The fetal and newborn heart pdf
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The document discusses the normal fetal and newborn heart circulation and how it changes at birth when the baby takes its first breath. It also outlines some common abnormal newborn heart conditions, including patent ductus arteriosis where the ductus arteriosis fails to close after birth, and several types of septal defects and underdeveloped heart structures.
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3) Careful monitoring during labor is important when there is suspected CPD to detect complications early and intervene if needed to deliver the baby safely.
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2) Difficult ethical decision making due to limited medical options and the inability of infants to participate.
3) Issues related to nurse staffing levels, shift work, workload, communication and resource constraints that can negatively impact patient care and outcomes.
4) Ethical dilemmas around treating extremely low birth weight infants, infants with congenital anomalies requiring prolonged hospitalization.
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1) Prolonged labor is defined as labor exceeding 18 hours for the first and second stages combined. It can be caused by cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) where the fetal head is too large for the maternal pelvis.
2) CPD can be absolute due to a permanently contracted pelvis or relative due to fetal malpositions or malpresentations. Management depends on the degree of disproportion and may include a trial of labor or cesarean section.
3) Careful monitoring during labor is important when there is suspected CPD to detect complications early and intervene if needed to deliver the baby safely.
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ABO incompatibility are more common, less severe but Rh incompatibility are less common, more severe.
cardiac disease in pregnancy
1. Pregnancy places significant demands on the cardiovascular system due to increases in blood volume, cardiac output, and heart rate.
2. Common cardiac problems during pregnancy include congenital heart defects, heart failure, and pulmonary hypertension. These conditions can lead to complications for both mother and baby if not properly managed.
3. Testing such as echocardiography and stress testing are used to evaluate cardiac function during pregnancy. Treatment depends on the severity and type of condition, with termination of pregnancy recommended for very high risk cases.
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1) Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) programs provide antiretroviral drugs, counseling, and support to pregnant women living with HIV to reduce the risk of transmitting the virus to their babies during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding.
2) Key interventions include antiretroviral prophylaxis for pregnant and breastfeeding women and their infants, safer delivery and infant feeding practices, and treatment, care and support for women and families.
3) In Tanzania, the national PMTCT program incorporates antiretroviral prophylaxis including various combination drug regimens during antenatal, intrapartum, postpartum, and infant periods, depending on when
Bleeding in late pregnancy
Placental abruption and placenta previa are two common causes of bleeding in late pregnancy. Placental abruption occurs when the placenta separates from the inner wall of the uterus before delivery. It can cause pain and vaginal bleeding. Placenta previa is when the placenta lies low in the uterus, covering all or part of the cervical opening. It typically causes painless vaginal bleeding. Both conditions can lead to complications for the mother like hemorrhage, shock, and infection or complications for the baby like low birth weight or stillbirth. Treatment depends on gestational age and severity of bleeding but may involve bed rest, monitoring, blood transfusions, or delivery via c-section
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Approach to congenital cyanotic heart diseases
1. The document discusses the approach to diagnosing and managing patients with congenital cyanotic heart disease. Common cyanotic lesions include tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries, and tricuspid atresia.
2. Physical examination focuses on signs of cyanosis, murmurs, organomegaly or congestive heart failure. Investigations include chest X-ray, ECG, echocardiogram and arterial blood gas. Management involves ruling out other causes, providing supplemental oxygen, addressing congestive heart failure, and definitive surgical repair if possible.
3. Case scenarios discuss specific patients with features of tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries with ventricular sept
Cyanotic heart disease
A cyanotic heart defect is a group-type of congenital heart defects (CHDs). The patient appears blue (cyanotic), due to deoxygenated blood bypassing the lungs and entering the systemic circulation. This can be caused by right-to-left or bidirectional shunting, or malposition of the great arteries.
Cyanotic heart defects, which account for approximately 25% of all CHDs, include:
Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF)
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)
Transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA)
Truncus arteriosus (Persistent)
Tricuspid atresia
Interrupted aortic arch
Pulmonary atresia (PA)
Pulmonary stenosis (critical)
Eisenmenger syndrome(Reversal of Shunt due to Pulmonary Hypertension) .
Patent ductus arteriosus may cause cyanosis in late stage.
Sridhar prenatal diagnosis
Prenatal diagnosis detects fetal abnormalities before birth through non-invasive and invasive techniques. Non-invasive techniques include ultrasound, fetal echocardiography, and magnetic resonance imaging to visualize the fetus. Maternal serum screening analyzes markers in the mother's blood to assess risk of fetal conditions like Down syndrome. Invasive techniques obtain fetal tissue through procedures like amniocentesis for cytogenetic or molecular testing to diagnose genetic disorders. Prenatal diagnosis aims to provide risk information to families for informed decision making during pregnancy.
Fetal Cardiac Examination
The document discusses examination of the fetal heart. It describes basic screening using the four chamber view as part of routine mid-trimester scans, noting it can identify around 40% of congenital heart defects. Extended basic screening adding views of the outflow tracts increases detection rates. Detailed fetal echocardiography provides comprehensive anatomical and morphological assessment of the heart and is recommended when risk of defects is above average.
Congenital Heart Disease
This document provides an overview of cyanotic heart disease in newborns. It discusses the causes, types, and approach to evaluating and managing cyanosis. Key points include:
- Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin from low oxygen levels in the blood. It is detectable at oxygen saturations below 85%.
- Cardiac causes of cyanosis include decreased or increased pulmonary blood flow from conditions like tetralogy of Fallot or transposition of the great arteries.
- Evaluation involves history, physical exam, chest X-ray, ECG, pulse oximetry, blood gases and hyperoxic challenge test, and echocardiogram.
- Management focuses on maintaining ductus arter
Fetal Circulation by Barkha Devi,Lecturer,Sikkim Manipal College of Nursing
This PowerPoint will provide you a short a sweet lecture about fetal circulation. Please give me your feed back .
-Discuss anatomy and physiology of fetal circulation
-Compare and contrast fetal circulation to infant circulation
-Define specialized structures of fetal circulation
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Physiology of transition period with regard to Cardiovascular System
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Fetal Circulation by Barkha Devi,Lecturer,Sikkim Manipal College of Nursing
Fetal Circulation by Barkha Devi,Lecturer,Sikkim Manipal College of Nursing
Similar to The fetal and newborn heart pdf
Congenital heart diseases
Congenital heart disease refers to a range of birth defects that affect the normal functioning of the heart. It is present from birth and affects approximately 1 in 100 babies born in the UK. While the cause is often unknown, risks include genetic disorders like Down's syndrome, certain maternal infections or medications during pregnancy, smoking, drinking, or poorly controlled diabetes. Symptoms in babies and children may include rapid heartbeat, rapid breathing, swelling, fatigue, or blue skin/lips. There are many types of congenital heart defects such as holes between chambers, narrow arteries, or abnormal positioning of valves and arteries.
heart newborn.pptx
This document provides information about congenital heart diseases. It discusses cyanotic heart diseases like tetralogy of Fallot and hypoplastic left heart syndrome, which allow deoxygenated blood to bypass the lungs. It also covers acyanotic heart diseases, where blood is pumped abnormally but still receives enough oxygen. Common cyanotic defects involve obstructions or mixing of blood flows. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a rare defect where the left side of the heart is underdeveloped. Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cyanotic defect, consisting of four abnormalities. Early surgery is often needed to correct these defects.
Congenital heart-disease1506
This document discusses various types of congenital heart disease, including obstructive lesions that impede blood flow, lesions that increase pulmonary blood flow like atrial and ventricular septal defects, and lesions that decrease pulmonary blood flow such as tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries. Specific conditions covered include pulmonary and aortic stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, atrioventricular canal, patent ductus arteriosus, and Ebstein's anomaly. Diagnostic features and potential surgical treatments are provided for each condition.
Congintal heart defect.pptx
Congenital heart defects are abnormalities in the heart's structure that are present at birth. They range from simple defects with no symptoms to complex defects that are life-threatening. They affect about 8 in 1,000 newborns. Some defects require immediate medical care, while others need no treatment or can be easily fixed. Common types include atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, tetralogy of Fallot, coarctation of the aorta, and patent ductus arteriosus. Treatment options depend on the size and severity of the defect, and may include medications, cardiac catheterization, or open-heart surgery.
cardiovascular system problems.pptx
This document discusses cardiovascular system problems in children, including congenital heart disease and acquired cardiac disorders. It provides classifications and descriptions of various congenital heart defects such as atrial and ventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, coarctation of the aorta, tetralogy of Fallot, and transposition of the great vessels. It also discusses congestive heart failure, rheumatic fever, and their symptoms, causes, diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches.
Ebsteins
Ebstein's anomaly is a rare heart defect where the tricuspid valve, which separates the right atrium and ventricle, is abnormally located low in the right ventricle. This causes the right atrium to enlarge and the right ventricle to have two sections - an upper atrialized section and a lower functional section. Symptoms range from none in mild cases to cyanosis, heart failure and arrhythmias in severe cases. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, ECG and chest x-ray. Treatment options include medications, surgery to repair or replace the valve, and management of complications like heart failure. Prognosis depends on severity of symptoms, with earlier presentation indicating poorer prognosis.
Precardium: Inspection
To identify apex of the heart. To detect enlargement of RV, aorta and pulmonary artery.
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Chest and heart examination
This document outlines the steps for examining the cardiovascular system, including inspection, palpation, auscultation, and percussion of the heart, neck, lungs, abdomen, and limbs. Key steps include assessing pulse and blood pressure, listening to heart sounds and murmurs at different auscultation sites, and differentiating between systolic and diastolic murmurs that may indicate conditions like aortic stenosis, mitral stenosis, or aortic regurgitation. The goal is to perform a thorough routine exam of the cardiovascular system and identify any abnormalities.
Heart Article Exam Clinicals .pptx
Clinicals article exam gross anatomy Clinicals article exam gross anatomyClinicals article exam gross anatomyClinicals article exam gross anatomyClinicals article exam gross anatomyClinicals article exam gross anatomyClinicals article exam gross anatomyClinicals article exam gross anatomyClinicals article exam gross anatomyClinicals article exam gross anatomyClinicals article exam gross anatomyClinicals article exam gross anatomyClinicals article exam gross anatomyClinicals article exam gross anatomyClinicals article exam gross anatomyClinicals article exam gross anatomyClinicals article exam gross anatomyClinicals article exam gross anatomyClinicals article exam gross anatomyClinicals article exam gross anatomyClinicals article exam gross anatomyClinicals article exam gross anatomyClinicals article exam gross anatomyClinicals article exam gross anatomy. rer
Cardiac Function Tests.ppt
Cardiac function tests can diagnose and monitor heart disease through laboratory tests. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the US, affecting over 50 million people annually. Blood tests detect cardiac markers that indicate myocardial damage or dysfunction, aiding in the diagnosis of conditions like heart failure, heart attack, and heart muscle disease. Elevated markers also help monitor patients for complications or recurrence of heart disease.
Congenital heart disease for undergraduates student uod 2015
The document provides an overview of pediatric cardiology including:
1. The anatomy and physiology of the heart is described along with embryological development and how circulation changes with age.
2. Congenital heart diseases are discussed including prevalence, etiology, evaluation, diagnosis, and classifications.
3. Key aspects of history taking and physical examination for congenital heart disease are outlined along with important investigations like ECG, chest x-ray, and echocardiography.
Anatomy of The Heart.pptx
The pericardium is the sac that encloses the heart. It consists of an outer fibrous part known as the fibrous pericardium, and a double layered serous sac known as the serous pericardium.
The pericardium prevents
sudden dilatation of the heart, especially the right chamber, and displacement of the heart and great vessels,
minimizes friction between the heart and surrounding structures, and
prevents the spread of infection or cancer from the lung or pleura.
Clinical approach to congenital heart disease
1. Congenital heart disease affects 8 in 1000 live births and includes defects like ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, and coarctation of the aorta.
2. Acyanotic heart defects involve left-to-right shunting of blood and obstructive lesions, and may cause symptoms like fatigue, poor growth, and murmurs during infancy or childhood.
3. Ventricular septal defects are the most common congenital cardiac lesion and cause symptoms like fast heart rate, failure to gain weight, and congestive heart failure if large.
Cardio vascular system in children
The document discusses anatomical and physiological features of the cardiovascular system in children from birth through adolescence. It describes how the heart and vessels develop during gestation and how circulation changes after birth with the closure of fetal pathways. The heart is initially rounded but becomes more oval by age 6. Vessels are relatively large at birth to accommodate high blood flow and become proportionate to the body as children grow. The cardiovascular system undergoes significant changes to transition to adult circulation.
Congenital & Acquired valvular Heart diseases
This document provides an overview of congenital and acquired valvular heart diseases. It defines valvular heart disease and describes the four main types of valves in the heart. It then discusses several specific congenital valvular diseases that can occur, including pulmonary atresia, pulmonary stenosis, tricuspid atresia, and bicuspid aortic valve disease. Symptoms, causes, investigations, treatments and complications are outlined for each one. It also discusses acquired valvular diseases such as aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation.
cardiacdiseaseinpregnancy-220427173031.pdf
This document discusses heart disease in pregnancy. It begins by noting that heart disease complicates around 1% of pregnancies. It then covers cardiovascular changes in pregnancy like increased blood volume and cardiac output. Grades of cardiac disease severity are described. Diagnosis involves history, exams, ECGs, echocardiograms. Effects on the fetus and mother are outlined. Classifications of cardiac diseases seen in pregnancy like rheumatic heart disease and congenital heart diseases are summarized. Nursing management focuses on monitoring, positioning, oxygen supplementation and controlling cardiac failure. Guidelines for pregnant women with heart disease emphasize treating existing conditions, testing for defects, controlling risks, and regular consultations.
Cardiac Disease in pregnancy.pptx
for 3rd year students. explains in easy language and more graphical than other ppts. keep reading and i will keep uploading. thanks
2.CHD1.pptx
This document provides an overview of congenital heart disease, including common lesions and their physiology. It discusses the fetal circulation and how defects are more tolerated in utero but often cause issues after birth as pulmonary vascular resistance decreases. Common left-to-right shunt lesions like atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, and patent ductus arteriosus are explained. Obstructive lesions such as coarctation of the aorta and pulmonary valve stenosis are also summarized. The document provides details on presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of these various congenital heart conditions.
Shamim CPD Ebstein Anomaly final night.pptx
The document provides information about Ebstein anomaly, a rare congenital heart defect characterized by downward displacement of the tricuspid valve. It discusses the history of its discovery, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis using echocardiography, natural history, and management including surgery. Key points include that it has heterogeneous genetic causes, presents variably depending on age from cyanosis in infants to arrhythmias in adults, and surgery aims to close defects and repair or replace the tricuspid valve.
circulatory ailments
The document discusses common circulatory system ailments including heart diseases like congenital heart disease, angina pectoris, and heart failure. It also discusses blood vessel diseases such as aneurysm, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, stroke, and thrombosis. Blood diseases mentioned include anemia, polycythemia, leukemia, hemophilia, purpura, and petechiae. Each condition is briefly defined.
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The fetal and newborn heart pdf
- 1. The Fetal and Newborn Heart
- 2. The Normal Fetal and Newborn Heart Fetal Newborn
- 3. The Normal Fetal and Newborn Heart • Fetal heart circulation bypasses the lungs • Normally, fetal heart circulation changes to newborn circulation with the baby’s first breath • The ductus arteriosis and foraman ovale close to allow circulation to the lungs • Normal newborn heart circulation is the same as in the child and adult
- 4. The Normal Fetal and Newborn Heart
- 5. Abnormal Newborn Heart Patent Ductus Arteriosis: the ductus arteriosis fails to close at birth
- 6. Abnormal Newborn Heart Aortic Stenosis: a narrowing of the aorta
- 7. Abnormal Newborn Heart Atrial Septal Defect: the atrial septum is not intact
- 8. Abnormal Newborn Heart Atrioventricular Septal Defect: the atrial and ventricular septums are not intact
- 9. Abnormal Newborn Heart Hypoplastic Left Heart: the left ventricle is underdeveloped
- 10. Abnormal Newborn Heart Tetrology of Fallot: consists of 4 cardiac defects