mauryan Empire based in Pataliputra. Emperor Ashoka expanded the empire through conquest but converted to Buddhism after feeling remorse for the suffering he caused. He promoted Buddhism throughout the empire and used edicts to encourage tolerance and nonviolence. After Ashoka's death, the empire declined as it faced invasions and internal conflicts.
Ap Wh 3 Abbrid
The document provides an overview of new civilizations that arose between 2200 BC and 250 BC, including in China, Nubia, Celtic Europe, and Central America. It focuses on early Chinese civilizations, noting that the Shang Dynasty ruled from 2000 BC to 1027 BC and established China's first kingdom, while the Zhou Dynasty ruled from 1027 BC to 221 BC and developed the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to legitimize royal authority. New philosophies like Confucianism and Legalism emerged in China during the Zhou Dynasty period seeking to create stability amid political strife.
Similar to The formation of the centralised state (20)
Lecture Outline 6 Political Thought & Religion in Early China.docx
Lecture Outline 6 Political Thought & Religion in Early China.docx
12 point ----Times New Roman---- MLA FORMAT ---use sources att.docx
12 point ----Times New Roman---- MLA FORMAT ---use sources att.docx
JapanTension in TraditionThe Tokugawa Shogunate.docx
JapanTension in TraditionThe Tokugawa Shogunate.docx
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What have your learnt from your audience feedback?
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The formation of the centralised state
- 2. Influence of China in the Asuka Period In 589, Emperor Wen-ti of the Sui Dynasty conquered all of China.
- 3. In 600, Japan sent their first official mission to China in over a hundred years. Historian Brown wrote: What increased reform in this early era was the “introduction and rapid spread of Chinese high culture” - Brown. Religious Beliefs (Buddhism) Ethical Teachings (Confucianism) Law (Ritsuryo Codes) Artistic Styles (Paintings & Sculpture) Literary Tastes (Poetry) Architecture (Horyu-ji)
- 4. Rise of the Soga Clan The Fight over Buddhism’s Official Adoption Soga Family -VS- Mononobe & Nakatomi Families Soga Family won militarily in 587.
- 5. Prince Shotoku and Early Reforms In early 600, there was an need to strengthen the imperial court. Prince Shotoku, a supporter of confucian ideals, came to prominence in handling state affairs. 603 - System of Court Ranks 604 - Seventeen Injunctions 607-608 - Diplomatic Exchange with the Chinese Court.
- 6. Later Reforms based on Chinese Ideas There were also later reforms brought about based on Chinese ideas such as: Establishment of a Capital City in Nara in 710 based on Chinese T’ang capital. Taika Reform. Based on Chinese Confucian ideals. Taiho Code. Based on T’ang Dynasty government model.
- 7. “Twice in their history the Japanese people have given the appearance of having totally engulfed by foreign influence. Once in the seventh century when the country wholeheartedly embraced Chinese civilization, and then in the nineteenth century when Japan absorbed the impact of Western expansion into East Asia” - Hall
- 8. Taika Reforms The reforms brought Chinese customs into Japan in the seventh century. The ‘Taika’ (or ‘Great Change), reforms had their origin rooted in the mid six century when the ruling Yamato clan send emissaries to China to learn from the examples of the Tang dynasty. Initially, Buddhism was introduced (522) with Japan later adopting a new court ranks based on the Chinese system. The reforms were introduced by Emperor Tenji (Naka-no Oe) in 645.
- 9. The reforms created a new provincial administration system: including a new form of taxation and a census- all of which based on the Chinese system. Private land ownership was abolished, in favour of lifetime grants of land from the Emperor. The system of Japanese occupational communities was also abolished as an attempt to bring Japanese craftsmen more in line with their Chinese counterparts.
- 10. The reforms were far reaching, however their implementation was slow. The consensus was never properly taken until a decade after the Taika reform was implemented. As a result of the reforms, Provincial administrators developed to a feudal system to rival the power of central Government. Buddhism imported from China gave the priesthood the authority to rival the Yamato’s.
- 11. Essentially, the reforms were designed to strengthen the power of the Yamato’s, however, it actually did the opposite and contributed to a rise in feudalism and the samurai.
- 12. The Taihō Code The Taihō code is a collection of laws and practices written in 702. The country was divided into 66 provinces and subdivided into 592 counties.
- 13. Taxation was levied on crops like rice and other goods. Construction was also required by the government. The Taihō code also included military conscription for up to 3 years in the army.
- 14. Social and economic conditions Better tools were imported from China and Korea, improved irrigation were introduced, and wheat came to be produced.
- 15. Buddhism Founded in 6th century in India. Introduced to Japan via Korea and China. The Soga Clan played a key role in the early spread of Buddhism in Japan. Buddhism affected many political actions.
- 16. Weakening of the Centralised State The centralised state began to weaken in the Nara period. The Taika Reform collapsed. Land distribution policy. Imperial government (centralised state) lost money through taxes and lost power. This all lead to the eventual collapse of the centralised state in the Heian period.
Editor's Notes
- Bibliography: Fred S. Kleiner, Christin J. Mamiya (2005). Gardner's art through the ages. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. p. 222 http://khyentsefoundation.org/2006/12/part-viii-prince-shotoku-of-japan/
- The compendium of laws is based on China’s Tang Dynasty and this can be seen in may aspects of Japanese law and culture, and the taihō code also consisted of 18 Japanese aristocrats and one Chinese scholar, although the Japanese class system remained the same eg: classes were based on family success and position. The country was divided into 66 provinces and subdivided into 592 counties, with the chieftains made into the governors of each province, this allowed the imperial government to easily management the country.
- Taxation was levied on crops like rice and other goods, this funded the imperial government and allowed it to grow stronger. Construction was also required by the government. The taihō code also included military conscription for up to 3 years in the army for men aged between the ages of 21 to 60 and were required to supply their own food and equipment such as weapons and armour.
- Better tools were imported from China and Korea, improved irrigation were introduced, and wheat came to be produced. This increased productivity, hence improving the economy. From the middle of the 7th century copper, silver and gold mines began to be used, before this most minerals were imported from Korea. Road were improved on, making it easier to travel. Medical knowledge came from China during this period. The Taiho code distinguished slaves from normal people, slave could be bought or sold, but the master did not have full authority over them if a slave committed a crime, he was trialed. Polygamy was still common within the upper class. The Taiho code had provisions for the emperor to have nine partners.
- Buddhism was founded in the 6th century in India and was introduced to Japan via Korea and China. The Soga Clan played a key role in the early spread of Buddhism in Japan as they fought with the government for the religion to be adopted. In the beginning, Shinto remained the main religion in Japan and Buddhism was only followed by Aristocrats but Buddhism grew in popularity. Buddhism affected many political actions and became very influential in Japan. Source – Pre Modern Japan: A Historical Survey pg 37, Mikiso Hane, Westview Press, 1991
- The centralised state began to weaken in the Nara period. The Taika Reform collapsed and this led to a decline in imperial authority. Land distribution policy was an equal landholding, all land was nationalised and redistributed. Every 6 years land was redistributed to maintain equality. This land distribution policy failed due to the emergence of the Shoen and aristocrats/rich individuals gaining power as they brought more land and the process of redistribution gradually got neglected. Imperial government (centralised state) lost money through taxes and lost power. This all lead to the eventual collapse of the centralised state in the Heian period.