The five senses of the dog

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Dogs have a less developed sense of sight than humans. They have only two types of cone cells, making them red-green color blind and see a less detailed world. However, dogs have better peripheral vision, night vision, and ability to detect movement than humans. Their hearing is their second most developed sense after smell, with a wider range of detectable frequencies. Dogs have a highly developed sense of smell, with many times more scent receptors in their brains compared to humans, allowing them to detect scents in extraordinarily low quantities. Their sense of touch is also well-developed, especially in their paws.

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That’s the equivalent of us tasting one teaspoon of sugar in a million cups of tea!!!!

Ammonia Colorless gas with a pungent ammoniacal smell Extremely soluble in water forming a caustic alkaline solution of ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) Used as a refrigerant, fertilizer Gas leak. Fertilizers. The spillage of Household and industrial cleaners Ammonia is produced by decaying manure. Increased ammonia levels of 25–30 ppm can damage the mucociliary apparatus of the upper respiratory tract, and higher levels (50–75 ppm) can cause decreased feed intake as well as caustic burns to the cornea, which can result in blindness. Urea, also called carbamide, is an organic compound with the chemical formula CO(NH2)2. Diamide of carbonic acid Easily soluble in water White crystalline powder and odourless Liberates ammonia smell MECHANISM OF ACTION Toxicity of urea and non-protein nitrogen is due to ammonia absorbed from the stomach. When the level of ammonia is high, the animal cannot detoxify ammonia fast because the urea and glutamine synthesizing mechanisms are saturated. Increased ammonia leads to inhibition of citric acid cycle. There is an increase in anaerobic glycolysis, blood glucose and blood lactate. A decreased energy production and cellular respiration leads to convulsions. In animals that are not too ill, cold water-acetic acid treatment can be given. 19-38 litres of water and 3.8litres of 5% acetic acid can be administered to an adult cow Intravenous fluids should be administered.

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Ring worm in domestic animals. Clinical signs and treatment in different animals Ringworm is a common infection of the skin caused by fungi. They affect human and animal superficial keratinized tissue (hair, nail, and skin) caused by dermatophytes' invasion of keratinized epithelial cells and hair fibres. It has a distinctive character that is alopecia with or without crust formation in circular scaly areas . This disease is a widespread disease that exists in all animals and humans as well. Etiology : - Two species Isolated [ Microsporum and Trichophyton ] Cattel ➞ T. verrucosum Horses ➞ T. equinum, M canis and T. mentagrophytes Dogs And Cats ➞ M. canis,M. gypseum and the T. mentagrophytes Camel ➞ T.mentagrophytes Epidemiology :- occurs in all animal species in all countries but more commonly where animals are accommodated in dense groups, especially indoors and in young age are more susceptible . Transmitted by Direct Contact with infected animals is the common method of spread And Indirect contact with inanimate objects, particularly bedding, harness, grooming kits and horse blankets . Pathogenesis:- ➢ Ringworm fungi attack keratinized tissues, particularly the stratum corneum and hair fibers, resulting in autolysis ofthe fiber structure, breaking off the hair, and alopecia. ➢ Exudation from invaded epithelial layers, epithelial debris and fungal hyphae produce the dry crusts which are characteristic of the disease. ➢ The lesions progress if suitable environmental conditions for mycelial growth exist, including a warm humid atmosphere, and a slightly alkaline pH of the skin. Ringworm fungi are all strict aerobes and the fungi die out under the crust in the center of most lesions, leaving only the periphery active. Clinical signs:- A-Cattle & buffaloes: ➢ The typical lesion is a heavy, gray-white crust raised perceptibly above the skin. ➢ The lesions are roughly circular and about 3 cm in diameter. ➢ In the early stages the surface below the crust is moist, in older lesions the scab becomes detached and pityriasis and alopecia may be the only obvious abnormalities. ➢ Lesions are most commonly found on the neck, head and perineum but a general distribution over the entire body may occur, particularly in calves, and in severe cases the lesions may coalesce. B-Sheep & goats: ➢ The lesions occur on the head, rarely in the fleeced areas and, although they usually disappear in 4-5 weeks, the disease may persist in the flock for some months. ➢ The lesions are discrete, round, almost bald patches covered with a grayish crust. ➢ Similar lesions occur in goats, but they are distributed generally over all parts of the body. Horses : - ➢ typically dry forms of the disease. characterised by small tufts of spiky hair which soon fall out . ➢ alopecic areas covered by greyish scales with an underlying dry integument . Camel : - ➢ The Classic Lesion of Camel Ringworm is non-pruritic And Alopecic with a gray – white , Thick crust That Cant be pulled

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