The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and or ethical issues involved in the below health care scenario. See questions to be answered at end of this factual scenario below. I have also provided, after the formatting requirements for the paper, two articles that will aid you in your analyzing the scenario and writing your paper.
The two articles to base the analysis of your paper are entitled:
Clinical Ethics Issues and Discussion and
A Framework for Thinking Ethically
This is the final paper for the class and must be double spaced and be approximately 4-5 pages in 12 point New Times Roman font. Include a cover page [not counted as a page] which should have student name and title of your paper. See more formatting requirements later in these paper instructions.
NOTE: For this paper it is unnecessary to do any research beyond the two articles I furnished with this assignment. Both are after the specific paper requirements. You may use all the articles in the class also. To do internet research would only be wasting your valuable time.
Case Scenario
A 72 year old woman was admitted to the Neurological Intensive Care Unit following a cerebral hemorrhage which left her with severe brain damage and ventilator dependent. One year before this event, the patient and her husband had drawn up "living wills" with an attorney. She was diagnosed by her treating physician as being in a permanent unconscious condition. The patient's living will specified that the patient did not want ventilator support or other artificial life support in the event of a permanent unconscious condition or terminal condition.
The patient's husband is her legal next of kin and the person with surrogate decision-making authority. When the living will was discussed with him, he insisted that the patient had not intended for the document to be used in a situation like the present one. Further discussion with him revealed that he understood that the patient would not be able to recover any meaningful brain function but he argued that the living will did not apply because her condition was not imminently terminal. He further indicated that he did not consider his wife to be in a permanent unconscious condition. The immediate family members (the couple’s adult children) disagreed with their father’s refusal to withdraw life support.
The treatment team allowed a week to pass to allow the husband more time to be supported in his grief and to appreciate the gravity of his wife’s situation. Nevertheless, at the end of this time, the husband was unwilling to authorize withdrawal of life support measures consistent with the patient's wishes as expressed in her living will. End of scenario.
You paper should have 3 major sections. Each is numbered 1, 2 and 3.
Questions to be discussed based on the facts above. You must weave into your discussion the relevant facts from above scenario to support your discussion in discussion areas 2 and 3 below. And for d.
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and or.docxarmitageclaire49
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and or ethical issues involved in the below health care scenario
. See questions to be answered at end of this factual scenario below. I have also provided, after the formatting requirements for the paper, two articles that will aid you in your analyzing the scenario and writing your paper.
The two articles to base the analysis of your paper are entitled:
Clinical Ethics Issues and Discussion and
A Framework for Thinking Ethically
This is the final paper for the class and must be double spaced and be approximately 4-5 pages in 12 point New Times Roman font. Include a cover page [not counted as a page] which should have student name and title of your paper. See more formatting requirements later in these paper instructions.
NOTE: For this paper it is unnecessary to do any research beyond the two articles I furnished with this assignment. Both are after the specific paper requirements. You may use all the articles in the class also. To do internet research would only be wasting your valuable time.
Case Scenario
A 72 year old woman was admitted to the Neurological Intensive Care Unit following a cerebral hemorrhage which left her with severe brain damage and ventilator dependent. One year before this event, the patient and her husband had drawn up "living wills" with an attorney. She was diagnosed by her treating physician as being in a permanent unconscious condition. The patient's living will specified that the patient did not want ventilator support or other artificial life support in the event of a permanent unconscious condition or terminal condition.
The patient's husband is her legal next of kin and the person with surrogate decision-making authority. When the living will was discussed with him, he insisted that the patient had not intended for the document to be used in a situation like the present one. Further discussion with him revealed that he understood that the patient would not be able to recover any meaningful brain function but he argued that the living will did not apply because her condition was not imminently terminal. He further indicated that he did not consider his wife to be in a permanent unconscious condition. The immediate family members (the couple’s adult children) disagreed with their father’s refusal to withdraw life support.
The treatment team allowed a week to pass to allow the husband more time to be supported in his grief and to appreciate the gravity of his wife’s situation. Nevertheless, at the end of this time, the husband was unwilling to authorize withdrawal of life support measures consistent with the patient's wishes as expressed in her living will. End of scenario.
You paper should have 3 major sections. Each is numbered 1, 2 and 3.
Questions to be discussed based on the facts above.
You must weave into your discussion the relevant facts from above scenario to support your discussion in discussion areas 2 and 3 below. And for discussio.
Assignment #4NOTE This paper must be submitted no later than th.docxlauricesatu
Assignment #4
NOTE:
This paper must be submitted no later than the last day of class and if late will not be accepted.
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and or ethical issues involved in the below health care scenario
. See questions to be answered at end of this factual scenario below. I have also provided, after the formatting requirements for the paper, two articles that will aid you in your analyzing the scenario and writing your paper.
The two articles to base the analysis of your paper are entitled:
Clinical Ethics Issues and Discussion and
A Framework for Thinking Ethically
This is the final paper for the class and must be double spaced and be approximately 4-6 pages in 12 point New Times Roman font. Include a cover page [not counted as a page] which should have student name and title of your paper. See more formatting requirements later in these paper instructions.
NOTE: For this paper it is unnecessary to do any research beyond the two articles I furnished with this assignment. Both are after the specific paper requirements. You may use all the articles in the class also. To do internet research would only be wasting your valuable time.
Case Scenario
A 72 year old woman was admitted to the Neurological Intensive Care Unit following a cerebral hemorrhage which left her with severe brain damage and ventilator dependent. One year before this event, the patient and her husband had drawn up "living wills" with an attorney. She was diagnosed by her treating physician as being in a permanent unconscious condition. The patient's living will specified that the patient did not want ventilator support or other artificial life support in the event of a permanent unconscious condition or terminal condition.
The patient's husband is her legal next of kin and the person with surrogate decision-making authority. When the living will was discussed with him, he insisted that the patient had not intended for the document to be used in a situation like the present one. Further discussion with him revealed that he understood that the patient would not be able to recover any meaningful brain function but he argued that the living will did not apply because her condition was not imminently terminal. He further indicated that he did not consider his wife to be in a permanent unconscious condition. The immediate family members (the couple’s adult children) disagreed with their father’s refusal to withdraw life support.
The treatment team allowed a week to pass to allow the husband more time to be supported in his grief and to appreciate the gravity of his wife’s situation. Nevertheless, at the end of this time, the husband was unwilling to authorize withdrawal of life support measures consistent with the patient's wishes as expressed in her living will. End of scenario.
You paper should have 3 major sections. Each is numbered 1, 2 and 3.
Questions to be discussed based on the facts above.
You must weave into your discussio.
I need two parts, first, the Outline as described below. The second.docxwalthamcoretta
The document provides instructions for a medical malpractice case study assignment. Students are asked to:
1) Locate a published medical malpractice court case from their state and write a paper analyzing it. The paper should have three parts: an introduction of the parties and facts, an analysis of the case using the IRAC method, and a discussion of how the outcome would change if facts/evidence were different.
2) The analysis section should identify ethical theories involved and discuss evidence and defenses from both sides.
3) Students should begin researching cases by a certain module and finalize their case selection, outlining it, by subsequent modules. The final paper is due at the end.
This paper should be double spaced and be 4-6 pages in 12 point New .docxdivinapavey
This paper should be double spaced and be 4-6 pages in 12 point New Times Roman font. Include a cover page [not counted as a page] which should have student name and title of your paper. Must have at end of the paper a list of references in APA Format [not counted as a page]. No deduction if paper exceeds a page or so. But deduction of 2 points from the 25pts paper is worth if paper is less than 4 pages. The paper is to be posted in Assignment #4 drop box. Paper should be submitted in word doc. No pdf papers as I cannot post my comments in your paper.
Paper must be submitted by last day of class. No late papers accepted after last day of class.
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and ethical issues involved in the below health care scenario.
A 72 year old woman was admitted to the Neurological Intensive Care Unit following a cerebral hemorrhage which left her with severe brain damage and ventilator dependent. One year before this event, the patient and her husband had drawn up "living wills" with an attorney. She was diagnosed by her treating physician as being in a permanent unconscious condition. The patient's living will specified that the patient did not want ventilator support or other artificial life support in the event of a permanent unconscious condition or terminal condition.
The patient's husband is her legal next of kin and the person with surrogate decision-making authority. When the living will was discussed with him, he insisted that the patient had not intended for the document to be used in a situation like the present one. Further discussion with him revealed that he understood that the patient would not be able to recover any meaningful brain function but he argued that the living will did not apply because her condition was not imminently terminal. He further indicated that he did not consider his wife to be in a permanent unconscious condition. The immediate family members (the couple’s adult children) disagreed with their father’s refusal to withdraw life support.
The treatment team allowed a week to pass to allow the husband more time to be supported in his grief and to appreciate the gravity of his wife’s situation. Nevertheless, at the end of this time, the husband was unwilling to authorize withdrawal of life support measures consistent with the patient's wishes as expressed in her living will.
List and discuss the three most important ethical/legal issues in this scenario [Just three]. Why are they legal /ethical issues? Be sure and define the concepts you discuss. As a health care provider, how would you have handled this situation and why?
Use as headings in your paper the three legal/ethics issues you pick to discuss.
You are on the honor system not to discuss or consult with any students or other individuals about this paper. You may use the information we have discussed in the class, the articles in the class, and the article I have furnished below
but you may NOT do internet r.
This paper should be double spaced and be 6-8 pages in 12 point New .docxdivinapavey
This paper should be double spaced and be 6-8 pages in 12 point New Times Roman font. Include a cover page [not counted as a page] which should have student name and title of your paper. Must have at end of the paper a list of references in APA Format [not counted as a page]. No deduction if paper exceeds a page or so. But deduction of 2 points from the 25pts paper is worth if paper is less than 4 pages. The paper is to be posted in Assignment #4 drop box. Paper should be submitted in word doc. No pdf papers as I cannot post my comments in your paper.
Paper must be submitted by last day of class. No late papers accepted after last day of class.
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and ethical issues involved in the below health care scenario.
A 72 year old woman was admitted to the Neurological Intensive Care Unit following a cerebral hemorrhage which left her with severe brain damage and ventilator dependent. One year before this event, the patient and her husband had drawn up "living wills" with an attorney. She was diagnosed by her treating physician as being in a permanent unconscious condition. The patient's living will specified that the patient did not want ventilator support or other artificial life support in the event of a permanent unconscious condition or terminal condition.
The patient's husband is her legal next of kin and the person with surrogate decision-making authority. When the living will was discussed with him, he insisted that the patient had not intended for the document to be used in a situation like the present one. Further discussion with him revealed that he understood that the patient would not be able to recover any meaningful brain function but he argued that the living will did not apply because her condition was not imminently terminal. He further indicated that he did not consider his wife to be in a permanent unconscious condition. The immediate family members (the couple’s adult children) disagreed with their father’s refusal to withdraw life support.
The treatment team allowed a week to pass to allow the husband more time to be supported in his grief and to appreciate the gravity of his wife’s situation. Nevertheless, at the end of this time, the husband was unwilling to authorize withdrawal of life support measures consistent with the patient's wishes as expressed in her living will.
List and discuss the three most important ethical/legal issues in this scenario [Just three]. Why are they legal /ethical issues? Be sure and define the concepts you discuss. As a health care provider, how would you have handled this situation and why?
Use as headings in your paper the three legal/ethics issues you pick to discuss.
You are on the honor system not to discuss or consult with any students or other individuals about this paper. You may use the information we have discussed in the class, the articles in the class, and the article I have furnished below
but you may NOT do internet r.
Three important legal/ethical issues in the scenario are:
1) Informed consent and the husband's refusal to honor the patient's advance directive specifying withdrawal of life support.
2) Determining decision-making capacity and authority of the surrogate given disagreement between husband and children.
3) Obligation to respect patient autonomy expressed in advance directive versus duty to family members' wishes to continue life support.
Chapter Two Principles of Health Care Ethics12JinElias52
Chapter Two
Principles of Health Care Ethics
1
2
Principles of Ethics
Extends your foundation of ethics.
Gives you ways to apply ethics to practical situations.
The four most often used in health care are nonmaleficience, beneficence, autonomy, and justice.
3
3
Nonmaleficience
Sometimes this is translated as “first do no harm”.
Ethical theories define harm in different ways.
Consequentialist says harm is that which prevents good.
Natural law says harm is something that limits our potential.
4
4
Nonmaleficence
Deontologists say harm is something that prevents you from doing your moral duty.
Virtue ethicists say harm is something that leads you away from practicing high moral character.
Ethical egoists say that harm is something that goes against your self interest.
5
5
Harm in the Clinical Setting
Harm is something that negatively affects patients.
Clinically, we think of physical harm but other harm is possible.
Harm is also caused by negligence.
Harm can be caused by violating autonomy.
6
6
Beneficience
Beneficience comes from the Latin “bene” and means to benefit.
Requires a decision to engage in beneficent acts or to be altruistic.
It is a fundamental principle of health care practice.
What theories support beneficence?
7
7
Health care and Beneficience
The standard of altruism is higher for health care professionals.
Altruism is expected.
Beneficence sometimes is extended to paternalism when the health care professional makes decisions for the good of the patient. What is this called?
8
8
Autonomy
Autonomy means that you can rule yourself.
It implies a respect for others.
In health care, we have a duty to treat, but not to judge.
What are the conditions necessary for autonomy in health care?
9
9
Specific Competence
Is defined as the ability to do some things but not others. One can be competent in a limited way.
In issues where a person is not competent, the concept of substitute judgment can be used. This also involves the idea of a reasonable person’s decision.
10
10
Specific Competence
Coercion can also affect a person’s ability to exercise autonomy.
Issues of competence and autonomy also are part of informed consent and other health care issues which are discussed in later chapters.
11
11
Justice
The term can be used to mean fairness.
Aristotle thought we should treat similar cases in a similar way unless there was some relevant or material difference.
We need to examine types of justice: procedural and distributive.
12
12
Procedural Justice
This is sometimes called due process.
It means that you get your turn; you are treated like everyone else.
Procedural injustice can occur with employee situations.
Due process is also involved with policy making in procedural justice.
13
13
Distributive Justice
This form of justice involves balancing benefits and burdens.
Health care resource allocation is one example of a distributive injustice.
Health care is a scarce resource, so
Resource a ...
This essay discusses the legal and ethical issues arising from a case study involving a patient death due to a medical error.
The legal issues include potential medical malpractice and negligence claims if the healthcare provider failed to meet the standard of care, as well as issues with informed consent if the risks of the procedure were not properly disclosed. Confidentiality issues also arose from the disclosure of patient information without consent.
Ethically, the medical error violated the principles of non-maleficence and beneficence. Informed consent is both a legal and ethical issue regarding a patient's right to make decisions. Confidentiality was also breached ethically by disclosing private information without permission.
Healthcare providers must understand their
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and or.docxarmitageclaire49
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and or ethical issues involved in the below health care scenario
. See questions to be answered at end of this factual scenario below. I have also provided, after the formatting requirements for the paper, two articles that will aid you in your analyzing the scenario and writing your paper.
The two articles to base the analysis of your paper are entitled:
Clinical Ethics Issues and Discussion and
A Framework for Thinking Ethically
This is the final paper for the class and must be double spaced and be approximately 4-5 pages in 12 point New Times Roman font. Include a cover page [not counted as a page] which should have student name and title of your paper. See more formatting requirements later in these paper instructions.
NOTE: For this paper it is unnecessary to do any research beyond the two articles I furnished with this assignment. Both are after the specific paper requirements. You may use all the articles in the class also. To do internet research would only be wasting your valuable time.
Case Scenario
A 72 year old woman was admitted to the Neurological Intensive Care Unit following a cerebral hemorrhage which left her with severe brain damage and ventilator dependent. One year before this event, the patient and her husband had drawn up "living wills" with an attorney. She was diagnosed by her treating physician as being in a permanent unconscious condition. The patient's living will specified that the patient did not want ventilator support or other artificial life support in the event of a permanent unconscious condition or terminal condition.
The patient's husband is her legal next of kin and the person with surrogate decision-making authority. When the living will was discussed with him, he insisted that the patient had not intended for the document to be used in a situation like the present one. Further discussion with him revealed that he understood that the patient would not be able to recover any meaningful brain function but he argued that the living will did not apply because her condition was not imminently terminal. He further indicated that he did not consider his wife to be in a permanent unconscious condition. The immediate family members (the couple’s adult children) disagreed with their father’s refusal to withdraw life support.
The treatment team allowed a week to pass to allow the husband more time to be supported in his grief and to appreciate the gravity of his wife’s situation. Nevertheless, at the end of this time, the husband was unwilling to authorize withdrawal of life support measures consistent with the patient's wishes as expressed in her living will. End of scenario.
You paper should have 3 major sections. Each is numbered 1, 2 and 3.
Questions to be discussed based on the facts above.
You must weave into your discussion the relevant facts from above scenario to support your discussion in discussion areas 2 and 3 below. And for discussio.
Assignment #4NOTE This paper must be submitted no later than th.docxlauricesatu
Assignment #4
NOTE:
This paper must be submitted no later than the last day of class and if late will not be accepted.
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and or ethical issues involved in the below health care scenario
. See questions to be answered at end of this factual scenario below. I have also provided, after the formatting requirements for the paper, two articles that will aid you in your analyzing the scenario and writing your paper.
The two articles to base the analysis of your paper are entitled:
Clinical Ethics Issues and Discussion and
A Framework for Thinking Ethically
This is the final paper for the class and must be double spaced and be approximately 4-6 pages in 12 point New Times Roman font. Include a cover page [not counted as a page] which should have student name and title of your paper. See more formatting requirements later in these paper instructions.
NOTE: For this paper it is unnecessary to do any research beyond the two articles I furnished with this assignment. Both are after the specific paper requirements. You may use all the articles in the class also. To do internet research would only be wasting your valuable time.
Case Scenario
A 72 year old woman was admitted to the Neurological Intensive Care Unit following a cerebral hemorrhage which left her with severe brain damage and ventilator dependent. One year before this event, the patient and her husband had drawn up "living wills" with an attorney. She was diagnosed by her treating physician as being in a permanent unconscious condition. The patient's living will specified that the patient did not want ventilator support or other artificial life support in the event of a permanent unconscious condition or terminal condition.
The patient's husband is her legal next of kin and the person with surrogate decision-making authority. When the living will was discussed with him, he insisted that the patient had not intended for the document to be used in a situation like the present one. Further discussion with him revealed that he understood that the patient would not be able to recover any meaningful brain function but he argued that the living will did not apply because her condition was not imminently terminal. He further indicated that he did not consider his wife to be in a permanent unconscious condition. The immediate family members (the couple’s adult children) disagreed with their father’s refusal to withdraw life support.
The treatment team allowed a week to pass to allow the husband more time to be supported in his grief and to appreciate the gravity of his wife’s situation. Nevertheless, at the end of this time, the husband was unwilling to authorize withdrawal of life support measures consistent with the patient's wishes as expressed in her living will. End of scenario.
You paper should have 3 major sections. Each is numbered 1, 2 and 3.
Questions to be discussed based on the facts above.
You must weave into your discussio.
I need two parts, first, the Outline as described below. The second.docxwalthamcoretta
The document provides instructions for a medical malpractice case study assignment. Students are asked to:
1) Locate a published medical malpractice court case from their state and write a paper analyzing it. The paper should have three parts: an introduction of the parties and facts, an analysis of the case using the IRAC method, and a discussion of how the outcome would change if facts/evidence were different.
2) The analysis section should identify ethical theories involved and discuss evidence and defenses from both sides.
3) Students should begin researching cases by a certain module and finalize their case selection, outlining it, by subsequent modules. The final paper is due at the end.
This paper should be double spaced and be 4-6 pages in 12 point New .docxdivinapavey
This paper should be double spaced and be 4-6 pages in 12 point New Times Roman font. Include a cover page [not counted as a page] which should have student name and title of your paper. Must have at end of the paper a list of references in APA Format [not counted as a page]. No deduction if paper exceeds a page or so. But deduction of 2 points from the 25pts paper is worth if paper is less than 4 pages. The paper is to be posted in Assignment #4 drop box. Paper should be submitted in word doc. No pdf papers as I cannot post my comments in your paper.
Paper must be submitted by last day of class. No late papers accepted after last day of class.
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and ethical issues involved in the below health care scenario.
A 72 year old woman was admitted to the Neurological Intensive Care Unit following a cerebral hemorrhage which left her with severe brain damage and ventilator dependent. One year before this event, the patient and her husband had drawn up "living wills" with an attorney. She was diagnosed by her treating physician as being in a permanent unconscious condition. The patient's living will specified that the patient did not want ventilator support or other artificial life support in the event of a permanent unconscious condition or terminal condition.
The patient's husband is her legal next of kin and the person with surrogate decision-making authority. When the living will was discussed with him, he insisted that the patient had not intended for the document to be used in a situation like the present one. Further discussion with him revealed that he understood that the patient would not be able to recover any meaningful brain function but he argued that the living will did not apply because her condition was not imminently terminal. He further indicated that he did not consider his wife to be in a permanent unconscious condition. The immediate family members (the couple’s adult children) disagreed with their father’s refusal to withdraw life support.
The treatment team allowed a week to pass to allow the husband more time to be supported in his grief and to appreciate the gravity of his wife’s situation. Nevertheless, at the end of this time, the husband was unwilling to authorize withdrawal of life support measures consistent with the patient's wishes as expressed in her living will.
List and discuss the three most important ethical/legal issues in this scenario [Just three]. Why are they legal /ethical issues? Be sure and define the concepts you discuss. As a health care provider, how would you have handled this situation and why?
Use as headings in your paper the three legal/ethics issues you pick to discuss.
You are on the honor system not to discuss or consult with any students or other individuals about this paper. You may use the information we have discussed in the class, the articles in the class, and the article I have furnished below
but you may NOT do internet r.
This paper should be double spaced and be 6-8 pages in 12 point New .docxdivinapavey
This paper should be double spaced and be 6-8 pages in 12 point New Times Roman font. Include a cover page [not counted as a page] which should have student name and title of your paper. Must have at end of the paper a list of references in APA Format [not counted as a page]. No deduction if paper exceeds a page or so. But deduction of 2 points from the 25pts paper is worth if paper is less than 4 pages. The paper is to be posted in Assignment #4 drop box. Paper should be submitted in word doc. No pdf papers as I cannot post my comments in your paper.
Paper must be submitted by last day of class. No late papers accepted after last day of class.
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and ethical issues involved in the below health care scenario.
A 72 year old woman was admitted to the Neurological Intensive Care Unit following a cerebral hemorrhage which left her with severe brain damage and ventilator dependent. One year before this event, the patient and her husband had drawn up "living wills" with an attorney. She was diagnosed by her treating physician as being in a permanent unconscious condition. The patient's living will specified that the patient did not want ventilator support or other artificial life support in the event of a permanent unconscious condition or terminal condition.
The patient's husband is her legal next of kin and the person with surrogate decision-making authority. When the living will was discussed with him, he insisted that the patient had not intended for the document to be used in a situation like the present one. Further discussion with him revealed that he understood that the patient would not be able to recover any meaningful brain function but he argued that the living will did not apply because her condition was not imminently terminal. He further indicated that he did not consider his wife to be in a permanent unconscious condition. The immediate family members (the couple’s adult children) disagreed with their father’s refusal to withdraw life support.
The treatment team allowed a week to pass to allow the husband more time to be supported in his grief and to appreciate the gravity of his wife’s situation. Nevertheless, at the end of this time, the husband was unwilling to authorize withdrawal of life support measures consistent with the patient's wishes as expressed in her living will.
List and discuss the three most important ethical/legal issues in this scenario [Just three]. Why are they legal /ethical issues? Be sure and define the concepts you discuss. As a health care provider, how would you have handled this situation and why?
Use as headings in your paper the three legal/ethics issues you pick to discuss.
You are on the honor system not to discuss or consult with any students or other individuals about this paper. You may use the information we have discussed in the class, the articles in the class, and the article I have furnished below
but you may NOT do internet r.
Three important legal/ethical issues in the scenario are:
1) Informed consent and the husband's refusal to honor the patient's advance directive specifying withdrawal of life support.
2) Determining decision-making capacity and authority of the surrogate given disagreement between husband and children.
3) Obligation to respect patient autonomy expressed in advance directive versus duty to family members' wishes to continue life support.
Chapter Two Principles of Health Care Ethics12JinElias52
Chapter Two
Principles of Health Care Ethics
1
2
Principles of Ethics
Extends your foundation of ethics.
Gives you ways to apply ethics to practical situations.
The four most often used in health care are nonmaleficience, beneficence, autonomy, and justice.
3
3
Nonmaleficience
Sometimes this is translated as “first do no harm”.
Ethical theories define harm in different ways.
Consequentialist says harm is that which prevents good.
Natural law says harm is something that limits our potential.
4
4
Nonmaleficence
Deontologists say harm is something that prevents you from doing your moral duty.
Virtue ethicists say harm is something that leads you away from practicing high moral character.
Ethical egoists say that harm is something that goes against your self interest.
5
5
Harm in the Clinical Setting
Harm is something that negatively affects patients.
Clinically, we think of physical harm but other harm is possible.
Harm is also caused by negligence.
Harm can be caused by violating autonomy.
6
6
Beneficience
Beneficience comes from the Latin “bene” and means to benefit.
Requires a decision to engage in beneficent acts or to be altruistic.
It is a fundamental principle of health care practice.
What theories support beneficence?
7
7
Health care and Beneficience
The standard of altruism is higher for health care professionals.
Altruism is expected.
Beneficence sometimes is extended to paternalism when the health care professional makes decisions for the good of the patient. What is this called?
8
8
Autonomy
Autonomy means that you can rule yourself.
It implies a respect for others.
In health care, we have a duty to treat, but not to judge.
What are the conditions necessary for autonomy in health care?
9
9
Specific Competence
Is defined as the ability to do some things but not others. One can be competent in a limited way.
In issues where a person is not competent, the concept of substitute judgment can be used. This also involves the idea of a reasonable person’s decision.
10
10
Specific Competence
Coercion can also affect a person’s ability to exercise autonomy.
Issues of competence and autonomy also are part of informed consent and other health care issues which are discussed in later chapters.
11
11
Justice
The term can be used to mean fairness.
Aristotle thought we should treat similar cases in a similar way unless there was some relevant or material difference.
We need to examine types of justice: procedural and distributive.
12
12
Procedural Justice
This is sometimes called due process.
It means that you get your turn; you are treated like everyone else.
Procedural injustice can occur with employee situations.
Due process is also involved with policy making in procedural justice.
13
13
Distributive Justice
This form of justice involves balancing benefits and burdens.
Health care resource allocation is one example of a distributive injustice.
Health care is a scarce resource, so
Resource a ...
This essay discusses the legal and ethical issues arising from a case study involving a patient death due to a medical error.
The legal issues include potential medical malpractice and negligence claims if the healthcare provider failed to meet the standard of care, as well as issues with informed consent if the risks of the procedure were not properly disclosed. Confidentiality issues also arose from the disclosure of patient information without consent.
Ethically, the medical error violated the principles of non-maleficence and beneficence. Informed consent is both a legal and ethical issue regarding a patient's right to make decisions. Confidentiality was also breached ethically by disclosing private information without permission.
Healthcare providers must understand their
Developing A Health Care Perspective Letter.docxwrite5
This document analyzes patient safety issues in healthcare. It identifies the main causes of patient safety issues as diagnostic errors, contextual errors, and communication errors. It discusses how these errors can harm patients. The document proposes implementing electronic health records and improving communication between healthcare professionals as potential solutions to increase patient safety. It acknowledges some ethical implications of these solutions, such as privacy violations, data inaccuracies, and challenges during implementation. Overall, the document analyzes a current healthcare problem and proposes a solution while discussing relevant ethical considerations.
Select a topic from the list below [must be different topic from the.docxzenobiakeeney
Select a topic from the list below [must be different topic from the one you chose for Assignment #l] or clear a topic with the instructor beforehand.
The
purpose of this assignment is to raise the awareness of a specific employee group in a specific health care setting regarding a potentially critical aspect of their responsibilities.
Target the right issue, the correct employee population. In other words you are either a head nurse or senior administrator thus your discussion should be as if you were lecturing specific employees on their specific responsibilities and the specific consequences of failing in those responsibilities.
For example: The
False Credentials
paper issue would be for HR offices while the
Critical Event
might be for operating room technicians.
Patient Treatment Consent
might be a good paper for a
Palliative Care Organization
or an Oncology Clinic discharge planning staff. The paper must discuss accurate information for the setting with full consideration of the relevant state and federal laws with citations that are accessible by the instructor. The paper can ask questions and use graphics to deliver certain points of information but the graphics must be an addendum to the paper and not in the body of the paper. -1pt if I have to reformat the paper because of inclusion of graphics in body of paper. The paper should include in its conclusion “For more information about this issue…” and include a reference or references in your Conclusion.
The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA)
Elder abuse Mandatory Reporting
Child abuse Mandatory Reporting
HIV Mandatory Reporting
The False Claims Act- the civil penalties
TB Mandatory Reporting
Proper treatment of environmental hazards.
Medical error-Critical Incident
False credentials of health care personnel
Medical Charting violation
Violation of HIPAA- confidentiality
Failure to treat patients in a timely manner
Patient Choice and treatment consent
Outline: Outline: Must use the
underlined headings
from the outline below in your paper and the paper must be in narrative form not outline or bullet format. 5% penalty deducted from paper if underlined headings not used in your paper.
1.
Purpose of Paper, topic chosen, applicable Federal and/or state laws
State the purpose of the paper and discuss why you chose the particular topic, and provide the official title of the applicable federal and/or state law, the statute and section number. Must be either a federal/state statute and you must cite both, if applicable. Thus if there is both a federal and state law that covers the subject you selected, then you must cite both the applicable federal and a state law. Summarize in this paragraph the relevant language from the law that applies to your issue. If there is a relevant health care organizational policy that you can find, then please add that also. Do not assume that there is just a federal and or state law. In most cases there is both a federa.
Urbst 227 law urban studies syllabus fall 2012 queens collegeJohn Smith
This document provides the syllabus for an online law and urban studies course taught at Queens College in Fall 2012. The syllabus outlines the course description, learning objectives, required materials, assignments, grading policies, and schedule. Students will examine how the legal system and various laws impact urban communities. Major assignments include a midterm project modifying an existing law, a final research paper analyzing a Supreme Court case relating to urban issues, and a final proposal to address an urban challenge. The goal is for students to gain an understanding of the legal issues facing cities and consider solutions.
Case study using the Ethics Worksheet belowTESLA MOTORSIdentif.docxwendolynhalbert
Case study using the Ethics Worksheet below: TESLA MOTORS
Identify an actual media case which includes ethical considerations.
The case may involve national or local news media, advertisers, public relations practitioners, or media entertainment in magazines, movies, books, etc. The sweep is broad, though the case must in some way involve one of the media: newspapers, magazines, books, TV, radio, movies, records or the web. It may involve advertising, public relations, or journalism. Try to choose an issue you're already interested in, or something based on a personal experience. It will make this project more fun to do. The choice must NOT be something we already used for a class case study.
To find ideas, read, read, read, listen, listen, listen, or watch, watch, watch. Get ideas from your textbooks, or from class discussions. You can find oodles of ethically-sensitive cases out there, if you're looking. I won't give you possible choices here--as this is an theoretical-level class, it's time for you to take the initiative!
b. Identify the ethical issue posed by the case, and collect background information on this issue from library sources and interviews with experts. You'll need to explain:
· how the issue has been handled by philosophers and media people in the past;
· legal considerations;
· professional considerations;
· opinions of experts in the field. Basically, tell me everything the world knows about the ethical issue raised by your sample case.
c. Complete the ethics worksheet, decide how you would, or would have, handled the case. This part of the assignment is similar to previous class exercises.
Length: Using the ethics worksheet as an outline, description of the case should be at least one page.Research on the case should total at least five to seven pages, and a good eight sources, (minimum is 5 sources) books and articles included--not only web sites! You'll probably have to rely on the library's on-line databases, perhaps interlibrary loan.
Your paper should be set up using the ethics worksheet questions, with each question number indicated. Your answer will probably be both in narrative and bulleted form, as you think works best. This means your description of the case will fit into, perhaps, questions two and three. Your consideration of how ethical theories relate to your case will fit under question 11, etc. Your ethics worksheet analysis will be similar in size to those you've turned in for class projects (in other classes), but longer, about 10-12 double-spaced, typewritten pages.
Objectives: To recognize an ethical issue based on an actual situation; to understand how ethics philosophers and writers have considered your chosen issue; to critically analyze a case,acknowledging ambiguities. At the end of your work, you'll be the expert on this issue, so I expect to read in your work a lot that I don't know already.
Ethics Worksheet for Case Studies - Tesla Motors
1. What is the ethical issue/problem, in one sente ...
Readreview the following resources for this activity· Poll.docxsedgar5
Read/review the following resources for this activity:
· Pollock (Cengage, 9e)
Writing Requirements (APA format)
· 3-4 pages (approx. 300 words per page), not including title page or references page
· 1-inch margins
· Double spaced
· 12-point Times New Roman font
· Title page with topic and name of student
Week 1 Assignment: Essay
Introduction
In your reading, you learned that there is man-made law and natural law. Next week you’ll read about punishment and its proposed purpose(s). In this assignment, you’re asked to evaluate the letter of the law vs. the spirit of the law in terms of whether someone is guilty of a crime and/or whether they should be punished. In addition, you’re asked to evaluate the ethical dilemma using a methodical process that will help you critically think through, resolve, and defend your decision on what to do. You’re just starting to see, hopefully, that ethical dilemmas aren’t always easy to resolve, and that’s precisely why they’re dilemmas! (If you like the challenge of thinking this dilemma through and are interested in something similar, read “The Merchant of Venice” by William Shakespeare. It has a similar theme and is written by one of the greatest play writes of all time!)
Activity Instructions
Mercy Killing
You are selected for a jury trial of a 64-year-old mother who killed her two adult sons. The two men had Huntington’s disease, a degenerative brain disease, and were institutionalized. They were certain to die and would endure much pain and suffering before they expired. The defendant’s husband had died from this same disease, and she had nursed him throughout his illness until his death.
The defendant took a gun into the nursing home, kissed her sons good-bye, and then shot them both through the head. She was arrested for first-degree murder. The prosecutor informs you that there is not “mercy killing” defense in the law as it is written.
If you were on the jury, how would you decide this case? What punishment does she deserve? Why?
Content Requirements: each assignment must cover the following four requirements fully.
1. Ethical Dilemma
. State what the primary and ancillary ethical dilemmas are as presented by the Case Study. Do not restate the facts of the case.
2. Present a resolution of the case study
. State specifically WHAT you’re going to do and WHY you’re doing what you’re doing to resolve the ethical dilemma. Be very specific and detailed.
3. Identify which ethical system(s) support your resolution.
Look to Chapter 2 of the Pollock textbook to identify the list of ethical systems to be used.
4. Integrate any material/concepts learned in the course that are applicable to the case study and/or your resolution.
Show specifically how the material/content applies. Be sure to cite your resources/textbook properly.
Week 2 Assignment: Essay
Introduction
In the assignment for last week, I suggested you might enjoy reading “The Merchant of Venice”. The as.
This 4-page paper is due within 24 hours and must cover a specific law related to financial management in healthcare. It must include an introduction, 4 body paragraphs covering the specific law, responsibilities and consequences, management actions, and conclusion. In-text citations and a reference list in APA format are required. Late submissions will face a penalty of 11% of the total points for the first day and 1 additional point for each subsequent late day. The paper must be in narrative format using the provided outline headings and formatting guidelines.
LS311BUSINESS LAWINTRODUCTION AND SOURCES OF BUSINESS.docxsmile790243
This document provides an overview and syllabus for a business law course. It outlines course expectations, assignments, objectives, and policies. Students are expected to submit written assignments on time, participate in discussion boards and seminars. Late assignments will receive point deductions. Academic honesty is strictly enforced and plagiarism is not tolerated. The course covers topics like the U.S. legal system, constitutional law, criminal and civil law, business ethics, and case briefings.
From the topics covered in Weeks 3-4, select one law related to fina.docxVannaJoy20
From the topics covered in Weeks 3-4, select one law related to financial management in health care organizations. We discussed such laws as False Claims Act, Stark Law etc. Include a cover page and a list of references at the end of the paper in APA Format. Paper will be double spaced and be 4-5 pages in 12 point New Times Roman font.
The assignment is to be written in clear, concise narrative. All sections in the outline for Assignment #2 are required.
Outline:
Must use the
underlined headings
from the outline below in your paper and the paper must be in narrative form not outline or bullet format.
5% penalty deducted from paper if underlined headings not used in your paper.
1.
Name of the Law and or laws
:
State the official title of the federal and/or state law, the statute and section number. Must be either a federal statute or state statute and you must cite both if applicable. Thus if there is both a federal and state law that covers your subject picked then you must cite both. Do not assume that there is just a federal and or state law. In most cases there is both a federal and state law.
You must use the laws cited in this section throughout the rest of the paper.
2.
Management’s Financial Responsibilities
:
What are the health care organization’s responsibilities under this financial management statute you stated above? Provide a comprehensive discussion of three (3) specific responsibilities under the financial management statute.
State specifically after each responsibility where this responsibility is stated in the federal or state law
.
Describe the appropriate behavior and expectation. Include the citations and source of documents describing the organization’s responsibilities.
Consequences for Ethical or Legal Breach
:
Discuss in general the civil and criminal consequences from the law. Then identify from the news, three (3) specific case examples of health care organizations or health care providers found guilty of a legal or ethical breach relative to the law you have cited in first part of paper. Identify the specific legal and/or ethical breach and the penalties assessed to the health service organizations and/or individuals found guilty of violating the law or ethics [provide citation of law]. At the end of each case, discuss in detail whether you agree or not with the decision and why. Bring in the facts of the case to support your comments. Students should use a minimum of three (3) documented specific examples retrieved from the print media.
HCO Management’s remedial steps to reverse the non-compliance organizations
:
Describe in detail three (3) specific management actions or remedial steps you would take to ensure the financial management in the health care organization meets or exceeds the federal law or state law relative to the requirements of the law you cited above. Discuss specifically how each of the three management actions specifically meets or exceeds the specific federal or stat.
This document provides an overview and summaries of the materials for BSHS 332 Complete Class, which covers professional ethics and legal issues in human services. The class includes 5 weeks of material, with weekly discussions, assignments, and team projects focused on major ethical theories, codes of ethics, ethical dilemmas, and legal standards. Key topics addressed include informed consent, confidentiality, reporting requirements for abuse, personal values, research ethics, and challenges currently facing the human services field from an ethical perspective. Upon completion, students will have in-depth knowledge of applying ethical principles and legal standards to professional practice in human services.
In this project, you will analyze the Terri Schiavo case through the.docxbreaksdayle
In this project, you will analyze the Terri Schiavo case through the lens of the bioethical issue(s) related to the case. You will analyze the case to address what the bioethical issue is and what role end-of-life issues, such as self-determination and advanced directives, played in the case. Using your analysis, you will determine how this bioethical issue impacted the decisions made by the healthcare professionals involved in the case.
Bioethical Analysis: Analyze the bioethical issue for the role end - of life - issues played in the case. Be sure to use appropriate terminology and support with secondary research.
Note: ethical issues to consider are autonomy (self-governance), justice, right to die, medical directives, living will and power of attorney. Provide a definintion from a reputable scholarly source. Then apply the issue to the applicable facts. Weave in the applicable facts as you discuss the issue. The key is to focus on the "right" or "best" facts that facilitate your discussion.
Conclusion: Describe how the bioethical issue influenced the decisions of healthcare professionals involved in the case. Be sure to use specific examples.
Note: tie your issue discussion back to the decision of the healthcare professional. Be specific with at least one example. This is where you can drill down and show some critical thinking.
II. Bioethical Analysis: Analyze the bioethical issue for the role end-of-life issues played in the case. Be sure to use appropriate terminology and support with secondary research.
III. Conclusion: Describe how the bioethical issue influenced the decisions of healthcare professionals involved in the case. Be sure to use specific examples.
Guidelines for Submission: Your bioethical short paper should be a 1- to 2-page Microsoft Word document formatted with 12-point Times New Roman font and one-inch margins. All citations and references should be formatted according to the most recent APA guidelines.
...
The fictional Be Good company recorded the following financial data .docxtodd771
The fictional Be Good company recorded the following financial data for the year ended 20X2:
Sales
$1,000,000
Cash
$25,000
Cost of goods sold
$700,000
Inventory
$50,000
Accounts receivable
$75,000
Operating expenses
$200,000
Fixed assets
$400,000
Interest expenses
$20,000
Accounts payable
$15,000
Taxes
$ 30,000
Long-term debt
$300,000
Owner’s equity
$225,000
Accruals
$10,000
Organize these data into a balance sheet and an income statement.
.
The Female Reproductive SystemPlease compose a 750 Word Essay, r.docxtodd771
The Female Reproductive System
Please compose a 750 Word Essay, regarding the following:
· Identify the anatomical structures of the male and female reproductive systems in words and diagrams should be included as well.
· Explain the menstrual cycle
· Explain the physiology of reproduction
· Explain all of the phases of childbirth
.
The Female Reproductive SystemPlease compose a 1000 Word minimum.docxtodd771
The Female Reproductive System
Please compose a 1000 Word minimum Paper, regarding the following:
Identify the anatomical structures of the male/female reproductive systems and diagrams should be included as well.
Explain the menstrual cycle
Explain the physiology of reproduction in both men and women
Explain all of the phases of childbirth
.
The FBI considers the Animal Liberation Front to be aan _______.docxtodd771
The FBI considers the Animal Liberation Front to be a/an _______ organization.
A.
agroterrorist
B.
issue-oriented advocacy
C.
loosely affiliated extremist
D.
special interest terrorist
.
The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina Lessons Learned (Febru.docxtodd771
The
Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina Lessons Learned
(February, 2006) recommended that the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) establish a National Exercise and Evaluation Program (NEEP). By extension, the NEEP designated the Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP) as a way to standardize exercise planning and execution across governmental levels and sectors. Not all nongovernmental organizations use HSEEP in full or even partially. However, communities, states, and various federal agencies are expected to adopt and employ its tenets. Certainly, it provides the standard that is employed in the National Exercise Program (NEP). The HSEEP provides a standardized methodology for planners to use in designing, developing, conducting, evaluating, and improving exercises and training.
The HSEEP also serves as an extensive resource, replete with useful tools, templates, and examples for building exercises and determining training needs, creating training events, and assessing the merits of all related activities. As you know or are learning, training and exercises are ideally integrated, not merely linked. What is the difference between these concepts of
linked
and
integrated
? Exercises that are linked to training may (or may not) draw directly or indirectly from training drills and events. Exercises that integrate training are considerably more dynamic, with training occurring as the exercise unfolds. This latter technique better develops critical thinking, problem-solving, leadership, and decision-making abilities as well.
The following illustration should clarify this benefit:
Soldiers and law enforcement personnel routinely attend weapons ranges to practice and qualify on their assigned weapons. This training helps them to maintain proficiency or improve in their individual skills. Consider an exercise that links this specific training to other training. The soldiers are completing a special obstacle course in which they run, climb rope ladders, swing over water obstacles, etc. Sometime during the course, they shoot at targets and then dismantle weapons under timed conditions and must achieve a certain score on their target hits. There is linkage to firing weapons accurately to the overall stress-inducing obstacle course.
Integrating the weapons training might look like the following: Soldiers, equipped with laser-emitting weapons, and wearing special sensors on their helmets and vests, commence to move in tactical formations proceeding through wooded (or desert, jungle, etc.) environments. Another group of soldiers, also equipped with special weapons and sensors, plays the opposing force. The two groups engage in realistic combat operations requiring accurate weapons fire, plus evasive movement, simulated first aid, evacuation of casualties, and other assorted requirements. In this case, firing a weapon potentially has an offensive and defensive role, yet is one part of a whole scenario. (You might substitute law en.
The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina Lessons Learned (F.docxtodd771
The
Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina Lessons Learned
(February, 2006) recommended that the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) establish a National Exercise and Evaluation Program (NEEP). By extension, the NEEP designated the Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP) as a way to standardize exercise planning and execution across governmental levels and sectors. Not all nongovernmental organizations use HSEEP in full or even partially. However, communities, states, and various federal agencies are expected to adopt and employ its tenets. Certainly, it provides the standard that is employed in the National Exercise Program (NEP). The HSEEP provides a standardized methodology for planners to use in designing, developing, conducting, evaluating, and improving exercises and training.
The HSEEP also serves as an extensive resource, replete with useful tools, templates, and examples for building exercises and determining training needs, creating training events, and assessing the merits of all related activities. As you know or are learning, training and exercises are ideally integrated, not merely linked. What is the difference between these concepts of
linked
and
integrated
? Exercises that are linked to training may (or may not) draw directly or indirectly from training drills and events. Exercises that integrate training are considerably more dynamic, with training occurring as the exercise unfolds. This latter technique better develops critical thinking, problem-solving, leadership, and decision-making abilities as well.
The following illustration should clarify this benefit:
Soldiers and law enforcement personnel routinely attend weapons ranges to practice and qualify on their assigned weapons. This training helps them to maintain proficiency or improve in their individual skills. Consider an exercise that links this specific training to other training. The soldiers are completing a special obstacle course in which they run, climb rope ladders, swing over water obstacles, etc. Sometime during the course, they shoot at targets and then dismantle weapons under timed conditions and must achieve a certain score on their target hits. There is linkage to firing weapons accurately to the overall stress-inducing obstacle course.
Integrating the weapons training might look like the following: Soldiers, equipped with laser-emitting weapons, and wearing special sensors on their helmets and vests, commence to move in tactical formations proceeding through wooded (or desert, jungle, etc.) environments. Another group of soldiers, also equipped with special weapons and sensors, plays the opposing force. The two groups engage in realistic combat operations requiring accurate weapons fire, plus evasive movement, simulated first aid, evacuation of casualties, and other assorted requirements. In this case, firing a weapon potentially has an offensive and defensive role, yet is one part of a whole scenario. (You might substitute law en.
The Federal Reserve System was established to provide a stable m.docxtodd771
The Federal Reserve System was established to provide a stable monetary system for the entire economy. The Federal Reserve Bank (the Fed) has three major tools to control the money supply: 1) reserve requirements, 2) discount window for loans to member banks, and 3) open market operations.
When the economy is in a recessionary mode, what will likely be the actions by the Federal Reserve using monetary policy? Suppose the Federal Reserve purchases a $100,000 bond from John Doe, who deposits the proceeds in the Manufacturer's National Bank; what will be the impact of this transaction on the supply of money?
How do each of the Fed's tools work? What is the fractional reserve system, and how does it work in relation to the Fed? Review the Federal Reserve System and how the Fed alters the monetary base to achieve the levels of money supply in the economy.
.
The Failure of Theory to Predict the Way Public SectorOrgani.docxtodd771
The Failure of Theory to Predict the Way Public Sector
Organisation Responds to its Organisational
Environment and the Need for a Mosaic-View
of Organisational Theory
Bryane Michael & Maja Popov
Published online: 25 November 2014
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014
Abstract What does theory predict about the way government size and structure
adapts to changes in government’s organisational environment (particularly to
uncertainty and complexity)? In this paper, we review the theory and evidence
from the literature about the way government size adjusts to such changes –
particularly to changes in macroeconomic fundamentals like gross national prod-
uct (GDP). We find that the traditional theories from the organisational theory
literature—like the contingency-based view, resource-based view and the rational
choice view – fail to provide global explanations for much of the variation we
see in the world around us. Instead, theorists need to adopt a “mosaic view” of
organisational theory – accepting that different theories may explain the way
public sector size and structure responds to the uncertainty and variability in its
(macroeconomic) organisational environment. We also provide several empirical
hypotheses to test such a mosaic-view.
Keywords Contingency theory. Public sector organisational theory. Resource-based
view. Size of government . Government structure . “Mosaic view”
JELCodes . F4 . D7 . E6 . H1 . H4
Public Organiz Rev (2016) 16:55–75
DOI 10.1007/s11115-014-0296-5
The views expressed in this paper remain the views of the authors alone and do not reflect the views of the
organisations for which the authors work or are affiliated with.
The affiliations shown as of time of writing.
B. Michael (*)
Columbia University (SIPA), 420 W 118th St #1, New York, NY 10027, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
M. Popov
General Secretariat of the Government of Serbia, 11 Nemanjina St., Belgrade, Serbia
Introduction
Despite over 40 years of theorizing about public sector organisation, we still know very
little about how government responds to changes in its organisational environment. A
variety of theories predict how government size and structure should respond to the
national macroeconomic environment it regulates (as well as buys and sells labour, capital
and goods in). Contingency theorists argue – though are now in relative disrepute – that
government departments and agencies grow, shrink, divide and/or merge in response to
changes in the macroeconomic environment (Gupta et al. 1994). Resource-based theorists
– and their newer off-spring who write about “competencies” – argue that these govern-
ment departments morph, depending on the resources (budgetary, staffing, know-how and
so forth) they already have available – or can obtain through bureaucratic and/or political
means (Bryson et al. 2007). Rational-choice theorists, and select scholars in public
administration, argue that government organisational structure does (or sho.
The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) will meet on Sept. 25th a.docxtodd771
The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) will meet on Sept. 25th and 26th. In one page or less, address the following.
1. Summarize the action, if any, taken by the FOMC.
2. Explain in your analysis why the FOMC took this action.
1. Why it took this action?
2. Discuss what effect the FOMC’s actions or lack of actions had on the following:
1. Stock market immediately after the announcement on Wednesday the 26th at 1:00 central time
2. The closing price on the DJIA the day before and the day of the announcement
3. Closing interest rates (use the 3-month Treasury bill and the 10-year Treasury note) on the day before and the day of the announcement
3. Be specific (DJIA, S&P 500 up 20pts, Yield on 10yr treasury down 30bp, etc.).
Project Plan
Project Overview Statement, Part II
Conversion of Legacy Database to New ERP Software
Member 1
Member 2
Member 3
Member 4
PROJ-584
Managing Software Development Projects
Professor Name
School Name
October 7, 2018
Project Plan
Project Overview Statement
Executive Summary
Team #3 is proposing a software development/upgrade project to move from the legacy software/database MANFACT, to SyteLine® ERP inventory and financial database, to meet the needs of the growing business. This project is in line with the strategic objective of increasing sales and improving customer satisfaction by improving on time delivery at the Los Angeles, CA facility. This ERP software is in use at other facilities in the parent organization for many years now and has been successful in improving performance and delivery as well as reduced inventory levels and improved sales and bookings. This project has a preliminary budget of $500,000 with a duration of 12 -18 months.
Statement of Scope
This project will be company-wide and implemented in all departments and areas of the company. The new software Syteline® (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ZLEMmqTdoE), will reduce the amount of manual tracking of jobs (phone calls, emails, manual excel schedules, attending department meetings, etc.) by providing real-time communication of timelines and part movement and flow throughout the shop and along with status of open programs or large jobs. It will also improve On Time Delivery (OTD) performance through enhanced planning and scheduling of orders. Reduction of lead times (customer delivery) through the elimination of wasted processes and excessive move and queue times built in because of manual processes.
We intend to complete this transformation by:
· Converting existing data into the new ERP database.
· Upgrade server and network equipment to meet increased traffic demands.
· Run pilot programs in parallel to test and verify new process capabilities.
· Create standard work for each department
· Train all employees that would use this system from managers to leads, from sales to production, and engineering to purchasing.
Project Organization (MARC)
This software upgrade will be in alignment with the organization's strat.
The Federal Government’s Fiscal Policy and the National Debt [WLOs.docxtodd771
The document discusses the roles of government bodies in determining fiscal policy, the effects of fiscal policy on the economy, and how the large U.S. national debt impacts fiscal policy decisions. It asks whether the national debt is a serious problem like personal debt by having the student thoroughly discuss reasons why it may or may not be.
The Federal Judiciary I. Constitutional Provisions .docxtodd771
The Federal Judiciary
I. Constitutional Provisions
A. Article III of the Constitution - “The judicial Power in the United States, shall be vested
in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time
ordain and establish.” Also provides for lifetime tenure.
B. Marbury v. Madison (1803) - - gave the judicial branch the power to of judicial review -
decide on the constitutionality of legislative enactments and executive actions.
II. The Legal System
A. Criminal and Civil Law
1. Criminal Law - the branch of law dealing with crimes and their punishments.
(Murder, rape, robbery) state v citizen, innocent until proven guilty, burden of
proof on government, beyond a reasonable doubt
2. Civil Law - is the body of law dealing with noncriminal matters, such as the laws
of property, commercial law, and family law. (Employment discrimination)
citizen v citizen, threshold of proof is lower, PREPONDERANCE OF
EVIDENCE.
B. Jurisdiction - the authority to hear and decide cases.
1. Original Jurisdiction - refers to a court’s authority to hear disputes as a trial
court (Ex. O. J. Simpson’s case was held in a state level trial court). The facts of
the case are established at the trial court level. More than 90 percent of all cases
end at this stage.
2. Appellate Jurisdiction - refers to a court’s ability to review cases already decided
by a trial court.
III. The U.S. Court System: Organization and Jurisdiction
A. Federal District Courts - are trial courts. There are 94, based on population but with at
least one in each state.
1. They are courts of original jurisdiction.
2. Some use juries (either grand jury to decide if there is sufficient evidence to bring
an indictment to an accused person or petit jury that hear evidence and sit in
judgment) and other cases are heard by only a judge.
B. Circuit Court of Appeal - are intermediate appellate courts. There are 12, based on
regions or circuits that hear appeals from the federal district court. A thirteenth court, U.S.
Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, hears cases on patents and government contracts.
Usually, a group of three judges decides their cases.
C. Supreme Court - is the ultimate appellate court. Most cases that it hears have proceeded
through the lower courts first. Today, we have 8 justices and one chief justice - 9 in total.
1. Decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court are binding throughout the nation and
establish legal precedents.
2. Also has original jurisdiction - disputes involving ambassadors, two or more
states, etc.
IV. Judicial Selection - the president’s means of exercising leadership of the judicial branch
is through the nomination of federal judges.
A. Selection of Lower-Court Judges - this involves the federal district courts and the
court of appeals. The president nominates for a lifetime tenure and the Senate must
confirm each nomination by a majority vo.
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Select a topic from the list below [must be different topic from the.docxzenobiakeeney
Select a topic from the list below [must be different topic from the one you chose for Assignment #l] or clear a topic with the instructor beforehand.
The
purpose of this assignment is to raise the awareness of a specific employee group in a specific health care setting regarding a potentially critical aspect of their responsibilities.
Target the right issue, the correct employee population. In other words you are either a head nurse or senior administrator thus your discussion should be as if you were lecturing specific employees on their specific responsibilities and the specific consequences of failing in those responsibilities.
For example: The
False Credentials
paper issue would be for HR offices while the
Critical Event
might be for operating room technicians.
Patient Treatment Consent
might be a good paper for a
Palliative Care Organization
or an Oncology Clinic discharge planning staff. The paper must discuss accurate information for the setting with full consideration of the relevant state and federal laws with citations that are accessible by the instructor. The paper can ask questions and use graphics to deliver certain points of information but the graphics must be an addendum to the paper and not in the body of the paper. -1pt if I have to reformat the paper because of inclusion of graphics in body of paper. The paper should include in its conclusion “For more information about this issue…” and include a reference or references in your Conclusion.
The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA)
Elder abuse Mandatory Reporting
Child abuse Mandatory Reporting
HIV Mandatory Reporting
The False Claims Act- the civil penalties
TB Mandatory Reporting
Proper treatment of environmental hazards.
Medical error-Critical Incident
False credentials of health care personnel
Medical Charting violation
Violation of HIPAA- confidentiality
Failure to treat patients in a timely manner
Patient Choice and treatment consent
Outline: Outline: Must use the
underlined headings
from the outline below in your paper and the paper must be in narrative form not outline or bullet format. 5% penalty deducted from paper if underlined headings not used in your paper.
1.
Purpose of Paper, topic chosen, applicable Federal and/or state laws
State the purpose of the paper and discuss why you chose the particular topic, and provide the official title of the applicable federal and/or state law, the statute and section number. Must be either a federal/state statute and you must cite both, if applicable. Thus if there is both a federal and state law that covers the subject you selected, then you must cite both the applicable federal and a state law. Summarize in this paragraph the relevant language from the law that applies to your issue. If there is a relevant health care organizational policy that you can find, then please add that also. Do not assume that there is just a federal and or state law. In most cases there is both a federa.
Urbst 227 law urban studies syllabus fall 2012 queens collegeJohn Smith
This document provides the syllabus for an online law and urban studies course taught at Queens College in Fall 2012. The syllabus outlines the course description, learning objectives, required materials, assignments, grading policies, and schedule. Students will examine how the legal system and various laws impact urban communities. Major assignments include a midterm project modifying an existing law, a final research paper analyzing a Supreme Court case relating to urban issues, and a final proposal to address an urban challenge. The goal is for students to gain an understanding of the legal issues facing cities and consider solutions.
Case study using the Ethics Worksheet belowTESLA MOTORSIdentif.docxwendolynhalbert
Case study using the Ethics Worksheet below: TESLA MOTORS
Identify an actual media case which includes ethical considerations.
The case may involve national or local news media, advertisers, public relations practitioners, or media entertainment in magazines, movies, books, etc. The sweep is broad, though the case must in some way involve one of the media: newspapers, magazines, books, TV, radio, movies, records or the web. It may involve advertising, public relations, or journalism. Try to choose an issue you're already interested in, or something based on a personal experience. It will make this project more fun to do. The choice must NOT be something we already used for a class case study.
To find ideas, read, read, read, listen, listen, listen, or watch, watch, watch. Get ideas from your textbooks, or from class discussions. You can find oodles of ethically-sensitive cases out there, if you're looking. I won't give you possible choices here--as this is an theoretical-level class, it's time for you to take the initiative!
b. Identify the ethical issue posed by the case, and collect background information on this issue from library sources and interviews with experts. You'll need to explain:
· how the issue has been handled by philosophers and media people in the past;
· legal considerations;
· professional considerations;
· opinions of experts in the field. Basically, tell me everything the world knows about the ethical issue raised by your sample case.
c. Complete the ethics worksheet, decide how you would, or would have, handled the case. This part of the assignment is similar to previous class exercises.
Length: Using the ethics worksheet as an outline, description of the case should be at least one page.Research on the case should total at least five to seven pages, and a good eight sources, (minimum is 5 sources) books and articles included--not only web sites! You'll probably have to rely on the library's on-line databases, perhaps interlibrary loan.
Your paper should be set up using the ethics worksheet questions, with each question number indicated. Your answer will probably be both in narrative and bulleted form, as you think works best. This means your description of the case will fit into, perhaps, questions two and three. Your consideration of how ethical theories relate to your case will fit under question 11, etc. Your ethics worksheet analysis will be similar in size to those you've turned in for class projects (in other classes), but longer, about 10-12 double-spaced, typewritten pages.
Objectives: To recognize an ethical issue based on an actual situation; to understand how ethics philosophers and writers have considered your chosen issue; to critically analyze a case,acknowledging ambiguities. At the end of your work, you'll be the expert on this issue, so I expect to read in your work a lot that I don't know already.
Ethics Worksheet for Case Studies - Tesla Motors
1. What is the ethical issue/problem, in one sente ...
Readreview the following resources for this activity· Poll.docxsedgar5
Read/review the following resources for this activity:
· Pollock (Cengage, 9e)
Writing Requirements (APA format)
· 3-4 pages (approx. 300 words per page), not including title page or references page
· 1-inch margins
· Double spaced
· 12-point Times New Roman font
· Title page with topic and name of student
Week 1 Assignment: Essay
Introduction
In your reading, you learned that there is man-made law and natural law. Next week you’ll read about punishment and its proposed purpose(s). In this assignment, you’re asked to evaluate the letter of the law vs. the spirit of the law in terms of whether someone is guilty of a crime and/or whether they should be punished. In addition, you’re asked to evaluate the ethical dilemma using a methodical process that will help you critically think through, resolve, and defend your decision on what to do. You’re just starting to see, hopefully, that ethical dilemmas aren’t always easy to resolve, and that’s precisely why they’re dilemmas! (If you like the challenge of thinking this dilemma through and are interested in something similar, read “The Merchant of Venice” by William Shakespeare. It has a similar theme and is written by one of the greatest play writes of all time!)
Activity Instructions
Mercy Killing
You are selected for a jury trial of a 64-year-old mother who killed her two adult sons. The two men had Huntington’s disease, a degenerative brain disease, and were institutionalized. They were certain to die and would endure much pain and suffering before they expired. The defendant’s husband had died from this same disease, and she had nursed him throughout his illness until his death.
The defendant took a gun into the nursing home, kissed her sons good-bye, and then shot them both through the head. She was arrested for first-degree murder. The prosecutor informs you that there is not “mercy killing” defense in the law as it is written.
If you were on the jury, how would you decide this case? What punishment does she deserve? Why?
Content Requirements: each assignment must cover the following four requirements fully.
1. Ethical Dilemma
. State what the primary and ancillary ethical dilemmas are as presented by the Case Study. Do not restate the facts of the case.
2. Present a resolution of the case study
. State specifically WHAT you’re going to do and WHY you’re doing what you’re doing to resolve the ethical dilemma. Be very specific and detailed.
3. Identify which ethical system(s) support your resolution.
Look to Chapter 2 of the Pollock textbook to identify the list of ethical systems to be used.
4. Integrate any material/concepts learned in the course that are applicable to the case study and/or your resolution.
Show specifically how the material/content applies. Be sure to cite your resources/textbook properly.
Week 2 Assignment: Essay
Introduction
In the assignment for last week, I suggested you might enjoy reading “The Merchant of Venice”. The as.
This 4-page paper is due within 24 hours and must cover a specific law related to financial management in healthcare. It must include an introduction, 4 body paragraphs covering the specific law, responsibilities and consequences, management actions, and conclusion. In-text citations and a reference list in APA format are required. Late submissions will face a penalty of 11% of the total points for the first day and 1 additional point for each subsequent late day. The paper must be in narrative format using the provided outline headings and formatting guidelines.
LS311BUSINESS LAWINTRODUCTION AND SOURCES OF BUSINESS.docxsmile790243
This document provides an overview and syllabus for a business law course. It outlines course expectations, assignments, objectives, and policies. Students are expected to submit written assignments on time, participate in discussion boards and seminars. Late assignments will receive point deductions. Academic honesty is strictly enforced and plagiarism is not tolerated. The course covers topics like the U.S. legal system, constitutional law, criminal and civil law, business ethics, and case briefings.
From the topics covered in Weeks 3-4, select one law related to fina.docxVannaJoy20
From the topics covered in Weeks 3-4, select one law related to financial management in health care organizations. We discussed such laws as False Claims Act, Stark Law etc. Include a cover page and a list of references at the end of the paper in APA Format. Paper will be double spaced and be 4-5 pages in 12 point New Times Roman font.
The assignment is to be written in clear, concise narrative. All sections in the outline for Assignment #2 are required.
Outline:
Must use the
underlined headings
from the outline below in your paper and the paper must be in narrative form not outline or bullet format.
5% penalty deducted from paper if underlined headings not used in your paper.
1.
Name of the Law and or laws
:
State the official title of the federal and/or state law, the statute and section number. Must be either a federal statute or state statute and you must cite both if applicable. Thus if there is both a federal and state law that covers your subject picked then you must cite both. Do not assume that there is just a federal and or state law. In most cases there is both a federal and state law.
You must use the laws cited in this section throughout the rest of the paper.
2.
Management’s Financial Responsibilities
:
What are the health care organization’s responsibilities under this financial management statute you stated above? Provide a comprehensive discussion of three (3) specific responsibilities under the financial management statute.
State specifically after each responsibility where this responsibility is stated in the federal or state law
.
Describe the appropriate behavior and expectation. Include the citations and source of documents describing the organization’s responsibilities.
Consequences for Ethical or Legal Breach
:
Discuss in general the civil and criminal consequences from the law. Then identify from the news, three (3) specific case examples of health care organizations or health care providers found guilty of a legal or ethical breach relative to the law you have cited in first part of paper. Identify the specific legal and/or ethical breach and the penalties assessed to the health service organizations and/or individuals found guilty of violating the law or ethics [provide citation of law]. At the end of each case, discuss in detail whether you agree or not with the decision and why. Bring in the facts of the case to support your comments. Students should use a minimum of three (3) documented specific examples retrieved from the print media.
HCO Management’s remedial steps to reverse the non-compliance organizations
:
Describe in detail three (3) specific management actions or remedial steps you would take to ensure the financial management in the health care organization meets or exceeds the federal law or state law relative to the requirements of the law you cited above. Discuss specifically how each of the three management actions specifically meets or exceeds the specific federal or stat.
This document provides an overview and summaries of the materials for BSHS 332 Complete Class, which covers professional ethics and legal issues in human services. The class includes 5 weeks of material, with weekly discussions, assignments, and team projects focused on major ethical theories, codes of ethics, ethical dilemmas, and legal standards. Key topics addressed include informed consent, confidentiality, reporting requirements for abuse, personal values, research ethics, and challenges currently facing the human services field from an ethical perspective. Upon completion, students will have in-depth knowledge of applying ethical principles and legal standards to professional practice in human services.
In this project, you will analyze the Terri Schiavo case through the.docxbreaksdayle
In this project, you will analyze the Terri Schiavo case through the lens of the bioethical issue(s) related to the case. You will analyze the case to address what the bioethical issue is and what role end-of-life issues, such as self-determination and advanced directives, played in the case. Using your analysis, you will determine how this bioethical issue impacted the decisions made by the healthcare professionals involved in the case.
Bioethical Analysis: Analyze the bioethical issue for the role end - of life - issues played in the case. Be sure to use appropriate terminology and support with secondary research.
Note: ethical issues to consider are autonomy (self-governance), justice, right to die, medical directives, living will and power of attorney. Provide a definintion from a reputable scholarly source. Then apply the issue to the applicable facts. Weave in the applicable facts as you discuss the issue. The key is to focus on the "right" or "best" facts that facilitate your discussion.
Conclusion: Describe how the bioethical issue influenced the decisions of healthcare professionals involved in the case. Be sure to use specific examples.
Note: tie your issue discussion back to the decision of the healthcare professional. Be specific with at least one example. This is where you can drill down and show some critical thinking.
II. Bioethical Analysis: Analyze the bioethical issue for the role end-of-life issues played in the case. Be sure to use appropriate terminology and support with secondary research.
III. Conclusion: Describe how the bioethical issue influenced the decisions of healthcare professionals involved in the case. Be sure to use specific examples.
Guidelines for Submission: Your bioethical short paper should be a 1- to 2-page Microsoft Word document formatted with 12-point Times New Roman font and one-inch margins. All citations and references should be formatted according to the most recent APA guidelines.
...
Similar to The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and or.docx (10)
The fictional Be Good company recorded the following financial data .docxtodd771
The fictional Be Good company recorded the following financial data for the year ended 20X2:
Sales
$1,000,000
Cash
$25,000
Cost of goods sold
$700,000
Inventory
$50,000
Accounts receivable
$75,000
Operating expenses
$200,000
Fixed assets
$400,000
Interest expenses
$20,000
Accounts payable
$15,000
Taxes
$ 30,000
Long-term debt
$300,000
Owner’s equity
$225,000
Accruals
$10,000
Organize these data into a balance sheet and an income statement.
.
The Female Reproductive SystemPlease compose a 750 Word Essay, r.docxtodd771
The Female Reproductive System
Please compose a 750 Word Essay, regarding the following:
· Identify the anatomical structures of the male and female reproductive systems in words and diagrams should be included as well.
· Explain the menstrual cycle
· Explain the physiology of reproduction
· Explain all of the phases of childbirth
.
The Female Reproductive SystemPlease compose a 1000 Word minimum.docxtodd771
The Female Reproductive System
Please compose a 1000 Word minimum Paper, regarding the following:
Identify the anatomical structures of the male/female reproductive systems and diagrams should be included as well.
Explain the menstrual cycle
Explain the physiology of reproduction in both men and women
Explain all of the phases of childbirth
.
The FBI considers the Animal Liberation Front to be aan _______.docxtodd771
The FBI considers the Animal Liberation Front to be a/an _______ organization.
A.
agroterrorist
B.
issue-oriented advocacy
C.
loosely affiliated extremist
D.
special interest terrorist
.
The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina Lessons Learned (Febru.docxtodd771
The
Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina Lessons Learned
(February, 2006) recommended that the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) establish a National Exercise and Evaluation Program (NEEP). By extension, the NEEP designated the Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP) as a way to standardize exercise planning and execution across governmental levels and sectors. Not all nongovernmental organizations use HSEEP in full or even partially. However, communities, states, and various federal agencies are expected to adopt and employ its tenets. Certainly, it provides the standard that is employed in the National Exercise Program (NEP). The HSEEP provides a standardized methodology for planners to use in designing, developing, conducting, evaluating, and improving exercises and training.
The HSEEP also serves as an extensive resource, replete with useful tools, templates, and examples for building exercises and determining training needs, creating training events, and assessing the merits of all related activities. As you know or are learning, training and exercises are ideally integrated, not merely linked. What is the difference between these concepts of
linked
and
integrated
? Exercises that are linked to training may (or may not) draw directly or indirectly from training drills and events. Exercises that integrate training are considerably more dynamic, with training occurring as the exercise unfolds. This latter technique better develops critical thinking, problem-solving, leadership, and decision-making abilities as well.
The following illustration should clarify this benefit:
Soldiers and law enforcement personnel routinely attend weapons ranges to practice and qualify on their assigned weapons. This training helps them to maintain proficiency or improve in their individual skills. Consider an exercise that links this specific training to other training. The soldiers are completing a special obstacle course in which they run, climb rope ladders, swing over water obstacles, etc. Sometime during the course, they shoot at targets and then dismantle weapons under timed conditions and must achieve a certain score on their target hits. There is linkage to firing weapons accurately to the overall stress-inducing obstacle course.
Integrating the weapons training might look like the following: Soldiers, equipped with laser-emitting weapons, and wearing special sensors on their helmets and vests, commence to move in tactical formations proceeding through wooded (or desert, jungle, etc.) environments. Another group of soldiers, also equipped with special weapons and sensors, plays the opposing force. The two groups engage in realistic combat operations requiring accurate weapons fire, plus evasive movement, simulated first aid, evacuation of casualties, and other assorted requirements. In this case, firing a weapon potentially has an offensive and defensive role, yet is one part of a whole scenario. (You might substitute law en.
The Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina Lessons Learned (F.docxtodd771
The
Federal Response to Hurricane Katrina Lessons Learned
(February, 2006) recommended that the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) establish a National Exercise and Evaluation Program (NEEP). By extension, the NEEP designated the Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP) as a way to standardize exercise planning and execution across governmental levels and sectors. Not all nongovernmental organizations use HSEEP in full or even partially. However, communities, states, and various federal agencies are expected to adopt and employ its tenets. Certainly, it provides the standard that is employed in the National Exercise Program (NEP). The HSEEP provides a standardized methodology for planners to use in designing, developing, conducting, evaluating, and improving exercises and training.
The HSEEP also serves as an extensive resource, replete with useful tools, templates, and examples for building exercises and determining training needs, creating training events, and assessing the merits of all related activities. As you know or are learning, training and exercises are ideally integrated, not merely linked. What is the difference between these concepts of
linked
and
integrated
? Exercises that are linked to training may (or may not) draw directly or indirectly from training drills and events. Exercises that integrate training are considerably more dynamic, with training occurring as the exercise unfolds. This latter technique better develops critical thinking, problem-solving, leadership, and decision-making abilities as well.
The following illustration should clarify this benefit:
Soldiers and law enforcement personnel routinely attend weapons ranges to practice and qualify on their assigned weapons. This training helps them to maintain proficiency or improve in their individual skills. Consider an exercise that links this specific training to other training. The soldiers are completing a special obstacle course in which they run, climb rope ladders, swing over water obstacles, etc. Sometime during the course, they shoot at targets and then dismantle weapons under timed conditions and must achieve a certain score on their target hits. There is linkage to firing weapons accurately to the overall stress-inducing obstacle course.
Integrating the weapons training might look like the following: Soldiers, equipped with laser-emitting weapons, and wearing special sensors on their helmets and vests, commence to move in tactical formations proceeding through wooded (or desert, jungle, etc.) environments. Another group of soldiers, also equipped with special weapons and sensors, plays the opposing force. The two groups engage in realistic combat operations requiring accurate weapons fire, plus evasive movement, simulated first aid, evacuation of casualties, and other assorted requirements. In this case, firing a weapon potentially has an offensive and defensive role, yet is one part of a whole scenario. (You might substitute law en.
The Federal Reserve System was established to provide a stable m.docxtodd771
The Federal Reserve System was established to provide a stable monetary system for the entire economy. The Federal Reserve Bank (the Fed) has three major tools to control the money supply: 1) reserve requirements, 2) discount window for loans to member banks, and 3) open market operations.
When the economy is in a recessionary mode, what will likely be the actions by the Federal Reserve using monetary policy? Suppose the Federal Reserve purchases a $100,000 bond from John Doe, who deposits the proceeds in the Manufacturer's National Bank; what will be the impact of this transaction on the supply of money?
How do each of the Fed's tools work? What is the fractional reserve system, and how does it work in relation to the Fed? Review the Federal Reserve System and how the Fed alters the monetary base to achieve the levels of money supply in the economy.
.
The Failure of Theory to Predict the Way Public SectorOrgani.docxtodd771
The Failure of Theory to Predict the Way Public Sector
Organisation Responds to its Organisational
Environment and the Need for a Mosaic-View
of Organisational Theory
Bryane Michael & Maja Popov
Published online: 25 November 2014
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014
Abstract What does theory predict about the way government size and structure
adapts to changes in government’s organisational environment (particularly to
uncertainty and complexity)? In this paper, we review the theory and evidence
from the literature about the way government size adjusts to such changes –
particularly to changes in macroeconomic fundamentals like gross national prod-
uct (GDP). We find that the traditional theories from the organisational theory
literature—like the contingency-based view, resource-based view and the rational
choice view – fail to provide global explanations for much of the variation we
see in the world around us. Instead, theorists need to adopt a “mosaic view” of
organisational theory – accepting that different theories may explain the way
public sector size and structure responds to the uncertainty and variability in its
(macroeconomic) organisational environment. We also provide several empirical
hypotheses to test such a mosaic-view.
Keywords Contingency theory. Public sector organisational theory. Resource-based
view. Size of government . Government structure . “Mosaic view”
JELCodes . F4 . D7 . E6 . H1 . H4
Public Organiz Rev (2016) 16:55–75
DOI 10.1007/s11115-014-0296-5
The views expressed in this paper remain the views of the authors alone and do not reflect the views of the
organisations for which the authors work or are affiliated with.
The affiliations shown as of time of writing.
B. Michael (*)
Columbia University (SIPA), 420 W 118th St #1, New York, NY 10027, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
M. Popov
General Secretariat of the Government of Serbia, 11 Nemanjina St., Belgrade, Serbia
Introduction
Despite over 40 years of theorizing about public sector organisation, we still know very
little about how government responds to changes in its organisational environment. A
variety of theories predict how government size and structure should respond to the
national macroeconomic environment it regulates (as well as buys and sells labour, capital
and goods in). Contingency theorists argue – though are now in relative disrepute – that
government departments and agencies grow, shrink, divide and/or merge in response to
changes in the macroeconomic environment (Gupta et al. 1994). Resource-based theorists
– and their newer off-spring who write about “competencies” – argue that these govern-
ment departments morph, depending on the resources (budgetary, staffing, know-how and
so forth) they already have available – or can obtain through bureaucratic and/or political
means (Bryson et al. 2007). Rational-choice theorists, and select scholars in public
administration, argue that government organisational structure does (or sho.
The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) will meet on Sept. 25th a.docxtodd771
The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) will meet on Sept. 25th and 26th. In one page or less, address the following.
1. Summarize the action, if any, taken by the FOMC.
2. Explain in your analysis why the FOMC took this action.
1. Why it took this action?
2. Discuss what effect the FOMC’s actions or lack of actions had on the following:
1. Stock market immediately after the announcement on Wednesday the 26th at 1:00 central time
2. The closing price on the DJIA the day before and the day of the announcement
3. Closing interest rates (use the 3-month Treasury bill and the 10-year Treasury note) on the day before and the day of the announcement
3. Be specific (DJIA, S&P 500 up 20pts, Yield on 10yr treasury down 30bp, etc.).
Project Plan
Project Overview Statement, Part II
Conversion of Legacy Database to New ERP Software
Member 1
Member 2
Member 3
Member 4
PROJ-584
Managing Software Development Projects
Professor Name
School Name
October 7, 2018
Project Plan
Project Overview Statement
Executive Summary
Team #3 is proposing a software development/upgrade project to move from the legacy software/database MANFACT, to SyteLine® ERP inventory and financial database, to meet the needs of the growing business. This project is in line with the strategic objective of increasing sales and improving customer satisfaction by improving on time delivery at the Los Angeles, CA facility. This ERP software is in use at other facilities in the parent organization for many years now and has been successful in improving performance and delivery as well as reduced inventory levels and improved sales and bookings. This project has a preliminary budget of $500,000 with a duration of 12 -18 months.
Statement of Scope
This project will be company-wide and implemented in all departments and areas of the company. The new software Syteline® (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ZLEMmqTdoE), will reduce the amount of manual tracking of jobs (phone calls, emails, manual excel schedules, attending department meetings, etc.) by providing real-time communication of timelines and part movement and flow throughout the shop and along with status of open programs or large jobs. It will also improve On Time Delivery (OTD) performance through enhanced planning and scheduling of orders. Reduction of lead times (customer delivery) through the elimination of wasted processes and excessive move and queue times built in because of manual processes.
We intend to complete this transformation by:
· Converting existing data into the new ERP database.
· Upgrade server and network equipment to meet increased traffic demands.
· Run pilot programs in parallel to test and verify new process capabilities.
· Create standard work for each department
· Train all employees that would use this system from managers to leads, from sales to production, and engineering to purchasing.
Project Organization (MARC)
This software upgrade will be in alignment with the organization's strat.
The Federal Government’s Fiscal Policy and the National Debt [WLOs.docxtodd771
The document discusses the roles of government bodies in determining fiscal policy, the effects of fiscal policy on the economy, and how the large U.S. national debt impacts fiscal policy decisions. It asks whether the national debt is a serious problem like personal debt by having the student thoroughly discuss reasons why it may or may not be.
The Federal Judiciary I. Constitutional Provisions .docxtodd771
The Federal Judiciary
I. Constitutional Provisions
A. Article III of the Constitution - “The judicial Power in the United States, shall be vested
in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time
ordain and establish.” Also provides for lifetime tenure.
B. Marbury v. Madison (1803) - - gave the judicial branch the power to of judicial review -
decide on the constitutionality of legislative enactments and executive actions.
II. The Legal System
A. Criminal and Civil Law
1. Criminal Law - the branch of law dealing with crimes and their punishments.
(Murder, rape, robbery) state v citizen, innocent until proven guilty, burden of
proof on government, beyond a reasonable doubt
2. Civil Law - is the body of law dealing with noncriminal matters, such as the laws
of property, commercial law, and family law. (Employment discrimination)
citizen v citizen, threshold of proof is lower, PREPONDERANCE OF
EVIDENCE.
B. Jurisdiction - the authority to hear and decide cases.
1. Original Jurisdiction - refers to a court’s authority to hear disputes as a trial
court (Ex. O. J. Simpson’s case was held in a state level trial court). The facts of
the case are established at the trial court level. More than 90 percent of all cases
end at this stage.
2. Appellate Jurisdiction - refers to a court’s ability to review cases already decided
by a trial court.
III. The U.S. Court System: Organization and Jurisdiction
A. Federal District Courts - are trial courts. There are 94, based on population but with at
least one in each state.
1. They are courts of original jurisdiction.
2. Some use juries (either grand jury to decide if there is sufficient evidence to bring
an indictment to an accused person or petit jury that hear evidence and sit in
judgment) and other cases are heard by only a judge.
B. Circuit Court of Appeal - are intermediate appellate courts. There are 12, based on
regions or circuits that hear appeals from the federal district court. A thirteenth court, U.S.
Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, hears cases on patents and government contracts.
Usually, a group of three judges decides their cases.
C. Supreme Court - is the ultimate appellate court. Most cases that it hears have proceeded
through the lower courts first. Today, we have 8 justices and one chief justice - 9 in total.
1. Decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court are binding throughout the nation and
establish legal precedents.
2. Also has original jurisdiction - disputes involving ambassadors, two or more
states, etc.
IV. Judicial Selection - the president’s means of exercising leadership of the judicial branch
is through the nomination of federal judges.
A. Selection of Lower-Court Judges - this involves the federal district courts and the
court of appeals. The president nominates for a lifetime tenure and the Senate must
confirm each nomination by a majority vo.
The federal government has assumed responsibility for educating .docxtodd771
The federal government has assumed responsibility for educating children living on federal property since the 1800s by paying those children’s school tuition. The advent of the Korean War led to a significant increase in military housing. Military installations began building schools on federal properties in the southern states in the early 1950s.
There are several reasons why military children began attending schools on military installations rather than the local public schools, also known as Local Education Activities (LEAs). One significant reason is related to desegregation. Desegregation in the U.S. Military occurred prior to desegregation in public education. To support its own desegregation policies and the type of community these policies fostered, the government established desegregated schools for the children of military personnel.
In addition, state law prohibited the expenditure of tax revenues for the education of children living on federal property. The military decided to build its own schools for the children of military personnel rather than paying for these children to attend local public schools.
At present, all stateside U.S. Department of Defense Educational Activity (DoDEA) schools fall under the responsibility of the Department of Defense Title 10 under the direction of the Secretary of Defense. The overseas schools (or, DoDDS) fall under the responsibility of Title 20, Department of Education (DoDEA; School Boards for Department of Defense Domestic Schools Training Materials, 2012).
Throughout the years, there have been many changes and shifts, as well as attempts to reintegrate children into LEAs. From time to time, the cost of supporting the schools is brought into question. In addition, whenever a military installation closes, its associated school, if any, closes too.
Not all military children attend schools on military installations. Many receive quality educations at their LEAs. Regardless if a military child attends a school on a military installation or an LEA, it is important for helping professionals to know the types of education available to military children, to know how to support the needs of these students, and to know the laws that protect and support the social, emotional, and academic success of military children.
For this paper, take into account what you have learned so far about military culture, review the two videos assigned this week, and conduct some additional research to deepen your understanding of the education of military children.
Submit
a 3- to 4-page paper in which you:
Choose one family from the videos and briefly describe their circumstances as if they were an identified client
Explain how the DoDEA school system could be utilized to help the family you chose
Analyze how the scenarios discussed or circumstances may have been different in a civilian school
Explain what social work strategies you would utilize with this family
Explain how military culture played a part .
The Facts Peel Factor is the leading fruit juice provider .docxtodd771
The Facts
Peel Factor is the leading fruit juice provider in the country. The company is family owned and has been headed by brothers, Ted and Kiki, since the untimely passing of their father a few years ago. Kiki is the face of the enterprise and acts as the Executive Director of Peel Factor, soaking in all the plaudits for how well the company has performed. Ted is the reliable right-hand man who, until recently, faithfully executes his duties as one of the directors. Unbeknownst to Kiki, Ted has always felt that he can do a better job than his brother in leading the company, if given the chance to do so.
Secretly, Ted has been approached by a talent scout hired by Fresh Inc., who is Peel Factor’s direct competitor. Ted is intrigued by Fresh Inc.’s offer to head their company and is tempted by the potential to achieve recognition for his business sense and administrative ability. He gives his in-principle agreement to Fresh Inc. to accept their offer. Out of brotherly love, he decides to inform Kiki first before signing the employment contract proper.
Unfortunately for Ted, a local news reporter gets wind of the intended appointment and releases the news via the country’s premier social media app. Kiki is enraged by this perceived “betrayal” and goes to talk to Ted, hoping to come to an agreement on the way forward.
However, once he gets to the office, Kiki loses it and castigates Ted, calling him “a wastrel and a disgrace to the family.” Ted tries to ignore Kiki and refuses to speak to him initially. Kiki then goes on to tell Ted that he “is the reason why father passed on early,” because Ted “is such a disappointment.” Kiki also says that Ted is “lousy” and that is why he “failed” at his job, and that the company would do much better without him, even though he has no evidence for this statement.
Unable to hold it together any longer, Ted yells that Kiki has “always been the spoilt favourite family brat” and has only got so far because he is “tied to mummy’s apron strings.” Incensed at the situation, Kiki then proposes to buy back Ted’s shares in the family business for $0.04 per share even though he knows that the market price is $0.20 per share. Ted shouts back that Kiki has always been a “bully” since Ted lost Kiki’s favourite stuffed toy in their youth, even though Ted knows this has nothing to do with the current dispute.
Kiki and Ted then both claim that they will each hear from their respective lawyers about this situation.
Inwardly, Kiki is devastated. He has always wanted the family business to do well and wanted to keep his family together. Before their father passed, Kiki promised to take care of his brother and now the family seems to be torn asunder. Heartbroken, Kiki wishes deeply to keep the promise to his late father. In fact, Kiki actually thought he was grooming Ted to eventually take over from him in the near future. Further, he is extremely concerned about losing his existing clients as well as his staff.
The Federal Courts The judiciary ought to be the defender of .docxtodd771
The Federal Courts: The judiciary ought to be the defender of liberty, equality and democracy. With references to the authors, are the courts really performing that role as the framers of the constitution intended?
Explain the connections among the different segments of the United States court system.
.
The Financial Review 40 (2005) 1--9Reflections on the Effi.docxtodd771
The document summarizes evidence that actively managed investment funds do not consistently outperform the market. Over periods of 10 years or more, over 80% of actively managed funds underperformed their benchmark indexes. This suggests that markets are generally efficient, as arbitrage opportunities are not being exploited by professional investors. While some active managers do beat the market in individual periods, there is no persistence in performance - past winners often underperform in future periods. Expenses and high portfolio turnover help explain why the average actively managed fund underperforms the market by over 200 basis points after fees. Overall, the evidence supports the efficient market hypothesis and suggests investors are best served by low-cost index funds.
The financial appraisal report should contain 4 sections that co.docxtodd771
The financial appraisal report should contain 4 sections that cover the initial design concept, initial financial appraisal, design, and financial viability analysis, balancing design, and profitability. Further detail on each of these sections is provided below.
need to use excel
.
The financial appraisal report should contain 4 sections that cover .docxtodd771
The financial appraisal report should contain 4 sections that cover the initial design concept, initial financial appraisal, design, and financial viability analysis, balancing design, and profitability. Further detail on each of these sections is provided below.
need to use excel
you will post one is the Excel, other is the word documents and the excel table need to Make a screenshot to put in the word document
.
The final step in the course project is to develop the presentat.docxtodd771
The final step in the course project is to develop the presentation with audio narration.
You may use PowerPoint or another method (mp4 file) approved by your instructor.
Deliver the presentation in a professional and engaging manner.
Include parenthetical in-text citations support observations made in the presentation. Make sure to read the citations when recording your narration. Do not read the references slide.
Presentation Requirements
Length: 4-6 minutes narrated presentation
Slide length: 5-8 slides (not including title slide, conclusion slide, or references slide)
Title slide
Conclusion slide
References slide (minimum of 8 scholarly sources cited in APA format; not narrated)
.
The Finalized PlanPlease respond to the following discussion.docxtodd771
The Finalized Plan
Please respond to the following discussion topic and submit to the discussion forum as a single post. Your initial post should be a minimum of 150 words in length. Then, make at least two thoughtful responses to your fellow students’ posts.
Discuss the benefits of your plan to the organization, to management, to the employees, and to patients if applicable.
.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
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Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and or.docx
1. The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and
or ethical issues involved in the below health care scenario. See
questions to be answered at end of this factual scenario below. I
have also provided, after the formatting requirements for the
paper, two articles that will aid you in your analyzing the
scenario and writing your paper.
The two articles to base the analysis of your paper are entitled:
Clinical Ethics Issues and Discussion and
A Framework for Thinking Ethically
This is the final paper for the class and must be double spaced
and be approximately 4-5 pages in 12 point New Times Roman
font. Include a cover page [not counted as a page] which should
have student name and title of your paper. See more formatting
requirements later in these paper instructions.
NOTE: For this paper it is unnecessary to do any research
beyond the two articles I furnished with this assignment. Both
are after the specific paper requirements. You may use all the
articles in the class also. To do internet research would only be
wasting your valuable time.
Case Scenario
A 72 year old woman was admitted to the Neurological
Intensive Care Unit following a cerebral hemorrhage which left
her with severe brain damage and ventilator dependent. One
year before this event, the patient and her husband had drawn
up "living wills" with an attorney. She was diagnosed by her
treating physician as being in a permanent unconscious
condition. The patient's living will specified that the patient did
not want ventilator support or other artificial life support in the
2. event of a permanent unconscious condition or terminal
condition.
The patient's husband is her legal next of kin and the person
with surrogate decision-making authority. When the living will
was discussed with him, he insisted that the patient had not
intended for the document to be used in a situation like the
present one. Further discussion with him revealed that he
understood that the patient would not be able to recover any
meaningful brain function but he argued that the living will did
not apply because her condition was not imminently terminal.
He further indicated that he did not consider his wife to be in a
permanent unconscious condition. The immediate family
members (the couple’s adult children) disagreed with their
father’s refusal to withdraw life support.
The treatment team allowed a week to pass to allow the husband
more time to be supported in his grief and to appreciate the
gravity of his wife’s situation. Nevertheless, at the end of this
time, the husband was unwilling to authorize withdrawal of life
support measures consistent with the patient's wishes as
expressed in her living will. End of scenario.
You paper should have 3 major sections. Each is numbered 1, 2
and 3.
Questions to be discussed based on the facts above. You must
weave into your discussion the relevant facts from above
scenario to support your discussion in discussion areas 2 and 3
below. And for discussion area 3 you must weave into your
discussion the ethics philosophy you pick for each issue from
the article A Framework for Thinking Ethically. A penalty will
be deducted if you fail to use appropriate headings in your
paper.
1. Three Legal/Ethical Issues
. Just list the three most important legal/ethics issues in this
3. scenario that you will discuss. They must be three separate,
different and distinct issues. Pay particular attention to the
article I furnished with this assignment. No explanation needed,
just state them 1, 2, 3.
2. Discussion of Three Legal/Ethical Issues.
Discuss the three most important ethical/legal issues you listed
above. Must use the relevant facts in the scenario to support
your discussion of the legal/ethical issues.
Must use headings below. Headings will be:
Legal/Ethical Issue 1
[state the issue] then discussion
Legal/Ethical Issue 2
[state the issue] then discussion
Legal/Ethical Issue 3
[state the issue] then discussion
For each legal/ethical issue above discuss
a. Why each is a legal /ethical issue?
b. Discuss each issue in the context of the scenario facts
and
c. Define the concepts you use
3. How I would Handle Each Issue.
First, in this section and for each issue, as a health care
provider, how would you handle each of the three issues
discussed above and why? Must use the relevant facts in the
scenario to support your positions. Secondly for each issue,
using the article in these requirements, entitled "A Framework
4. of Thinking Ethically" fully discuss the specific ethics
philosophy that would epitomize your handling of each issue.
Fully define the specific ethics philosophy used and weave the
ethics philosophy into your discussion. See article below
entitled A Framework for Thinking Ethically.
Must use headings below. Headings will be:
Handling of Legal/Ethical Issue #1
(followed by the discussion)
Handling of Legal/Ethical Issue #2
(followed by the discussion)
Handling of Legal/Ethical Issue #3
(followed by the discussion)
[A penalty will be deducted if you fail to use appropriate
headings in your paper. ]
This is an independent paper and you are on the honor system
not to discuss or consult with any students or other individuals
about this paper. You may use the information we have
discussed in the class, the articles in the class, and the two
articles I have furnished below. Just so you know, all you need
to read to analyze the questions for your paper are the two
articles I have furnished with this assignment and information
in the class.
All you need to read to analyze the questions for this paper are
the two articles below entitled:
Clinical Ethics Issues and Discussion & A Framework for
Thinking Ethically
5. The paper must be:
Late submission – No late assignment 4 papers will be accepted.
Paper is due Saturday in the last week of class no later than
11:59pm EST.
.
Paper must be in narrative format not outline or bullets.
Double spaced and be 4-5 pages in 12 point New Times Roman
font. [No deduction if paper exceeds a page or so. Thus 3 and
half page paper will be penalized.]
Must cite to source of all your facts in the text of your paper in
APA format.
You can cite directly to the original source. Here are the links
to the sources where the University received copyright
permissions for the materials:
Clinical Ethics and Law:
http://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/topics/law.html
A Framework for Ethical Decision Making:
https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics-resources/ethical-decision-
making/a-framework-for-ethical-decision-making/
Include a cover page [not counted as a page] which should have
student name and title of your paper [Provide a short name for
the legal responsibility the specific health care organization has
for one type of patient right in a specific setting ]
A the end of the paper a list of references [not counted as a
6. page]
Be prepared using word-processing software and saved with a
.doc, .docx, or .rtf extension. No pdf.
Be uploaded to your Assignments Folder by 11:59 p.m. EST on
the due date.
The paper is to be posted in Assignment #4 drop box.
Background articles to support the issues you will discuss in the
paper.
Article One of Two
Clinical Ethics Issues and Discussion Article
Relationships: I. clinical ethics, law & risk management
Definitions and sources of authority
In the course of practicing medicine, a range of issues may arise
that lead to consultation with a medical ethicist, a lawyer,
and/or a risk manager. The following discussion will outline
key distinctions between these roles.
Clinical ethics
may be defined as: a discipline or methodology for considering
the ethical implications of medical technologies, policies, and
treatments, with special attention to determining what ought to
be done (or not done) in the delivery of health care.
7. Law
may be defined as: established and enforceable social rules for
conduct or non-conduct; a violation of a legal standard may
create criminal or civil liability.
Risk Management
may be defined as: a method of reducing risk of liability
through institutional policies/practices.
Many health care facilities have in-house or on-call trained
ethicists to assist health care practitioners, caregivers and
patients with difficult issues arising in medical care, and some
facilities have formally constituted institutional ethics
committees. In the hospital setting, this ethics consultation or
review process dates back to at least 1992 with the formulation
of accreditation requirements that mandated that hospitals
establish a “mechanism” to consider clinical ethics issues.
Ethics has been described as beginning where the law ends. The
moral conscience is a precursor to the development of legal
rules for social order. Ethics and law thus share the goal of
creating and maintaining social good and have a symbiotic
relationship as expressed in this quote:
[C]onscience is the guardian in the individual of the rules which
the community has evolved for its own preservation.
William Somerset Maugham
The role of lawyers and risk managers are closely linked in
many health care facilities. Indeed, in some hospitals, the
administrator with the title of Risk Manager is an attorney with
a clinical background. There are, however, important
distinctions between law and risk management. Risk
management is guided by legal parameters but has a broader
institution-specific mission to reduce liability risks. It is not
8. uncommon for a hospital policy to go beyond the minimum
requirements set by a legal standard. When legal and risk
management issues arise in the delivery of health care, ethics
issues may also exist. Similarly, an issue originally identified as
falling within the clinical ethics domain may also raise legal
and risk management concerns.
To better understand the significant overlap among these
disciplines in the health care setting, consider the sources of
authority and expression for each.
Ethical norms may be derived from:
Law
Institutional policies/practices
Policies of professional organizations
Professional standards of care, fiduciary obligations
Note: If a health care facility is also a religious facility, it may
adhere to religious tenets. In general, however, clinical ethics is
predominantly a secular professional analytic approach to
clinical issues and choices.
Law may be derived from:
Federal and state constitutions (fundamental laws of a nation or
state establishing the role of government in relation to the
governed)
Federal and state statutes (laws written or enacted by elected
9. officials in legislative bodies, and in some states, such as
Washington and California, laws created by a majority of voters
through an initiative process)
Federal and state regulations (written by government agencies
as permitted by statutory delegation, having the force and effect
of law consistent with the enabling legislation)
Federal and state case law (written published opinions of
appellate-level courts regarding decisions in individual
lawsuits)
City or town ordinances, when relevant
Risk Management may be derived from
law, professional standards and individual institution’s mission
and public relations strategies and is expressed through
institutional policies and practices.
Conceptual Models
Another way to consider the relationship among the three
disciplines is through conceptual models:
Linear
Distinctions
Interconnectedness
Orientation to law for non-lawyers
10. Potential legal actions against health care providers
There are two primary types of potential civil actions against
health care providers for injuries resulting from health care: (1
) lack of informed consent
, and (2)
violation of the standard of care
. Medical treatment and malpractice laws are specific to each
state.
Informed Consent. Before a health care provider delivers care,
ethical and legal standards require that the patient provide
informed consent. If the patient cannot provide informed
consent, then, for most treatments, a legally authorized
surrogate decision-maker may do so. In an emergency situation
when the patient is not legally competent to give informed
consent and no surrogate decision-maker is readily available,
the law implies consent on behalf of the patient, assuming that
the patient would consent to treatment if he or she were capable
of doing so.
Information that must be conveyed to and consented to by the
patient includes: the treatment’s nature and character and
anticipated results, alternative treatments (including non-
treatment), and the potential risks and benefits of treatment and
alternatives. The information must be presented in a form that
the patient can comprehend (i.e., in a language and at a level
which the patient can understand) and that the consent must be
voluntary given. An injured patient may bring an informed
consent action against a provider who fails to obtain the
patient’s informed consent in accordance with state law.
From a clinical ethics perspective, informed consent is a
11. communication
process,
and should not simply be treated as a required
form
for the patient’s signature. Similarly, the legal concept of
informed consent refers to a state of mind, i.e., understanding
the information provided to make an informed choice. Health
care facilities and providers use consent forms to document the
communication process. From a provider’s perspective, a signed
consent form can be valuable evidence the communication
occurred and legal protection in defending against a patient’s
claim of a lack of informed consent. Initiatives at the federal
level (i.e., the Affordable Care Act) and state level (e.g.,
Revised Code of Washington § 7.70.060) reflect approaches
that support shared decision-making and the use of patient
decision aids in order to ensure the provision of complete
information for medical decision-making.
Failure to follow standard of care. A patient who is injured
during medical treatment may also be able to bring a successful
claim against a health care provider if the patient can prove that
the injury resulted from the provider’s failure to follow the
accepted standard of care. The duty of care generally requires
that the provider use reasonably expected knowledge and
judgment in the treatment of the patient, and typically would
also require the adept use of the facilities at hand and options
for treatment. The standard of care emerges from a variety of
sources, including professional publications, interactions of
professional leaders, presentations and exchanges at
professional meetings, and among networks of colleagues.
Experts are hired by the litigating parties to assist the court in
determining the applicable standard of care.
Many states measure the provider’s actions against a national
12. standard of care (rather than a local one) but with
accommodation for practice limitations, such as the reasonable
availability of medical facilities, services, equipment and the
like. States may also apply different standards to specialists and
to general practitioners. As an example of a statutory
description of the standard of care, Washington State currently
specifies that a health care provider must “exercise that degree
of care, skill, and learning expected of a reasonably prudent
health care provider at that time in the profession or class to
which he belongs, in the State of Washington, acting in the
same or similar circumstances.”
III.
Common clinical ethics issues: medical decision-making and
provider-patient communication
There are a number of common ethical issues that also implicate
legal and risk management issues. Briefly discussed below are
common issues that concern medical decision-making and
provider-patient communication.
If a patient is capable of providing informed consent, then the
patient’s choices about treatment, including non-treatment,
should be followed. This is an established and enforceable legal
standard and also consistent with the ethical principle of
respecting the autonomy of the patient. The next two sections
(Surrogate decision-making; Advance directives) discuss how
this principle is respected from a legal perspective if a patient
lacks capacity, temporarily or permanently, to make medical
decisions. The third section briefly introduces the issue of
provider-patient communication, and highlights a contemporary
dilemma raised in decisions regarding the disclosure of medical
error to patients.
13. Surrogate decision-making
The determination as to whether a patient has the
capacity
to provide informed consent is generally a professional
judgment made and documented by the treating health care
provider. The provider can make a determination of temporary
or permanent incapacity, and that determination should be
linked to a specific decision. The legal term
competency
(or
incompetency
) may be used to describe a judicial determination of decision-
making capacity. The designation of a specific
surrogate decision-maker
may either be authorized by court order or is specified in state
statutes.
If a court has determined that a patient is incompetent, a health
care provider must obtain informed consent from the court-
appointed decision-maker. For example, where a guardian has
been appointed by the court in a guardianship action, a health
care provider would seek the informed consent of the guardian,
provided that the relevant court order covers personal or health
care decision-making.
If, however, a physician determines that a patient lacks the
capacity to provide informed consent, for example, due to
dementia or lack of consciousness, or because the patient is a
minor and the minor is legally proscribed from consenting, then
a legally authorized surrogate decision-maker may be able to
provide consent on the patient’s behalf. Most states have
specific laws that delineate, in order of priority, who can be a
legally authorized surrogate decision-maker for another person.
14. While these laws may vary, they generally assume that legal
relatives are the most appropriate surrogate decision-makers. If,
however, a patient has previously, while capable of consenting,
selected a person to act as her decision-maker and executed a
legal document known as a
durable power of attorney for health care
or
health care proxy,
then that designated individual should provide informed
consent.
In Washington State, a statute specifies the order of priority of
authorized decision-makers as follows: guardian, holder of
durable power of attorney; spouse or state registered partner;
adult children; parents; and adult brothers and sisters. If the
patient is a minor, other consent provisions may apply, such as:
court authorization for a person with whom the child is in out-
of-home placement; the person(s) that the child’s parent(s) have
given a signed authorization to provide consent; or, a competent
adult who represents that s/he is a relative responsible for the
child’s care and signs a sworn declaration stating so. Health
care providers are required to make reasonable efforts to locate
a person in the highest possible category to provide informed
consent. If there are two or more persons in the same category,
e.g., adult children, then the medical treatment decision must be
unanimous among those persons. A surrogate decision-maker is
required to make the choice she believes the patient would have
wanted, which may not be the choice the decision-maker would
have chosen for herself in the same circumstance. This
decision-making standard is known as
substituted judgment.
If the surrogate is unable to ascertain what the patient would
have wanted, then the surrogate may consent to medical
treatment or non-treatment based on what is in the patient's
best interest.
15. Laws on surrogate decision-making are slowly catching up with
social changes. Non-married couples (whether heterosexual or
same sex) have not traditionally been recognized in state law as
legally authorized surrogate decision-makers. This lack of
recognition has left providers in a difficult legal position,
encouraging them to defer to the decision-making of a distant
relative over a spouse-equivalent unless the relative concurs.
Washington law, for example, now recognizes spouses and
domestic partners registered with the state as having the same
priority status.
Parental decision-making and minor children.
A parent may not be permitted in certain situations to consent
to non-treatment of his or her minor child, particularly where
the decision would significantly impact and perhaps result in
death if the minor child did not receive treatment. Examples
include parents who refuse medical treatment on behalf of their
minor children because of the parents’ social or religious views,
such as Jehovah’s Witnesses and Christian Scientists. The
decision-making standard that generally applies to minor
patients in such cases is known as the
best interest
standard. The substituted judgment standard may not apply
because the minor patient never had decision-making capacity
and therefore substituted judgment based on the minor’s
informed choices is not able to be determined. It is important to
note that minors may have greater authority to direct their own
care depending on their age, maturity, nature of medical
treatment or non-treatment, and may have authority to consent
to specific types of treatment. For example, in Washington
State, a minor may provide his or her own informed consent for
treatment of mental health conditions, sexually transmitted
diseases, and birth control, among others. Depending on the
specific facts, a health care provider working with the
16. provider’s institutional representatives could potentially legally
provide treatment of a minor under implied consent for
emergency with documentation of that determination,
assume temporary protective custody of the child under child
neglect laws, or if the situation is non-urgent, the provider
could seek a court order to authorize treatment.
Advance directives
The term
advance directive
refers to several different types of legal documents that may be
used by a patient while competent to record future wishes in the
event the patient lacks decision-making capacity. The choice
and meaning of specific advance directive terminology is
dependent on state law. Generally, a
living will
expresses a person’s desires concerning medical treatment in
the event of incapacity due to terminal illness or permanent
unconsciousness. A
durable power of attorney for health care
or
health care proxy
appoints a legal decision- maker for health care decisions in the
event of incapacity. An
advance health care directive
or
health care directive
may combine the functions of a living will and durable power of
attorney for health care into one document in one state, but may
be equivalent to a
living will
in another state. The
17. Physician Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment
(
POLST) form
is a document that is signed by a physician and patient which
summarizes the patient’s wishes concerning medical treatment
at the end of life, such as resuscitation, antibiotics, other
medical interventions and artificial feeding, and translates them
into medical orders that follow patients regardless of care
setting. It is especially helpful in effectuating a patient’s wishes
outside the hospital setting, for example, in a nursing care
facility or emergency medical response context. This relatively
new approach is available in about a dozen states, although the
programs may operate under different names: POST (Physician
Orders for Scope of Treatment), MOST (Medical Orders for
Scope of Treatment), MOLST (Medical Orders for Life-
Sustaining Treatment), and COLST (Clinician Orders for Life-
Sustaining Treatment). The simple one page treatment orders
follow patients regardless of care setting. Thus it differs from
an advance directive because it is written up by the clinician in
consultation with the patient and is a portable, actionable
medical order. The POLST form is intended to complement
other forms of advance directives. For example, Washington
State recognizes the following types of advance directives: the
health care directive (living will), the durable power of attorney
for health care, and the POLST form. Washington also
recognizes another legal document known as a
mental health advance directive
, which can be prepared by individuals with mental illness who
fluctuate between capacity and incapacity for use during times
when they are incapacitated.
State laws may also differ on the conditions that can be covered
by an individual in an advance directive, the procedural
requirements to ensure that the document is effective (such as
the number of required witnesses) and the conditions under
which it can be implemented (such as invalidity during
18. pregnancy).
Advance directives can be very helpful in choosing appropriate
treatment based upon the patient’s expressed wishes. There are
situations, however, in which the advance directive’s veracity is
questioned or in which a legally authorized surrogate believes
the advance directive does not apply to the particular care
decision at issue. Such conflicts implicate clinical ethics, law
and risk management.
Provider-patient communications: disclosing medical error
Honest communication to patients by health care providers is an
ethical imperative. Excellent communication eliminates or
reduces the likelihood of misunderstandings and conflict in the
health care setting, and also may affect the likelihood that a
patient will sue.
One of the more contentious issues that has arisen in the context
of communication is whether providers should disclose medical
errors to patients, and if so, how and when to do so. Disclosure
of medical error creates a potential conflict among clinical
ethics, law and risk management. Despite a professional ethical
commitment to honest communication, providers cite a fear of
litigation as a reason for non-disclosure. Specifically, the fear is
that those statements will stimulate malpractice lawsuits or
otherwise be used in support of a claim against the provider.
An increase in malpractice claims could then negatively affect
the provider’s claims history and malpractice insurance
coverage.
There is some evidence in closed systems (one institution, one
state with one malpractice insurer) that an apology coupled with
disclosure and prompt payment may decrease either the
19. likelihood or amount of legal claim. In addition, a number of
state legislatures have recently acted to protect provider
apologies, or provider apologies coupled with disclosures, from
being used by a patient as evidence of a provider’s liability in
any ensuing malpractice litigation. It is currently too early to
know whether these legal protections will have any impact on
the size or frequency of medical malpractice claims. For this
reason and others, it is advisable to involve risk management
and legal counsel in decision-making regarding error disclosure.
Article Two of Two
A Framework for Thinking Ethically Article
This document is designed as an introduction to thinking
ethically. We all have an image of our better selves-of how we
are when we act ethically or are "at our best." We probably also
have an image of what an ethical community, an ethical
business, an ethical government, or an ethical society should be.
Ethics really has to do with all these levels-acting ethically as
individuals, creating ethical organizations and governments, and
making our society as a whole ethical in the way it treats
everyone.
What is Ethics?
Simply stated, ethics refers to standards of behavior that tell us
how human beings ought to act in the many situations in which
they find themselves-as friends, parents, children, citizens,
businesspeople, teachers, professionals, and so on.
It is helpful to identify what ethics is NOT:
• Ethics is not the same as feelings. Feelings provide important
20. information for our ethical choices. Some people have highly
developed habits that make them feel bad when they do
something wrong, but many people feel good even though they
are doing something wrong. And often our feelings will tell us
it is uncomfortable to do the right thing if it is hard.
• Ethics is not religion. Many people are not religious, but
ethics applies to everyone. Most religions do advocate high
ethical standards but sometimes do not address all the types of
problems we face.
• Ethics is not following the law. A good system of law does
incorporate many ethical standards, but law can deviate from
what is ethical. Law can become ethically corrupt, as some
totalitarian regimes have made it. Law can be a function of
power alone and designed to serve the interests of narrow
groups. Law may have a difficult time designing or enforcing
standards in some important areas, and may be slow to address
new problems.
• Ethics is not following culturally accepted norms. Some
cultures are quite ethical, but others become corrupt -or blind to
certain ethical concerns (as the United States was to slavery
before the Civil War). "When in Rome, do as the Romans do" is
not a satisfactory ethical standard.
• Ethics is not science. Social and natural science can provide
important data to help us make better ethical choices. But
science alone does not tell us what we ought to do. Science may
provide an explanation for what humans are like. But ethics
provides reasons for how humans ought to act. And just because
something is scientifically or technologically possible, it may
not be ethical to do it.
Why Identifying Ethical Standards is Hard
21. There are two fundamental problems in identifying the ethical
standards we are to follow:
1. On what do we base our ethical standards?
2. How do those standards get applied to specific situations we
face?
If our ethics are not based on feelings, religion, law, accepted
social practice, or science, what are they based on? Many
philosophers and ethicists have helped us answer this critical
question. They have suggested at least five different sources of
ethical standards we should use.
Five Sources of Ethical Standards
The Utilitarian Approach
Some ethicists emphasize that the ethical action is the one that
provides the most good or does the least harm, or, to put it
another way, produces the greatest balance of good over harm.
The ethical corporate action, then, is the one that produces the
greatest good and does the least harm for all who are affected-
customers, employees, shareholders, the community, and the
environment. Ethical warfare balances the good achieved in
ending terrorism with the harm done to all parties through
death, injuries, and destruction. The utilitarian approach deals
with consequences; it tries both to increase the good done and
to reduce the harm done.
The Rights Approach
Other philosophers and ethicists suggest that the ethical action
is the one that best protects and respects the moral rights of
those affected. This approach starts from the belief that humans
22. have a dignity based on their human nature per se or on their
ability to choose freely what they do with their lives. On the
basis of such dignity, they have a right to be treated as ends and
not merely as means to other ends. The list of moral rights -
including the rights to make one's own choices about what kind
of life to lead, to be told the truth, not to be injured, to a degree
of privacy, and so on-is widely debated; some now argue that
non-humans have rights, too. Also, it is often said that rights
imply duties-in particular, the duty to respect others' rights.
The Fairness or Justice Approach
Aristotle and other Greek philosophers have contributed the
idea that all equals should be treated equally. Today we use this
idea to say that ethical actions treat all human beings equally-or
if unequally, then fairly based on some standard that is
defensible. We pay people more based on their harder work or
the greater amount that they contribute to an organization, and
say that is fair. But there is a debate over CEO salaries that are
hundreds of times larger than the pay of others; many ask
whether the huge disparity is based on a defensible standard or
whether it is the result of an imbalance of power and hence is
unfair.
The Common Good Approach
The Greek philosophers have also contributed the notion that
life in community is a good in itself and our actions should
contribute to that life. This approach suggests that the
interlocking relationships of society are the basis of ethical
reasoning and that respect and compassion for all others-
especially the vulnerable-are requirements of such reasoning.
This approach also calls attention to the common conditions that
are important to the welfare of everyone. This may be a system
of laws, effective police and fire departments, health care, a
23. public educational system, or even public recreational areas.
The Virtue Approach
A very ancient approach to ethics is that ethical actions ought to
be consistent with certain ideal virtues that provide for the full
development of our humanity. These virtues are dispositions
and habits that enable us to act according to the highest
potential of our character and on behalf of values like truth and
beauty. Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, tolerance,
love, fidelity, integrity, fairness, self-control, and prudence are
all examples of virtues. Virtue ethics asks of any action, "What
kind of person will I become if I do this?" or "Is this action
consistent with my acting at my best?"
Putting the Approaches Together
Each of the approaches helps us determine what standards of
behavior can be considered ethical. There are still problems to
be solved, however.
The first problem is that we may not agree on the content of
some of these specific approaches. We may not all agree to the
same set of human and civil rights.
We may not agree on what constitutes the common good. We
may not even agree on what is a good and what is a harm.
The second problem is that the different approaches may not all
answer the question "What is ethical?" in the same way.
Nonetheless, each approach gives us important information with
which to determine what is ethical in a particular circumstance.
And much more often than not, the different approaches do lead
to similar answers.
Making Decisions
24. Making good ethical decisions requires a trained sensitivity to
ethical issues and a practiced method for exploring the ethical
aspects of a decision and weighing the considerations that
should impact our choice of a course of action. Having a method
for ethical decision making is absolutely essential. When
practiced regularly, the method becomes so familiar that we
work through it automatically without consulting the specific
steps.
The more novel and difficult the ethical choice we face, the
more we need to rely on discussion and dialogue with others
about the dilemma. Only by careful exploration of the problem,
aided by the insights and different perspectives of others, can
we make good ethical choices in such situations.
We have found the following framework for ethical decision
making a useful method for exploring ethical dilemmas and
identifying ethical courses of action.
A Framework for Ethical Decision Making
Recognize an Ethical Issue
Could this decision or situation be damaging to someone or to
some group? Does this decision involve a choice between a
good and bad alternative, or perhaps between two "goods" or
between two "bads"?
Is this issue about more than what is legal or what is most
efficient? If so, how?
Get the Facts
25. What are the relevant facts of the case? What facts are not
known? Can I learn more about the situation? Do I know enough
to make a decision?
What individuals and groups have an important stake in the
outcome? Are some concerns more important? Why?
What are the options for acting? Have all the relevant persons
and groups been consulted? Have I identified creative options?
Evaluate Alternative Actions
Evaluate the options by asking the following questions:
Which option will produce the most good and do the least harm?
(The Utilitarian Approach)
Which option best respects the rights of all who have a stake?
(The Rights Approach)
Which option treats people equally or proportionately? (The
Justice Approach)
Which option best serves the community
as a whole, not just some members?
(The Common Good Approach)
Which option leads me to act as the sort of person I want to be?
(The Virtue Approach)
26. Make a Decision and Test It
Considering all these approaches, which option best addresses
the situation?
If I told someone I respect-or told a television audience-which
option I have chosen, what would they say?
Act and Reflect on the Outcome
How can my decision be implemented with the greatest care and
attention to the concerns of all stakeholders?
How did my decision turn out and what have I learned from this
specific situation?
This framework for thinking ethically is the product of dialogue
and debate at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa
Clara University. Primary contributors include Manuel
Velasquez, Dennis Moberg, Michael J. Meyer, Thomas Shanks,
Margaret R. McLean, David DeCosse, Claire André, and Kirk
O. Hanson. It was last revised in May 2009.
End of article.