This paper should be double spaced and be 4-6 pages in 12 point New Times Roman font. Include a cover page [not counted as a page] which should have student name and title of your paper. Must have at end of the paper a list of references in APA Format [not counted as a page]. No deduction if paper exceeds a page or so. But deduction of 2 points from the 25pts paper is worth if paper is less than 4 pages. The paper is to be posted in Assignment #4 drop box. Paper should be submitted in word doc. No pdf papers as I cannot post my comments in your paper.
Paper must be submitted by last day of class. No late papers accepted after last day of class.
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and ethical issues involved in the below health care scenario.
A 72 year old woman was admitted to the Neurological Intensive Care Unit following a cerebral hemorrhage which left her with severe brain damage and ventilator dependent. One year before this event, the patient and her husband had drawn up "living wills" with an attorney. She was diagnosed by her treating physician as being in a permanent unconscious condition. The patient's living will specified that the patient did not want ventilator support or other artificial life support in the event of a permanent unconscious condition or terminal condition.
The patient's husband is her legal next of kin and the person with surrogate decision-making authority. When the living will was discussed with him, he insisted that the patient had not intended for the document to be used in a situation like the present one. Further discussion with him revealed that he understood that the patient would not be able to recover any meaningful brain function but he argued that the living will did not apply because her condition was not imminently terminal. He further indicated that he did not consider his wife to be in a permanent unconscious condition. The immediate family members (the couple’s adult children) disagreed with their father’s refusal to withdraw life support.
The treatment team allowed a week to pass to allow the husband more time to be supported in his grief and to appreciate the gravity of his wife’s situation. Nevertheless, at the end of this time, the husband was unwilling to authorize withdrawal of life support measures consistent with the patient's wishes as expressed in her living will.
List and discuss the three most important ethical/legal issues in this scenario [Just three]. Why are they legal /ethical issues? Be sure and define the concepts you discuss. As a health care provider, how would you have handled this situation and why?
Use as headings in your paper the three legal/ethics issues you pick to discuss.
You are on the honor system not to discuss or consult with any students or other individuals about this paper. You may use the information we have discussed in the class, the articles in the class, and the article I have furnished below
but you may NOT do internet r.
Write a 100-word reply to the 6 individual questions below. Use .docxlindorffgarrik
**Write a 100-word reply to the 6 individual questions below.** Use APA formatting and citation standards. Use at least two (2) scholarly references published within the last 5 years to substantiate your work on questions 1-4 only.
To help you with your discussion, please consider the following questions:
What clarification do you need regarding the posting?
What differences or similarities do you see between your posting and other classmates' postings?
What additional questions do you have after reading the posting?
What item you found to be compelling and enlightening.
Kerry-
Law and Ethics are important to practitioners and managers because, without them, there would be no guide to follow, and everyone staff and patients alike would do as they please. Laws and Ethics help show what is right and what is wrong not only in healthcare but also in life. Ethics means what is right and wrong regarding how a person acts and what they do. Law is a practice or procedure that is enforced by a higher authority in regard to a profession. Law and ethics go hand-in-hand in the healthcare world and are used and practiced on a daily basis.
The relationship between law and ethics is weaved together for what people believe is good and evil. The law has the ability to force doctors and practitioners to perform what they may feel to be unethical in their practice. Doctors and practitioners who believe that the rules force them to be unethical must work within the legal world to change it to what they feel is ethical in practice. Both laws and ethics work to build a moral line for all people in healthcare and the world. Breaking an ethical code will cause embarrassment, confusion, and dissatisfaction; however, ethical principles do not carry legal penalties with them as the law does. A personal example of how law and ethics can be fused was when I replaced my hip. I wanted to make sure that the nurses, doctors, anesthesiologist, and all other staff helping with the procedure were on the same page and that there weren't conflicting issues among all of them. This shows ethics between all of the team, along with wanting them on the same page. I would also like to make sure that my privacy was vital, that my information would not be given out to whoever asked for it, and that my surgery, diagnosis, etc., was not talked about to other staff members not working with me personally. If this privacy were to be broken, that would be a violation of HIPPA, which is a law of protection of privacy.
There are four primary sources of law. Those are constitutional law, case law, statutory law, and administrative law. Constitutional law is derived from federal and state constitutions and is the highest law in the country. Case law, also known as common law, is a law set by legal precedent. Legal precedent means decisions made by judges in the several courts that become the rule of law even though they were not established by legislation. Statutory l.
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and or.docxarmitageclaire49
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and or ethical issues involved in the below health care scenario
. See questions to be answered at end of this factual scenario below. I have also provided, after the formatting requirements for the paper, two articles that will aid you in your analyzing the scenario and writing your paper.
The two articles to base the analysis of your paper are entitled:
Clinical Ethics Issues and Discussion and
A Framework for Thinking Ethically
This is the final paper for the class and must be double spaced and be approximately 4-5 pages in 12 point New Times Roman font. Include a cover page [not counted as a page] which should have student name and title of your paper. See more formatting requirements later in these paper instructions.
NOTE: For this paper it is unnecessary to do any research beyond the two articles I furnished with this assignment. Both are after the specific paper requirements. You may use all the articles in the class also. To do internet research would only be wasting your valuable time.
Case Scenario
A 72 year old woman was admitted to the Neurological Intensive Care Unit following a cerebral hemorrhage which left her with severe brain damage and ventilator dependent. One year before this event, the patient and her husband had drawn up "living wills" with an attorney. She was diagnosed by her treating physician as being in a permanent unconscious condition. The patient's living will specified that the patient did not want ventilator support or other artificial life support in the event of a permanent unconscious condition or terminal condition.
The patient's husband is her legal next of kin and the person with surrogate decision-making authority. When the living will was discussed with him, he insisted that the patient had not intended for the document to be used in a situation like the present one. Further discussion with him revealed that he understood that the patient would not be able to recover any meaningful brain function but he argued that the living will did not apply because her condition was not imminently terminal. He further indicated that he did not consider his wife to be in a permanent unconscious condition. The immediate family members (the couple’s adult children) disagreed with their father’s refusal to withdraw life support.
The treatment team allowed a week to pass to allow the husband more time to be supported in his grief and to appreciate the gravity of his wife’s situation. Nevertheless, at the end of this time, the husband was unwilling to authorize withdrawal of life support measures consistent with the patient's wishes as expressed in her living will. End of scenario.
You paper should have 3 major sections. Each is numbered 1, 2 and 3.
Questions to be discussed based on the facts above.
You must weave into your discussion the relevant facts from above scenario to support your discussion in discussion areas 2 and 3 below. And for discussio.
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and or.docxtodd771
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and or ethical issues involved in the below health care scenario. See questions to be answered at end of this factual scenario below. I have also provided, after the formatting requirements for the paper, two articles that will aid you in your analyzing the scenario and writing your paper.
The two articles to base the analysis of your paper are entitled:
Clinical Ethics Issues and Discussion and
A Framework for Thinking Ethically
This is the final paper for the class and must be double spaced and be approximately 4-5 pages in 12 point New Times Roman font. Include a cover page [not counted as a page] which should have student name and title of your paper. See more formatting requirements later in these paper instructions.
NOTE: For this paper it is unnecessary to do any research beyond the two articles I furnished with this assignment. Both are after the specific paper requirements. You may use all the articles in the class also. To do internet research would only be wasting your valuable time.
Case Scenario
A 72 year old woman was admitted to the Neurological Intensive Care Unit following a cerebral hemorrhage which left her with severe brain damage and ventilator dependent. One year before this event, the patient and her husband had drawn up "living wills" with an attorney. She was diagnosed by her treating physician as being in a permanent unconscious condition. The patient's living will specified that the patient did not want ventilator support or other artificial life support in the event of a permanent unconscious condition or terminal condition.
The patient's husband is her legal next of kin and the person with surrogate decision-making authority. When the living will was discussed with him, he insisted that the patient had not intended for the document to be used in a situation like the present one. Further discussion with him revealed that he understood that the patient would not be able to recover any meaningful brain function but he argued that the living will did not apply because her condition was not imminently terminal. He further indicated that he did not consider his wife to be in a permanent unconscious condition. The immediate family members (the couple’s adult children) disagreed with their father’s refusal to withdraw life support.
The treatment team allowed a week to pass to allow the husband more time to be supported in his grief and to appreciate the gravity of his wife’s situation. Nevertheless, at the end of this time, the husband was unwilling to authorize withdrawal of life support measures consistent with the patient's wishes as expressed in her living will. End of scenario.
You paper should have 3 major sections. Each is numbered 1, 2 and 3.
Questions to be discussed based on the facts above. You must weave into your discussion the relevant facts from above scenario to support your discussion in discussion areas 2 and 3 below. And for d.
Code of ethics and legal practices has been very old element in the professional management of the doctor’s behaviour. The ethical practices or code shows a commitment to act with honesty in extreme situations. At the time patients seek medical treatment they are not just entering a normal social relationship, they often feel vulnerable but required to share and expose important aspects of their lives. Codes of ethical conducts provide some tangible safety to both doctors and patients in such circumstances. In the below report, the researcher is explaining ethical, legal and
professional guidelines and principles for health care as well as its implications in the healthcare sector of the United Kingdom. After reading this report, the reader would be able to understand how healthcare adopts ethical practices at the workplace and ensures protection of patients in their medical treatment.
Running head U.S. HEALTH CARE SYSTEM AND GOVERNANCE1U.S. HEA.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: U.S. HEALTH CARE SYSTEM AND GOVERNANCE 1
U.S. HEALTH CARE SYSTEM AND GOVERNANCE 6
Health care administrator’s role and patient protection
Student’s Name:
Course Name and Number
Instructor
Institutional Affiliation
Date:
Abstract
More rules and regulations have been proposed by government and various organizations in order to improve the overall health care system of the country. There is increasing compliant and requirement for high-quality health care system which can be provided only using the proper law, regulation and health care administrator. There are many issues faced by the people due to non-compliance and negligence which can be reduced only through proper governance. Health care administrator has more concern over the legal, ethical and code of conduct of the medical professionals. Effective laws governing the health care system cannot bring any changes in the entire system; it is the administrator who ensures that this system is performing as per the requirement of law. In this paper we will first discuss the role of health care administrator in the health care system and a brief discussion about the penalties in case of any violations. In the later part of paper, we will discuss about the basic elements required by the patients to prove the medical negligence and a brief discussion about non-compliance by the medical professionals.
Health care administrator’s role and patient protection
Health care administrator’s role:
Healthcare system of the country compared with the other organization or any other community which is governed by various rules, regulations, principles, laws and ethics. Administrator must be aware of all the governing laws, ethical behavior, what are the roles and responsibilities, so that the entire system will get benefitted. About health care system, patients are given priority as a health care administrator one has to ensure that patients are not facing any difficulty at any point of time. Must immediately address any concerns of the patients, and any violation must immediately report.
There are some problems identified in the governance of health care system, there are more gaps in the corporate and clinical governance, and they are not effectively managed (The Dowton Consulting International, 2011). The corporate side mainly concern with the rules, regulations, policies, laws, people and professionals. Next is a clinical side that mainly deals with the safety and security of the patient, patient care standards and creating an excellent environment for the patient (The Dowton Consulting International, 2011).
As an administrator, it is essential to bridge the gap between these two in order to accomplish the desired result. As an administrator it is essential to governing the relationship between both the medical professional and patient, for providing the best service to the patients. Relationship with the patients, gaining their confidence, discharging the duty a ...
I need two parts, first, the Outline as described below. The second.docxwalthamcoretta
I need two parts, first, the Outline as described below. The second the final project. This is a paper on Medical Malpractice, I would like to have a paper citing case law considering operations on the wrong side of the brain. PLEASE read the entire post for more information. I need the Outline ASAP, and the final paper APA format in a week.
Part I: Introduction
Parties
Facts
Claims
Part II: Analysis
Issue
Rule
Analysis
Evidence
Defenses
Ethical Issues
Conclusion
Part III: Variation
Analysis of Hypothetical
Overview
One of the most important objectives of this course is for
you
to be able to relate the theories
in the readings and discussions
to situations in real life.
We will develop these critical thinking skills each week via the
d
iscussion
b
oards and short writing assignments
,
which will culminate in the
f
inal
project
, a
medical malpractice c
ase
s
tudy
.
The purpose of a case study in general is to apply what you learned to a real
-
life or hypothetical situation where you analyze, test
,
and propose solutions to the case. You may have a problem to solve and be asked to present potential solutions. Or
you may have a situation to analyze and describe why (or why not) certain events were effective or successful. In processing a case study, you will have to apply research, reasoning, critical thinking, and analytical skills to identify underlying problems, causes, and/or related factors
and make decisions.
For the
m
edical
m
alpractice
c
ase
s
tudy, you will prepare a paper discussing a medical malpractice case using the IRAC
(
i
ssue,
r
ule,
a
nalysis,
c
onclusion)
formula
. You will discuss
any relevant ethical theories involved and
analyze
the outcome
,
applying legal concepts
from
the course.
You should be thinking about your case and start your research by
Module Three
.
By
Module Five
, you should
finalize
your choice of a
reported
case for your
project
.
I
n the
Module Five
journal
activity, y
ou will be asked to briefly discuss
your chosen
case
and provide
an outline
for
your
project
.
The
final project
is due at the end of
Module Seven
.
In this assignment, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following course outcomes:
•
Analyze why knowledge of the legal system is important for healthcare professionals, including the distinctions between the law, ethics, and bioethics
•
Compare and contrast ethical theories and discuss decision-making models applicable to healthcare providers
•
Examine the legal environment in healthcare, including the physician-patient relationship, medical records and patient confidentiality, and professional liability and medical malpractice
•
Explore the laws impacting the delivery of healthcare, including HIPAA, the False Claims Act, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, and laws impacting the workplace
•
Analyze the role of professional regulation, the standard of care, and codes of ethics in healthcare providers’ acco.
Write a 100-word reply to the 6 individual questions below. Use .docxlindorffgarrik
**Write a 100-word reply to the 6 individual questions below.** Use APA formatting and citation standards. Use at least two (2) scholarly references published within the last 5 years to substantiate your work on questions 1-4 only.
To help you with your discussion, please consider the following questions:
What clarification do you need regarding the posting?
What differences or similarities do you see between your posting and other classmates' postings?
What additional questions do you have after reading the posting?
What item you found to be compelling and enlightening.
Kerry-
Law and Ethics are important to practitioners and managers because, without them, there would be no guide to follow, and everyone staff and patients alike would do as they please. Laws and Ethics help show what is right and what is wrong not only in healthcare but also in life. Ethics means what is right and wrong regarding how a person acts and what they do. Law is a practice or procedure that is enforced by a higher authority in regard to a profession. Law and ethics go hand-in-hand in the healthcare world and are used and practiced on a daily basis.
The relationship between law and ethics is weaved together for what people believe is good and evil. The law has the ability to force doctors and practitioners to perform what they may feel to be unethical in their practice. Doctors and practitioners who believe that the rules force them to be unethical must work within the legal world to change it to what they feel is ethical in practice. Both laws and ethics work to build a moral line for all people in healthcare and the world. Breaking an ethical code will cause embarrassment, confusion, and dissatisfaction; however, ethical principles do not carry legal penalties with them as the law does. A personal example of how law and ethics can be fused was when I replaced my hip. I wanted to make sure that the nurses, doctors, anesthesiologist, and all other staff helping with the procedure were on the same page and that there weren't conflicting issues among all of them. This shows ethics between all of the team, along with wanting them on the same page. I would also like to make sure that my privacy was vital, that my information would not be given out to whoever asked for it, and that my surgery, diagnosis, etc., was not talked about to other staff members not working with me personally. If this privacy were to be broken, that would be a violation of HIPPA, which is a law of protection of privacy.
There are four primary sources of law. Those are constitutional law, case law, statutory law, and administrative law. Constitutional law is derived from federal and state constitutions and is the highest law in the country. Case law, also known as common law, is a law set by legal precedent. Legal precedent means decisions made by judges in the several courts that become the rule of law even though they were not established by legislation. Statutory l.
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and or.docxarmitageclaire49
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and or ethical issues involved in the below health care scenario
. See questions to be answered at end of this factual scenario below. I have also provided, after the formatting requirements for the paper, two articles that will aid you in your analyzing the scenario and writing your paper.
The two articles to base the analysis of your paper are entitled:
Clinical Ethics Issues and Discussion and
A Framework for Thinking Ethically
This is the final paper for the class and must be double spaced and be approximately 4-5 pages in 12 point New Times Roman font. Include a cover page [not counted as a page] which should have student name and title of your paper. See more formatting requirements later in these paper instructions.
NOTE: For this paper it is unnecessary to do any research beyond the two articles I furnished with this assignment. Both are after the specific paper requirements. You may use all the articles in the class also. To do internet research would only be wasting your valuable time.
Case Scenario
A 72 year old woman was admitted to the Neurological Intensive Care Unit following a cerebral hemorrhage which left her with severe brain damage and ventilator dependent. One year before this event, the patient and her husband had drawn up "living wills" with an attorney. She was diagnosed by her treating physician as being in a permanent unconscious condition. The patient's living will specified that the patient did not want ventilator support or other artificial life support in the event of a permanent unconscious condition or terminal condition.
The patient's husband is her legal next of kin and the person with surrogate decision-making authority. When the living will was discussed with him, he insisted that the patient had not intended for the document to be used in a situation like the present one. Further discussion with him revealed that he understood that the patient would not be able to recover any meaningful brain function but he argued that the living will did not apply because her condition was not imminently terminal. He further indicated that he did not consider his wife to be in a permanent unconscious condition. The immediate family members (the couple’s adult children) disagreed with their father’s refusal to withdraw life support.
The treatment team allowed a week to pass to allow the husband more time to be supported in his grief and to appreciate the gravity of his wife’s situation. Nevertheless, at the end of this time, the husband was unwilling to authorize withdrawal of life support measures consistent with the patient's wishes as expressed in her living will. End of scenario.
You paper should have 3 major sections. Each is numbered 1, 2 and 3.
Questions to be discussed based on the facts above.
You must weave into your discussion the relevant facts from above scenario to support your discussion in discussion areas 2 and 3 below. And for discussio.
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and or.docxtodd771
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and or ethical issues involved in the below health care scenario. See questions to be answered at end of this factual scenario below. I have also provided, after the formatting requirements for the paper, two articles that will aid you in your analyzing the scenario and writing your paper.
The two articles to base the analysis of your paper are entitled:
Clinical Ethics Issues and Discussion and
A Framework for Thinking Ethically
This is the final paper for the class and must be double spaced and be approximately 4-5 pages in 12 point New Times Roman font. Include a cover page [not counted as a page] which should have student name and title of your paper. See more formatting requirements later in these paper instructions.
NOTE: For this paper it is unnecessary to do any research beyond the two articles I furnished with this assignment. Both are after the specific paper requirements. You may use all the articles in the class also. To do internet research would only be wasting your valuable time.
Case Scenario
A 72 year old woman was admitted to the Neurological Intensive Care Unit following a cerebral hemorrhage which left her with severe brain damage and ventilator dependent. One year before this event, the patient and her husband had drawn up "living wills" with an attorney. She was diagnosed by her treating physician as being in a permanent unconscious condition. The patient's living will specified that the patient did not want ventilator support or other artificial life support in the event of a permanent unconscious condition or terminal condition.
The patient's husband is her legal next of kin and the person with surrogate decision-making authority. When the living will was discussed with him, he insisted that the patient had not intended for the document to be used in a situation like the present one. Further discussion with him revealed that he understood that the patient would not be able to recover any meaningful brain function but he argued that the living will did not apply because her condition was not imminently terminal. He further indicated that he did not consider his wife to be in a permanent unconscious condition. The immediate family members (the couple’s adult children) disagreed with their father’s refusal to withdraw life support.
The treatment team allowed a week to pass to allow the husband more time to be supported in his grief and to appreciate the gravity of his wife’s situation. Nevertheless, at the end of this time, the husband was unwilling to authorize withdrawal of life support measures consistent with the patient's wishes as expressed in her living will. End of scenario.
You paper should have 3 major sections. Each is numbered 1, 2 and 3.
Questions to be discussed based on the facts above. You must weave into your discussion the relevant facts from above scenario to support your discussion in discussion areas 2 and 3 below. And for d.
Code of ethics and legal practices has been very old element in the professional management of the doctor’s behaviour. The ethical practices or code shows a commitment to act with honesty in extreme situations. At the time patients seek medical treatment they are not just entering a normal social relationship, they often feel vulnerable but required to share and expose important aspects of their lives. Codes of ethical conducts provide some tangible safety to both doctors and patients in such circumstances. In the below report, the researcher is explaining ethical, legal and
professional guidelines and principles for health care as well as its implications in the healthcare sector of the United Kingdom. After reading this report, the reader would be able to understand how healthcare adopts ethical practices at the workplace and ensures protection of patients in their medical treatment.
Running head U.S. HEALTH CARE SYSTEM AND GOVERNANCE1U.S. HEA.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: U.S. HEALTH CARE SYSTEM AND GOVERNANCE 1
U.S. HEALTH CARE SYSTEM AND GOVERNANCE 6
Health care administrator’s role and patient protection
Student’s Name:
Course Name and Number
Instructor
Institutional Affiliation
Date:
Abstract
More rules and regulations have been proposed by government and various organizations in order to improve the overall health care system of the country. There is increasing compliant and requirement for high-quality health care system which can be provided only using the proper law, regulation and health care administrator. There are many issues faced by the people due to non-compliance and negligence which can be reduced only through proper governance. Health care administrator has more concern over the legal, ethical and code of conduct of the medical professionals. Effective laws governing the health care system cannot bring any changes in the entire system; it is the administrator who ensures that this system is performing as per the requirement of law. In this paper we will first discuss the role of health care administrator in the health care system and a brief discussion about the penalties in case of any violations. In the later part of paper, we will discuss about the basic elements required by the patients to prove the medical negligence and a brief discussion about non-compliance by the medical professionals.
Health care administrator’s role and patient protection
Health care administrator’s role:
Healthcare system of the country compared with the other organization or any other community which is governed by various rules, regulations, principles, laws and ethics. Administrator must be aware of all the governing laws, ethical behavior, what are the roles and responsibilities, so that the entire system will get benefitted. About health care system, patients are given priority as a health care administrator one has to ensure that patients are not facing any difficulty at any point of time. Must immediately address any concerns of the patients, and any violation must immediately report.
There are some problems identified in the governance of health care system, there are more gaps in the corporate and clinical governance, and they are not effectively managed (The Dowton Consulting International, 2011). The corporate side mainly concern with the rules, regulations, policies, laws, people and professionals. Next is a clinical side that mainly deals with the safety and security of the patient, patient care standards and creating an excellent environment for the patient (The Dowton Consulting International, 2011).
As an administrator, it is essential to bridge the gap between these two in order to accomplish the desired result. As an administrator it is essential to governing the relationship between both the medical professional and patient, for providing the best service to the patients. Relationship with the patients, gaining their confidence, discharging the duty a ...
I need two parts, first, the Outline as described below. The second.docxwalthamcoretta
I need two parts, first, the Outline as described below. The second the final project. This is a paper on Medical Malpractice, I would like to have a paper citing case law considering operations on the wrong side of the brain. PLEASE read the entire post for more information. I need the Outline ASAP, and the final paper APA format in a week.
Part I: Introduction
Parties
Facts
Claims
Part II: Analysis
Issue
Rule
Analysis
Evidence
Defenses
Ethical Issues
Conclusion
Part III: Variation
Analysis of Hypothetical
Overview
One of the most important objectives of this course is for
you
to be able to relate the theories
in the readings and discussions
to situations in real life.
We will develop these critical thinking skills each week via the
d
iscussion
b
oards and short writing assignments
,
which will culminate in the
f
inal
project
, a
medical malpractice c
ase
s
tudy
.
The purpose of a case study in general is to apply what you learned to a real
-
life or hypothetical situation where you analyze, test
,
and propose solutions to the case. You may have a problem to solve and be asked to present potential solutions. Or
you may have a situation to analyze and describe why (or why not) certain events were effective or successful. In processing a case study, you will have to apply research, reasoning, critical thinking, and analytical skills to identify underlying problems, causes, and/or related factors
and make decisions.
For the
m
edical
m
alpractice
c
ase
s
tudy, you will prepare a paper discussing a medical malpractice case using the IRAC
(
i
ssue,
r
ule,
a
nalysis,
c
onclusion)
formula
. You will discuss
any relevant ethical theories involved and
analyze
the outcome
,
applying legal concepts
from
the course.
You should be thinking about your case and start your research by
Module Three
.
By
Module Five
, you should
finalize
your choice of a
reported
case for your
project
.
I
n the
Module Five
journal
activity, y
ou will be asked to briefly discuss
your chosen
case
and provide
an outline
for
your
project
.
The
final project
is due at the end of
Module Seven
.
In this assignment, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following course outcomes:
•
Analyze why knowledge of the legal system is important for healthcare professionals, including the distinctions between the law, ethics, and bioethics
•
Compare and contrast ethical theories and discuss decision-making models applicable to healthcare providers
•
Examine the legal environment in healthcare, including the physician-patient relationship, medical records and patient confidentiality, and professional liability and medical malpractice
•
Explore the laws impacting the delivery of healthcare, including HIPAA, the False Claims Act, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, and laws impacting the workplace
•
Analyze the role of professional regulation, the standard of care, and codes of ethics in healthcare providers’ acco.
Millions Involved in False Claims Act Cases: Medical Fraud and Recent Court D...Conference Panel
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This webinar provides an in-depth overview of the two types of prosecutions for alleged false claims, and explores the real-world outcomes of federal cases, including landmark rulings from the United States Supreme Court that have changed the landscape of false claims act cases.
Through an analysis of federal court cases, attendees will gain insights into the potential risks and consequences of non-compliance, and learn practical tips and techniques to mitigate risk and ensure compliance with federal false claims act laws. Don't miss this opportunity to stay ahead of the curve in this complex and constantly evolving area of the law.
Register, https://conferencepanel.com/conference/false-claims-act-cases-involving-millions-in-medical-fraud-what-you-need-to-know-about-recent-court-decisions
Assignment #4NOTE This paper must be submitted no later than th.docxlauricesatu
Assignment #4
NOTE:
This paper must be submitted no later than the last day of class and if late will not be accepted.
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and or ethical issues involved in the below health care scenario
. See questions to be answered at end of this factual scenario below. I have also provided, after the formatting requirements for the paper, two articles that will aid you in your analyzing the scenario and writing your paper.
The two articles to base the analysis of your paper are entitled:
Clinical Ethics Issues and Discussion and
A Framework for Thinking Ethically
This is the final paper for the class and must be double spaced and be approximately 4-6 pages in 12 point New Times Roman font. Include a cover page [not counted as a page] which should have student name and title of your paper. See more formatting requirements later in these paper instructions.
NOTE: For this paper it is unnecessary to do any research beyond the two articles I furnished with this assignment. Both are after the specific paper requirements. You may use all the articles in the class also. To do internet research would only be wasting your valuable time.
Case Scenario
A 72 year old woman was admitted to the Neurological Intensive Care Unit following a cerebral hemorrhage which left her with severe brain damage and ventilator dependent. One year before this event, the patient and her husband had drawn up "living wills" with an attorney. She was diagnosed by her treating physician as being in a permanent unconscious condition. The patient's living will specified that the patient did not want ventilator support or other artificial life support in the event of a permanent unconscious condition or terminal condition.
The patient's husband is her legal next of kin and the person with surrogate decision-making authority. When the living will was discussed with him, he insisted that the patient had not intended for the document to be used in a situation like the present one. Further discussion with him revealed that he understood that the patient would not be able to recover any meaningful brain function but he argued that the living will did not apply because her condition was not imminently terminal. He further indicated that he did not consider his wife to be in a permanent unconscious condition. The immediate family members (the couple’s adult children) disagreed with their father’s refusal to withdraw life support.
The treatment team allowed a week to pass to allow the husband more time to be supported in his grief and to appreciate the gravity of his wife’s situation. Nevertheless, at the end of this time, the husband was unwilling to authorize withdrawal of life support measures consistent with the patient's wishes as expressed in her living will. End of scenario.
You paper should have 3 major sections. Each is numbered 1, 2 and 3.
Questions to be discussed based on the facts above.
You must weave into your discussio.
Medical State Boards are political bodies. This presentation outlines challenges in implementing policy with, oftentimes, dysfunctional politics and poor leadership especially as it relates to physician issues. Competency issues are difficult to adjudicate on and expert opinion (the "hired guns") do not make the process any more effective. Institutional bias ends up being the basis for decision making.
Legal PrinciplesNon- Malfeasance- Do n.docxsmile790243
Legal Principles
Non- Malfeasance- Do no harm
The legal principles are rules of human behavior that used to be considered as just, before the law started being written.
The ethical category of Non-Malfeasance represents the doctor’s try to avoid any act or treatment plan that would hurt the patient or violate the patient’s trust, and has been popularized in the phrase “first, do no harm.” Non-Malfeasance is supported through discretion and avoidance. It is critically important that the specialist provider of highly persistent treatments uphold Non-Malfeasance.
(Rodak, 2012)
Beneficence- Promote the welfare of others
Beneficent actions and motives have usually occupied a middle place in morality. Ordinary examples today are found in social welfare programs, policies to improve the welfare of animals etc.
Distributive Justice- All involved should have equal entitlements
The economic structure that each society has its laws, institutions, policies, etc. results in different distributions of economic benefits and burdens across members of the society. These economic frameworks are the result of human political processes and they continually change both across societies and within societies over time.
Autonomy- non influenced decisions for both patients and physicians
The term “autonomy” has appeared more and more often in the medical literature. According to this interpretation of autonomy, the goal for an autonomous person is to decide on his or her own, without undue manipulation by others.
One of the first empirical papers in medical decision making on patient autonomy thus linked autonomy to the question of whether patients wanted to make decisions themselves. In the descriptive medical decision making literature, this meaning has become the default.
The patient described in the informative model from the well known paper of Emanuel and Emanuel corresponds with an autonomous patient in this sense.
Healthcare Rights
Non- Discrimination- race, religion, sexual orientation
In human social affairs, discrimination is treatment or consideration of, or making a difference in favor of or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing is apparent to belong to rather than on individual merit. This includes treatment of an individual or group, based on their real or perceived membership in a certain group or social group.
(Lamont, 2016)
Credentialing/ Scope of Practice
When you go for health care, identity matters a lot. You need to verify certain proofs. Following are the things that you need:
Verification of identity
(NAMSS, n.d.)
Legal Employment Qualifications
The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) required employers to verify that all newly hired workers present "facially valid" documentation verifying the employee's identity and legal authorization to accept employment in the United States. The I-9 form or more properly ...
InstructionsFrom the list below, choose one topic and identify two.docxLeilaniPoolsy
Instructions
From the list below, choose one topic and identify two specific legal obligations that a specific health service organization has to its patients and then write a paper discussing all the areas listed in the outline following this subject list. Include a cover page and a list of references at the end of the paper. Paper will be double spaced and be approximately 4-5 pages in 12 point New Times Roman font.
The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA)
Elder abuse Mandatory Reporting
Child abuse Mandatory Reporting
HIV Mandatory Reporting
The False Claims Act- the civil penalties
TB Mandatory Reporting
Proper treatment of environmental hazards.
Medical error-Critical Incident
False credentials of health care personnel
Medical Charting violations
Violation of HIPAA - confidentiality
Failure to treat patients in a timely manner
Failure to maintain required Staffing ratios
Patient Choice and treatment consent
Note:
Outline:
Must use the
underlined headings
from the outline below in your paper and the paper must be in narrative form not outline or bullet format.
5% penalty deducted from paper if underlined headings not used in your paper.
1.
Official Title of the Law or Laws
:
State the official title of the federal and/or state law, the statute and section number. Must be either a federal statute or state statute and you must cite both if applicable. Thus if there is both a federal and state law that covers your subject picked then you must cite both. Do not assume that there is just a federal and or state law. In most cases there is both a federal and state law.
You must use the laws cited in this section throughout the rest of the paper.
Health Care Organization’s Obligations to meet Patients’ Legal Rights
:
Describe in detail two specific legal obligations, required by the federal and or state law, that a health care organization owes to its patients. Include the specific law citation that describes the patient’s rights. Use in-text citations for all statistical references.
Consequences for Non-Compliance
:
First, discuss in general the civil and criminal consequences from either the federal and or state law. List the two legal obligations from the previous section, then discuss two (2) specific consequences from the federal and or state law, one consequence for each legal obligation, for the organizations’ non-compliance. Then for each consequence you must research and discuss one relevant real life case. In other words, you must discuss one (1) consequence for each legal obligation and have one real life researched case for each consequence. See outline below. Cases must be found via the internet or print media or from personal real life experiences.
In other words, what would happen if the organization neglected to meet its obligations to its patients? Be specific. Provide the specific Federal and or state law citations to back up your claim of the consequences.
Provide link to source of informa.
Reexamine the three topics you picked last week and summarized. No.docxcatheryncouper
Reexamine the three topics you picked last week and summarized. Now, break out each case into a list of ethical and legal considerations that might help to analyze each case—summarize the considerations in two paragraphs for each case.
For each case, also ask one legal and one ethical question that might present. Consider the principles of ethics from Week 1 and the laws addressed this week. You should also use outside references to dig deeper into each case for your list.
3 topics identified in paper below from last week
· The Principal of Justice
· Autonomy
· Non-maleficence
Health Care Ethics
Health care ethics is a set of beliefs, moral principles and values that guide health care centers and related institutions to make choices with regard to medical care. Some health ethics include: respect for autonomy, justice and non-maleficence (Percival, 1849).
The principle of justice in health care ensures that there is respect for people’s rights, fair distribution of health resources and respect for laws that are morally acceptable. There are mainly two elements in this principle; equity and equality. Equity ensure that are all cases have equal access to treatment regardless of the patients’ status in ethnic background, age, sexuality, legal capacity, disability, insurance cover or any other discriminating factors.
It is important to study this ethical issue of justice since there have been an increasing report of doctors and medical staff failing to administer certain treatment services to certain kind of patients. Consequently, there have been debates in countries such as the UK over the refusal to give expensive treatment to patients who are likely to benefit from the treatment but cannot afford it. One ethical in the principle of justice is as to whether the health care center is creating an environment for sensible and fair use of health care resources and no particular type of patients are shun away or stigmatized. The legal question is whether the health care center is breaking the law against inequality and discrimination particularly racism, tribalism, gender insensitivity and other discrimination noted and prohibited in the country’s constitution.
The second area of health care ethics is respect for autonomy. Autonomy means self-determination or self-rule. Hence, this principle stipulates that one should be allowed to direct their health life according to their personal rationale. The patients have a right to determine their own destiny freely and independently as well as having their decision respected (Pollard, 1993).
This principle is important for study because not many people would not want to be treated as those with dementia; a disease involving loss of mental power. Many people are afraid of the prospect of not being able to decide their own fate and exercise self-determination. An ethical question in this principle of respect for autonomy is whether the health care center ensures that the patient is provided with ...
Write a 100-word reply to the 4 individual questions below. .docxlindorffgarrik
**Write a 100-word reply to the 4 individual questions below.**
To help you with your discussion, please consider the following questions:
What clarification do you need regarding the posting?
What differences or similarities do you see between your posting and other classmates' postings?
What additional questions do you have after reading the posting?
What item you found to be compelling and enlightening.
1.Katrina- In my opinion the court decision is warranted because, doctors are not obligated to disclose to patients “miracle treatments” or any drug or treatment not yet approved by the FDA. Now there are cases where FDA approved drugs have been used in specific treatments that isn’t approved for that particular drug this is called “off label drugs”. The use of non-FDA approve medicines increases the physician chance of medical malpractice liability. These particular drugs and/or treatment were illegal and not approved by the FDA in the patient state of resident for a reason. Non-FDA approved prescription drugs may present a significant threat to individuals seeking care since these drugs most certainly has not endured evaluation by the FDA for “safety, effectiveness or quality” (FDA.gov). If the FDA did not evaluate drugs, there wouldn’t be any means to determine if these medicines are harmless and beneficial for use. The FDA also evaluates to make certain that prescription drugs are formulated in a way that the drug quality is consistent and if the drugs label is absolute and accurate. FDA unapproved drugs have ensued in injury to the patient. The FDA focus on protecting patients from the injuries associated with non-approved drugs. These standards are put in place to protect both the patient and the physician.
The treating physician need not to be held accountable for not advising patients of treatment options that are illegal or not successfully proven because, technically these treatment options are not available to the patient. The informed consent doctrine requires the physician to inform the patient of the benefits, inherent, material risks, and alternatives of a medical intervention. “The doctrine of informed consent is the legal basis for informed consent and is usually outlined in a state’s medical practice acts” (Judson, K 2020). Informed consent entails the patient’s right to receive all pertinent information in relation to the condition and then to make a decision regarding treatment based on that knowledge. (Judson, K 2020). The informed consent doctrine does not include disclosure for illegal treatments or illegal prescription drugs. “The physician's obligation is to give medical facts accurately to the patient and to make recommendations for management in accordance with good medical practice” (AMA 2010). Disclosing illegal treatment options or even illegal prescription drugs do not fall under good medical practices and the physician should not be held responsible for not disclosing this information.
Medical Negligence Sample essay - Troy Question and Sample Answer This .... (PDF) Medical Negligence and Consumer Law. Lecture outline 9 Medical Negligence - part 4 - IX. MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE .... Medical negligence in India - Law essays - Essay Sauce Free Student ....
Concept A The first concept that I appreciated in the.docxpatricke8
Concept A
The first concept that I appreciated in the course is the sources of law. As Showalter (2017) explains, the sources of public law include the written constitutions, statutory enactments that legislative bodies such as state, federal, and local governments make, administrative rules and regulations, and judicial decisions. All these sources of law are useful in the understanding of the laws that govern the practice in a specific discipline, the penalties for breaching such laws, and similar cases that have been determined in court.
My professional discipline is in business management. In this discipline, the legal framework is quite applicable to the alignment of business practices with the legal requirements of the profession. Consequently, as a business manager, I will be expected to understand the legal environment surrounding the operations of a company. For instance, in a healthcare organization, from a business or administrative perspective, the understanding of privacy laws or antitrust laws will be beneficial to the process of tuning the operations of the facility with the legal requirements. Where there are ambiguities, it would be useful to research judicial decisions to obtain the precedents existing for particular cases and issues.
Concept B
The second concept that I learned through the course is torts, particularly negligence. By definition, negligence is an act or failure to act that results in the harm of an individual. It is different from battery, which is an intentional act, in the sense that it emphasizes a person’s (respondent’s) duty of care, the breach of that duty in the process of dealing with a second party (the plaintiff), and the causation of injuries to the plaintiff resulting from the breach of duty (Furrow, Greaney, Johnson, Jost, & Schwartz, 2013).
My discipline is business management. From the materials on torts, I have understood the concept of a legal person – an individual or entity – which underlies the discussion of negligence. The principle of legal personhood has enabled me to understand that both private persons and organizations have a duty of care to humanity, and the breach of that duty amounts to negligence if there is proof of the breach and its causation of an injury. Therefore, as a business manager, it would be upon me to understand the duty of care that I have to various persons and to develop policies to ensure that the organization upholds the duty in its operations. I would also be in a position to understand the acts of negligence performed by other legal persons against the business entity that I manage.
References
Furrow, B., Greaney, T., Johnson, S., Jost, T., & Schwartz, R. (2013). Health law: Cases, materials, and problems (7th ed.). St. Paul, MN: West Academic Publishing
Showalter, J. S. (2017). The Anglo-American legal system. In J. S. Showalter, The Law of Healthcare Administration (pp. 1-23). Chicago, IL: Health Administration Press.
Concept .
From the topics covered in Weeks 3-4, select one law related to fina.docxVannaJoy20
From the topics covered in Weeks 3-4, select one law related to financial management in health care organizations. We discussed such laws as False Claims Act, Stark Law etc. Include a cover page and a list of references at the end of the paper in APA Format. Paper will be double spaced and be 4-5 pages in 12 point New Times Roman font.
The assignment is to be written in clear, concise narrative. All sections in the outline for Assignment #2 are required.
Outline:
Must use the
underlined headings
from the outline below in your paper and the paper must be in narrative form not outline or bullet format.
5% penalty deducted from paper if underlined headings not used in your paper.
1.
Name of the Law and or laws
:
State the official title of the federal and/or state law, the statute and section number. Must be either a federal statute or state statute and you must cite both if applicable. Thus if there is both a federal and state law that covers your subject picked then you must cite both. Do not assume that there is just a federal and or state law. In most cases there is both a federal and state law.
You must use the laws cited in this section throughout the rest of the paper.
2.
Management’s Financial Responsibilities
:
What are the health care organization’s responsibilities under this financial management statute you stated above? Provide a comprehensive discussion of three (3) specific responsibilities under the financial management statute.
State specifically after each responsibility where this responsibility is stated in the federal or state law
.
Describe the appropriate behavior and expectation. Include the citations and source of documents describing the organization’s responsibilities.
Consequences for Ethical or Legal Breach
:
Discuss in general the civil and criminal consequences from the law. Then identify from the news, three (3) specific case examples of health care organizations or health care providers found guilty of a legal or ethical breach relative to the law you have cited in first part of paper. Identify the specific legal and/or ethical breach and the penalties assessed to the health service organizations and/or individuals found guilty of violating the law or ethics [provide citation of law]. At the end of each case, discuss in detail whether you agree or not with the decision and why. Bring in the facts of the case to support your comments. Students should use a minimum of three (3) documented specific examples retrieved from the print media.
HCO Management’s remedial steps to reverse the non-compliance organizations
:
Describe in detail three (3) specific management actions or remedial steps you would take to ensure the financial management in the health care organization meets or exceeds the federal law or state law relative to the requirements of the law you cited above. Discuss specifically how each of the three management actions specifically meets or exceeds the specific federal or stat.
This the paper thatS DUEAction Research Proposal Research .docxdivinapavey
This the paper that'S DUE
Action Research Proposal: Research Method
Due Date:
Mar 22, 2015 23:59:59
Max Points:
160
Details:
Select the population and sample that is the focus of the action research project.
Describe the method of research to be applied and why it is most appropriate for the study. Describe the population, the sample, and how you intend to gather data to address the research problem.
Develop a research instrument that will be used to collect data from the sample population.
For help with questionnaires, view “PSC 495: Questionnaire Examples.”
THIIS IS THE PROPOSAL ALREADY WRITTEN
Synopsis of the Problem
In the recent past, a number of organizations have been adversely affected by the turnover rates that have been increasing progressively as from 2009. This has witnessed an increment in the number of organizations closing shop from approximately 1.8 million to more than 2 million between 2009 and 2012
(Larson, Lakin, & Bruininks, 1998)
. Aspects that include workforce recruitment and training costs, team dynamics and time restrictions in discovering and hiring newer talents have been adversely affected by the increase in worker turnover rates and have resulted in increment in expenditures. The unconstructive effects of the elevated employee turnover rates , therefore, informs the study on why the workers opt to desert they jobs even as organizational administrators strive to enhance the employee retention rates through increment in salaries and establishment of more favorable work milieus.
Statement of Purpose
This paper is therefore, written with the objective of analyzing the effect of various aspects, for instance, increased employee turnover rates, on the organization as well as their contribution to the increasing rates of employees opting to desert their jobs.
Description of the Action Research Project
This study will make use of two key research methodologies, namely; qualitative and quantitative research methodologies
(Barton, 2006)
. Given that the two methods facilitates the acknowledgement of rationale behind the increment in dissertation rates in addition to giving insight on how organization suffering from reduced employee retention rates function.
Reasons for the Proposal
Studies on the factors affecting employee retention and impacts of increased turnover rates have indicated that managers in organizations that have been acquired by another tend to dessert their jobs as a consequence of not being offered an opportunity and ample time to align to the novel organization
(Allen & Bryant, 2012)
. Additionally, workers tend to desert their jobs as a consequence of lack of faith owing to instability experienced by the mangers leaving their positions. This, therefore, leads to the question of what factors inform the managers’ decision to leave their current employment following acquisitions and mergers and how this can be averted.
Some of the notable reasons behind desertion of jobs as noted b.
This review should be typed and double-spaced, and 3 pages in leng.docxdivinapavey
This review should be typed and double-spaced, and 3 pages in length
BOOK :
Fever Pitch
AUTHOR:
Nick Hornby
1.
Why did you the choose the book?
2.
What was the central message of the story?
3.
What was your overall impression of the book?
4.
How did it tie into our psychological topics discussed in class?
5.
If motivation was a primary theme, what triggers of motivation were exhibited?
6.
If overcoming a challenge was a major theme, what strategies were utilized?
7.
If it was a team-based story, what brought the group together?
Did their interaction change throughout the story?
Did you see examples of our forming, storming, norming, performing?
8.
Explain the personality characteristics of the main character or team.
9.
Discuss any examples of social influence.
10. How can you apply what you learned from the reading material and its connection with sports psychology?
How will you put this information to use?
.
This test is open note and open book. Use outside sources for this.docxdivinapavey
This test is open note and open book. Use outside sources for this, and cite them appropriately.
DO NOT use Wikipedia, encyclopedias or children’s sites. I would like each response to be at minimum 300 words, which means 1200 minimum for the whole exam. Be specific and give me as many examples as you can.
1. In this course we have considered the role of art in expressing key cultural values.
Give three concrete examples of ways in which art, architecture or literature expressed conditions or values in the cultures we have studied.
2. Identify two contributions of the Roman Empire in architecture or engineering.
How did they function and what values of Roman culture did they convey?
3. How did Ancient Greece influence the development of Rome?
In what areas did Rome take its own direction?
Give examples from the arts and politics.
4. Through what means did Rome build and maintain their great empire?
Think in terms of political structure, technology, and culture.
.
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Similar to This paper should be double spaced and be 4-6 pages in 12 point New .docx
Millions Involved in False Claims Act Cases: Medical Fraud and Recent Court D...Conference Panel
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This webinar provides an in-depth overview of the two types of prosecutions for alleged false claims, and explores the real-world outcomes of federal cases, including landmark rulings from the United States Supreme Court that have changed the landscape of false claims act cases.
Through an analysis of federal court cases, attendees will gain insights into the potential risks and consequences of non-compliance, and learn practical tips and techniques to mitigate risk and ensure compliance with federal false claims act laws. Don't miss this opportunity to stay ahead of the curve in this complex and constantly evolving area of the law.
Register, https://conferencepanel.com/conference/false-claims-act-cases-involving-millions-in-medical-fraud-what-you-need-to-know-about-recent-court-decisions
Assignment #4NOTE This paper must be submitted no later than th.docxlauricesatu
Assignment #4
NOTE:
This paper must be submitted no later than the last day of class and if late will not be accepted.
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and or ethical issues involved in the below health care scenario
. See questions to be answered at end of this factual scenario below. I have also provided, after the formatting requirements for the paper, two articles that will aid you in your analyzing the scenario and writing your paper.
The two articles to base the analysis of your paper are entitled:
Clinical Ethics Issues and Discussion and
A Framework for Thinking Ethically
This is the final paper for the class and must be double spaced and be approximately 4-6 pages in 12 point New Times Roman font. Include a cover page [not counted as a page] which should have student name and title of your paper. See more formatting requirements later in these paper instructions.
NOTE: For this paper it is unnecessary to do any research beyond the two articles I furnished with this assignment. Both are after the specific paper requirements. You may use all the articles in the class also. To do internet research would only be wasting your valuable time.
Case Scenario
A 72 year old woman was admitted to the Neurological Intensive Care Unit following a cerebral hemorrhage which left her with severe brain damage and ventilator dependent. One year before this event, the patient and her husband had drawn up "living wills" with an attorney. She was diagnosed by her treating physician as being in a permanent unconscious condition. The patient's living will specified that the patient did not want ventilator support or other artificial life support in the event of a permanent unconscious condition or terminal condition.
The patient's husband is her legal next of kin and the person with surrogate decision-making authority. When the living will was discussed with him, he insisted that the patient had not intended for the document to be used in a situation like the present one. Further discussion with him revealed that he understood that the patient would not be able to recover any meaningful brain function but he argued that the living will did not apply because her condition was not imminently terminal. He further indicated that he did not consider his wife to be in a permanent unconscious condition. The immediate family members (the couple’s adult children) disagreed with their father’s refusal to withdraw life support.
The treatment team allowed a week to pass to allow the husband more time to be supported in his grief and to appreciate the gravity of his wife’s situation. Nevertheless, at the end of this time, the husband was unwilling to authorize withdrawal of life support measures consistent with the patient's wishes as expressed in her living will. End of scenario.
You paper should have 3 major sections. Each is numbered 1, 2 and 3.
Questions to be discussed based on the facts above.
You must weave into your discussio.
Medical State Boards are political bodies. This presentation outlines challenges in implementing policy with, oftentimes, dysfunctional politics and poor leadership especially as it relates to physician issues. Competency issues are difficult to adjudicate on and expert opinion (the "hired guns") do not make the process any more effective. Institutional bias ends up being the basis for decision making.
Legal PrinciplesNon- Malfeasance- Do n.docxsmile790243
Legal Principles
Non- Malfeasance- Do no harm
The legal principles are rules of human behavior that used to be considered as just, before the law started being written.
The ethical category of Non-Malfeasance represents the doctor’s try to avoid any act or treatment plan that would hurt the patient or violate the patient’s trust, and has been popularized in the phrase “first, do no harm.” Non-Malfeasance is supported through discretion and avoidance. It is critically important that the specialist provider of highly persistent treatments uphold Non-Malfeasance.
(Rodak, 2012)
Beneficence- Promote the welfare of others
Beneficent actions and motives have usually occupied a middle place in morality. Ordinary examples today are found in social welfare programs, policies to improve the welfare of animals etc.
Distributive Justice- All involved should have equal entitlements
The economic structure that each society has its laws, institutions, policies, etc. results in different distributions of economic benefits and burdens across members of the society. These economic frameworks are the result of human political processes and they continually change both across societies and within societies over time.
Autonomy- non influenced decisions for both patients and physicians
The term “autonomy” has appeared more and more often in the medical literature. According to this interpretation of autonomy, the goal for an autonomous person is to decide on his or her own, without undue manipulation by others.
One of the first empirical papers in medical decision making on patient autonomy thus linked autonomy to the question of whether patients wanted to make decisions themselves. In the descriptive medical decision making literature, this meaning has become the default.
The patient described in the informative model from the well known paper of Emanuel and Emanuel corresponds with an autonomous patient in this sense.
Healthcare Rights
Non- Discrimination- race, religion, sexual orientation
In human social affairs, discrimination is treatment or consideration of, or making a difference in favor of or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing is apparent to belong to rather than on individual merit. This includes treatment of an individual or group, based on their real or perceived membership in a certain group or social group.
(Lamont, 2016)
Credentialing/ Scope of Practice
When you go for health care, identity matters a lot. You need to verify certain proofs. Following are the things that you need:
Verification of identity
(NAMSS, n.d.)
Legal Employment Qualifications
The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) required employers to verify that all newly hired workers present "facially valid" documentation verifying the employee's identity and legal authorization to accept employment in the United States. The I-9 form or more properly ...
InstructionsFrom the list below, choose one topic and identify two.docxLeilaniPoolsy
Instructions
From the list below, choose one topic and identify two specific legal obligations that a specific health service organization has to its patients and then write a paper discussing all the areas listed in the outline following this subject list. Include a cover page and a list of references at the end of the paper. Paper will be double spaced and be approximately 4-5 pages in 12 point New Times Roman font.
The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA)
Elder abuse Mandatory Reporting
Child abuse Mandatory Reporting
HIV Mandatory Reporting
The False Claims Act- the civil penalties
TB Mandatory Reporting
Proper treatment of environmental hazards.
Medical error-Critical Incident
False credentials of health care personnel
Medical Charting violations
Violation of HIPAA - confidentiality
Failure to treat patients in a timely manner
Failure to maintain required Staffing ratios
Patient Choice and treatment consent
Note:
Outline:
Must use the
underlined headings
from the outline below in your paper and the paper must be in narrative form not outline or bullet format.
5% penalty deducted from paper if underlined headings not used in your paper.
1.
Official Title of the Law or Laws
:
State the official title of the federal and/or state law, the statute and section number. Must be either a federal statute or state statute and you must cite both if applicable. Thus if there is both a federal and state law that covers your subject picked then you must cite both. Do not assume that there is just a federal and or state law. In most cases there is both a federal and state law.
You must use the laws cited in this section throughout the rest of the paper.
Health Care Organization’s Obligations to meet Patients’ Legal Rights
:
Describe in detail two specific legal obligations, required by the federal and or state law, that a health care organization owes to its patients. Include the specific law citation that describes the patient’s rights. Use in-text citations for all statistical references.
Consequences for Non-Compliance
:
First, discuss in general the civil and criminal consequences from either the federal and or state law. List the two legal obligations from the previous section, then discuss two (2) specific consequences from the federal and or state law, one consequence for each legal obligation, for the organizations’ non-compliance. Then for each consequence you must research and discuss one relevant real life case. In other words, you must discuss one (1) consequence for each legal obligation and have one real life researched case for each consequence. See outline below. Cases must be found via the internet or print media or from personal real life experiences.
In other words, what would happen if the organization neglected to meet its obligations to its patients? Be specific. Provide the specific Federal and or state law citations to back up your claim of the consequences.
Provide link to source of informa.
Reexamine the three topics you picked last week and summarized. No.docxcatheryncouper
Reexamine the three topics you picked last week and summarized. Now, break out each case into a list of ethical and legal considerations that might help to analyze each case—summarize the considerations in two paragraphs for each case.
For each case, also ask one legal and one ethical question that might present. Consider the principles of ethics from Week 1 and the laws addressed this week. You should also use outside references to dig deeper into each case for your list.
3 topics identified in paper below from last week
· The Principal of Justice
· Autonomy
· Non-maleficence
Health Care Ethics
Health care ethics is a set of beliefs, moral principles and values that guide health care centers and related institutions to make choices with regard to medical care. Some health ethics include: respect for autonomy, justice and non-maleficence (Percival, 1849).
The principle of justice in health care ensures that there is respect for people’s rights, fair distribution of health resources and respect for laws that are morally acceptable. There are mainly two elements in this principle; equity and equality. Equity ensure that are all cases have equal access to treatment regardless of the patients’ status in ethnic background, age, sexuality, legal capacity, disability, insurance cover or any other discriminating factors.
It is important to study this ethical issue of justice since there have been an increasing report of doctors and medical staff failing to administer certain treatment services to certain kind of patients. Consequently, there have been debates in countries such as the UK over the refusal to give expensive treatment to patients who are likely to benefit from the treatment but cannot afford it. One ethical in the principle of justice is as to whether the health care center is creating an environment for sensible and fair use of health care resources and no particular type of patients are shun away or stigmatized. The legal question is whether the health care center is breaking the law against inequality and discrimination particularly racism, tribalism, gender insensitivity and other discrimination noted and prohibited in the country’s constitution.
The second area of health care ethics is respect for autonomy. Autonomy means self-determination or self-rule. Hence, this principle stipulates that one should be allowed to direct their health life according to their personal rationale. The patients have a right to determine their own destiny freely and independently as well as having their decision respected (Pollard, 1993).
This principle is important for study because not many people would not want to be treated as those with dementia; a disease involving loss of mental power. Many people are afraid of the prospect of not being able to decide their own fate and exercise self-determination. An ethical question in this principle of respect for autonomy is whether the health care center ensures that the patient is provided with ...
Write a 100-word reply to the 4 individual questions below. .docxlindorffgarrik
**Write a 100-word reply to the 4 individual questions below.**
To help you with your discussion, please consider the following questions:
What clarification do you need regarding the posting?
What differences or similarities do you see between your posting and other classmates' postings?
What additional questions do you have after reading the posting?
What item you found to be compelling and enlightening.
1.Katrina- In my opinion the court decision is warranted because, doctors are not obligated to disclose to patients “miracle treatments” or any drug or treatment not yet approved by the FDA. Now there are cases where FDA approved drugs have been used in specific treatments that isn’t approved for that particular drug this is called “off label drugs”. The use of non-FDA approve medicines increases the physician chance of medical malpractice liability. These particular drugs and/or treatment were illegal and not approved by the FDA in the patient state of resident for a reason. Non-FDA approved prescription drugs may present a significant threat to individuals seeking care since these drugs most certainly has not endured evaluation by the FDA for “safety, effectiveness or quality” (FDA.gov). If the FDA did not evaluate drugs, there wouldn’t be any means to determine if these medicines are harmless and beneficial for use. The FDA also evaluates to make certain that prescription drugs are formulated in a way that the drug quality is consistent and if the drugs label is absolute and accurate. FDA unapproved drugs have ensued in injury to the patient. The FDA focus on protecting patients from the injuries associated with non-approved drugs. These standards are put in place to protect both the patient and the physician.
The treating physician need not to be held accountable for not advising patients of treatment options that are illegal or not successfully proven because, technically these treatment options are not available to the patient. The informed consent doctrine requires the physician to inform the patient of the benefits, inherent, material risks, and alternatives of a medical intervention. “The doctrine of informed consent is the legal basis for informed consent and is usually outlined in a state’s medical practice acts” (Judson, K 2020). Informed consent entails the patient’s right to receive all pertinent information in relation to the condition and then to make a decision regarding treatment based on that knowledge. (Judson, K 2020). The informed consent doctrine does not include disclosure for illegal treatments or illegal prescription drugs. “The physician's obligation is to give medical facts accurately to the patient and to make recommendations for management in accordance with good medical practice” (AMA 2010). Disclosing illegal treatment options or even illegal prescription drugs do not fall under good medical practices and the physician should not be held responsible for not disclosing this information.
Medical Negligence Sample essay - Troy Question and Sample Answer This .... (PDF) Medical Negligence and Consumer Law. Lecture outline 9 Medical Negligence - part 4 - IX. MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE .... Medical negligence in India - Law essays - Essay Sauce Free Student ....
Concept A The first concept that I appreciated in the.docxpatricke8
Concept A
The first concept that I appreciated in the course is the sources of law. As Showalter (2017) explains, the sources of public law include the written constitutions, statutory enactments that legislative bodies such as state, federal, and local governments make, administrative rules and regulations, and judicial decisions. All these sources of law are useful in the understanding of the laws that govern the practice in a specific discipline, the penalties for breaching such laws, and similar cases that have been determined in court.
My professional discipline is in business management. In this discipline, the legal framework is quite applicable to the alignment of business practices with the legal requirements of the profession. Consequently, as a business manager, I will be expected to understand the legal environment surrounding the operations of a company. For instance, in a healthcare organization, from a business or administrative perspective, the understanding of privacy laws or antitrust laws will be beneficial to the process of tuning the operations of the facility with the legal requirements. Where there are ambiguities, it would be useful to research judicial decisions to obtain the precedents existing for particular cases and issues.
Concept B
The second concept that I learned through the course is torts, particularly negligence. By definition, negligence is an act or failure to act that results in the harm of an individual. It is different from battery, which is an intentional act, in the sense that it emphasizes a person’s (respondent’s) duty of care, the breach of that duty in the process of dealing with a second party (the plaintiff), and the causation of injuries to the plaintiff resulting from the breach of duty (Furrow, Greaney, Johnson, Jost, & Schwartz, 2013).
My discipline is business management. From the materials on torts, I have understood the concept of a legal person – an individual or entity – which underlies the discussion of negligence. The principle of legal personhood has enabled me to understand that both private persons and organizations have a duty of care to humanity, and the breach of that duty amounts to negligence if there is proof of the breach and its causation of an injury. Therefore, as a business manager, it would be upon me to understand the duty of care that I have to various persons and to develop policies to ensure that the organization upholds the duty in its operations. I would also be in a position to understand the acts of negligence performed by other legal persons against the business entity that I manage.
References
Furrow, B., Greaney, T., Johnson, S., Jost, T., & Schwartz, R. (2013). Health law: Cases, materials, and problems (7th ed.). St. Paul, MN: West Academic Publishing
Showalter, J. S. (2017). The Anglo-American legal system. In J. S. Showalter, The Law of Healthcare Administration (pp. 1-23). Chicago, IL: Health Administration Press.
Concept .
From the topics covered in Weeks 3-4, select one law related to fina.docxVannaJoy20
From the topics covered in Weeks 3-4, select one law related to financial management in health care organizations. We discussed such laws as False Claims Act, Stark Law etc. Include a cover page and a list of references at the end of the paper in APA Format. Paper will be double spaced and be 4-5 pages in 12 point New Times Roman font.
The assignment is to be written in clear, concise narrative. All sections in the outline for Assignment #2 are required.
Outline:
Must use the
underlined headings
from the outline below in your paper and the paper must be in narrative form not outline or bullet format.
5% penalty deducted from paper if underlined headings not used in your paper.
1.
Name of the Law and or laws
:
State the official title of the federal and/or state law, the statute and section number. Must be either a federal statute or state statute and you must cite both if applicable. Thus if there is both a federal and state law that covers your subject picked then you must cite both. Do not assume that there is just a federal and or state law. In most cases there is both a federal and state law.
You must use the laws cited in this section throughout the rest of the paper.
2.
Management’s Financial Responsibilities
:
What are the health care organization’s responsibilities under this financial management statute you stated above? Provide a comprehensive discussion of three (3) specific responsibilities under the financial management statute.
State specifically after each responsibility where this responsibility is stated in the federal or state law
.
Describe the appropriate behavior and expectation. Include the citations and source of documents describing the organization’s responsibilities.
Consequences for Ethical or Legal Breach
:
Discuss in general the civil and criminal consequences from the law. Then identify from the news, three (3) specific case examples of health care organizations or health care providers found guilty of a legal or ethical breach relative to the law you have cited in first part of paper. Identify the specific legal and/or ethical breach and the penalties assessed to the health service organizations and/or individuals found guilty of violating the law or ethics [provide citation of law]. At the end of each case, discuss in detail whether you agree or not with the decision and why. Bring in the facts of the case to support your comments. Students should use a minimum of three (3) documented specific examples retrieved from the print media.
HCO Management’s remedial steps to reverse the non-compliance organizations
:
Describe in detail three (3) specific management actions or remedial steps you would take to ensure the financial management in the health care organization meets or exceeds the federal law or state law relative to the requirements of the law you cited above. Discuss specifically how each of the three management actions specifically meets or exceeds the specific federal or stat.
This the paper thatS DUEAction Research Proposal Research .docxdivinapavey
This the paper that'S DUE
Action Research Proposal: Research Method
Due Date:
Mar 22, 2015 23:59:59
Max Points:
160
Details:
Select the population and sample that is the focus of the action research project.
Describe the method of research to be applied and why it is most appropriate for the study. Describe the population, the sample, and how you intend to gather data to address the research problem.
Develop a research instrument that will be used to collect data from the sample population.
For help with questionnaires, view “PSC 495: Questionnaire Examples.”
THIIS IS THE PROPOSAL ALREADY WRITTEN
Synopsis of the Problem
In the recent past, a number of organizations have been adversely affected by the turnover rates that have been increasing progressively as from 2009. This has witnessed an increment in the number of organizations closing shop from approximately 1.8 million to more than 2 million between 2009 and 2012
(Larson, Lakin, & Bruininks, 1998)
. Aspects that include workforce recruitment and training costs, team dynamics and time restrictions in discovering and hiring newer talents have been adversely affected by the increase in worker turnover rates and have resulted in increment in expenditures. The unconstructive effects of the elevated employee turnover rates , therefore, informs the study on why the workers opt to desert they jobs even as organizational administrators strive to enhance the employee retention rates through increment in salaries and establishment of more favorable work milieus.
Statement of Purpose
This paper is therefore, written with the objective of analyzing the effect of various aspects, for instance, increased employee turnover rates, on the organization as well as their contribution to the increasing rates of employees opting to desert their jobs.
Description of the Action Research Project
This study will make use of two key research methodologies, namely; qualitative and quantitative research methodologies
(Barton, 2006)
. Given that the two methods facilitates the acknowledgement of rationale behind the increment in dissertation rates in addition to giving insight on how organization suffering from reduced employee retention rates function.
Reasons for the Proposal
Studies on the factors affecting employee retention and impacts of increased turnover rates have indicated that managers in organizations that have been acquired by another tend to dessert their jobs as a consequence of not being offered an opportunity and ample time to align to the novel organization
(Allen & Bryant, 2012)
. Additionally, workers tend to desert their jobs as a consequence of lack of faith owing to instability experienced by the mangers leaving their positions. This, therefore, leads to the question of what factors inform the managers’ decision to leave their current employment following acquisitions and mergers and how this can be averted.
Some of the notable reasons behind desertion of jobs as noted b.
This review should be typed and double-spaced, and 3 pages in leng.docxdivinapavey
This review should be typed and double-spaced, and 3 pages in length
BOOK :
Fever Pitch
AUTHOR:
Nick Hornby
1.
Why did you the choose the book?
2.
What was the central message of the story?
3.
What was your overall impression of the book?
4.
How did it tie into our psychological topics discussed in class?
5.
If motivation was a primary theme, what triggers of motivation were exhibited?
6.
If overcoming a challenge was a major theme, what strategies were utilized?
7.
If it was a team-based story, what brought the group together?
Did their interaction change throughout the story?
Did you see examples of our forming, storming, norming, performing?
8.
Explain the personality characteristics of the main character or team.
9.
Discuss any examples of social influence.
10. How can you apply what you learned from the reading material and its connection with sports psychology?
How will you put this information to use?
.
This test is open note and open book. Use outside sources for this.docxdivinapavey
This test is open note and open book. Use outside sources for this, and cite them appropriately.
DO NOT use Wikipedia, encyclopedias or children’s sites. I would like each response to be at minimum 300 words, which means 1200 minimum for the whole exam. Be specific and give me as many examples as you can.
1. In this course we have considered the role of art in expressing key cultural values.
Give three concrete examples of ways in which art, architecture or literature expressed conditions or values in the cultures we have studied.
2. Identify two contributions of the Roman Empire in architecture or engineering.
How did they function and what values of Roman culture did they convey?
3. How did Ancient Greece influence the development of Rome?
In what areas did Rome take its own direction?
Give examples from the arts and politics.
4. Through what means did Rome build and maintain their great empire?
Think in terms of political structure, technology, and culture.
.
This post needs to be a min of 300 word please. Use quotations to .docxdivinapavey
This post needs to be a min of 300 word please.
Use quotations to support your points, but make sure to balance them with your own original ideas.
Part I
:
Name one surprising fact you discovered about any of this week's authors. Why did it surprise you?
Part II
:
Most of the works this week were somewhat specific in terms of location. How might the perspective have changed if the events were placed in a another location? For instance, lynchings took place in the North, as well as the South. What is the significance of placing "Song for a Dark Girl" in the South? How would the impact have changed without that information? That is only one example.
Part III
:
Although the focus of the week was race and ethnicity, Morrison, Hurston, and Walker present strong female characters. What characteristics do these stories imply are desirable? Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of any one of these characters. Use examples from the text to support your argument.
All selections can be found in "Racial and Ethnic Identity" in
American Literature Since the Civil War
"A Month in the Country" by Jay Wright
"Song for a Dark Girl" by Langston Hughes
"How it Feels to Be Colored Me" by Zora Neale Hurston
"Sula" by Toni Morrison
or
"Everyday Use" by Alice Walker
"What You Pawn I Will Redeem" by Sherman Alexie
"The Third and Final Continent" by Jhumpa Lahiri
"The Conversion of the Jews" by Philip Roth
"The Day the Cisco Kid Shot John Wayne" by Nash Candelaria
or
"The Last of the Menu Girls" by Denise Chavez
.
This term paper involves putting together the various concepts learn.docxdivinapavey
This term paper involves putting together the various concepts learned throughout this course. You are tasked with designing the most secure network possible, keeping in mind your goal of supporting three (3) IT services: email, file transfer (centralized), and VPN. Your first step is to design a single network capable of supporting there three (3) different services. Once you have fully designed your network, you will need to provide three (3) workflow diagrams explaining how your designed network handles the three (3) different transactions. The first is an internal user sending an email using his / her corporate email address to a user on the Yahoo domain with an arbitrary address of user53
[email protected]
The second workflow diagram should show a user initiating an FTP session from inside your network to the arbitrary site of ftp.netneering.com. The third workflow is an externally located employee initiating a VPN session to corporate in order to access files on the Windows desktop computer, DT-Corp534-HellenS, at work.
Write a ten to fifteen (10-15) page paper in which you complete the following three (3) Parts. Note: Please use the following page breakdown to complete your assignment:
Overall network diagram: One (1) page
Datapath diagrams: Three (3) pages (one for each diagram)
Write-up: six to ten (6-10) pages
Part 1
Using Microsoft Visio or its open source alternative, create a diagram showing the overall network you’ve designed from the user or endpoint device to the Internet cloud, and everything in between, in which you:
Follow the access, core, distribution layer model.
Include at a minimum:
Authentication server (i.e. Microsoft Active Directory)
Routers
Switches (and / or hubs)
Local users
Remote users
Workstations
Files share (i.e. CIFS)
Mail server
Web servers (both internal and external)
Firewalls
Internet cloud
Web proxy
Email proxy
FTP server (for internal-to-external transport)
Explain each network device’s function and your specific configuration of each networking device.
Design and label the bandwidth availability or capacity for each wired connection.
Part 2
Using Microsoft Visio or its open source alternative, create a Datapath Diagram for the following scenario:
Local user sends email to a Yahoo recipient. Local (corporate) user having email address
[email protected]
sends an email to
[email protected]
Document and label the diagram showing protocols and path of the data flow as data traverses through your network from source to destination.
Include path lines with arrows showing directions and layer 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 (OSI) protocols that are used for each flow.
Show user authentication when necessary.
Using Microsoft Visio or its open source alternative, create a Datapath Diagram for the following scenario:
Local user, Jonny Hill, transfers file using ftp through the Internet to another company’s site (
ftp.netneering.com
). He has to access the secure shell using his active directory credentials to.
This paper worth 100 points is due April16thduring class. .docxdivinapavey
This paper worth 100 points is due
April16
th
during class.
It must be typed, double-spaced, font size 11-12 and not exceed four pages. Cite references in the paper and at the end of the paper! No references .
TOPIC: Select a subject of interest. 1) Describe TWO different
theories
explaining the
same
psychological process, for example
:
choose
theories on emotion OR personality development, 2) C
ompare and contrast the two theories, and 3) discuss which theory you agree with and why.
The theories are academic/research based not opinion or one’s perspective, i.e. nature versus nurture.
.
This paper should be minimum 1500 words, MLA format.At least o.docxdivinapavey
This paper should be minimum
1500 words, MLA format
.
At least one properply MLA-formatted
(in-text)
reference and work cited.
Minimum of
4
references.
DO NOT
use websites without an .edu address.
Separate works cited page
Sources should not make up more than 30% of the paper. Remember to put your own experience and words in the essay
.
.
this paper should be a comparative analysis by using 2 textbook (T.docxdivinapavey
this paper should be a comparative analysis by using 2 textbook (
The Hip Hop Reader)
articles, 1 film (
Shipley,
Living the Hiplife
(New York: Third World Newsreel, 2007) 61 mins.
, and 2 chapters from the novel "The haunting of hip hop" by Bertice Berry.
MLA documentation style, courier new 12 point font
, no bold, double-spaced, one-inch margins,
indent block quotes 10 spaces.
number pages upper right corner, no title page, heading and
title on first page. D
iscuss action and
characters primarily in thepresent tense.
.
This paper should be double spaced and be 6-8 pages in 12 point New .docxdivinapavey
This paper should be double spaced and be 6-8 pages in 12 point New Times Roman font. Include a cover page [not counted as a page] which should have student name and title of your paper. Must have at end of the paper a list of references in APA Format [not counted as a page]. No deduction if paper exceeds a page or so. But deduction of 2 points from the 25pts paper is worth if paper is less than 4 pages. The paper is to be posted in Assignment #4 drop box. Paper should be submitted in word doc. No pdf papers as I cannot post my comments in your paper.
Paper must be submitted by last day of class. No late papers accepted after last day of class.
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and ethical issues involved in the below health care scenario.
A 72 year old woman was admitted to the Neurological Intensive Care Unit following a cerebral hemorrhage which left her with severe brain damage and ventilator dependent. One year before this event, the patient and her husband had drawn up "living wills" with an attorney. She was diagnosed by her treating physician as being in a permanent unconscious condition. The patient's living will specified that the patient did not want ventilator support or other artificial life support in the event of a permanent unconscious condition or terminal condition.
The patient's husband is her legal next of kin and the person with surrogate decision-making authority. When the living will was discussed with him, he insisted that the patient had not intended for the document to be used in a situation like the present one. Further discussion with him revealed that he understood that the patient would not be able to recover any meaningful brain function but he argued that the living will did not apply because her condition was not imminently terminal. He further indicated that he did not consider his wife to be in a permanent unconscious condition. The immediate family members (the couple’s adult children) disagreed with their father’s refusal to withdraw life support.
The treatment team allowed a week to pass to allow the husband more time to be supported in his grief and to appreciate the gravity of his wife’s situation. Nevertheless, at the end of this time, the husband was unwilling to authorize withdrawal of life support measures consistent with the patient's wishes as expressed in her living will.
List and discuss the three most important ethical/legal issues in this scenario [Just three]. Why are they legal /ethical issues? Be sure and define the concepts you discuss. As a health care provider, how would you have handled this situation and why?
Use as headings in your paper the three legal/ethics issues you pick to discuss.
You are on the honor system not to discuss or consult with any students or other individuals about this paper. You may use the information we have discussed in the class, the articles in the class, and the article I have furnished below
but you may NOT do internet r.
This needs to be APA and no wikipediaYou will be analyzing two s.docxdivinapavey
This needs to be APA and no wikipedia
You will be analyzing two short stories, “Battle Royal” (which is the first chapter in Ralph Ellison’s novel,
Invisible Man
) and “The Birthmark.” As you read, reflect on the ways each depicts characters that are deemed socially unacceptable because of their outward appearances.
Please write a
comparison/contrast essay of 1000 words
or more discussing the questions below. Remember to begin your paper with an engaging introduction and clear thesis statement, develop each point in the body of your paper using examples and quotes from the stories, and conclude your paper with a restatement of your thesis and closing remarks. Also, be sure to maintain your credibility by including in-text citations and a reference list correctly formatted in APA style.
Setting: Describe the settings of both pieces and identify how the eras in which they take place—with their distinct societal attitudes and customs—affect the main characters?
Characters:
“Battle Royal:” Discuss the young man and his grandfather. Why do we never learn the young man’s name? What do the grandfather’s dying words reveal about him?
“The Birthmark:” Describe the main characters: Aylmer, Georgiana and Aminadab. What is important to each?
Point of View: In which point of view (first- or third-person) is each piece told? If the point of view in “Battle Royal” was changed, would it have made the story more effective, or less so?
Symbolism:
“Battle Royal:” Analyze the deeper meaning of the following: the “battle royal” itself, the naked blonde, and the young man’s dream at the end of the story.
“The Birthmark:” What does Georgiana’s birthmark signify, first to her and then to Aylmer? What does alchemy represent in the story?
Themes: What are the main themes/messages of each piece? What, in other words, do you think the authors, Ralph Ellison and Nathaniel Hawthorne, are trying to communicate about life and human nature in their respective stories?
Fear: What role does fear play in both pieces?
Discrimination: Both stories address physical appearance, specifically one’s skin, and the way people may discriminate against others because of external characteristics they deem inferior. Compare and contrast how discrimination and prejudice are presented in “Battle Royal” and “The Birthmark.”
Final Thoughts: Author Tim O’Brien wrote, "That's what fiction is for. It's for getting at the truth when the truth isn't sufficient for the truth." Talk about how literature might give us “truer” insights into the human experience by appealing to our senses, emotions and empathy. Describe a situation in which you or someone you know may have been discriminated against because of appearance, gender, race or another attribute. What did the experience teach you?
.
This moduleweek has presented two very important influences on Colo.docxdivinapavey
This module/week has presented two very important influences on Colonial America: religion and slavery. After reviewing the Reading & Study materials, watching the videos, and working with the Slave Trade Database, how has your thinking changed regarding these aspects of history? Did your search through the Slave Trade Database change your thinking about this aspect of history?
.
This moduleweek has examined the political issues that surrounded t.docxdivinapavey
This module/week has examined the political issues that surrounded the formation of the Constitution and the years of the early republic. The partisanship that developed during the first twelve years of the Constitutional period often take many students by surprise. Many of them think that the United States sailed blissfully into greatness in her early years. What struck you as most surprising in your course materials this module/week? Has it changed your thinking about America's founders or about the modern political climate?
.
This organization participated in resource leveling. Resource leveli.docxdivinapavey
This organization participated in resource leveling. Resource leveling is created for the purpose of leveling out the resources so that no one is over allocated. In addition resource leveling pushes the schedule to be examined as you notice that people are not going to be able to work 16+ hours a day in order to keep the project on track.
What are some of problems associated with resource leveling?
If you are not going to use resource leveling as a way to deal with the situation what other recommendations would you make?
.
This module we reviewed different types of information technology sy.docxdivinapavey
This module we reviewed different types of information technology systems used in Healthcare. Produce a 1-2 page paper that provides more in-depth information on the issues with having multiple information systems.
Include at least two research sources in your paper and cite them in a References page at the end in APA format. As in all writing assignments, follow standard mechanics in writing, grammar, punctuation, and spelling.
.
This module’s assignment has two parts.Part 1 Social media is b.docxdivinapavey
This module’s assignment has two parts.
Part 1: Social media is being used more today than ever to share with friends and family. This leads investigators to look to social media for clues about a subject or the activity. For this module, research ways social media can be used for investigations on the criminal, as well as the civil side, and answer the following:
What situations would social media be helpful in the investigation?
What are the methods that would be needed to preserve the evidence?
What would be the process for obtaining the evidence from the provider?
Part 2:
As a forensic analyst, you have been asked by the investigator to investigate an email that is subject to an investigation. Using the attached files, complete a thorough analysis of the email and headers. The investigator also wants to know as much as you can find about the person who supposedly sent the email and if there’s any presence on social media. Provide a written formal report from the scenario and questions above. Support your report with the sources used. Use the following for citing sources and document it uses APA (American Psychological Association) style for the sourcing information (References) in the body.
500 words
.
This modules reading focused on Gianna Angelopoulous-Daskalaki and .docxdivinapavey
This module's reading focused on Gianna Angelopoulous-Daskalaki and how she led the bidding organization that secured the 2004 Olympics for Athens and then later the preparations for those Games. After substantial planning problems threatened to cost Greece the Olympics, Angelopoulos was asked to take over the preparations, with only 4 of the 7 years remaining.
What do you think she needs to consider in making the decision to take over the Games' preparations? What role should she play? Where should she start? Discuss her leadership style and how she and her team won the bid.
please provide source and apa style refeences
.
This lesson connects with the concept of narrative dialogue and char.docxdivinapavey
This lesson connects with the concept of narrative dialogue and character design by authors.
Look at the events of Chapter 17, where Father and Mother discuss the family's return to Berlin and announce their decision to Bruno and his sister.
Write a one page narrative that tells that story from a different character's point of view. Tell it as if readers are hearing the thoughts and feelings of Father, Mother or Gretel. Remember to use what you already know about these characters to guide your writing.
One page, skip lines for speakers, use vivid description and natural dialogue.
.
This is Ethics in Criminal Justice Practice class.There are tw.docxdivinapavey
This is
Ethics in Criminal Justice Practice class.
There are two essays that are required for this course.
Essay #1
“In the book’s final quote, why do you believe he says it takes “strength and grace” to make choices in life, rather than simply making ethical decisions?”
Note: Use the format that is provided in the essay folder on the Black Board.
Due Date
Wednesday, June 3, 2015
11:59 PM
+
Essay #2
“Minority Report Steven Spielberg, Director (2002)
Minority Report is set in the year 2054, and John Anderton (Tom Cruise) is chief of the Department of Pre-Crime in Washington, D.C. There has not been a murder there in 6 years, because of an operation Anderton supervises where three pre-cognitive humans (“pre-cogs”) drift in a flotation tank and have their brain waves tapped by computers. These brain waves can pick up thoughts of premeditated murders, so the police can be warned and arrest the would-be perpetrators before they can kill (hence the “Department of Pre-Crime”). Of course, it is not as easy as this, because the pre-cogs can provide only the time and date of the murder, the murderer’s name, and the victim’s name—the other facts can be learned only by clues derived from the various images generated by the pre-cogs around the time of murder. The film is based on a short story by Philip K. Dick.
The pre-crime police strategy is going to expand nationwide, and there is personal and bureaucratic jealousy toward Anderton and the pre-crime unit. The movie focuses on a rare disagreement among the “pre-cogs” over a pending murder, and one of the pre- cogs apparently files a minority report disagreeing with the others. Normally, the minority report is disregarded, but the twist is that Anderton himself becomes a target for arrest as a predicted killer, and he is apparently warned of this by one of the pre- cogs. Anderton then is chased by police, assisted by one of the pre-cogs named Agatha (Samatha Morton), and the futuristic police pursuit and search is interesting and compelling. For example, everyone is subject to retina scans, so Anderton has to get an eye transplant to hide his identity while being pursued. The story has several twists, and
it raises important issues about the certainty of knowledge and how knowledge should be used.
QUESTIONS
1. If we were able to predict premeditated murders in the future by somehow scanning the minds of citizens, is this enough evidence to apprehend and take legal action against them? What would the major ethical perspectives say?
2. The accurate prediction of criminal behavior is not yet possible, but profiles are sometimes used by police for targeting suspects. Under what circumstances is the use of a profile to take police action morally permissible?
Due Date
Wednesday, June 17, 2015
11:59 PM
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[Note: When you answer-- type the question first with the answer below it. If there are multiple questions, each one should have the question first with the answer below it]
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APA STYLE.
This is your final IMC plan. You will use content from the first 4 I.docxdivinapavey
This is your final IMC plan. You will use content from the first 4 Individual Projects to complete the submission. This will be presented to the client, be persuasive in your recommendations.
Include at least 3 media from the following:
Broadcast Advertising
Print Advertising
Outdoor/Out-of-Home Advertising
Sales Promotion
Direct Marketing (traditional)
Interactive Marketing (New Media)
Public relations (PR)
Personal Selling
Part 1: Media Choice 1
Why was it chosen? What objectives will it achieve?
Advantages/drawbacks
Detail the media plan: What forms will be used, when, and how often?
Who will it target?
Creative concept (headline, copy, visual elements)
Note:
You are encouraged to reuse content submitted for Units 1–4 Individual Projects. This section of the paper should be 2 pages in length.
Part 2: Media Choice 2
Why was it chosen? What objectives will it achieve?
Advantages/drawbacks
Detail the media plan: What forms will be used, when, and how often
Who will it target?
Creative concept (headline, copy, visual elements)
Note:
You are encouraged to reuse content submitted for Units 1–4 Individual Projects. This section of the paper should be 2 pages in length.
Part 3: Media Choice 3
Why was it chosen? What objectives will it achieve?
Advantages/drawbacks
Detail the media plan: What forms will be used, when, and how often
Who will it target?
Creative concept (headline, copy, visual elements)
Note:
You are encouraged to reuse content submitted for Units 1–4 Individual Projects. This section of the paper should be 2 pages in length.
Your assignment should contain a cover page, an abstract page and a reference page in addition to the body. The body of the paper should be 6 pages in length, starting with a brief 1-paragraph introduction and ending with a short conclusion. The entire submission will be 9–11 pages in length.
.
This is the two organizations I have chosen for week two journal.docxdivinapavey
This is the two organizations I have chosen for week two journal.
Place the Name of the Not-For-Profit Organization here:
The Brother’s Brother Foundation
Place the name of the For-Profit Organization here:
Hobby Lobby, Inc.
.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This paper should be double spaced and be 4-6 pages in 12 point New .docx
1. This paper should be double spaced and be 4-6 pages in 12 point
New Times Roman font. Include a cover page [not counted as a
page] which should have student name and title of your paper.
Must have at end of the paper a list of references in APA
Format [not counted as a page]. No deduction if paper exceeds a
page or so. But deduction of 2 points from the 25pts paper is
worth if paper is less than 4 pages. The paper is to be posted in
Assignment #4 drop box. Paper should be submitted in word
doc. No pdf papers as I cannot post my comments in your
paper.
Paper must be submitted by last day of class. No late papers
accepted after last day of class.
The final project for this course is an analysis of the legal and
ethical issues involved in the below health care scenario.
A 72 year old woman was admitted to the Neurological
Intensive Care Unit following a cerebral hemorrhage which left
her with severe brain damage and ventilator dependent. One
year before this event, the patient and her husband had drawn
up "living wills" with an attorney. She was diagnosed by her
treating physician as being in a permanent unconscious
condition. The patient's living will specified that the patient did
not want ventilator support or other artificial life support in the
event of a permanent unconscious condition or terminal
condition.
The patient's husband is her legal next of kin and the person
with surrogate decision-making authority. When the living will
was discussed with him, he insisted that the patient had not
intended for the document to be used in a situation like the
present one. Further discussion with him revealed that he
understood that the patient would not be able to recover any
meaningful brain function but he argued that the living will did
not apply because her condition was not imminently terminal.
He further indicated that he did not consider his wife to be in a
permanent unconscious condition. The immediate family
members (the couple’s adult children) disagreed with their
2. father’s refusal to withdraw life support.
The treatment team allowed a week to pass to allow the husband
more time to be supported in his grief and to appreciate the
gravity of his wife’s situation. Nevertheless, at the end of this
time, the husband was unwilling to authorize withdrawal of life
support measures consistent with the patient's wishes as
expressed in her living will.
List and discuss the three most important ethical/legal issues in
this scenario [Just three]. Why are they legal /ethical issues?
Be sure and define the concepts you discuss. As a health care
provider, how would you have handled this situation and why?
Use as headings in your paper the three legal/ethics issues you
pick to discuss.
You are on the honor system not to discuss or consult with any
students or other individuals about this paper. You may use the
information we have discussed in the class, the articles in the
class, and the article I have furnished below
but you may NOT do internet research on this topic.
Background info to get your mind going and principle article to
use to evaluate the facts in the scenario.
This article is more than a sufficient aid to help you determine
the three most important issues and also assist you in
formulating your discussions for each issue.
Relationships: I. clinical ethics, law & risk management
Definitions and sources of authority
In the course of practicing medicine, a range of issues may arise
that lead to consultation with a medical ethicist, a lawyer,
and/or a risk manager. The following discussion will outline
key distinctions between these roles.
Clinical ethics
may be defined as: a discipline or methodology for considering
the ethical implications of medical technologies, policies, and
treatments, with special attention to determining what ought to
be done (or not done) in the delivery of health care.
Law
3. may be defined as: established and enforceable social rules for
conduct or non-conduct; a violation of a legal standard may
create criminal or civil liability.
Risk Management
may be defined as: a method of reducing risk of liability
through institutional policies/practices.
Many health care facilities have in-house or on-call trained
ethicists to assist health care practitioners, caregivers and
patients with difficult issues arising in medical care, and some
facilities have formally constituted institutional ethics
committees. In the hospital setting, this ethics consultation or
review process dates back to at least 1992 with the formulation
of accreditation requirements that mandated that hospitals
establish a “mechanism” to consider clinical ethics issues.
Ethics has been described as beginning where the law ends. The
moral conscience is a precursor to the development of legal
rules for social order. Ethics and law thus share the goal of
creating and maintaining social good and have a symbiotic
relationship as expressed in this quote:
[C]onscience is the guardian in the individual of the rules which
the community has evolved for its own preservation.
William Somerset Maugham
The role of lawyers and risk managers are closely linked in
many health care facilities. Indeed, in some hospitals, the
administrator with the title of Risk Manager is an attorney with
a clinical background. There are, however, important
distinctions between law and risk management. Risk
management is guided by legal parameters but has a broader
institution-specific mission to reduce liability risks. It is not
uncommon for a hospital policy to go beyond the minimum
requirements set by a legal standard. When legal and risk
management issues arise in the delivery of health care, ethics
issues may also exist. Similarly, an issue originally identified as
falling within the clinical ethics domain may also raise legal
and risk management concerns.
To better understand the significant overlap among these
4. disciplines in the health care setting, consider the sources of
authority and expression for each.
Ethical norms may be derived from:
Law
Institutional policies/practices
Policies of professional organizations
Professional standards of care, fiduciary obligations
Note: If a health care facility is also a religious facility, it may
adhere to religious tenets. In general, however, clinical ethics is
predominantly a secular professional analytic approach to
clinical issues and choices.
Law may be derived from:
Federal and state constitutions (fundamental laws of a nation or
state establishing the role of government in relation to the
governed)
Federal and state statutes (laws written or enacted by elected
officials in legislative bodies, and in some states, such as
Washington and California, laws created by a majority of voters
through an initiative process)
Federal and state regulations (written by government agencies
as permitted by statutory delegation, having the force and effect
of law consistent with the enabling legislation)
Federal and state case law (written published opinions of
appellate-level courts regarding decisions in individual
lawsuits)
City or town ordinances, when relevant
Risk Management may be derived from
law, professional standards and individual institution’s mission
and public relations strategies and is expressed through
institutional policies and practices.
B. Conceptual Models
Another way to consider the relationship among the three
disciplines is through conceptual models:
Linear
Distinctions
Intercommectdness
5. II. Orientation to law for non-lawyers
Potential legal actions against health care providers
There are two primary types of potential civil actions against
health care providers for injuries resulting from health care: (1
) lack of informed consent
, and (2)
violation of the standard of care
. Medical treatment and malpractice laws are specific to each
state.
1. Informed Consent. Before a health care provider delivers
care, ethical and legal standards require that the patient provide
informed consent. If the patient cannot provide informed
consent, then, for most treatments, a legally authorized
surrogate decision-maker may do so. In an emergency situation
when the patient is not legally competent to give informed
consent and no surrogate decision-maker is readily available,
the law implies consent on behalf of the patient, assuming that
the patient would consent to treatment if he or she were capable
of doing so.
Information that must be conveyed to and consented to by the
patient includes: the treatment’s nature and character and
anticipated results, alternative treatments (including non-
treatment), and the potential risks and benefits of treatment and
alternatives. The information must be presented in a form that
the patient can comprehend (i.e., in a language and at a level
which the patient can understand) and that the consent must be
voluntary given. An injured patient may bring an informed
consent action against a provider who fails to obtain the
patient’s informed consent in accordance with state law.
From a clinical ethics perspective, informed consent is a
communication
process,
and should not simply be treated as a required
6. form
for the patient’s signature. Similarly, the legal concept of
informed consent refers to a state of mind, i.e., understanding
the information provided to make an informed choice. Health
care facilities and providers use consent forms to document the
communication process. From a provider’s perspective, a signed
consent form can be valuable evidence the communication
occurred and legal protection in defending against a patient’s
claim of a lack of informed consent. Initiatives at the federal
level (i.e., the Affordable Care Act) and state level (e.g.,
Revised Code of Washington § 7.70.060) reflect approaches
that support shared decision-making and the use of patient
decision aids in order to ensure the provision of complete
information for medical decision-making.
2. Failure to follow standard of care. A patient who is injured
during medical treatment may also be able to bring a successful
claim against a health care provider if the patient can prove that
the injury resulted from the provider’s failure to follow the
accepted standard of care. The duty of care generally requires
that the provider use reasonably expected knowledge and
judgment in the treatment of the patient, and typically would
also require the adept use of the facilities at hand and options
for treatment. The standard of care emerges from a variety of
sources, including professional publications, interactions of
professional leaders, presentations and exchanges at
professional meetings, and among networks of colleagues.
Experts are hired by the litigating parties to assist the court in
determining the applicable standard of care.
Many states measure the provider’s actions against a national
standard of care (rather than a local one) but with
accommodation for practice limitations, such as the reasonable
availability of medical facilities, services, equipment and the
like. States may also apply different standards to specialists and
to general practitioners. As an example of a statutory
description of the standard of care, Washington State currently
specifies that a health care provider must “exercise that degree
7. of care, skill, and learning expected of a reasonably prudent
health care provider at that time in the profession or class to
which he belongs, in the State of Washington, acting in the
same or similar circumstances.”
III.
Common clinical ethics issues: medical decision-making and
provider-patient communication
There are a number of common ethical issues that also implicate
legal and risk management issues. Briefly discussed below are
common issues that concern medical decision-making and
provider-patient communication.
If a patient is capable of providing informed consent, then the
patient’s choices about treatment, including non-treatment,
should be followed. This is an established and enforceable legal
standard and also consistent with the ethical principle of
respecting the autonomy of the patient. The next two sections
(Surrogate decision-making; Advance directives) discuss how
this principle is respected from a legal perspective if a patient
lacks capacity, temporarily or permanently, to make medical
decisions. The third section briefly introduces the issue of
provider-patient communication, and highlights a contemporary
dilemma raised in decisions regarding the disclosure of medical
error to patients.
A.
Surrogate decision-making
The determination as to whether a patient has the
capacity
to provide informed consent is generally a professional
judgment made and documented by the treating health care
provider. The provider can make a determination of temporary
or permanent incapacity, and that determination should be
linked to a specific decision. The legal term
8. competency
(or
incompetency
) may be used to describe a judicial determination of decision-
making capacity. The designation of a specific
surrogate decision-maker
may either be authorized by court order or is specified in state
statutes.
If a court has determined that a patient is incompetent, a health
care provider must obtain informed consent from the court-
appointed decision-maker. For example, where a guardian has
been appointed by the court in a guardianship action, a health
care provider would seek the informed consent of the guardian,
provided that the relevant court order covers personal or health
care decision-making.
If, however, a physician determines that a patient lacks the
capacity to provide informed consent, for example, due to
dementia or lack of consciousness, or because the patient is a
minor and the minor is legally proscribed from consenting, then
a legally authorized surrogate decision-maker may be able to
provide consent on the patient’s behalf. Most states have
specific laws that delineate, in order of priority, who can be a
legally authorized surrogate decision-maker for another person.
While these laws may vary, they generally assume that legal
relatives are the most appropriate surrogate decision-makers. If,
however, a patient has previously, while capable of consenting,
selected a person to act as her decision-maker and executed a
legal document known as a
durable power of attorney for health care
or
health care proxy,
then that designated individual should provide informed
consent.
In Washington State, a statute specifies the order of priority of
authorized decision-makers as follows: guardian, holder of
durable power of attorney; spouse or state registered partner;
9. adult children; parents; and adult brothers and sisters. If the
patient is a minor, other consent provisions may apply, such as:
court authorization for a person with whom the child is in out-
of-home placement; the person(s) that the child’s parent(s) have
given a signed authorization to provide consent; or, a competent
adult who represents that s/he is a relative responsible for the
child’s care and signs a sworn declaration stating so. Health
care providers are required to make reasonable efforts to locate
a person in the highest possible category to provide informed
consent. If there are two or more persons in the same category,
e.g., adult children, then the medical treatment decision must be
unanimous among those persons. A surrogate decision-maker is
required to make the choice she believes the patient would have
wanted, which may not be the choice the decision-maker would
have chosen for herself in the same circumstance. This
decision-making standard is known as
substituted judgment.
If the surrogate is unable to ascertain what the patient would
have wanted, then the surrogate may consent to medical
treatment or non-treatment based on what is in the patient's
best interest.
Laws on surrogate decision-making are slowly catching up with
social changes. Non-married couples (whether heterosexual or
same sex) have not traditionally been recognized in state law as
legally authorized surrogate decision-makers. This lack of
recognition has left providers in a difficult legal position,
encouraging them to defer to the decision-making of a distant
relative over a spouse-equivalent unless the relative concurs.
Washington law, for example, now recognizes spouses and
domestic partners registered with the state as having the same
priority status.
Parental decision-making and minor children.
A parent may not be permitted in certain situations to consent
to non-treatment of his or her minor child, particularly where
10. the decision would significantly impact and perhaps result in
death if the minor child did not receive treatment. Examples
include parents who refuse medical treatment on behalf of their
minor children because of the parents’ social or religious views,
such as Jehovah’s Witnesses and Christian Scientists. The
decision-making standard that generally applies to minor
patients in such cases is known as the
best interest
standard. The substituted judgment standard may not apply
because the minor patient never had decision-making capacity
and therefore substituted judgment based on the minor’s
informed choices is not able to be determined. It is important to
note that minors may have greater authority to direct their own
care depending on their age, maturity, nature of medical
treatment or non-treatment, and may have authority to consent
to specific types of treatment. For example, in Washington
State, a minor may provide his or her own informed consent for
treatment of mental health conditions, sexually transmitted
diseases, and birth control, among others. Depending on the
specific facts, a health care provider working with the
provider’s institutional representatives could potentially legally
provide treatment of a minor under implied consent for
emergency with documentation of that determination,
assume temporary protective custody of the child under child
neglect laws, or if the situation is non-urgent, the provider
could seek a court order to authorize treatment.
B. Advance directives
The term
advance directive
refers to several different types of legal documents that may be
used by a patient while competent to record future wishes in the
event the patient lacks decision-making capacity. The choice
and meaning of specific advance directive terminology is
dependent on state law. Generally, a
living will
11. expresses a person’s desires concerning medical treatment in
the event of incapacity due to terminal illness or permanent
unconsciousness. A
durable power of attorney for health care
or
health care proxy
appoints a legal decision-maker for health care decisions in the
event of incapacity. An
advance health care directive
or
health care directive
may combine the functions of a living will and durable power of
attorney for health care into one document in one state, but may
be equivalent to a
living will
in another state. The
Physician Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment
(
POLST) form
is a document that is signed by a physician and patient which
summarizes the patient’s wishes concerning medical treatment
at the end of life, such as resuscitation, antibiotics, other
medical interventions and artificial feeding, and translates them
into medical orders that follow patients regardless of care
setting. It is especially helpful in effectuating a patient’s wishes
outside the hospital setting, for example, in a nursing care
facility or emergency medical response context. This relatively
new approach is available in about a dozen states, although the
programs may operate under different names: POST (Physician
Orders for Scope of Treatment), MOST (Medical Orders for
Scope of Treatment), MOLST (Medical Orders for Life-
Sustaining Treatment), and COLST (Clinician Orders for Life-
Sustaining Treatment). The simple one page treatment orders
follow patients regardless of care setting. Thus it differs from
an advance directive because it is written up by the clinician in
consultation with the patient and is a portable, actionable
12. medical order. The POLST form is intended to complement
other forms of advance directives. For example, Washington
State recognizes the following types of advance directives: the
health care directive (living will), the durable power of attorney
for health care, and the POLST form. Washington also
recognizes another legal document known as a
mental health advance directive
, which can be prepared by individuals with mental illness who
fluctuate between capacity and incapacity for use during times
when they are incapacitated.
State laws may also differ on the conditions that can be covered
by an individual in an advance directive, the procedural
requirements to ensure that the document is effective (such as
the number of required witnesses) and the conditions under
which it can be implemented (such as invalidity during
pregnancy).
Advance directives can be very helpful in choosing appropriate
treatment based upon the patient’s expressed wishes. There are
situations, however, in which the advance directive’s veracity is
questioned or in which a legally authorized surrogate believes
the advance directive does not apply to the particular care
decision at issue. Such conflicts implicate clinical ethics, law
and risk management.
C. Provider-patient communications: disclosing medical error
Honest communication to patients by health care providers is an
ethical imperative. Excellent communication eliminates or
reduces the likelihood of misunderstandings and conflict in the
health care setting, and also may affect the likelihood that a
patient will sue.
One of the more contentious issues that has arisen in the context
of communication is whether providers should disclose medical
errors to patients, and if so, how and when to do so. Disclosure
of medical error creates a potential conflict among clinical
ethics, law and risk management. Despite a professional ethical
commitment to honest communication, providers cite a fear of
13. litigation as a reason for non-disclosure. Specifically, the fear is
that those statements will stimulate malpractice lawsuits or
otherwise be used in support of a claim against the provider.
An increase in malpractice claims could then negatively affect
the provider’s claims history and malpractice insurance
coverage.
There is some evidence in closed systems (one institution, one
state with one malpractice insurer) that an apology coupled with
disclosure and prompt payment may decrease either the
likelihood or amount of legal claim. In addition, a number of
state legislatures have recently acted to protect provider
apologies, or provider apologies coupled with disclosures, from
being used by a patient as evidence of a provider’s liability in
any ensuing malpractice litigation. It is currently too early to
know whether these legal protections will have any impact on
the size or frequency of medical malpractice claims. For this
reason and others, it is advisable to involve risk management
and legal counsel in decision-making regarding error disclosure.