Placental abruption and placenta previa are two common causes of bleeding in late pregnancy. Placental abruption occurs when the placenta separates from the inner wall of the uterus before delivery. It can cause pain and vaginal bleeding. Placenta previa is when the placenta lies low in the uterus, covering all or part of the cervical opening. It typically causes painless vaginal bleeding. Both conditions can lead to complications for the mother like hemorrhage, shock, and infection or complications for the baby like low birth weight or stillbirth. Treatment depends on gestational age and severity of bleeding but may involve bed rest, monitoring, blood transfusions, or delivery via c-section

1. Bleeding in Late Pregnancy
Under supervisor Dr:- Ragaa.
Dr:- Tereza.
Student name :- Mostafa Mosleh Shakshak.
Thorya Abd Elaty

2. Outline
• Introduction
• Definition
• Causes and high risk
• Clinical manifestation S,S and investigation.
• Complication maternal & fetus.
• Management medical, surgical and nursing.

3. Introduction
• The causes of bleeding in the second half of pregnancy are different from those in
early pregnancy. Common conditions causing minor bleeding include inflammation
of, or growths on, the cervix. At times sexual intercourse may irritate the cervix and
cause bleeding.
• Bleeding can also be serious and pose a threat to the health of the women or the
fetus. It may require treatment in a hospital. Heavy vaginal bleeding usually
involves a problem with the placenta, The two most common causes are placental
abruption and placenta previa. Preterm labor can also cause vaginal bleeding.

4. General causes for bleeding
• Placenta previa
• Placenta abruption
• Vasa previa
• Direct truma
• Cancer cervix
• cervities

5. Normal placenta
Def.:-
- Fetomaternal organ involved in nutrition, waste
elimination and gas exchange between the
developing fetus and mother
- The placenta is usually attached to the upper
part of the uterus, away from the cervix, the
opening which the baby passes through during
delivery.

6. Definition of placenta Previa
The term placenta previa refers to a placenta that overlies
to the internal os of the cervix. The placenta normally
implants in the upper uterine segment. In placenta previa,
the placenta either
totally or partially lies within the lower
uterine segment.

7. Placenta Previa has been categorized
into 3 type
1- Complete placenta Previa, where the placenta completely
covers the internal os.
Symptoms of placenta Previa include:-
• Sudden, painless vaginal bleeding that ranges from slight to
heavy. The blood is often bright red. Bleeding can occur as early
as the 20th week of pregnancy.
• Symptoms of preterm labor, such as regular, menstrual-like
cramps, or a feeling of pressure in lower abdomen. The
bleeding from placenta Previa can cause the uterus to contract.

8. Following types of placenta
2- Partial placenta Previa, where the
placenta partially covers the internal os. As a
result, this situation occurs only when the
internal os is dilated to some degree.

9. Following types of placenta
• 3- Marginal placenta Previa, OR Low-lying
placenta which extends (SPREAD) into the
lower uterine segment but does not reach the
internal os.

10. Complete placenta Previa

12. Causes and high risk
• The cause of placenta previa is unknown, but it is
associated with certain conditions including the
following
• Chronic hypertension
• Multiparity
• Multiple gestations
• Older age
• Previous cesarean delivery

13. Following causes .
• Tobacco use
• Uterine curettage D&C
• Abnormally shaped uterus
• Scarring on the lining of the uterus, due to history of
surgery, c-section, previous pregnancy, or abortion

14. Clinical manifestation
• S&S
Painless, bright red vaginal bleeding during the second half of pregnancy is the
main sign of placenta Previa. The bleeding often starts near the end of the second
trimester or beginning of the third trimester. Labor sometimes starts within several
days of heavy bleeding.
• Investigation
Placenta Previa is diagnosed through abdominal ultrasound and transvaginal
ultrasound

15. complication
• Maternal
- shock and death of the mother if the bleeding is excessive
- hysterectomy
- antepartum bleeding
- infection and formation of blood clots
- septicemia
- blood loss requiring transfusion
• Fetus
- slow fetal growth due to insufficient blood supply
- fetal death are intra uterine death from hypoxia due to placental separation and
maternal anemia

16. Following complication
• Placenta accrete
• the placenta is attached not on the wall of the uterus, but deeply in it. It
can sometimes go all the way through the uterine wall and attach itself
to a nearby organ as well. A placenta that is so deeply attached in the
uterine wall is not easily expelled after the baby is born. Manual
intervention is necessary, and in most cases, surgery.

17. The uterus is made up of four layers:
• The endometrium or the innermost layer – the lining of the uterine
wall
• The myometrium comes next; this is the muscle layer of the uterus
• then there is the layer of connective tissue around the uterus
called the parametrium
• and lastly, there is the perimetrium which is the outermost layer

18. Following complication
• Vasa Previa
This is an even rarer complication. It happens when the blood vessels
from the umbilical cord run through the membranes covering
the cervix . Because these membranes aren't protected by the
umbilical cord, they can easily tear and cause bleeding.

19. Management
• Medical & Surgical management
- maternal stabilization and fetal monitoring.
- Control of blood loss ,blood replacement .
- With fetus of less than 36 weeks gestation carefully observation
to determine safety of pregnancy or need for preterm delivery.
- Hospitalization with complete bed rest until 36 weeks gestation
with complete placenta Previa.
- Possible vaginal delivery with minimal bleeding .
- Corticosteroid for lung maturity
- No vaginal exams

20. Management
Nursing assessment
1. Determine the amount and type of bleeding and any history of
bleeding throughout any pregnancy.
2. Record maternal and fetal vital signs .
3. Palpate for the presence of uterine contractions.
4. Evaluate laboratory data on hemoglobin and hematocrit status.
5. Assess fetal status with continuous fetal monitoring.

21. Management
Nursing diagnosis
1- Ineffective tissue perfusion, placental, related to excessive bleeding
causing fetal compromise .
2- Deficient fluid volume related to excessive bleeding.
3- Risk for infection related to excessive blood loss and open vessels near
cervix .
4- Anxiety excessive bleeding, procedures, and possible maternal – fetal
complications.

22. Management
Nursing intervention
1- If continuation of the pregnancy is thought safe for patient and fetus administer magnesium
sulfate as ordered for premature labor
2- Obtain blood samples for complete blood count and blood type and cross matching
3- complete bed rest
4- If the patient and placenta Previa is experiencing active bleeding, continuously monitor her
blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration, central venous pressure, intake and output, and amount
of vaginal bleeding as well as the fetal heart rate and rhythm

23. Following Nursing management
5- Administer prescribed IV fluids and blood products.
6- Provide information about labor progress and the condition of the fetus.
7- Prepare the patient and her family for a possible caesarian delivery
8- Assure the patient that frequent monitoring and prompt management greatly reduce the risk of neonatal death.
9- Emotional support
10- Monitor VS for elevated temperature, pulse, and blood pressure, monitor laboratory results for elevated WBC
count,check for vaginal discharge to detect early signs of infection resulting from exposure of placental tissue.

24. Following Nursing management
11- Provide or teach perineal hygiene to decrease the risk of ascending infection.
12- Observe for abnormal fetal heart rate
13- Position the patient in side lying position
14- Assess fetal movement to evaluate for possible fetal hypoxia.
15- Teach woman to monitor fetal movement to evaluate well being
16- Administer oxygen as ordered to increase oxygenation to mother and fetus.

25. Placental Abruption

26. • Abruption occurs in about 1 in150 deliveries.
incidence

27. definition
• Abruption placenta is separation of the placenta from its
implantation site before delivery.

28. Types of placental abruption
1-centerel abruption:- concealed hemorrhage
2-marginal abruption:- external hemorrhage
3- complete abruption:- Could also be concealed

29. CON..

32. Causes placental abruption
cause of placental abruption is unknown. It is, however,
associated with certain conditions, including the following:-
• Maternal age .
• multiple pregnancy.
• hypertension in pregnancy.
• Preterm premature rupture of membranes.
• direct trauma.
• cigarette smoking and drugs use .

33. • vaginal bleeding
symptoms of placental abruption:
• Shock in the mother (hypovolemic shock
• Decreased perfusion to the kidneys during massive blood loss May cause oliguria
• abdominal pain and tenderness or rigid

34. Following symptoms
• uterine contractions that do not relax
• blood in amniotic fluid
• nausea
• thirst
• decreased fetal movements

35. Complication:-
 Maternal :-
1.preterm birth
2.sever anemia related to hemorrhage 3.postpartum (after delivery) hemorrhage
3. Acute renal failure
4.Hypovolemia shock
5.DIC
6.embolism during the placental separation
7.death.

36. 1. Fetal growth impairment
2. respiratory distress syndrome
3. Sever hypoxic.
4. Intrauterine fetal termination.
5. Fetal death .
Complication:-
Fetal

37. Medical management
1-depend on condition of mother and fetus.
2-monitor lab investigation(CBC,ANTICOAGULANT)
3-cross matching and RH.
4-i.v fluid to correct hypovolemic shock.
5-blood transfusion.

38. 6- Assessment of fetus
7- Termination of pregnancy: CS or Vaginal delivery
8- anti coagulant drug as physician's describe.
Cont…

39. Nursing assessment
1- Determine the amount and type of bleeding and the presence or absence of
pain.
2. Monitor maternal and fetal vital signs ,especially maternal Bp ,pulse ,fetal
heart rate.
3. Palpate the abdomen .
4. Measure and record fundal height to evaluate the presence of concealed
bleeding.
5. Prepare for possible delivery.

40. Nursing Diagnosis:
_Ineffective tissue perfusion: placental related to excessive
bleeding,hypotention,and decreased cardiac output, causing fetal
compromise.
_ Deficient fluid volume related to excessive bleeding.
_Fear related to excessive bleeding,procedures,and unknown
outcome

41. Nursing Intervention
1. Maintaining tissue perfusion by: Evaluate amount of bleeding by weighing all pads,monitor CBC
and v/s.
2- Position in left lateral position,with the head elevated to enhance placenta perfusion.
3- Maintain oxygen saturation level above 90% by using pulse oximetry monitoring.
4-Evaluate fetal status with continuous external fetal monitoring.

42. Cont..
5-Encourage relaxation techniques.
6-Prepare for possible cesarean delivery if maternal or compromise is evident.
7. Maintaining fluid volume by :Maintain large –bore I.V line for fluids and blood
products, Evaluate coagulation studies, Monitor maternal v/s and contractions,
Monitor vaginal bleeding.

43. investigation
1-US:
is essential on diagnosis . Usually TVS.
will determined on going pregnancy, failing pregnancy and rule out
ectopic and trophoplastic disease.
2-pregnancy test:
by urinary or serum HCG to distinguish in early complete miscarriage.
3-blood group and RH typing.

44. Thank you For listening!