This document summarizes the evolution of dental adhesives from first to seventh generation. It describes the key characteristics of each generation including their bonding strengths, materials used, and examples. The seventh generation is highlighted as having the advantages of being moisture insensitive, single step applications in a single bottle. The document also discusses mechanisms of adhesion, indications for clinical applications, and the total etch procedure for adhesive restorations.
This document provides an overview of dental adhesion and dentin bonding. It discusses the basic concepts and requirements of adhesion, applications of adhesive restorative techniques, enamel and dentin adhesion mechanisms, and challenges in dentin bonding. It also summarizes the generations of dentin bonding agents from the beginning in the 1950s to current techniques, noting limitations and improvements over time in bonding strength and stability of the bond. The goal has been to develop adhesive systems that can effectively bond to tooth structure, withstand stresses from polymerization, and resist degradation in the oral cavity.
Bonding to Enamel and Dentin Bonding to Enamel and DentinStephanie Chahrouk
1. Bonding agents allow for placement of aesthetic restorations like composites by bonding to enamel and dentin. Developments in bonding agents and composite materials as well as increased focus on aesthetics have boosted adhesive dentistry.
2. Bonding techniques minimize removal of tooth structure, manage sensitivity, reduce microleakage, and expand aesthetic options. Conditioning enamel with phosphoric acid increases surface area for bonding through resin tags.
3. Dentin requires both acid conditioning to remove the smear layer and expose collagen and priming to promote resin infiltration into demineralized dentin. Maintaining a moist environment is important for optimal dentin bonding.
This document discusses adhesion and bonding in dentistry. It begins by introducing the fundamental objective of creating adhesion between tooth structure and restorative materials. It then covers the principles of adhesion, including the different types of adhesion mechanisms. Some key factors and challenges that impact adhesion are surface energy, contact angle, wetting, surface contamination, and water content. The document reviews the history of bonding agents, from early experiments in the 1950s to the development of multi-step bonding systems. It also separates the discussion of enamel bonding agents from dentin bonding agents.
The document discusses the principles and techniques for cast metal inlay restorations, including materials used, indications and contraindications, advantages and disadvantages. It covers cavity design considerations like apico-occlusal taper, convergence angles, and preparation features. Furthermore, it examines bevel designs and their significance in strengthening tooth structure and improving marginal adaptation of cast restorations.
This document discusses acid etching of dental surfaces. It describes how acid etching was first proposed in 1955 to increase bond strength between composite resin and enamel. Acid etching removes enamel and creates an irregular porous surface that allows resin to penetrate through micromechanical interlocking, improving bond strength. Factors like acid type/concentration, etching duration, and fluoride levels can affect bonding. While acid etching is effective, some alternatives under investigation include crystal growth solutions, air abrasion, and lasers, but they have not achieved bond strengths as high as acid etching.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document provides an overview of dentin bonding agents. It discusses the history and development of bonding agents from the 1950s to present. Key topics covered include the bonding mechanism, ideal requirements, microstructure of dentin, smear layer, etching of enamel and dentin, hybridization, reverse hybrid layer, wet vs dry bonding, and classifications of dentin bonding agents. The document aims to describe the important concepts and advances in dentin bonding for adhesive dentistry.
Techniques of direct composite restorationMrinaliniDr
Techniques of the direct composite restoration. Includes different instruments, matrix system, wedges, bevel, etching, bonding, and placement of composite along with finishing and polishing and clinical management
This document provides an overview of dental adhesion and dentin bonding. It discusses the basic concepts and requirements of adhesion, applications of adhesive restorative techniques, enamel and dentin adhesion mechanisms, and challenges in dentin bonding. It also summarizes the generations of dentin bonding agents from the beginning in the 1950s to current techniques, noting limitations and improvements over time in bonding strength and stability of the bond. The goal has been to develop adhesive systems that can effectively bond to tooth structure, withstand stresses from polymerization, and resist degradation in the oral cavity.
Bonding to Enamel and Dentin Bonding to Enamel and DentinStephanie Chahrouk
1. Bonding agents allow for placement of aesthetic restorations like composites by bonding to enamel and dentin. Developments in bonding agents and composite materials as well as increased focus on aesthetics have boosted adhesive dentistry.
2. Bonding techniques minimize removal of tooth structure, manage sensitivity, reduce microleakage, and expand aesthetic options. Conditioning enamel with phosphoric acid increases surface area for bonding through resin tags.
3. Dentin requires both acid conditioning to remove the smear layer and expose collagen and priming to promote resin infiltration into demineralized dentin. Maintaining a moist environment is important for optimal dentin bonding.
This document discusses adhesion and bonding in dentistry. It begins by introducing the fundamental objective of creating adhesion between tooth structure and restorative materials. It then covers the principles of adhesion, including the different types of adhesion mechanisms. Some key factors and challenges that impact adhesion are surface energy, contact angle, wetting, surface contamination, and water content. The document reviews the history of bonding agents, from early experiments in the 1950s to the development of multi-step bonding systems. It also separates the discussion of enamel bonding agents from dentin bonding agents.
The document discusses the principles and techniques for cast metal inlay restorations, including materials used, indications and contraindications, advantages and disadvantages. It covers cavity design considerations like apico-occlusal taper, convergence angles, and preparation features. Furthermore, it examines bevel designs and their significance in strengthening tooth structure and improving marginal adaptation of cast restorations.
This document discusses acid etching of dental surfaces. It describes how acid etching was first proposed in 1955 to increase bond strength between composite resin and enamel. Acid etching removes enamel and creates an irregular porous surface that allows resin to penetrate through micromechanical interlocking, improving bond strength. Factors like acid type/concentration, etching duration, and fluoride levels can affect bonding. While acid etching is effective, some alternatives under investigation include crystal growth solutions, air abrasion, and lasers, but they have not achieved bond strengths as high as acid etching.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document provides an overview of dentin bonding agents. It discusses the history and development of bonding agents from the 1950s to present. Key topics covered include the bonding mechanism, ideal requirements, microstructure of dentin, smear layer, etching of enamel and dentin, hybridization, reverse hybrid layer, wet vs dry bonding, and classifications of dentin bonding agents. The document aims to describe the important concepts and advances in dentin bonding for adhesive dentistry.
Techniques of direct composite restorationMrinaliniDr
Techniques of the direct composite restoration. Includes different instruments, matrix system, wedges, bevel, etching, bonding, and placement of composite along with finishing and polishing and clinical management
Indications contraindications and classification of bridges/endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses the history and development of reciprocating systems for shaping root canals. It traces the evolution from early systems that used large, equal angles of rotation to modern single-file systems like WaveOne and Reciproc that use unequal angles of small rotation. These newer systems utilize M-wire alloy and are designed for maximum flexibility and fatigue resistance. Studies show reciprocating systems take less time than rotary systems while maintaining canal anatomy, though results on debris removal are mixed and they may cause more dentinal defects.
Cad cam and cad-cim in restorative dentistrydrnids_modern
This document provides an overview of CAD-CAM and CAD-CIM technologies in restorative dentistry. It discusses the history of CAD-CAM from its introduction in the 1980s to recent advancements. The CAD-CAM process involves scanning a prepared tooth or model, using computer software to design a restoration, and milling or machining the restoration from materials like ceramics or metals. Common commercial CAD-CAM systems are described, along with the types of restorations they can produce and materials used like zirconia, alumina, and feldspathic ceramics. Advantages of CAD-CAM include precision, efficiency and ability to produce a variety of restorations in a single dental appointment or through
This document discusses all-ceramic dental restorations, specifically zirconia. It provides an overview of zirconia, including that it is a crystalline dioxide of zirconium that is superior to other ceramics due to its high strength and esthetics. Applications of zirconia include crowns, bridges, implant fixtures, abutments and prostheses. The document concludes that zirconia combined with porcelain veneers is well-suited for replacing anterior teeth and full-contour zirconia can replace posterior teeth, and resin cement provides excellent adhesion.
The document discusses the history and generations of dentin bonding agents. It describes the challenges of bonding to dentin due to its composition and structure. Early bonding agents bonded weakly to the smear layer rather than dentin. Current bonding agents condition and prime the dentin surface to allow resin infiltration and strong bonding. They are classified based on their treatment of the smear layer and number of clinical steps.
This document discusses the history, physics, and applications of ultrasonics and sonics in endodontics. It begins with definitions of key terms like ultrasound, ultrasonic instrumentation, and endosonics. It then covers the physics behind ultrasonics and sonics, including how piezoelectric and magnetostrictive transducers work. Biophysical effects like cavitation and acoustic streaming are also discussed. The document concludes by outlining various ultrasonic tips categorized by approach (surgical vs nonsurgical) and use (access, removal, etc.), and applications in endodontic procedures.
Smear layer is a controversial topic in the field of operative dentistry and endodontics. This presentation includes composition, concepts, structure, advantages, disadvantages, and removal methods of smear layer.
Inlays and onlays. / implant dentistry course/ implant dentistry courseIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document discusses dentin bonding agents. It provides background on adhesion and the challenges of bonding to dentin compared to enamel. Key points discussed include:
- Conditioning of dentin is needed to remove the smear layer and expose collagen fibers. This can be done chemically using acids or chelators.
- Primers are then used which contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers. They displace water from the moist collagen network and allow resin infiltration.
- The concept of "wet bonding" was introduced, in which acid-etched dentin is kept moist during bonding to maintain the expanded collagen network for resin penetration.
This document summarizes recent advances in nickel-titanium (NiTi) files used for root canal preparation. It discusses developments in NiTi metallurgy including new alloy compositions and heat treatment processes that have improved file flexibility, strength and resistance to fatigue. Some of the advances discussed include M-wire, martensitic NiTi alloys, electrical discharge machining, and gold and blue heat-treated instruments. The document also covers new file motions like reciprocation that help reduce risk of file separation.
There have been several changes since inception in the field of dental ceramics. Need for newer materials with improved aesthetics, flexural strength and optical properties made it necessary for introduction of advanced technology in fabrication of dental ceramics.
The document discusses the role and development of dentine bonding agents. It describes the challenges of bonding to dentine due to its structure and composition compared to enamel. Various generations of bonding agents are classified, from early phosphoric acid-based systems to modern multi-step etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives. Conditioning of the dentine surface and the role of priming agents are explained. Factors affecting the bonding process such as smear layer removal and acid etching duration are also covered.
Restoration of endodontically treated teethNivedha Tina
This document discusses various methods for restoring endodontically treated teeth. It covers the history of restoring pulpless teeth dating back to 1747. Key factors in selecting a restorative approach include the amount of residual root and crown structure remaining as well as the tooth's function and position. Methods discussed include direct composite restorations, indirect restorations, fiber posts, cast posts, and full crowns. The document also addresses the vulnerability of root filled teeth to fracture and emphasizes the importance of preserving tooth structure.
This document discusses dentin bonding agents. It begins with an introduction to adhesive dentistry and the importance of bonding to enamel and dentin. It then covers the basic concepts of adhesion, mechanisms of dental adhesion, and factors that affect bonding. The document discusses the evolution of dentin bonding agents through multiple generations as the technology advanced. It provides details on the components of dentin bonding agents including etchants, primers, and adhesives. In summary, this document provides a comprehensive overview of dentin bonding agents and the principles behind adhesive dentistry.
This document discusses indirect composite restorations such as inlays and onlays. It begins by defining these terms and discussing indications, contraindications, and materials used. It then covers different classification systems for indirect composites based on fabrication method, curing method, and generation. Various commercial composite systems are described. The document discusses advantages like improved physical properties over direct composites, as well as disadvantages like increased time and cost. Fabrication techniques include direct, semidirect, and indirect methods. Steps for cavity preparation and cementation of indirect composites are outlined.
The document discusses different metal joining techniques used in dentistry including soldering, brazing, and welding. It defines these terms and describes the key components and process of soldering including parent metals, filler metals, fluxes, heat sources, and techniques. Soldering is commonly used in orthodontics to join wires, springs, and other appliance components using low-temperature silver solders and fluoride fluxes with a gas torch.
The document discusses the history and development of dentin bonding agents over several generations from the 1970s to 2000s. It covers key topics such as the role of the smear layer, conditioning of dentin, components of bonding agents, and critical steps for clinical use. Dentin bonding agents have evolved from early attempts at chemical bonding to current multi-step and self-etching adhesives that provide both mechanical and chemical bonding via a hybrid layer between resin and dentin. Proper isolation, acid-etching, moisture control, and curing technique are important for achieving optimal bond strength.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indications contraindications and classification of bridges/endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses the history and development of reciprocating systems for shaping root canals. It traces the evolution from early systems that used large, equal angles of rotation to modern single-file systems like WaveOne and Reciproc that use unequal angles of small rotation. These newer systems utilize M-wire alloy and are designed for maximum flexibility and fatigue resistance. Studies show reciprocating systems take less time than rotary systems while maintaining canal anatomy, though results on debris removal are mixed and they may cause more dentinal defects.
Cad cam and cad-cim in restorative dentistrydrnids_modern
This document provides an overview of CAD-CAM and CAD-CIM technologies in restorative dentistry. It discusses the history of CAD-CAM from its introduction in the 1980s to recent advancements. The CAD-CAM process involves scanning a prepared tooth or model, using computer software to design a restoration, and milling or machining the restoration from materials like ceramics or metals. Common commercial CAD-CAM systems are described, along with the types of restorations they can produce and materials used like zirconia, alumina, and feldspathic ceramics. Advantages of CAD-CAM include precision, efficiency and ability to produce a variety of restorations in a single dental appointment or through
This document discusses all-ceramic dental restorations, specifically zirconia. It provides an overview of zirconia, including that it is a crystalline dioxide of zirconium that is superior to other ceramics due to its high strength and esthetics. Applications of zirconia include crowns, bridges, implant fixtures, abutments and prostheses. The document concludes that zirconia combined with porcelain veneers is well-suited for replacing anterior teeth and full-contour zirconia can replace posterior teeth, and resin cement provides excellent adhesion.
The document discusses the history and generations of dentin bonding agents. It describes the challenges of bonding to dentin due to its composition and structure. Early bonding agents bonded weakly to the smear layer rather than dentin. Current bonding agents condition and prime the dentin surface to allow resin infiltration and strong bonding. They are classified based on their treatment of the smear layer and number of clinical steps.
This document discusses the history, physics, and applications of ultrasonics and sonics in endodontics. It begins with definitions of key terms like ultrasound, ultrasonic instrumentation, and endosonics. It then covers the physics behind ultrasonics and sonics, including how piezoelectric and magnetostrictive transducers work. Biophysical effects like cavitation and acoustic streaming are also discussed. The document concludes by outlining various ultrasonic tips categorized by approach (surgical vs nonsurgical) and use (access, removal, etc.), and applications in endodontic procedures.
Smear layer is a controversial topic in the field of operative dentistry and endodontics. This presentation includes composition, concepts, structure, advantages, disadvantages, and removal methods of smear layer.
Inlays and onlays. / implant dentistry course/ implant dentistry courseIndian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document discusses dentin bonding agents. It provides background on adhesion and the challenges of bonding to dentin compared to enamel. Key points discussed include:
- Conditioning of dentin is needed to remove the smear layer and expose collagen fibers. This can be done chemically using acids or chelators.
- Primers are then used which contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers. They displace water from the moist collagen network and allow resin infiltration.
- The concept of "wet bonding" was introduced, in which acid-etched dentin is kept moist during bonding to maintain the expanded collagen network for resin penetration.
This document summarizes recent advances in nickel-titanium (NiTi) files used for root canal preparation. It discusses developments in NiTi metallurgy including new alloy compositions and heat treatment processes that have improved file flexibility, strength and resistance to fatigue. Some of the advances discussed include M-wire, martensitic NiTi alloys, electrical discharge machining, and gold and blue heat-treated instruments. The document also covers new file motions like reciprocation that help reduce risk of file separation.
There have been several changes since inception in the field of dental ceramics. Need for newer materials with improved aesthetics, flexural strength and optical properties made it necessary for introduction of advanced technology in fabrication of dental ceramics.
The document discusses the role and development of dentine bonding agents. It describes the challenges of bonding to dentine due to its structure and composition compared to enamel. Various generations of bonding agents are classified, from early phosphoric acid-based systems to modern multi-step etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives. Conditioning of the dentine surface and the role of priming agents are explained. Factors affecting the bonding process such as smear layer removal and acid etching duration are also covered.
Restoration of endodontically treated teethNivedha Tina
This document discusses various methods for restoring endodontically treated teeth. It covers the history of restoring pulpless teeth dating back to 1747. Key factors in selecting a restorative approach include the amount of residual root and crown structure remaining as well as the tooth's function and position. Methods discussed include direct composite restorations, indirect restorations, fiber posts, cast posts, and full crowns. The document also addresses the vulnerability of root filled teeth to fracture and emphasizes the importance of preserving tooth structure.
This document discusses dentin bonding agents. It begins with an introduction to adhesive dentistry and the importance of bonding to enamel and dentin. It then covers the basic concepts of adhesion, mechanisms of dental adhesion, and factors that affect bonding. The document discusses the evolution of dentin bonding agents through multiple generations as the technology advanced. It provides details on the components of dentin bonding agents including etchants, primers, and adhesives. In summary, this document provides a comprehensive overview of dentin bonding agents and the principles behind adhesive dentistry.
This document discusses indirect composite restorations such as inlays and onlays. It begins by defining these terms and discussing indications, contraindications, and materials used. It then covers different classification systems for indirect composites based on fabrication method, curing method, and generation. Various commercial composite systems are described. The document discusses advantages like improved physical properties over direct composites, as well as disadvantages like increased time and cost. Fabrication techniques include direct, semidirect, and indirect methods. Steps for cavity preparation and cementation of indirect composites are outlined.
The document discusses different metal joining techniques used in dentistry including soldering, brazing, and welding. It defines these terms and describes the key components and process of soldering including parent metals, filler metals, fluxes, heat sources, and techniques. Soldering is commonly used in orthodontics to join wires, springs, and other appliance components using low-temperature silver solders and fluoride fluxes with a gas torch.
The document discusses the history and development of dentin bonding agents over several generations from the 1970s to 2000s. It covers key topics such as the role of the smear layer, conditioning of dentin, components of bonding agents, and critical steps for clinical use. Dentin bonding agents have evolved from early attempts at chemical bonding to current multi-step and self-etching adhesives that provide both mechanical and chemical bonding via a hybrid layer between resin and dentin. Proper isolation, acid-etching, moisture control, and curing technique are important for achieving optimal bond strength.
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
1. Etchant acid, also known as phosphoric acid, is used to condition tooth enamel prior to placing restorative materials like resins, sealants, and adhesive cements. It demineralizes the enamel, creating micro pores to achieve a strong bond between the material and tooth.
2. The acid is applied for 15-60 seconds and then rinsed thoroughly before the restorative material is placed. This micro-etching of the enamel improves retention of the restoration.
3. For ceramics, hydrofluoric acid is used which also etches the material by creating channels, allowing chemical bonding between the ceramic, silane, and resin for strong adhesion.
1) The document discusses the history and evolution of dental adhesives from the 1960s to present. It describes the different generations of adhesives from 1st/2nd generation that only bonded to enamel to current 7th generation self-etch adhesives.
2) Principles of adhesion to tooth structures are described including requirements for bonding to enamel versus dentin. The concept of the hybrid layer which enhances bonding to dentin is introduced.
3) Factors that influence post-operative sensitivity with total-etch adhesives are examined including overdrying of etched dentin. Advantages of self-etch adhesives in reducing post-operative sensitivity are summarized.
This document discusses denture adhesives, including their history and composition. It notes that early adhesives were formulated using vegetable gums by apothecaries in the 19th century. Modern adhesives use polymers that swell when exposed to water or saliva to increase viscosity between the denture and oral mucosa. Ideal adhesives are non-toxic, odorless, and easy to apply. The document provides details on different types of adhesives, including creams, powders, pads, and their appropriate usage. It notes that while adhesives can improve denture function, they are not a replacement for well-fitting dentures and regular checkups are needed.
Dentin boning agents /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Glass and ceramics are both made from sand but have different properties. Glass is made by heating sand and cooling it rapidly, resulting in an amorphous solid structure. The most common type of glass is soda-lime glass, made by heating sand, limestone, and sodium carbonate. Adding boron oxide forms borosilicate glass, which is more heat resistant. Lead crystal glass contains lead and is used for fine glassware. Ceramics are made from clay like kaolin, which hardens permanently when heated. Ceramics are very hard, brittle, chemically inert, and resist compression, making them suitable for uses like pottery, tiles, and electrical insulators.
Glass is an amorphous solid made by rapidly cooling molten materials such as silica, soda ash, limestone, and lead. It has no definite melting point and softens over a range of temperatures. Glass is produced through melting and refining raw materials, forming the molten glass through various techniques like pressing or blowing, heat treating for strength and annealing, and finishing the surface. The main types of glass are soda-lime glass which is low-cost but not acid resistant, lead glass which has high refractive index, and borosilicate glass which is heat and chemically resistant. Recent developments include bioactive glass for bone repair and replacement.
Restore damaged teeth with dental crowns and bridges. Contact Restorative and Cosmetic Dentist in
Muskegon MI, Dr. Mike Cerminaro for an initial appointment. DDS Norton Shores Dental Suites 755 Seminole Road, Suite 102 Muskegon, Michigan 49441 (231) 780-1100 http://www.dentistinmuskegon.com/
Dental adhesion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
Lecture "Phenols and amines" on Pharmaceutical Chemistry is devoted by synthesis, physico-chemical properties and analysis of medicinal substances, which are derivatives of phenols and aromatic amines.Also is included examples of tests "KROK-2".
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document provides information on the different generations of dentin bonding agents. It discusses the definitions and requirements of ideal bonding agents. It describes the mechanisms and challenges of bonding to enamel versus dentin. The development and limitations of first through seventh generation bonding agents are outlined, focusing on how newer generations aimed to simplify procedures and improve bond strength to dentin over time. The key aspects of enamel bonding, dentin bonding, and the role of the smear layer are summarized.
Phenolic resins are produced by polycondensation of phenol and aldehyde such as formaldehyde. They were first produced in 1860 and used industrially in 1902. Phenolic resins are hard, heat resistant plastics that can be mixed with other materials for industrial and residential uses. There are two main types - novolacs which require an external curing agent, and resols which do not require external curing. Phenolic resins have properties like strength, chemical resistance, and flame retardancy that make them useful for applications like construction adhesives, abrasives, electrical insulation, and more. Engineering issues in production can include runaway reactions from improper addition of reactants and heat. Suggestions to
Oral pigmentation can be caused by exogenous or endogenous factors. Exogenous factors include black hairy tongue caused by overgrowth of pigment-producing bacteria on the tongue, and amalgam tattoo caused by fragments of dental amalgam becoming embedded in the oral mucosa. Endogenous pigmentation can be due to racial pigmentation which is common in blacks and Asians, pigmented nevi which are benign lesions that should be biopsied, or conditions like Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Addison's disease, and malignant melanoma. Melanoma is a rare but dangerous oral cancer that requires wide local excision and neck dissection followed by chemotherapy or radiation.
The document discusses various types of adhesives and their formulations and applications. It provides over 50 formulations for water-based adhesives used in construction, fabrics, films, flocking, foams, general purposes, and packaging. The adhesives bond materials like wood, wallboard, fabrics, films, foams, paper, and metals. The document serves as a reference for adhesive formulations for various industrial and commercial applications.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses pigmented lesions that can occur in the oral cavity. It begins by explaining that pigmentation can be exogenous or endogenous in origin, with the main endogenous pigments being melanin, hemoglobin, hemosiderin and carotene. It then discusses several specific conditions that can cause oral pigmentation, including physiologic pigmentation, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Addison's disease, heavy metal exposure, Kaposi's sarcoma, drug-induced pigmentation, postinflammatory pigmentation, smoker's melanosis, vascular lesions, melanotic macules, pigmented nevi, blue nevi, melanoacanthoma, and oral melanoma. Differential diagnosis of pigmented lesions involves considering
Dentin bonding has progressed through several generations of adhesives to improve bond strength and reduce technique sensitivity. The 8th generation features all-in-one bottle adhesives containing nanosized fillers that increase resin penetration and bond strength while maintaining simplicity of use. Water-based adhesives are primarily self-etching systems suitable for porous substrates, while acetone/ethanol systems require separate acid-etching but maintain a drier surface. Fluoride-releasing adhesives can strengthen bonds through acid-resistant zone formation while protecting against recurrent decay.
Dentin bonding agents are resinous materials used to bond dental composites to dentin by forming a hybrid layer. They were introduced to reduce the need for extensive tooth preparation. A dentin bonding agent consists of a conditioner/etchant, primer, and adhesive. It bonds to dentin by partially demineralizing it with acid and forming resin microtags within the dentin. Dentin bonding agents have various clinical applications including bonding composites, veneers, and orthodontic appliances to teeth.
The simplicity of bonding can be misleading. The technique undoubtedly can be misused, not only by an inexperienced clinician but also by more experienced orthodontists who do not perform procedures with care.
Success in bonding requires understanding of and adherence to accepted orthodontic and preventive dentistry principles.
The advantages and disadvantages of bonding versus banding of different teeth must be weighed according to each practitioner’s preferences, skill, and experience.
Bonding should be considered as part of a modern preventive package that also includes a strict oral hygiene program, fluoride supplementation, and the use of simple yet effective appliances. In other words, complicated mechanics with abundant use of coil springs and multilooped arches lends itself less well to bonding and easily can compromise the integrity of tooth enamel and gingival tissues around brackets on small bonding bases.
4th 5th 6th generation of bonding agentsIsraa Awadh
This document discusses the history and development of dental bonding techniques. It begins by defining bonding agents and outlining their components and ideal requirements. The challenges of bonding to dentin are then described. The document goes on to classify bonding techniques into generations from first to seventh generation, describing the characteristics of fourth, fifth and sixth generation bonding agents. Considerations for bonding to primary versus permanent dentin are also discussed, along with tips for optimizing bonding procedures. In conclusion, the document emphasizes that technique is more important than the specific bonding material used.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting
training center with best faculty and flexible training programs
for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental
practice,Offers certified courses in Dental
implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic
Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Fundamental concepts of enamel and dentin adhesionRicha Singh
1. The document discusses the fundamental concepts of enamel and dentin adhesion, including the mechanisms of adhesion and classifications of dental adhesives.
2. It describes Buonocore's acid etch technique for bonding to enamel and the challenges of bonding to dentin, such as its structure, the smear layer, and stresses at the resin-dentin interface.
3. Current strategies for resin-dentin bonding are discussed, including etch-and-rinse adhesives and self-etch adhesives. Etch-and-rinse adhesives involve removing the smear layer with acid before bonding, while self-etch adhesives combine etching and priming into one step.
This document discusses adhesion and bonding in dentistry. It provides background on the history of adhesion, definitions of key terms, and the principles of adhesion. Specifically, it describes how adhesion is achieved through mechanical interlocking and various adhesion mechanisms for bonding dental materials to tooth structures like enamel and dentin. It discusses the role of surface properties, bonding agents, and clinical factors that influence adhesion. Methods for bonding various restorative materials like glass ionomers, amalgam, and ceramics are also covered.
Bonding agents and its application in prosthodontics / dental implant coursesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides information on bonding in operative dentistry and enamel and dentin adhesion. It discusses the history and development of dental bonding agents from the 1950s to present. Key topics covered include the mechanism of adhesion, factors affecting adhesion to enamel and dentin, wet versus dry adhesion techniques, challenges with bonding, and the requirements for an ideal bonding agent. The document also defines important terms, discusses the components and removal of the smear layer, and compares adhesion to enamel versus dentin.
Adhesion in dentistry involves bonding dental materials such as composites to tooth structure. There are two main types of adhesion - chemical and micromechanical. Chemical adhesion involves bonding between tooth and material molecules while micromechanical adhesion uses surface irregularities created by etching to mechanically interlock the material. Factors like surface energy and cleanliness influence adhesion. Conditioning times for enamel and dentin can affect bond strength, with some studies finding extended times increase strength for dentin but not enamel. High quality adhesion improves restoration retention and resistance to leakage and fracture.
The document discusses the principles and evolution of adhesive dentistry. It explains that adhesive dentistry aims to create adhesion between tooth structure and restorative materials. Historically, acid etching of enamel by Buonocore in 1955 improved adhesion of acrylic resin to enamel and marked the beginning of adhesive dentistry. The document covers topics such as the principles of adhesion, mechanisms of adhesion, factors affecting adhesion, dentin bonding systems, classification of bonding agents, and challenges in adhesion.
This document discusses the history and evolution of dental adhesives from the first generation developed in the 1950s to the latest universal adhesive systems. It covers the various classifications of adhesives based on generation and mechanism of adhesion. The key mechanisms of adhesion to enamel and dentin are described, including the etch and rinse approach and self-etch adhesives. Factors affecting the bonding process and bond strength are also summarized.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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This document discusses compatibility and clinical application of bonding systems. It notes that:
- 4th generation bonding systems are compatible with light, self, and dual-cure composites, while 5th generation systems require an activator to be compatible with self and dual-cure composites.
- Compatibility of bonding systems depends on whether they are total-etch or self-etch, and what generation they are.
- Bonding systems are used clinically for restorations, repairs, orthodontics, and more. Proper isolation, surface preparation, and application are important for success.
PIT and FISSURE SEALANTS USED IN DENTISTRYswarnimakhichi
This document provides information on pit and fissure sealants. It discusses the morphology of pits and fissures, how they are highly susceptible to dental caries. It then covers the milestones in the development of pit and fissure sealants, including the introduction of bonding resins. The document outlines the ideal requirements, indications, and contraindications for sealant application. Finally, it describes the technique for applying sealants, including cleaning, etching, applying the sealant material, and curing it with light. Maintaining the sealant over time through recall visits is also discussed.
Similar to The evolution of adhesivr technique (20)
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
2. References:
Sturdevant's Art and science of operative
dentistry.2013 Mosby Elsevier . Sixth Edition
chapter 4
Contemporary esthetic dentistry .2012 Mosby
Elsevier. first Edition chapter8
Introduction of dental material. 2007 Richard van
Noort . Third Edition chapter 1.10
3. INTRODUCTION
The introduction of adhesive technique ,the increasing
demand for restorative and non-restorative esthetic
treatment ,and the ubiquity of fluoride have combined
to transform the practice of operative dentistry .the
classic concepts of tooth preparation were advocated in
early 1900s,but these have changed drastically .this
transformation in philosophy has resulted in a more
conservative approach to tooth preparation ,with a
regard to not only the basic concepts of retention form
but also the resistance form of the remaining tooth
structure.
4. Bonding techniques allow more conservative tooth
preparations ,less reliance on micromechanical
retention , and less removal of unsupported enamel.
Two example of new , adhesive restorative procedures
that spring to mind readily are resin-bonded bridge and
porcelain veneers . these procedures have been possible
because of our improved knowledge and understanding
of the surface characteristics of enamel and dentin , and
of the requirements that need to be satisfied in order to
obtain good bonds to them.
5. DEFINITION
Adhesion can be defined as the force that binds two
dissimilar materials together when they are brought in
to intimate contact .
Bonding agents can be defined as material of low
viscosity, when applied on the tooth surface and forms
thin film after setting.
This thin film strongly bonded to tooth surface , on
which the viscous composite restorative resin is applied.
this sets forming an integrated resin
restoration.
6. BRIFE HISTORY OF CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT AND
EVOLATION OF THE PROCEDURE
The "generation" definitions help to identify the
chemistries involved , the strengths of the dental bond
,and the ease of use for the practitioner. Ultimately this
type of classification benefit the dentist and patient by
simplifying the clinicians chair side choice.
7. •GENERATION OF DENTAL ADHESIVES
*First Generation(1970s)
- 1 to 3 MPa adhesion to dentin.
- Bonded well to enamel through resin tags in to enamel.
- 50% failure at 6 months.
- Examples: N-phenyl glycine and glycidyl methacrylate, NPG-
GMA.
8. *Second generation(early 1980s)
2 to 8 MPa adhesion to dentin.
Phosphate –ester bonding agents.
Bonded to smear layer(organic debris).
Weak ionic bond to calcium undergoes hydrolysis.
Examples : scotch bond , dentin adhesit , bondlite
9. *Third generation(late 1980s)
- 8 to 15 MPa adhesion to dentin.
- Etching of dentin removed or modified smear layer.
- Spaghetti-like projections of resin into dentinal tubules.
- Examples : sotch bond 2,Gluma,Tenure,XR Bond.
10. *Fourth generation (early 1990s)
-17 to 25 MPa adhesion to dentin.
-Total etch : complete removal of smear layer and
collapse of exposed collagen fibers.
-Bonds to enamel ,"moist“ dentin ,metal , porcelain.
-Multibottle , multistep.
-Examples: scotchbond MP , Imperva , gluma
2000,syntac,Allbond 2,permagen.
11. *Fifth generation(mid-1990s)
-20 to 25MPa adhesion to dentin.
-Single component in a single bottle.
-Bonds to enamel ,moist dentin ,metal , porcelain.
-Etching required.
-Moist surface required (wet or moist bonding).
-Examples' : pulpdent UNO-DUO , prime and Bond NT ,
Gluma comfort bond , singleBond , one step, Bond
1,Excite.
12. *Sixth generation (2000)
-17 to 22 MPa adhesion to dentin.
-No separate etching step.
-Multibottle , multistep.
-Bonds to dentin , metal , porcelain.
-High incidence of enamel interface fructures.
-Example : Adh e SE, SE Bond , Tyrian ,Prompt L-
Pop , Xeno III.
13. *Seventh generation(2003)
-20 to 30+ MPa adhesion to dentin.
-Single bottle- no mixing.
-Bonds to enamel, dentin , porcelain , metal.
-Moisture independent.
-No technique sensitivity.
-Examples: BeatiBond , Bond force.
-the most innovation of seventh-generation adhesives is
the added advantage of moisture independence . the
acidbase reaction of the seventh-
21. Seventh generatin
seventh generation bonding agents are ideal for
bonding indirect restorations, and for direct composite
resin (where bonding is mandatory regardless of the
material and technique being used).
The most innovation of seventh-generation adhesive
on the dentin surface is that of an acid acting on an
organic base. this chemical reaction generates organic
salt and water . Thus , seventh-generation adhesive
procedures effectively create their own moisture.
22. They can be applied to a "moist surface"(however that
may be defined)or a dried surface(much more easily
described).
Because seventh generation systems are supplied in a
single premixed container and require a single
application step , and no moist or wet surface , few
mistakes are possible and there is no technique
sensitivity. The process is simple ; apply the adhesive
23. to the tooth surface , agitate or scrub if required , and
then, after a brief wait ,simply air dry the surface . once
the bonded surface is dry(no longer moist with
bonding),it is light cured . there are no separate etching
or conditioning steps , and the smear layer is not
removed . there has been virtually no post –operative
sensitivity reported with seventh-generation bonding
agents . the hybrid layer is created by the chemistry of
the adhesive . the number of bottles is one ; the number
of steps is one . there is no post-operative sensitivity,
and dentin bonds of 23 to 30 MPa and higher have been
reported.
26. Total-Etch Procedure
In total-etch systems the finalized cavity preparation is treated
with phosphoric acid gel, which is applied and left in place for
15 seconds. The acid gel is then vigorously washed away, followed
by air-dispersal drying for 2 seconds. An alternate method
for removing the water consists of wiping the preparation with
a dry cotton pledget. When the wiping is finished, the surface
should exhibit a slight sheen.
Once the etching process has been completed, the dentin
primer is applied. An applicator is saturated with the primer and
then rubbed or swabbed onto the surface of the preparation
continuously for 15 seconds. After air dispersing, the process
may be repeated if called for in the manufacturer instructions,
then the surface of the preparation is light cured for 15 seconds.
The preparation surface is now hybridized and ready for application of the
composite resin restorative material.
28. The greatest advantage of the self-etching dentin
bonding system is a substantial reduction in the observed
post-operative sensitivity.
However, there are a number of disadvantages, with the
primary one being the incompatibility between the dentin
bonding agent and dual- and self-cured resins, including
luting agents and core materials.
Advantages and Disadvantages
of Self-Etch Dentinal Adhesive
29. MECHANISM OF ADHESION
Four different mechanisms of adhesion have been
described , as follows:-
1-Mechanical adhesion:-interlocking of the adhesive
with irregularities in the surface of the substrate , or
adhered.
2-Adsorption adhesion:-chemical bonding between the
adhesive and the adhered ; the involved may be
primary( ionic and forces covalent)or
secondary(hydrogen bonds , dipole interaction , or van
der Waals ) valence forces.
30. 3-Diffusion adhesion:-interlocking between mobile
molecules , such as the adhesion of two polymers
through diffusion of polymer chain ends across an
interface.
4-Electrostatic adhesion:-an electrical double layer at
the interface of a metal with a polymer that is part of
the total bonding mechanism.
In dentistry , bonding of resin-based materials to tooth
structure is a result of four possible mechanisms , as
follows:_
31. 1-Mechanical:-penetration of resin and formation of
resin tags within the tooth surface.
2-Adsorption:-chemical bonding to the inorganic
component(hydroxyapatite)or organic components
(mainly type I collagen) of tooth structure.
3-Diffusion:-precipitation of substances on the tooth
surfaces to which resin monomers can bond
mechanically or chemically.
4-A combination of the previous three mechanisms.
32. For good adhesion ,close contact must exist between the
adhesive and the substrate(enamel or dentine).The
surface tension of the adhesive must be lower than the
surface energy of the substrate.
Failure of adhesive joints occur in three locations , which
are generally combined when an actual failure occurs:-
33. 1-Cohesive failure in substrate.
2-Cohesive failure within the adhesive.
3-Adhesive failure, or failure at the interface of
substrate and adhesive.
A major problem in bonding resins to tooth structure is
that all methacrylate-based dental resin shrink during
free-radical addition polymerization . Dental adhesives
must provide a strong initial bond to resist the stress of
resin shrinkage.
34. INDICATIONS FOR CLINICAL APPLICATION:-
-All direct composite resin restoration , both anterior and
posterior.
-For bonding indirect composite resin inlays , onlays and
veneers.
-For bonding indirect ceramic veneers , inlays and onlays.
-Bonded amalgam restorations.
-Management of dentin hypersensitivity.
-Luting post and core restorations.
-For the repair of fractured porcelain , amalgam and resin
restorations.
37. BOND FRUCTURE FRAGMENT (a) Pre-operative view, labial (b) pre-operative view,
occlusal (c) fractured fragment (d) teeth isolated with a rubber dam (e) pulp protection
with Dycal and GIC (f) recess created in fractured fragment using round bur (g) Mylar
strip placed interproximally before rebonding (h) post-operative view, labial
38. CONTRA INDICATIONS:-
-There are no contraindications to adhesions in clinical
dentistry .There have been no reports of allergy to
materials. Restorations that failed have done so only
when the adhesion was improperly implemented , or
early in the adhesive era when bond strengths were
simply too weak. It is very important that adhesion be
accomplished rigorously, following the instructions and
requirements of the materials involved.
39. ADVANTAGE OF BONDING TECHNIQUE:-
-Adhesion of composite resin restorations to enamel
and dentin.
-Minimizes removal of sound tooth structure.
-Management of dentin hypersensivity .
-Adhesion reduce microleakage at tooth restoration
interface.
-Adhesion expands the range of esthetic possibilities.
40. -Bonding of porcelain restorations , e.g.:
porcelain inlays , onlays and veneers.
-Reinforces weakened tooth structure.
-Reduction in marginal staining.
41. IDEAL REQUIRMENTS
-Biocompatible .
-Non toxic , non irritant , non poisonous.
-Low film thickness , low viscosity.
-Form strong permanent bond.
-Good dimensional stability.
-Low thermal conductivity.
-Good shelf life.
-Prevent micro leakage.
42. CONDITIONING OF DENTIN
*Conditioning of dentin is defined as an alteration of dentin
surface including the smear layer with the objective of producing
a substrate capable of micromechanical and possibly chemical
bonding to dentin adhesive.
1*Acid conditioners :-several acids like phosphoric acid , maleic
acid citric acid , nitric acid , oxalic acid and hydrochloric acid are
used.
-commonly used 37 percent phosphoric acid.
-not only remove smear layer but also exposes microporous
collagen network in to which monomer penetrates.
44. -usually it forms exposed collagen fibrils which are
covered with an micro porous layer , a combination of
denatured collagen fibers and the collapsed residual
collagen layer.
2* Chelators :- remove the smear layer without
decalcification or significant physical changes on
underlying dentin substrate.
Best known chelator conditioner is EDTA
3*Thermal conditioning :-recent trend is to use lasers in
conditioning teeth ,these may serves as
45. potential alternative to acid for conditioning of
dentin.it is speculated that the laser cause
recrystalization of dentin resulting in fugi form
appearance that contributes to increased
microrelation or possible chemical adhesion of a
restorative material to the tooth structure.
46. PRIMIMING OF DENTIN
-Primers are agents which contain monomers having
ahydrophylic end with affinitly for exposed collagen fibrils and
hydrophilic end with affinitly for adhesive resin.
-Commonly used primers have HEMA and 4- META monomers ,
dissolved in organic solvents.
-Primers are used to increase diffusion of resin in to moist and
demineralized dentin and thus optimal micromechanical bonding
for optimal penetration of primer in to demineralized dentin , it
should be applied in multiple coats .
-It is preferred to keep the dentin surface moist , otherwise
collagen fibers get collapsed in dry condition resisting the entry
for primer and adhesive resin.
47.
48. HYBRID LAYER
-This is zone where the adhesive resin of the dentin bonding
agent micromechanically interlocks within the inter tubular
dentin and surrounding collagen fibers.
51. Hybrid layer is formed in following manner:_
1-etching removes smear layer and exposes
collagen fibers.
It also removes hydroxyl apetite with in the
intertubular dentin.
2-primers penetrate the collagen network.
3-adhesive resins along with the primers form
resin microtags within the intertubular dentin.
-Hybrid layer also called resin-dentin
Interpenetration/ interdiffusion zone.
52.
53. ROLES OF SMEAR LAYER
-Whenever tooth surface is cut with hand or rotary
instruments , it causes small particles of the cut tooth
surface to the tooth producing the smear layer.
-Smear layer is defined as any debris , calcific in nature,
produced by reduction or instrumentation of enamel , of
dentin or cementum.
54.
55. -It has two phases:-
A*Solid phase:-made up of cutting debris primarily denaturated
collagen and mineral.
B*Liquid phases:-made up of tortuous fluid filled channels around
the cutting debris.
-Bacteria entrapped in smear layer can survive and multiply
beneath the restoration.
-Retention of smear layer:-
1-Lowers dentin permeability.
2-Prevent decrease in bond strength.
3-Lowers effect of pulpal pressure on bond strength.
-Recent generations adhesives involves modification of smear
layer to facilitate bonding.
56. ENAMEL BONDING
-To bond to enamel ,it is very important to focus on the
mineral component (hydroxyapatite)of enamel.
-Buonocore,1955
Was the first to reveal the adhesion of acrylic resin to
acid etched enamel.
Used 85 percent phosphoric acid for etching.
-Silverstone revealed that the optimum concentration of
phosphoric acid should range between 30 to 40 percent
to get a satisfactory adhesion the enamel.
57. -If concentration is greater than 50 percent
-monocalcium phosphate monohydrate may get
precipitated.
-Concentrations lower than 30 percent
-dicalcium phosphate monohydrate is precipitated
which interferes with adhesion.
-Percentage of etchants used %35
-Use of lower concentration of phosphoric acid and
reduced etching time has shown to give an adequate
etch of the enamel while avoiding excessive
demineralization of the dentine.
58. DENTIN BONDING
The classic concept of operative dentistry were
challenged in the 1980s and 1990s by the introduction
of new adhesive techniques, first for enamel and then
for dentine . nevertheless , adhesion to dentine remains
difficult . adhesive materials can interact with dentine in
different ways-mechanically , chemically , or both. The
importance of micromechanical bonding , similar to
what occurs in enamel bonding , has become accepted.
59. Dentine adhesion relies primarily on the penetration of
adhesive monomers in to network of collagen fibers left
exposed by acid etching. However ,for adhesive
materials that do not require etching ,such as glass
ionomer cements and some phosphate-based self etch
adhesives , chemical bonding between polycarboxylic or
phosphate monomers and hydroxyapatite has been
shown to be an important part of the bonding
mechanism.
60. CRITICAL STEPS IN BONDING
-Proper isolation:-by using rubber dam , saliva
contamination can block mechanical bonding.
-Pulp protection:-by using calcium hydroxide liner.
-Acid etching of enamel and dentin:-by using 37%
phosphoric acid for 15 second then wash.
-Dentin surface must be kept moist . if dentin is over
dried it would result in collapse of exposed collagen
fibers.
-Careful application and curing of bonding agents.
-Placing the composite resin.
61. FACTOR AFFECTING ADHESION
1.Wetting
-Wetting is an expression of the attractive force
between molecules of adhesive and adherent. In other
words, it is the process of obtaining molecular
attraction.
-Wetting ability of an adhesive depends up on two
factors :_
A-Cleanliness of the adherend :- cleaner surface ,
greater adhesion.
B-Surface energy of the adherend:-more surface
energy, greater adhesion.
62.
63. 2.Water
-The higher the water content ,the poorer is the
adhesion.
-Water can react with both materials by the high polar
group and hydrogen bond which can hamper the
adhesion.
3.Contact angle
-Refers to the angle formed between the surface of a
liquid drop and its adherent surface.
-The stronger the attraction of the adhesive for the
adherent ,the smaller will be the contact angle. The zero
contact angle is the best to obtain wetting.
65. 4.Surface contamination
-The substrate surface should be clean as contamination
prevents the adhesion. Adhesive should be able to fill
their regularities making the surface smooth allowing
proper or intimate contact.
5.Acid application time : Ideally 10 seconds
-Studies show that enamel should not be etches for
more than 15 to 20 seconds.
66. PROBLEMS IN BONDING TO DENTIN
-Dentin is a dynamic tissue that changes due to
ageing , caries or restorative procedures.
-Dentinal tubules are filled with dentinal fluid which
constantly flow outward from the pulp.
-Dentine has considerable amount of organic
material and water.
-Dentine is close to pulp , so different chemical used
for bonding and etching may irritate the pulp.