Smartphones have evolved to become frequent companions to humans. The common problem shared by Android users of smartphones was, and continues to be, about saving their batteries and preventing the need to use any recharging tools. A significant number of studies have been performed in the general field of "saving energy in smartphones". During a state of global lockdown, the use of smartphone devices has skyrocketed, and many governments have implemented location-tracking applications for their citizens as means of ensuring that the imposed governmental restrictions are being adhered to. Since smartphones are battery-powered, the opportunity to conserve electricity and ensure that the handset does not have to be charged so much or that it does not die and impede location-tracking during this period of crisis is of vital significance, impacting not only the reliability of tracking, but also the usability of the mobile itself. While there are methods to reduce the battery’s drain from mobile app use, they are not fully utilized by users. Simultaneously, the following the manuscript demonstrates the growing prevalence of mobile applications in daily lives, as well as the disproportionally increasing phone functionality, which results in the creation of a dependency towards smartphone use and the need of energy to recharge and operate theses smartphones.
Abilene Christian University (ACU) has implemented a comprehensive mobile learning initiative that provides mobile devices like iPhones and iPads to students and explores their educational benefits through research projects. ACU aims to understand how mobile technologies can enhance learning and has committed resources to empirically study their impact on student outcomes. The university supports faculty mobile learning projects and hosts an annual conference on mobile education topics. ACU's initiative has expanded with funding from AT&T to develop new research and teaching facilities.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes past research on energy management in mobile devices. It discusses how energy management is important for mobile devices due to limited battery size and longevity concerns. It also discusses the need for operating systems to provide energy isolation, delegation, and subdivision to allow applications to better manage energy usage. The document reviews several models for energy management in mobile devices and compares past research that has measured energy consumption of different components like wireless interfaces in smartphones. It identifies a need for further research to develop more accurate energy management techniques.
This document summarizes past research on energy management in mobile devices. It discusses how energy management is important for mobile devices due to limited battery size and longevity concerns. It also discusses the need for operating systems to provide energy isolation, delegation, and subdivision to allow applications to better manage energy usage. The document reviews several models for energy management in mobile devices and compares past research that has measured energy consumption of different components like wireless interfaces in smartphones. It identifies a need for further research to develop more accurate energy management techniques.
Star-rating evaluation model for rating the energy-efficiency level of androi...IJECEIAES
The tremendous increase in smartphone usage is accompanied by an increase in the need for more energy. This preoperational relationship between modern technology and energy generates energy-greedy apps, and therefore power-hungry end users. With many apps falling under the same category in an app store, these apps usually share similar functionality. Because developers follow different design and development schools, each app has its energy-consumption habits. Since apps share similar features, an end-user with limited access to recharging resources would prefer an energy-friendly app rather than a popular energy-greedy app. However, app stores do not indicate the energy behavior of the apps they offer, which causes users to randomly choose apps without understanding their energy-consumption behavior. A review of the relevant literature was provided covering various energy-saving techniques. The results gave an initial impression about the popularity of the usage of two power-saving modes where the average usage of these modes did not exceed 31% among the total 443 Android users. To address this issue, we propose a star-rating evaluation model (SREM), an approach that generates a tentative energy rating label for each app. The model was tested on 7 open-source apps to act as a primary evaluation sample. To that end, SREM adapts current energy-aware refactoring tools to demonstrate the level of energy consumption of an app and presents it in a star-rating schema similar to the Ecolabels used on electrical home appliances. As per our results, SREM helped in saving 35% of smartphone energy.
SMARTPHONE PREVENTIVE CUSTOMIZED POWER SAVING MODESijujournal
The postulate of this paper is that current smartphones' power saving modes can be improved towards
saving more power and/or gain more user satisfaction only if they start following “preventive” and/or user
customized power saving plans. We develop a number of preventive power saving modes that save the
battery power without the need of using the power of the same battery for detecting abusage. It will be
supporting the user with a preventive plan that could give him/her an idea about what to run or don’t run.
Another issue of current power saving modes is the “One Size Fits All” philosophy which does not take
into consideration the factors that could distinguish different smartphone users, for example, the nature of
the workspace of the user (Indoor/Outdoor), the age, the gender and/or the user’s applications categories
of interests. The paper develops a strategy to match a smartphone power saving mode with its perfect
smartphone user by classifying smartphones users into classes depending on a set of different factors and
having the user to identify himself/herself to the smartphone before the first use.
SMARTPHONE PREVENTIVE CUSTOMIZED POWER SAVING MODESijujournal
The postulate of this paper is that current smartphones' power saving modes can be improved towards
saving more power and/or gain more user satisfaction only if they start following “preventive” and/or user
customized power saving plans. We develop a number of preventive power saving modes that save the
battery power without the need of using the power of the same battery for detecting abusage. It will be
supporting the user with a preventive plan that could give him/her an idea about what to run or don’t run.
Another issue of current power saving modes is the “One Size Fits All” philosophy which does not take
into consideration the factors that could distinguish different smartphone users, for example, the nature of
the workspace of the user (Indoor/Outdoor), the age, the gender and/or the user’s applications categories
of interests. The paper develops a strategy to match a smartphone power saving mode with its perfect
smartphone user by classifying smartphones users into classes depending on a set of different factors and
having the user to identify himself/herself to the smartphone before the first use.
SMARTPHONE PREVENTIVE CUSTOMIZED POWER SAVING MODESijujournal
The postulate of this paper is that current smartphones' power saving modes can be improved towards
saving more power and/or gain more user satisfaction only if they start following “preventive” and/or user
customized power saving plans. We develop a number of preventive power saving modes that save the
battery power without the need of using the power of the same battery for detecting abusage. It will be
supporting the user with a preventive plan that could give him/her an idea about what to run or don’t run.
Another issue of current power saving modes is the “One Size Fits All” philosophy which does not take
into consideration the factors that could distinguish different smartphone users, for example, the nature of
the workspace of the user (Indoor/Outdoor), the age, the gender and/or the user’s applications categories
of interests. The paper develops a strategy to match a smartphone power saving mode with its perfect
smartphone user by classifying smartphones users into classes depending on a set of different factors and
having the user to identify himself/herself to the smartphone before the first use.
Abilene Christian University (ACU) has implemented a comprehensive mobile learning initiative that provides mobile devices like iPhones and iPads to students and explores their educational benefits through research projects. ACU aims to understand how mobile technologies can enhance learning and has committed resources to empirically study their impact on student outcomes. The university supports faculty mobile learning projects and hosts an annual conference on mobile education topics. ACU's initiative has expanded with funding from AT&T to develop new research and teaching facilities.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes past research on energy management in mobile devices. It discusses how energy management is important for mobile devices due to limited battery size and longevity concerns. It also discusses the need for operating systems to provide energy isolation, delegation, and subdivision to allow applications to better manage energy usage. The document reviews several models for energy management in mobile devices and compares past research that has measured energy consumption of different components like wireless interfaces in smartphones. It identifies a need for further research to develop more accurate energy management techniques.
This document summarizes past research on energy management in mobile devices. It discusses how energy management is important for mobile devices due to limited battery size and longevity concerns. It also discusses the need for operating systems to provide energy isolation, delegation, and subdivision to allow applications to better manage energy usage. The document reviews several models for energy management in mobile devices and compares past research that has measured energy consumption of different components like wireless interfaces in smartphones. It identifies a need for further research to develop more accurate energy management techniques.
Star-rating evaluation model for rating the energy-efficiency level of androi...IJECEIAES
The tremendous increase in smartphone usage is accompanied by an increase in the need for more energy. This preoperational relationship between modern technology and energy generates energy-greedy apps, and therefore power-hungry end users. With many apps falling under the same category in an app store, these apps usually share similar functionality. Because developers follow different design and development schools, each app has its energy-consumption habits. Since apps share similar features, an end-user with limited access to recharging resources would prefer an energy-friendly app rather than a popular energy-greedy app. However, app stores do not indicate the energy behavior of the apps they offer, which causes users to randomly choose apps without understanding their energy-consumption behavior. A review of the relevant literature was provided covering various energy-saving techniques. The results gave an initial impression about the popularity of the usage of two power-saving modes where the average usage of these modes did not exceed 31% among the total 443 Android users. To address this issue, we propose a star-rating evaluation model (SREM), an approach that generates a tentative energy rating label for each app. The model was tested on 7 open-source apps to act as a primary evaluation sample. To that end, SREM adapts current energy-aware refactoring tools to demonstrate the level of energy consumption of an app and presents it in a star-rating schema similar to the Ecolabels used on electrical home appliances. As per our results, SREM helped in saving 35% of smartphone energy.
SMARTPHONE PREVENTIVE CUSTOMIZED POWER SAVING MODESijujournal
The postulate of this paper is that current smartphones' power saving modes can be improved towards
saving more power and/or gain more user satisfaction only if they start following “preventive” and/or user
customized power saving plans. We develop a number of preventive power saving modes that save the
battery power without the need of using the power of the same battery for detecting abusage. It will be
supporting the user with a preventive plan that could give him/her an idea about what to run or don’t run.
Another issue of current power saving modes is the “One Size Fits All” philosophy which does not take
into consideration the factors that could distinguish different smartphone users, for example, the nature of
the workspace of the user (Indoor/Outdoor), the age, the gender and/or the user’s applications categories
of interests. The paper develops a strategy to match a smartphone power saving mode with its perfect
smartphone user by classifying smartphones users into classes depending on a set of different factors and
having the user to identify himself/herself to the smartphone before the first use.
SMARTPHONE PREVENTIVE CUSTOMIZED POWER SAVING MODESijujournal
The postulate of this paper is that current smartphones' power saving modes can be improved towards
saving more power and/or gain more user satisfaction only if they start following “preventive” and/or user
customized power saving plans. We develop a number of preventive power saving modes that save the
battery power without the need of using the power of the same battery for detecting abusage. It will be
supporting the user with a preventive plan that could give him/her an idea about what to run or don’t run.
Another issue of current power saving modes is the “One Size Fits All” philosophy which does not take
into consideration the factors that could distinguish different smartphone users, for example, the nature of
the workspace of the user (Indoor/Outdoor), the age, the gender and/or the user’s applications categories
of interests. The paper develops a strategy to match a smartphone power saving mode with its perfect
smartphone user by classifying smartphones users into classes depending on a set of different factors and
having the user to identify himself/herself to the smartphone before the first use.
SMARTPHONE PREVENTIVE CUSTOMIZED POWER SAVING MODESijujournal
The postulate of this paper is that current smartphones' power saving modes can be improved towards
saving more power and/or gain more user satisfaction only if they start following “preventive” and/or user
customized power saving plans. We develop a number of preventive power saving modes that save the
battery power without the need of using the power of the same battery for detecting abusage. It will be
supporting the user with a preventive plan that could give him/her an idea about what to run or don’t run.
Another issue of current power saving modes is the “One Size Fits All” philosophy which does not take
into consideration the factors that could distinguish different smartphone users, for example, the nature of
the workspace of the user (Indoor/Outdoor), the age, the gender and/or the user’s applications categories
of interests. The paper develops a strategy to match a smartphone power saving mode with its perfect
smartphone user by classifying smartphones users into classes depending on a set of different factors and
having the user to identify himself/herself to the smartphone before the first use.
This document summarizes techniques for improving the energy efficiency of mobile devices in cloud environments. It discusses hardware approaches like improving processors and batteries as well as software approaches including energy-aware operating systems, applications that reduce resource requirements, and resource-aware computing. It also describes approaches that involve offloading computation and data storage to cloud resources to conserve local resources on mobile devices. In conclusion, it emphasizes that improving battery life is important for mobile devices and discusses how mobile cloud computing can help minimize battery consumption through the use of cloud services.
Reviewing Power-Saving Approaches Used During the Actual End-User Usage of an...Luis Borges Gouveia
This presentation discuss the energy consumption of Android power saving applications and its approaches. The analysis has been done by evaluating past research papers and surveys that has been done to assess the perception of the users regarding the phone power from their battery. In addition, the study highlights an issue that the notifications regarding the power saving shown on the screen seems to exploit a lot of battery. Therefore, the study has been done to reflect the ways that could help the users to save the phone battery without using any power from the same battery in an efficient manner.
Abdullah AlmasriPrince Sultan UniversitySaudi Arabia
Luis Borges GouveiaUniversity Fernando PessoaPortugal
Implementation design of energy trading monitoring application for blockchai...IJECEIAES
One obstacle to the energy industry’s tendency toward adopting renewable energy is the requirement for a monitoring system for energy transactions based on microgrids in the wheeling scheme (shared use of utility networks). The quantity of transaction expenses for each operational generator is not monitored in any case. In this project, a mobile phone application is developed and maintained to track the total amount of fees paid and received by all wheeling parties and the amount of electricity produced by the microgrid. In the wheeling case system research, the number of transaction costs, such as network rental fees, loss costs, and profit margins, must be pretty calculated for all wheeling participants. The approach created in this study uses a blockchain system to execute transactions, and transactions can only take place if the wheeling actor and the generator have an existing contract. The application of energy trading is the main contribution of this research. The created application may track energy transfers and track how many fees each wheeling actor is required to receive or pay. Using a security system to monitor wheeling transactions will make energy trades transparent.
IRJET- Data Mining and Cluster based Machine Learning in Mobile Online Social...IRJET Journal
The document presents a framework called Spice for socially-driven learning based mobile media prefetching. Spice aims to reduce access delay and improve quality of experience for mobile users consuming media content on online social networks. It does this through a machine learning approach that considers a user's social connections and preferences to predict and prefetch relevant media tweets. The framework clusters users based on social relationships and trains a latent bias model to estimate the probability a user will click on different media tweets. It also includes an energy-efficient mobile scheduling scheme that offloads machine learning tasks to a cloud server. Experimental results suggest Spice achieves high performance with low data usage and energy consumption.
The Development of Real-Time Energy Consumption Monitoring using IoTaciijournal
Energy shortage is a global challenge with significant implications for economies, societies, and the environment, including the Philippines. Promoting energy conservation in households is an effective approach to address this issue. In the Municipality of Midsayap, North Cotabato, Philippines, unmonitored energy consumption leads to excessive energy usage in households. To address this problem, this paper aims to research, build, test and implement a Real-Time Energy Consumption Monitoring (RECM) device using IoT technology. The RECM device, equipped with an SCT013 current sensor, enables real-time 24/7 monitoring of energy consumption. The monitored data is displayed in graphical and numerical formats using the Thing Speak cloud storage service. The RECM device was deployed in households, and a survey was conducted to evaluate its functionality and effectiveness. The results indicate that the design of the RECM device is a highly useful and efficient tool for real-time energy consumption monitoring. This paper provides circuit diagrams, wiring diagrams, and the list of materials used to develop the Real-Time Energy Consumption Monitoring (RECM) device using IoT.”
THE DEVELOPMENT OF REAL-TIME ENERGY CONSUMPTION MONITORING USING IOTaciijournal
Energy shortage is a global challenge with significant implications for economies, societies, and the
environment, including the Philippines. Promoting energy conservation in households is an effective
approach to address this issue. In the Municipality of Midsayap, North Cotabato, Philippines, unmonitored
energy consumption leads to excessive energy usage in households. To address this problem, this paper
aims to research, build, test and implement a Real-Time Energy Consumption Monitoring (RECM) device
using IoT technology. The RECM device, equipped with an SCT013 current sensor, enables real-time 24/7
monitoring of energy consumption. The monitored data is displayed in graphical and numerical formats
using the Thing Speak cloud storage service. The RECM device was deployed in households, and a survey
was conducted to evaluate its functionality and effectiveness. The results indicate that the design of the
RECM device is a highly useful and efficient tool for real-time energy consumption monitoring. This paper
provides circuit diagrams, wiring diagrams, and the list of materials used to develop the Real-Time Energy
Consumption Monitoring (RECM) device using IoT.”
CHALLENGES IN SIGNIFICANT ADOPTION OF ACTIVE QUEUE MANAGEMENT IN THE PHILIPPI...ijmpict
In an increasingly digital world, a strong and robust internet infrastructure is paramount; this is
more so considering the context in which this paper was made: during the Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome — CoronaVirus 2 pandemic, colloquially known as COVID-19. With
major events around the world being moved to a virtual medium in light of the virus spreading
through respiratory droplets, the internet is increasingly utilized to compensate for productivity in
many fields, including but not limited to the academe and commercial — events that generally
can be held from the comfort of an individual’s home. Hence, the aforementioned need for a
robust internet is essential since any further disruptions will increase the losses of productivity
that have been incurred due to the global pandemic. This premise is given weight thanks to the
medium of these events: video conferencing applications such as Zoom have risen to prominence
thanks to the need for virtually distant conferences. In light of this, video conferencing is a
latency-sensitive application which requires that the latency of the internet is kept at a minimum
to avoid video and audio degradation. Additionally, latency-sensitive activities such as Voice
over IP (VoIP), Video Streaming, and Online Gaming are some of the other examples where
sudden increases in latency prove significantly detrimental. This phenomenon in internet
networks is known as bufferbloat; according to DSLReports, this is characterized as “the
undesirable latency caused by routers and cable/DSL modems buffering more data than
necessary.” One of the mitigations that is present thanks to the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is Active Queue Management (AQM), characterized as the
management of data packets via proactively dropping packets before it exceeds the buffer,
preventing excessive latency thanks to heavy load. Therefore, this study seeks to examine the
reasons as to why AQM is noticeably absent in the Internet of Things: consumer electronics
space.
Security and Privacy Challenges in SMART GRID.SaiSampath16
The document summarizes a technical seminar presentation on security and privacy challenges in smart grids. The presentation introduces smart grids as networks that monitor and manage energy usage. It describes how smart meters are used to collect usage data from customers and transmit it to utility companies. However, smart meters pose security and privacy risks as they can be hacked to manipulate energy costs or fabricate readings. Additionally, the detailed usage data collected from smart meters could expose customer habits and behaviors, violating privacy. The presentation calls for regulatory protections and more security testing to address these challenges in smart grids.
IRJET- Digital Water Management and Automatic Bill Generation SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a system for digital water management and automatic bill generation. The system collects water consumption data from sensors connected to a microcontroller. It then transmits this data over the internet to a server where it is stored and analyzed. The system allows for live monitoring of water usage and generates accurate bills for each flat. It also has features like leakage detection and open tap detection to promote water conservation. The system is designed to address issues with traditional water metering and billing like lack of live monitoring, limited number of sensors, and inability to detect issues or generate detailed bills.
The Development of Real-Time Energy Consumption Monitoring using IoTaciijournal
Energy shortage is a global challenge with significant implications for economies, societies, and the
environment, including the Philippines. Promoting energy conservation in households is an effective
approach to address this issue. In the Municipality of Midsayap, North Cotabato, Philippines, unmonitored
energy consumption leads to excessive energy usage in households. To address this problem, this paper
aims to research, build, test and implement a Real-Time Energy Consumption Monitoring (RECM) device
using IoT technology. The RECM device, equipped with an SCT013 current sensor, enables real-time 24/7
monitoring of energy consumption. The monitored data is displayed in graphical and numerical formats
using the Thing Speak cloud storage service. The RECM device was deployed in households, and a survey
was conducted to evaluate its functionality and effectiveness. The results indicate that the design of the
RECM device is a highly useful and efficient tool for real-time energy consumption monitoring. This paper
provides circuit diagrams, wiring diagrams, and the list of materials used to develop the Real-Time Energy
Consumption Monitoring (RECM) device using IoT.”
Characterization of electricity demand based on energy consumption data from ...IJECEIAES
The development of dynamic energy distribution grids to optimize energy resources has become very important at the international level in recent years. A very important step in this development is to be able to characterize the population based on their consumption behaviour. However, traditional consumption meters that report information at a monthly rate provide little information for in-depth analysis. In Colombia, this has changed in recent years due to the implementation and integration of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). This infrastructure allows to record consumption values in small time intervals, and the available data then allows for the execution of many analysis mechanisms. In this paper we present an analysis of the electricity demand profile from a new dataset of energy consumption in Colombia. A characterization of the users demand profiles is presented using a k-means clustering procedure. Whit this customer segmentation technique we show that is possible identify customer consumption patterns and to identify anomalies in the system. In addition, this type of analysis also allows to assess changes in the consumption pattern of users due to social measures such as those resulting from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.
This document summarizes a research report on advancing energy management through smart metering systems from an operational perspective. The report discusses the limitations of traditional electricity meters and how smart meters can help overcome issues by providing consumers with more information on their energy usage. It outlines the objectives of the study, which include analyzing currently deployed smart metering systems, suggesting improvements, and studying consumer energy usage behaviors. The report also reviews the evolution of electricity meters and discusses the costs and benefits of smart metering systems for consumers and electricity suppliers.
ENHANCEMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY BY “INTERNET OF THINGSIAEME Publication
This paper goals at studying the place and possible contribution of “Internet of Things” (IoT) in the context of the EU’s ambitious climate and energy targets for 2020.
Using qualitative procedure, we are mainly concentrating on Demand Side Management (DSM) as an effective method in balancing the load of Electrical Distribution Networks.
The role of IoT in DSM is to enable and enhance electrical energy peak demand reduction and its maximum uniform time-distribution achieved through society’s eco- education.
Using computational tools such as Data Mining and Recommender System we can achieve results at the level of electrical energy distribution network reflected in peak reduction and its uniform time distribution
ENHANCEMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY BY “INTERNET OF THINGS” IAEME Publication
This paper goals at studying the place and possible contribution of “Internet of Things” (IoT) in the context of the EU’s ambitious climate and energy targets for 2020.
Using qualitative procedure, we are mainly concentrating on Demand Side Management (DSM) as an effective method in balancing the load of Electrical Distribution Networks.
The role of IoT in DSM is to enable and enhance electrical energy peak demand reduction and its maximum uniform time-distribution achieved through society’s eco- education.
Using computational tools such as Data Mining and Recommender System we can achieve results at the level of electrical energy distribution network reflected in peak reduction and its uniform time distribution.
Top cited managing information technology articlesIJMIT JOURNAL
The International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles that contribute new results in all areas of the strategic application of information technology (IT) in organizations. The journal focuses on innovative ideas and best practices in using IT to advance organizations – for-profit, non-profit, and governmental.
Cost and Benefit Analysis of Solar Panels at HomeIJAEMSJORNAL
Due to the high utility costs in Cabanatuan City, the solar panel system is rapidly approaching. People in the middle and lower income classes of the country particularly feel the effects of inflation. In order to address the ongoing rise in oil prices and pollution, the government has made the development of renewable energy one of its top priorities. In order to help consumers reduce their utility costs, save money, and produce greener energy, a study on the installation of a solar panel system at home was carried out. The researchers gathered some data from consumers to be utilized as the basis for the contractors' computations, where the adoption of a 3kw on-grid solar panel system was recommended to those respondents with power bills under ₱2,400. The project costs approximately ₱150,000 in total, including installation and permits, and can save approximately ₱2,300 monthly. This investment has a 5.4-year payback period and a total savings of ₱402,000 over a 20-year period. The consumption analysis revealed a sensitive effect on savings and investment payback periods. The study proved that the project's long-term savings can be more than double the initial investment. A SWOT analysis was also performed to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of having an on-grid solar panel, as well as the benefits of clean energy and gas reduction in our environment that future generations could benefit from. The project's cost-benefit is a win-win investment for everyone who wants to save money while also enjoying cleaner air in the long run.
The incredible development in the utilization of smartphones has driven the development of billions of software applications famously known as ‘apps’ to accomplish roles outside phone call and SMS messages in the day-to-day lives of users. Current assessments show that there are a huge number of applications developed at a meteor pace to give clients a rich and quick client experience. Mobile apps users are more concerned about stability and quality now more than ever despite the increase in the scale and size of apps. As such, mobile apps have to be designed, built, and produced for less money (maintainability, portability, and reusability), with greater performance, reliable security and fewer resources (efficiency) than ever before. This paper aimed at providing support for mobile application developers in dealing with the evereluding non-functional requirements by proposing a data-driven model that simplifies the non-functional requirements (NFR) p in the development of an application for mobile devices. The study tries to find out if NFR can be treated the same way as functional requirements in mobile application development. Finally, this paper shows the experimental evaluation of the proposed data-driven model of dealing for nonfunctional requirements in the development of mobile apps and the results obtained from the application of the model are also discussed
DATA-DRIVEN MODEL FOR NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS IN MOBILE APPLICATION DEVEL...ijcsit
The incredible development in the utilization of smartphones has driven the development of billions of
software applications famously known as ‘apps’ to accomplish roles outside phone call and SMS messages
in the day-to-day lives of users. Current assessments show that there are a huge number of applications
developed at a meteor pace to give clients a rich and quick client experience. Mobile apps users are more
concerned about stability and quality now more than ever despite the increase in the scale and size of apps.
As such, mobile apps have to be designed, built, and produced for less money (maintainability, portability,
and reusability), with greater performance, reliable security and fewer resources (efficiency) than ever
before. This paper aimed at providing support for mobile application developers in dealing with the evereluding non-functional requirements by proposing a data-driven model that simplifies the non-functional
requirements (NFR) p in the development of an application for mobile devices. The study tries to find out if
NFR can be treated the same way as functional requirements in mobile application development. Finally,
this paper shows the experimental evaluation of the proposed data-driven model of dealing for nonfunctional requirements in the development of mobile apps and the results obtained from the application of
the model are also discussed.
In tech demand-management_and_wireless_sensor_networks_in_the_smart_gridAWe Shinkansen
The document discusses demand management and wireless sensor networks in the smart grid. It begins with an introduction that outlines the factors driving the renovation of electrical power grids, including resilience problems, growing demand, inefficiency, and environmental issues. It then discusses how smart grid aims to address these issues by integrating information and communication technologies. Demand management will play a key role in increasing grid efficiency. Wireless sensor networks provide opportunities for demand management applications due to their low cost and pervasive communication capabilities. Challenges for smart grid implementation include standardization, security issues, successful adoption of demand management systems, and coordinating increased loads from electric vehicles.
A Result Paper on: Power Grid Associated With Web Using Non-Conventional Ener...rahulmonikasharma
This paper proposes a household power unit which is able to automatic switching and will communicatethrough Ethernet/Wi-Fi so utilization of the Non-conventional energy sources like solar energy will become more reliable. Further it will have madeready to end-user through electrical setup. The Arduino MEGA processor is preferred to work as an Embedded Device. The program loaded on this device will be work as Real time operating system. It isnecessary to process, control and communication. Other services are provided on the top of embedded device. It includes communication with server about the real-timeinformation on energy meters at customer`s location.Energy source selection, power-up the connection and disconnection are some of the services that areprovided through the online web portal. The web browser available at subscriber`s end, can act as an interface to these services provided.. Greater integration of renewable energy generation may be achieved by facilitating battery energy storage systems like integrating remote access to manage the set up like Ethernet, Web communication etc. The smart energy management of the resources is very important aspect. It allows collection of energy from multiple sources. In case of commercial and large scale implementation, the generated power at distribution level can be directly fed to the utility distribution network. Inthis paper, the smart energy management system is used where the battery monitoring systemworks alternately. ARDUINO MEGA 7 microcontroller is used to regulate the actual operating function as a core part of the setup. It is ideally appropriate for residential premises along with commercial applications.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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This presentation discuss the energy consumption of Android power saving applications and its approaches. The analysis has been done by evaluating past research papers and surveys that has been done to assess the perception of the users regarding the phone power from their battery. In addition, the study highlights an issue that the notifications regarding the power saving shown on the screen seems to exploit a lot of battery. Therefore, the study has been done to reflect the ways that could help the users to save the phone battery without using any power from the same battery in an efficient manner.
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Implementation design of energy trading monitoring application for blockchai...IJECEIAES
One obstacle to the energy industry’s tendency toward adopting renewable energy is the requirement for a monitoring system for energy transactions based on microgrids in the wheeling scheme (shared use of utility networks). The quantity of transaction expenses for each operational generator is not monitored in any case. In this project, a mobile phone application is developed and maintained to track the total amount of fees paid and received by all wheeling parties and the amount of electricity produced by the microgrid. In the wheeling case system research, the number of transaction costs, such as network rental fees, loss costs, and profit margins, must be pretty calculated for all wheeling participants. The approach created in this study uses a blockchain system to execute transactions, and transactions can only take place if the wheeling actor and the generator have an existing contract. The application of energy trading is the main contribution of this research. The created application may track energy transfers and track how many fees each wheeling actor is required to receive or pay. Using a security system to monitor wheeling transactions will make energy trades transparent.
IRJET- Data Mining and Cluster based Machine Learning in Mobile Online Social...IRJET Journal
The document presents a framework called Spice for socially-driven learning based mobile media prefetching. Spice aims to reduce access delay and improve quality of experience for mobile users consuming media content on online social networks. It does this through a machine learning approach that considers a user's social connections and preferences to predict and prefetch relevant media tweets. The framework clusters users based on social relationships and trains a latent bias model to estimate the probability a user will click on different media tweets. It also includes an energy-efficient mobile scheduling scheme that offloads machine learning tasks to a cloud server. Experimental results suggest Spice achieves high performance with low data usage and energy consumption.
The Development of Real-Time Energy Consumption Monitoring using IoTaciijournal
Energy shortage is a global challenge with significant implications for economies, societies, and the environment, including the Philippines. Promoting energy conservation in households is an effective approach to address this issue. In the Municipality of Midsayap, North Cotabato, Philippines, unmonitored energy consumption leads to excessive energy usage in households. To address this problem, this paper aims to research, build, test and implement a Real-Time Energy Consumption Monitoring (RECM) device using IoT technology. The RECM device, equipped with an SCT013 current sensor, enables real-time 24/7 monitoring of energy consumption. The monitored data is displayed in graphical and numerical formats using the Thing Speak cloud storage service. The RECM device was deployed in households, and a survey was conducted to evaluate its functionality and effectiveness. The results indicate that the design of the RECM device is a highly useful and efficient tool for real-time energy consumption monitoring. This paper provides circuit diagrams, wiring diagrams, and the list of materials used to develop the Real-Time Energy Consumption Monitoring (RECM) device using IoT.”
THE DEVELOPMENT OF REAL-TIME ENERGY CONSUMPTION MONITORING USING IOTaciijournal
Energy shortage is a global challenge with significant implications for economies, societies, and the
environment, including the Philippines. Promoting energy conservation in households is an effective
approach to address this issue. In the Municipality of Midsayap, North Cotabato, Philippines, unmonitored
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aims to research, build, test and implement a Real-Time Energy Consumption Monitoring (RECM) device
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In an increasingly digital world, a strong and robust internet infrastructure is paramount; this is
more so considering the context in which this paper was made: during the Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome — CoronaVirus 2 pandemic, colloquially known as COVID-19. With
major events around the world being moved to a virtual medium in light of the virus spreading
through respiratory droplets, the internet is increasingly utilized to compensate for productivity in
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robust internet is essential since any further disruptions will increase the losses of productivity
that have been incurred due to the global pandemic. This premise is given weight thanks to the
medium of these events: video conferencing applications such as Zoom have risen to prominence
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over IP (VoIP), Video Streaming, and Online Gaming are some of the other examples where
sudden increases in latency prove significantly detrimental. This phenomenon in internet
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undesirable latency caused by routers and cable/DSL modems buffering more data than
necessary.” One of the mitigations that is present thanks to the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is Active Queue Management (AQM), characterized as the
management of data packets via proactively dropping packets before it exceeds the buffer,
preventing excessive latency thanks to heavy load. Therefore, this study seeks to examine the
reasons as to why AQM is noticeably absent in the Internet of Things: consumer electronics
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This document describes a system for digital water management and automatic bill generation. The system collects water consumption data from sensors connected to a microcontroller. It then transmits this data over the internet to a server where it is stored and analyzed. The system allows for live monitoring of water usage and generates accurate bills for each flat. It also has features like leakage detection and open tap detection to promote water conservation. The system is designed to address issues with traditional water metering and billing like lack of live monitoring, limited number of sensors, and inability to detect issues or generate detailed bills.
The Development of Real-Time Energy Consumption Monitoring using IoTaciijournal
Energy shortage is a global challenge with significant implications for economies, societies, and the
environment, including the Philippines. Promoting energy conservation in households is an effective
approach to address this issue. In the Municipality of Midsayap, North Cotabato, Philippines, unmonitored
energy consumption leads to excessive energy usage in households. To address this problem, this paper
aims to research, build, test and implement a Real-Time Energy Consumption Monitoring (RECM) device
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monitoring of energy consumption. The monitored data is displayed in graphical and numerical formats
using the Thing Speak cloud storage service. The RECM device was deployed in households, and a survey
was conducted to evaluate its functionality and effectiveness. The results indicate that the design of the
RECM device is a highly useful and efficient tool for real-time energy consumption monitoring. This paper
provides circuit diagrams, wiring diagrams, and the list of materials used to develop the Real-Time Energy
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Characterization of electricity demand based on energy consumption data from ...IJECEIAES
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ENHANCEMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY BY “INTERNET OF THINGSIAEME Publication
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This paper goals at studying the place and possible contribution of “Internet of Things” (IoT) in the context of the EU’s ambitious climate and energy targets for 2020.
Using qualitative procedure, we are mainly concentrating on Demand Side Management (DSM) as an effective method in balancing the load of Electrical Distribution Networks.
The role of IoT in DSM is to enable and enhance electrical energy peak demand reduction and its maximum uniform time-distribution achieved through society’s eco- education.
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Top cited managing information technology articlesIJMIT JOURNAL
The International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles that contribute new results in all areas of the strategic application of information technology (IT) in organizations. The journal focuses on innovative ideas and best practices in using IT to advance organizations – for-profit, non-profit, and governmental.
Cost and Benefit Analysis of Solar Panels at HomeIJAEMSJORNAL
Due to the high utility costs in Cabanatuan City, the solar panel system is rapidly approaching. People in the middle and lower income classes of the country particularly feel the effects of inflation. In order to address the ongoing rise in oil prices and pollution, the government has made the development of renewable energy one of its top priorities. In order to help consumers reduce their utility costs, save money, and produce greener energy, a study on the installation of a solar panel system at home was carried out. The researchers gathered some data from consumers to be utilized as the basis for the contractors' computations, where the adoption of a 3kw on-grid solar panel system was recommended to those respondents with power bills under ₱2,400. The project costs approximately ₱150,000 in total, including installation and permits, and can save approximately ₱2,300 monthly. This investment has a 5.4-year payback period and a total savings of ₱402,000 over a 20-year period. The consumption analysis revealed a sensitive effect on savings and investment payback periods. The study proved that the project's long-term savings can be more than double the initial investment. A SWOT analysis was also performed to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of having an on-grid solar panel, as well as the benefits of clean energy and gas reduction in our environment that future generations could benefit from. The project's cost-benefit is a win-win investment for everyone who wants to save money while also enjoying cleaner air in the long run.
The incredible development in the utilization of smartphones has driven the development of billions of software applications famously known as ‘apps’ to accomplish roles outside phone call and SMS messages in the day-to-day lives of users. Current assessments show that there are a huge number of applications developed at a meteor pace to give clients a rich and quick client experience. Mobile apps users are more concerned about stability and quality now more than ever despite the increase in the scale and size of apps. As such, mobile apps have to be designed, built, and produced for less money (maintainability, portability, and reusability), with greater performance, reliable security and fewer resources (efficiency) than ever before. This paper aimed at providing support for mobile application developers in dealing with the evereluding non-functional requirements by proposing a data-driven model that simplifies the non-functional requirements (NFR) p in the development of an application for mobile devices. The study tries to find out if NFR can be treated the same way as functional requirements in mobile application development. Finally, this paper shows the experimental evaluation of the proposed data-driven model of dealing for nonfunctional requirements in the development of mobile apps and the results obtained from the application of the model are also discussed
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The incredible development in the utilization of smartphones has driven the development of billions of
software applications famously known as ‘apps’ to accomplish roles outside phone call and SMS messages
in the day-to-day lives of users. Current assessments show that there are a huge number of applications
developed at a meteor pace to give clients a rich and quick client experience. Mobile apps users are more
concerned about stability and quality now more than ever despite the increase in the scale and size of apps.
As such, mobile apps have to be designed, built, and produced for less money (maintainability, portability,
and reusability), with greater performance, reliable security and fewer resources (efficiency) than ever
before. This paper aimed at providing support for mobile application developers in dealing with the evereluding non-functional requirements by proposing a data-driven model that simplifies the non-functional
requirements (NFR) p in the development of an application for mobile devices. The study tries to find out if
NFR can be treated the same way as functional requirements in mobile application development. Finally,
this paper shows the experimental evaluation of the proposed data-driven model of dealing for nonfunctional requirements in the development of mobile apps and the results obtained from the application of
the model are also discussed.
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The document discusses demand management and wireless sensor networks in the smart grid. It begins with an introduction that outlines the factors driving the renovation of electrical power grids, including resilience problems, growing demand, inefficiency, and environmental issues. It then discusses how smart grid aims to address these issues by integrating information and communication technologies. Demand management will play a key role in increasing grid efficiency. Wireless sensor networks provide opportunities for demand management applications due to their low cost and pervasive communication capabilities. Challenges for smart grid implementation include standardization, security issues, successful adoption of demand management systems, and coordinating increased loads from electric vehicles.
A Result Paper on: Power Grid Associated With Web Using Non-Conventional Ener...rahulmonikasharma
This paper proposes a household power unit which is able to automatic switching and will communicatethrough Ethernet/Wi-Fi so utilization of the Non-conventional energy sources like solar energy will become more reliable. Further it will have madeready to end-user through electrical setup. The Arduino MEGA processor is preferred to work as an Embedded Device. The program loaded on this device will be work as Real time operating system. It isnecessary to process, control and communication. Other services are provided on the top of embedded device. It includes communication with server about the real-timeinformation on energy meters at customer`s location.Energy source selection, power-up the connection and disconnection are some of the services that areprovided through the online web portal. The web browser available at subscriber`s end, can act as an interface to these services provided.. Greater integration of renewable energy generation may be achieved by facilitating battery energy storage systems like integrating remote access to manage the set up like Ethernet, Web communication etc. The smart energy management of the resources is very important aspect. It allows collection of energy from multiple sources. In case of commercial and large scale implementation, the generated power at distribution level can be directly fed to the utility distribution network. Inthis paper, the smart energy management system is used where the battery monitoring systemworks alternately. ARDUINO MEGA 7 microcontroller is used to regulate the actual operating function as a core part of the setup. It is ideally appropriate for residential premises along with commercial applications.
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Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
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IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
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for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
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Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
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The evolution of energy requirements of smartphones based on user behaviour and implications of the COVID-19 era
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 11, No. 3, June 2021, pp. 2423~2431
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i3.pp2423-2431 2423
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
The evolution of energy requirements of smartphones based on
user behaviour and implications of the COVID-19 era
Abdullah Mahmoud Almasri1
, Luis Borges Gouveia2
1
College of Computer and Info Science, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia
2
Science and Technology Faculty, University Fernando Pessoa, Portugal
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Aug 26, 2020
Revised Oct 19, 2020
Accepted Nov 11, 2020
Smartphones have evolved to become frequent companions to humans. The
common problem shared by Android users of smartphones was, and
continues to be, about saving their batteries and preventing the need to use
any recharging tools. A significant number of studies have been performed in
the general field of "saving energy in smartphones". During a state of global
lockdown, the use of smartphone devices has skyrocketed, and many
governments have implemented location-tracking applications for their
citizens as means of ensuring that the imposed governmental restrictions are
being adhered to. Since smartphones are battery-powered, the opportunity to
conserve electricity and ensure that the handset does not have to be charged
so much or that it does not die and impede location-tracking during this
period of crisis is of vital significance, impacting not only the reliability of
tracking, but also the usability of the mobile itself. While there are methods
to reduce the battery’s drain from mobile app use, they are not fully utilized
by users. Simultaneously, the following the manuscript demonstrates the
growing prevalence of mobile applications in daily lives, as well as the
disproportionally increasing phone functionality, which results in the creation
of a dependency towards smartphone use and the need of energy to recharge
and operate theses smartphones.
Keywords:
Applications
COVID-19
Energy
Smartphones
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Abdullah Mahmoud Almasri
College of Computer and Information Sciences
Prince Sultan University
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Email: aalmasri@psu.edu.sa
1. INTRODUCTION
The amount of computations and services in smartphones increases exponentially over the last
couple of years, following a style of growth that correlates with Moore’s Law. Specifically, growth is
observed in areas such as codecs design, video compression, efficient screen display, yet in terms of the
smartphone battery the depletion problem remains. This issue is considered the biggest hinderance of
electronic devices in general and smartphone devices in particular [1]. It is considered that this issue will
continue becoming more and more relevant as mobile devices (e.g. smartphones and tablets) continue
growing in popularity amongst users worldwide. Some studies also demonstrate a trend, where users begin
accessing the web solely or mainly through a smartphone device [2] or using smartphones as their main
device. Thus, the need to improve battery life is present. The issue is observed by a variety of scholars, some
illustrating the lagging development in the area of battery performance when compared to device
functionality or hardware characteristics.
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A study done by Panasonic (one of the leading battery manufacturers in the world) estimates the
annual improvement in the life of their batteries to be just 11%. The slow progress is a result of the lack of or
slow introduction of new technologies in the field of battery technologies. Android phones in particular can
benefit from an improved battery capacity due to the potentially limitless functionality that the operation
system provides to its users with regards to applications, design and other customisable features [3]. In
addition, a dedicated power management API is written in applications framework layer, which mandates
that Android apps request CPU resources with wake locks through the application framework and native
Linux libraries as depicted in Figure 1. In addition, power on Android devices can also be controlled through
context aware power management, which is typically done through power saving applications. User
behaviour can also be used for control of the battery’s drainage and its efficiency, as will be explored in
upcoming sections. While these techniques and tools exist, their use is not always efficient, nor does it detract
from the primary issue at hand, which is that the speed of development of smartphone computational
requirements and services does not correlate with battery performance.
Figure 1. Android power management architecture
2. CONTINUOUS RECHARGING VS SAVING
Academic research in this field indicates that consumers have poor knowledge of the characteristics
of mobile power, and are therefore ignorant of the power-saving settings available to them as owners of such
devices [4, 5]. Although battery life is perceived to be significant for a large group of mobile users, the
analysis indicates that current battery interfaces offer limited knowledge as a result of which users create
inaccurate mental models of how the battery is discharged and how the remaining percentage of the battery is
correlated with the use of applications. [6]. In addition, consumers do not understand how to charge their
batteries in order to support their intended use of the units. As a result, a variety of behaviours in relation to
battery saving are observed, many of which are inefficient in relation to the lifetime of the battery or the
device. For instance, many users hinder the utility of their devices through erratic usage behaviour, with data
demonstrating that a single user can drain 298% of the battery’s capacity one day (charging 3 times) and
discharging only 38% on another day [7].
Another behaviour is not draining the battery fully, before charging it, as observed in Wagner et al.
study. Battery exhaustion (emptying the battery) is considered a failure of the user to manage battery
consumption, yet it occurs at least every 11 days for 50% of smartphone users in Wagner et al. sample group.
While full battery depletion is not recommended on a regular basis by battery suppliers, it is found that
consumers primarily avoid lower levels of batteries, with a daily average of 30 per cent of the lowest
percentage of batteries. being 30%. Android smartphones only issue a notification to charge the phone by the
time it reaches 15%; however, research demonstrates users charge the device before this critical level (as
deemed by the manufacturers) is reached. Despite the small variance of the battery levels of users worldwide
that researchers observe, the variance on charging patterns is great. Some users tend to charge for a limited
amount of time during the day, while others allow for a full discharge, followed by a longer charge duration.
This can lead to the conclusion that charging behaviour is systematic and simultaneous erratic at times, and
users typically interrupt their phones’ charging cycle thus reducing battery life. The listed behaviours are
linked with a variety of disadvantages. For instance, the charging duration (which is considered the amount
of time the user keeps their phone connected unnecessarily) is considered an issue in two ways. Firstly,
charging for a long period of time would have damaged the battery due to overheating and overvoltage [8],
although it is actually considered a matter of energy consumption. While, as previously discussed, the
smartphones alert the user when they need to be charged, they do not alert them when they have finished
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charging, which is considered by scholars another hinderance of current models at work. Thus, a need for
involved automated power features to assist with power management is required, as studies show only 80%
of users take any measures related to the increased battery lifetime of their devices.
3. GREEN COMPUTING AS A BASIC APPROACH
Green computing refers to the practice and techniques of using computing energy in an
environmentally sustainable manner while at the same time ensuring maximum overall computing efficiency.
It is also defined as' the study and practice of environmentally sustainable computing or IT' [9]. It is projected
that, last year, $22 million is wasted on energy utility costs by mobile users as a result of having their cell
phones plugged in for more time than is necessary to sustain a maximum charge. This has resulted in two
goals. Firstly, to improve the energy efficiency of mobile devices as means of achieving the goal of green
computing and enable energy savings [10]. Secondly, to reduce the consumption of energy required by
smartphone devices through not only (as in the past) focus on optimising software and run time, but also
through improving the battery’s run time through development of battery saving software applications [11].
Mobile cloud computing is the emergence of multiple internet-based technologies, through which mobile users
can acquire benefits of cloud computing and achieve green computing by using their mobile device [12, 13].
However, as D'Ambrosio et al. argued, the energy use of web surfing practices is not well discussed in
scholarly literature as a result of a lack of study of users' actual surfing sessions, which reveal that over 63%
of users are already using their mobile devices to go online. Arguably, a gap exists in better understanding
mobile web browsing behaviour, which is unanimously considered by scholars a potential way of enabling
green computing. Nonetheless, efforts in the area are being made by researchers. For instance, Gai et al. [14]
suggest a cloud computing model for green computing, which is dynamic, energy-aware, cloudlet-based, and
aimed at mobile optimisation. Specifically, it aims to solve the supplementary energy consumptions during
the wireless communications through utilisation of dynamic cloudlets (DCL). Couto et al. propose a
technique and a tool for detection of anomalous energy consumption in applications for Android
smartphones, subsequently relating it directly with the source code of the application. Specifically, their
paper presents a dynamically adjusted model for energy expenditure for the Android ecosystem, which is
supported in a variety of devices [15].
4. SMARTPHONE BATTERY-SAVING AS A GLOBAL NEED
Considering the mentioned issues in relation to unsustainable charging behaviors, the issue of
battery saving for smartphones can be perceived as a global issue. This is also in the light of the results that
demonstrate that the number of mobile users worldwide is growing last year as shown in Figure 2. Research
demonstrates that none of the currently used techniques for battery and power management efficiently
contribute to the green computing concept as none take into account the access to technology used, individual
user behavior, and user preferences [16]. The urgent need for more efficient methods of conserving battery
and improving its performance for Android smartphones is, thus, a global ecological concern [17]. Not only
does this boost the overall consumer experience, minimize energy loss, but also minimize the physical waste
of failed batteries, which are not ideal for recycling, since the battery can be charged a range of times before
it collapses.
Figure 2. Number of smartphone users worldwide (in billions)
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5. THE CONVERSION FROM MOBILE PHONES TO SMARTPHONES
Many scholars believe the most influential years for the development of the smartphone happened
between 2007 and 2011, which is when the smartphone surpassed traditional mobile phones in sales and
revenue [18] as shown in Figure 3. Specifically, this shift happened throughout this period sequentially in
various parts of the world, such as in 2010 in the UK and Spain, early 2011 in Germany and France and later
that year in Italy and Canada and the US.
Figure 3. Conversion of world usage from mobile to smartphones (key events) (2007-2011)
Android phones in particular have experienced a significant development in the past 10 years. In
terms of its performance characteristics, researchers believe the operating system outperforms iOS as
Android relies on a more robust hardware and software architecture as shown in Figure 4. The performance
jump can be correlated with the introduction of big.LITTLE octa-core SoCs in Android smartphones, as well
a significant improvement of battery life in less demanding tasks. The Figure 5 demonstrates that the industry
average with regards to battery life of Android devices has improved in the period between 2013-2016. In
addition, data demonstrates that for the same period the recharging time has rapidly decreased from 140
minutes in 2013 (reaching 170 minutes in 2014) to 100 minutes in 2016 [19].
Figure 4. Android vs iOS global smartphone market share by performance
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Figure 5. Battery life industry average
6. TECHNOLOGY VS ENERGY CURVE
It can be argued based on the made thus far arguments that there is an observed reverse
relationship of the available technological capacity of smartphone devices and their battery life. This is
signified graphically below, demonstrating that current smartphones, while providing a variety of capabilities
to the user, limit their availability of taking advantage of them through a comparatively smaller battery life
than previously, in times where phones had a considerably smaller amount of functionalities or otherwise
performance capabilities. In addition, this can be a result of the increased digital dependency that the
improved device functionality enables, which promotes the usage of the phones for a larger proportion of the
day from consumers across all ages [20-22].
7. REVOLUTION OF SMARTPHONES USAGE HABITS
There has also been an observed shift in smartphone usage habits for users across all ages. While
previously, mobile devices were used primarily for communication purposes, today smartphones are used for
a variety of reasons varying from entertainment to child emotion control. For instance, several studies have
demonstrated that smartphones are used extensively by parents as an aid for controlling their children’s
emotions, creating a digital dependency from an early age [23]. In teenage years, the devices can provide as
sense of independence to their users, and are currently used for creation of digital socio-cultural values and
religious beliefs and practices, which are shared amongst teens across the world through the medium of the
smartphone device. Millennial and young adults use their devices for entertainment purposes [24], while the
older generation is currently following a trend of discovering online social networks through their
smartphones [25]. Smartphones are also becoming more common in developing nations, with a variety of
technologically-focused organizations introducing services tailored to the needs of individuals in those regions [26].
8. SMARTPHONES APPS UBIQUITY IN THE LIFE ROUTINES
According to industry analysts, there are three phases of app development, illustrated in the
Figure 6. Scholars believe that the development of the Android OS has significantly promoted the
development of a variety of applications, increasing both the demand and supply for such applications [27].
The development of the OS has seen rapid change in a variety of features offered, which have made a
measurable impact on mobile app development. Due to the rapid growth of smartphone apps for a variety of
reason and the shown previously duration of product competition for user attention, product developers have
devised ways to attract and hold user attention. One such approach is gamification of the app [28], while
other apps, such as those in the social media category implement psychological gratification mechanisms to
sustain the attention of the users. As a result, smartphone apps have become intricately integrated with life
routines. For instance, Wang et al. [29] study demonstrates that smartphone apps are integrated in every
aspect of travel from the booking of the travel medium, to the check in process at the airport or at the hotel,
through the navigation at the destination and sharing of memories in a digital format (e.g. through protos or
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status updates) and so on. Smartphone apps are now becoming increasingly popular in wellness care and
weight management, as well as exercise and bodybuilding workouts [30-32]. One of the most important ways
in which mobile apps are intertwined with everyday activities and habits is that of socialization. Ongoing
debates fail to resolve the question whether the presence of such a variety of social media apps in daily lives
is positive or toxic, with some arguing it reduces social isolation [33, 34], and others claiming it leads to
reduces overall well-being quoting the rise in depression and mental health disease [35].
Figure 6. App development transformation phases in industry
9. POPULAR BATTERY KILLERS AND THEIR ALTERNATIVES
Amongst the most negative applications for a smartphone’s battery are Google mobile services, who
play a major role on battery drain running in the background of the device [36, 37], dynamic web
components displayed in browsers [38], and location-aware applications running in the background [39]. The
explanation that the latter is power-intensive is the use of the unavoidable GPS position detection process [40]. In
addition, modern-day applications, which use emerging technology such as artificial intelligence, such as
those that use fingerprint scanning or face recognition, are also amongst the battery-killers of the Android
smartphone battery [41]. While not commonly discussed, one of the biggest battery killers is slow
connection. This is illustrated in Wagner et al. report, where it is addressed that the energy costs per byte
transmitted can be as many as six times higher if the relation is weak as opposed to when it is strong. This is
especially noticeable in a communication-heavy application. The same study also demonstrates that the user
habit of keeping Wi-fi or Bluetooth searching on has a similar battery-draining effect. Specifically, Wagner
et al. illustrate: ‘When WiFi is enabled, 50% (or 10%) of users spend up to half (or 90%) of their time with
WiFi enabled but not connected.’, highlighting the potential for energy savings. The frequency and duration
of user interactions with their device for tasks such as checking the time or checking for notifications is
another negative habit. 50% of users conduct this status check on average 9 times or more during the day,
while 10 per cent check their computer on average 52 times a day.
10. THE NEED TO SAVE SMARTPHONES BATTERY-LIFE DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC
With regards to the applications listed, there are some alternatives available, such as using energy-
efficient automatic location-triggered applications on smartphones. The use of proximity beacons is also an
alternative in this context. Remote task execution is another way of reducing the workload of the smartphone
and improving its battery life. In addition, due to the recognised issue with varying connectivity
characteristics of application users, some applications have started releasing versions of their applications
that spare the battery life through disabling the automatic processing of content or dynamic elements. An
example of such application is Facebook Lite. In terms of habits, Android applications, such as a large-scale
mobile battery recognition program called Carat, can help long-term users conserve more batteries, charge
their smartphones less often, and learn how to control their batteries with less help from Carat overtime, as
shown by Athukorala et al. study [42].
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Finally, it is important to consider the need for battery saving in context of the recent COVID-19
pandemic. During a state of global lockdown, the use of smartphone devices has skyrocketed, and many
governments have implemented location-tracking applications for their citizens as means of ensuring that the
imposed governmental restrictions are being adhered to [43, 44]. Since smartphones are battery-powered, the
ability to save energy to ensure that the phone does not have to be charged too often or that it does not die
and hinder location-tracking during this time of crisis is of crucial importance, affecting not only the
efficiency of tracking, but also the usability of the smartphone device [45]. In the applications developed,
both signal emission as well as reception costs energy. In addition, the precise patterns of signal emission and
reception are regulated by the ND protocol, which aims to balance both discovery delay and energy
expenditure. Such applications, as demonstrated previously, have a significant impact on the battery life,
resulting in the development of battery saving applications, technologies and habits ever more necessary.
11. CONCLUSION
The literature has identified that smartphone user behaviour impacts energy consumption in the
context of battery usage, as well as charging duration. While there are methods to reduce the battery’s drain
from mobile app use, they are not fully utilised by users. Simultaneously, the review has demonstrated the
growing prevalence of mobile applications in daily lives, as well as the disproportionally (to battery life)
increasing phone functionality, which results in the creation of a dependency towards smartphone use.
Considering the identified trends of smartphone ownership growth globally (including in developing
nations), growing integration of the digital dependency on individuals and increasing integration of the
smartphones in lives of their owners, findings technical and behavioural solutions for improving the battery
life is paramount.
Overall, it can be argued that the priority should be on designing more battery-saving strategies for
Android devices in the mid to long term, as this is seen by academics as a possible way to reduce the impact
mobile use has on the world. In the short-term, there is identified importance of developing informational
mechanisms for guiding smartphone users’ behaviour to; i) take advantage of the available battery saving
settings, ii) develop habits and practices that spare the battery of their device, and iii) reduce the overcharging
practices of their device’s battery.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors graciously thank the College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan
University and the Faculty of Science and Technology, University Fernando Pessoa for their scientific and
administrative support.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Abdullah Mahmoud Almasri holds a bachelor of science degree in Information Systems and a
Master of Science degree in Software Engineering from Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia.
Senior Lecturer and researcher of Computer Science and Information Systems at Prince Sultan
University since 2015. His current research interests include Mobile Computing, Power-Aware
Applications, and Systems Design.
Luis Borges Gouveia holds a Habilitation in Engineering and Industrial Management from the
University of Aveiro, Portugal, and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of
Lancaster, UK. Full Professor at University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal where is the
coordinator of the Ph.D. program in Information Science. His main interests are related to how
computers and digital applications can impact people, and include novel application to provide
better sustainable technology usage.