The Eurotunnel project was initiated in 1984 to construct a rail tunnel under the English Channel, connecting the UK and France. A consortium called Transmanche Link was formed to design, construct, test and commission the tunnel system over seven years. Construction began in 1986 and was expected to cost £4.8 billion to complete the twin-bore rail tunnel, terminals on both sides, and associated infrastructure. Project financing of £6 billion was planned through private equity offerings and bank loans to fund construction without government guarantees. Upon completion in 1993, the tunnel was intended to provide a fast and reliable rail link between the UK and mainland Europe.

1. Project Appraisal and Finance Assignment
THE EUROTUNNEL
PROJECT
September 2021

2. Introduction to Team
01
Roll no. 22B
Nidhisha Mehta
Roll no. 4B
Amit Kumar
Roll no. 13A
Hemant Gosain
Roll no. 32A
Shashank Pawar
Roll no. 35B
Sumit Verma
Roll no. 6A
Ankur Kanda
Roll no. 16A
Kshitij Aren

3. The Eurotunnel Project was initiated in 1984.
The construction was planned as a twin-bore rail tunnel with
associated infrastructure, rolling stock, and terminals.
Scheduled for 1993, it would join the rail systems of the United
Kingdom, France, and the rest of mainland Europe upon completion.
Its comfortable, fast, frequent, and reliable service would furnish a
valuable link between the United Kingdom and France, beneath the
English Channel.
The project had symbolic value. It was initiated at about the time
when members of the European Economic Community (EEC) were
ratifying the Single European Act to create a single integrated
European economicsystem by 1992.
The project was also innovative since the method of financing,
which provided for private capital to bear the long-term
infrastructure developmentrisk, had not been tested in the world
capital markets for decades.
Case Introduction
02

4. Historical Background
03
1973: French President and British PM signed a treaty to construct a twin-bore rail
tunnel under the English Channel.
1980: Investigations probed the possibility of constructing a fixed link across the
English Channel (i.e., a bridge or tunnel), financed purely by private capital.
1984: The Banks subsequently teamed up with some of the largest construction
companies in the United Kingdom and France to form The Channel Tunnel Group
Limited in the United Kingdom and France Manche S.A. in France (CTG and FM,
respectively).
1985: Interested parties were invited to submit bids for the financing, construction,
and operation of a fixed link across the Channel without recourse to government
funds or guarantees.
1986: The Eurotunnel System was selected as the winning project.
1986: The British and French governments signed a treaty by which they authorized
construction of the Eurotunnel System and agreed to grantthe concession to
operate the Eurotunnel System(the “Concession”) to the winning bidders, CTG in the
United Kingdom and FM in France. CTG-FM then provided £50 million in seed
capital (referred to as “Equity Offering I”). The Concession gave CTG-FM the right to
build and operate the Euro- tunnel System for a period of 55 years from the date
the treaty was ratified

5. The Eurotunnel
System Provision
Twin rail tunnels and a service tunnel under the English Channel.
Two terminals, one at Folkestone near Dover in the United Kingdom and the
other at Coquilles near Calais in France.
Specially built shuttles to carry passenger and freight vehicles between the
terminals.
Inland clearance depots for freight at the French terminal and at Ashford
(near Folkestone) in the United Kingdom.
Connections to nearby roads and rail facilities.
Each of the two main tunnels would have an internal diameterof 7.6 meters
and a total length of approximately 50 km.
In addition, there would be a service tunnel or 4.8 meters internal diameter.
Cross-passages would link it to the main tunnels.
The service tunnel would provide ventilation to the main tunnels. It would also
facilitate routine safety and maintenance work and provide a safe refuge in
case of emergency.
Two crossovers were planned between the rail tunnels. These would allow
trains to continue to operate during periods of tunnel maintenance, albeit at a
reduced frequency on a single track.
The Eurotunnel System Provision
04

6. Project Ownership
Structure
The ownership Structure for the Eurotunnel Project could be described as a
dual-bodied transnational hybrid. It involves parallel group of companies
with common shareholders. The two groups are separately registered as :
Ø Eurotunnel PLC – located in the United Kingdom
Ø Eurotunnel S.A. – located in France
These two groups are joined together in a general partnership (hereafter
referred to as “Eurotunnel”).
05
The Ownership structure for the Eurotunnel
Project is shown above.

7. Construction
06
Construction was to be carried out by a consortium of construction firms known as
Transmanche Link. The consortium entered into a single general- obligation
contract to design, construct, test, and commission a fully operational rail system
within seven years of signing the construction contract. The construction contract
was signed in August 1986.Transmanche Link was a joint venture of Translink of the
United Kingdom, which consisted of five leading British construction firms, and
Transmanche Construction of France, which consisted of five leading French
construction firms.The construction contract was divided into three principal part.
The tunnels and underground structures would
comprise the target works. They would account for
about 50 percent of the con- tract price. The
contractors would be paid for the target works on a
cost-plus basis providing for a 12 percent profit
margin. The construction contract contained an
incentive structure: If the actual cost were less than
the target cost, Transmanche Link would receive 50
percent or the savings; if it were more, Transmanche
Link would pay 30 percent of the cost overrun, up to
a ceiling equal to 6 percent of the target cost
Target works.

8. Construction (contd...)
08
The terminals, the fixed equipment, and the
mechanical and electrical elements of the Eurotunnel
System would comprise the lump-sum works. They
would be paid for on a lump-sum basis.
Transmanche Link would realize all the savings ii the
lump-sum works were delivered under budget, but
would have to pay the full cost of any cost overrun.
The lump-sum words.
These items consisted of the locomotives and the
shuttles. Transmanche Link would subcontract for
these items. Eurotunnel would pay the subcontracted
bid price directly to the subcontractors. Transmanche
Link would oversee the bidding and supervise the
subcontractors. It would be reimbursed for its direct
costs and paid a profit margin equal to about 12
percent of the value of the procurement items.
The procurement items.

9. Construction (contd...)
08
Transmanche Link would be held liable for damages of
about £350,000 per day for delays up to 6 months, and
£500,000 per day thereafter if the Eurotunnel Project
breaches the completion deadline.
The obligations of Transmanche Link would be secured
by a performance bond equal to 10% of the total value
of the contract.
In addition, 5% of the amount due to Transmanche Link
as progress payments would be withheld or covered by
a performance bond during the construction period.
The payments or the bond would be released in two
installments, 12 months and 24 months
The five French and five British parent companies of
Transmanche Link would also give general guarantees
covering 100% of the contractual obligations. Joint
liability of each of the French parents and the several
liability or each of the British parents was limited to 50%
& 10%, respectively.

10. Construction (contd...)
09
Changes in specifications
Actions taken by the Governments
Bedrock conditions that turned out to be different
then expected.
Transmanche Link would not be entitled to any release
from obligations due to strikes by its own labor force
Transmanche Link would be liable for delays and cost
overruns caused by accidents or flooding. However, it
would not be liable for delays or cost overruns caused
by:
It was widely believed that construction of the
Eurotunnel System would not be a difficult technical
exercise. Conditions for construction of the Euro- tunnel
System were excellent.
The risk of interruption of service following completion
was low. Eurotunnel and Transmanche Link believed
that once the 3 tunnels were completed, only a major
earthquake could cause the tunnel to flood and
collapse.

11. Construction costs - 2.8 billion
Corporate and other costs - 0.5 billion
Provision for inflation - 0.5 billion
Net financing costs - 1.0 billion
Euro tunnel estimated that this project would
cost approx. £4.8 billion.
Where,
To meet these cost and cover possible cost
overruns, They planned to raise £6 billion (1
billion via equity and 5 billion via loans)
Project Financing
10
Arranging Banks obtained letters from 33 banks to underwrite loans of
approximately £4.3 billion.
Following the Eurotunnel Project's selection (1986), the founding shareholders
contributed equity of £50 million (which constituted Equity Ordering I).
The Arranging Banks then worked to increase the size of the underwriting
syndicate to 40 banks and to formalize their lending obligations in a collective
binding commitment to underwrite a £5 billion syndicated loan. The Arranging
Banks planned to complete syndication after the construction contract had been
signed and a further equity ordering (Equity Offering II) had been completed.
Eurotunnel planned a second issue of shares (Equity Offering II) in June 1986.
Eurotunnel hoped the issue would raise an additional £150 to £250 million.
The Arranging Banks would then syndicate the £5 billion project loan and enter
into the underwriting agreement.
A third equity offering, would raise the balance of the £l billion or equity. It was
planned for the first half of 1987.
So, to solve this problem of raising this much amount of fund for a greenfield venture
without any guarantee of third party, Eurotunnel planned to raise the funds in stages:
It was anticipated that during the Eurotunnel System's first full year of operation, 79%
of its total costs would consist of capital charges (i.e., interest and depreciation).
Capital charges as a proportion of total costs would decline steadily thereafter.

12. Economic Risk
11
Two largest direct customers of the Eurotunnel System:
Eurotunnel expected to have a competitive advantage over existing cross
Channel transportation—via ferry, hovercraft, and airline services.
Eurotunnel’s services would be less vulnerable to the adverse weather
conditions in the Channel that can seriously disrupt ferry and hovercraft
crossings
Eurotunnel commissioned various marketing studies. The marketing
studies concluded that the Eurotunnel System was eco- nomically
feasible. They projected that the total cross-Channel traffic market would
grow from 48.1 million passenger trips and 60.4 million tonnes of freight in
1985 to 88.1 million passenger trips and 122.1 million tonnes of freight by
2003. They concluded that the Eurotunnel System would be able to
capture a large proportion of this srowins market.
17 percent of cross-Channel freight traffic would go through the
Eurotunnel System, according to the studies.
The marketing studies also concluded that the Eurotunnel System’s
existence would lower the cost of travel and thereby generate a certain
amount of new traffic.
1. The two national-government-owned railway companies,
2. British Rail (BR) and Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Francais
(SNCF), would be the.

13. Project Financial Results
12
United Kingdom gross domestic product would grow at 2.15 percent p.a. between 1985
and 2003 and at 2.00 percent p.a. between 2003 and 2013. The growth rate in traffic
was assumed to decrease each year after 2013, reaching zero in 2042.
No alternative fixed link across the English Channel would become op- erational before
the concession period ends in 2042.
The tariffs the Eurotunnel System charges would, on average, equal the ferry tariffs on
the Dover-Calais route and would remain constant in real terms.
Rail usage charges would conform to the specifications of the railway usage contract,
and the high-speed railway linking Brussels, Paris, and the Eurotunnel System terminal
in France would be operational by the time the Eurotunnel System opened.
Eurotunnel would be permitted to make duty-free and tax-free sales to shuttle
passengers
Traffic and revenues would conform to the traffic and revenue projec- tions prepared
by Eurotunnel’s traffic and revenue consultants.
Subject to restrictions contained in Eurotunnel’s loan agreement, all profits available
for distribution each year would be distributed as dividends to shareholders.
The sterlingiranc exchange rate would remain constant at Al:FF10 throughout the entire
concession period.
The rates of inflation in revenues, overhead, operating costs, and capital expenditures
would be identical each year. The specific annual inflation rates assumed in preparing
the projections were: 4.0 percentin 1987; 4.5 percent in 1988; 5.0 percent in 1989; 5.5
percent in 1990; and 6.0 percent in 1991 and thereafter.

14. Project Debt Financing
13
In February 1986, 5 banks ( National Westminster Bank, Midland Bank, Banque In-
dosuez, Banque Nationale de Paris, and Crédit Lyonnais ) were agreed to finance
Eurotunnel Project worth GBP 5 Billion and also been asked to give the pre-
underwriting commitments that would be conditional on several key events &
conditions.
The Arranging Banks had good reason to approach the market in this slightly
unorthodox manner. They felt it was essential for them to augment their underwriting
commitments—rumoured to be approximately £4.3 billion—in order to secure
commitments for the full £5.0 billion budgeted for total credit facilities.
The total loan amount would be denominated in three currencies:
Amount Sterling Equvalent
£2,600 million
FF21,000 million
US$450 million
£2,600 million
£2,100 million
£300 million
The sterling equivalent was: GBP 1.00 = FF10.00 = US$1.50.
80 % of the funds would be used to pay for budgeted capital costs and the other 20 %
would be available in the form of a stand-by cost overrun facility.

15. 14
Project Equity Financing
45.9 percent of the equity of Eurotunnel PLC (EPLC) and Eurotunnel S.A.
(ESA) to were offered to investors through the issuance of 220 million
paired shares with warrants attached (Units). Equity Offering III was
intended to raise GBP 770 million of equity to bring the total equity raised
for the Eurotunnel Project to GBP l.023 billion.
Equity Offering II, a private placement consisting of £200 million worth of
Eurotunnel paired shares, was launched in October 1986. It had been
undersubscribed in the United Kingdom, and demand in the United
States had been disappointing. Political and organizational
uncertainties, which had led to doubts about whether the Eurotunnel
Project would ever be built, were largely responsible. The British
subunderwriters had avoided significant losses due to (1)
oversubscription in France, Japan, and Germany and (2) the Bank of
Enqland’s pressuring investment houses in the City of London to
subscribe.

16. Projected Returns to Equity
Investors
The life of the Eurotunnel System, from the investors’ perspective, would have three distinct phases:2 (1) the construction period (1987—1992),
when equity funds would be invested; (2) the start-up period (1993—1995), when final testing would be conducted, operations would
commence, and dividend payments would commence; and (3) the main operating period (from 1995 to the end of the concession period in
2042).
15
In addition to dividends, Eurotunnel offered travel privileges to
individual subscribers’ to Equity Offering III

17. Sensitivity Analysis
Eurotunnel prepared a number of sensitivity analyses in addition to its “best guess” cash flow projections
(the “Best Case”). The sensitivity analyses tested the effects on project performance of changes in key
variables:
16
The above table summarises the results of these sensitivity analyses and compares them with the base case

18. Sensitivity Analysis (contd…)
17
Source: Eurotunnel P.L.C./Eurotunnel S.A., offer for sale of 220000000 units with New Warrants (November 16, 1987), pp. 56-
57; and R.C. Smith and I. Walter, “Eurotunnel-Debt,” p. 7.

19. THE EUROTUNNEL SYSTEM- ORIGINALLY SCHEDULED TO OPEN IN MAY’93 FINALLY OPENED IN MAY’94 WITH
REGULAR SERVICING OF PASSENGERS IN NOV’94
A
18
Sensitivity Analysis (contd…)
HEY WOUND UP COSTING £ 10.5 BILLION- DOUBLE THE ORIGINAL ESTIMATE OF £ 4.8 BILLION WHICH LED TO A
DISPUTE WITH TRANSMANCHE LINK WHICH IN TURN DELAYED CONSTRUCTION. THEY ALSO PAID AN EQUIVALENT
AMOUNT OF £ 532 MILLION IN A RIGHTS ISSUE IN 1990 WHICH WAS UNDERWRITTEN BY TEN LEADING ISSUING
HOUSED IN FRANCE AND U.K.
B
THE COMPETITION OF FERRY OPERATORS CUT FARES WHICH LED EUROTUNNEL TO BELIEVE THAT THEY WOULD NOT
BREAK EVEN BY 1998 AND SOON RUN OUT OF CASH.
C
THEY ANNOUNCED A CASH RAISE OF £ 1 BILLION HALF BY BORROWING FROM INTERNATIONAL CONSORTIUM OF 220
BANKS AND OTHER HALF BY A SECOND RIGHTS OFFERING.
D
THEY CONDUCTED AN UNDERWRITTEN OFFERING TO RAISE EQUIVALENT OF £ 816 MILLION AND AT THE SAME TIME
ARRANGED A £ 647 MILLION CREDIT FACILITY
E
THE 1994 THREAT OF FARE ERUPTING LED TO A LOT OF FERRY OPERATORS TO CUT FARES SHARPLY AND FURTHER
DELAYS OF PASSENGER SERVICE MEANT THEY WOULD FAIL TO MEET PROFIT PROJECTIONS OF MAY’94. THIS IN
TURN THREATENED TO PUT EUROTUNNEL IN VIOLATION OF CERTAIN COVENANTS IN ITS BANK LOAN AGREEMENTS
WHICH WOULD LEAD TO ANOTHER CASH CRISIS
F
EUROTUNNEL’S SITUATION WORSENED IN 1995 WITH AN AGGRESSIVE AIRLINE ADVERTISING TO PROMOTE
COMPETITION ON THE LONDON-PARIS ROUTE, A STRIKE BY FRENCH TRAIN OPERATORS AND A BRUISING FARE WAR
WITH ENGLISH FERRY OPERATORS
G

20. In Sept’95 Eurotunnel suspended
interest payments on more than £8
million in bank loans and hoped to
negotiate a debt-restructuring
agreement that would satisfy both-
225 creditor banks and 760000
shareholders- which was achieved
in 1998.
Eurotunnel struggled to manage
high leverage for 2 decades. A
French court in Aug’2006 placed
Eurotunnel in bankruptcy.
The main creditors and suppliers
approved a restructuring plan that
would reduce Eurotunnel’s debt by
54%, to £2.9 billion from £6.2 billion.
The French court approved the
restructuring plan in January 2007.
19
Sensitivity Analysis (contd…)
Subsequent Developments: Conclusion
The Eurotunnel Project illustrates the cost overrun
risk and economic riskthat accompanylarge,
ambitioustransportation projects. This is
particularly so when there are competing modes
of transportation—in this case, ferries—
whoseoperatorsmayreduce
faresinordertocompete.Eurotunnel
Project’sexperiencehighlightsthefinancialproblem
sthathighleveragecanbring. In spite of its
financial difficulties, as of the date regular
passenger servicebegan, the European financial
community generally felt that the
EurotunnelProject would continue to operate.
However, it recognized that Eurotunnelwould
require a financial restructuring to reduce its debt
burden. Ultimately, the twogovernments and the
creditor banks have so much at stake that the
EurotunnelProjectisprobablytoobig andtoovisible
tobeallowedtorail.

21. Thank You