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![THE LIGHTER SIDE OFTABOO LANGUAGE
SHIFTING STANDARDS IN SOUTH PARK
Ms. Choksondik: All right children, . . . I'm supposed to clarify the school's position on the word "shit."
Stan:Wow!We can say "shit" in school now?
Kyle:This is ridiculous. Just because they say it onTV, it's all right?
Ms. Choksondik:Yes, but only in the figurative noun form or the adjective form.
Cartman: Huh?
Ms. Choksondik:You can only use it in the nonliteral sense. For instance, "That's a shitty picture of me" is now
fine. However, the literal noun form of [writes on the board] "This is a picture of shit" is still naughty.
Cartman: I don't get it.
Stan: Me neither.
Ms. Choksondik:The adjective form is now also acceptable. For example, "The weather outside is shitty."
However, the literal adjective is not appropriate. For example, "My bad diarrhea made the inside of the toilet
all shitty, and I had to clean it with a rag, which then also became shitty."That's right out!
Timmy: Sssh . . . shit!
Ms. Choksondik:Very good,Timmy.
Butters: Ms. Choksondik, can we say the expletive, like "Oh shit!" or "Shit on a shingle"?
Ms. Choksondik:Yes, that's now fine.
Cartman:Wow!This is gonna be great! A whole new word!
("It Hits the Fan." South Park, 2001)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/theenglishlanguagepowerpoint-150823095700-lva1-app6892/75/The-english-language-powerpoint-16-2048.jpg)
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- 1. THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ACROSSTHEWORLDAND WITHIN AUSTRALIA
- 2. WHO SPEAKS ENGLISH? As of 2015, English is the official native language of 67 sovereign states and 27 non- sovereign entities The majority of English speaking nations derive from former territories of the British empire Countries where English is the primary and the ‘de jure’ official language include; Bahamas Canada Kenya Singapore South Africa There are many more countries included on this list, but this gives you an idea about the varied cultures that have adopted English as their native language There are between 360 and 400 million speakers of English, making it the third most commonly spoken language in the world
- 3. Activity – list thetop 10 language in order from largest to smallest, including their %
- 4. HOW DID ACCENTSEVOLVE? Sociolinguistics refers to accents as a manner of pronunciation peculiar to a particular individual, location or nation Factors impacting accent include; Regional or geographical location Socio-economic status Ethnicity Caste/social class First language influence As human spread out into isolated communities, stresses and peculiarities developed Over a long period of time, these differences have developed into identifiable accents Activity – List 10 different accents
- 5. THE AUSTRALIAN LANGUAGEAND ACCENT Australian English is a major variety of the English language and is used throughout Australia Australian English is distinctive from other forms of English, differing in terms of accent, pronunciation, register, grammar and spelling Australian accent obviously differs from other English speaking populations too Three factors of the Australian accent include Vowel phonology – Australian English has phonemic length distinction Non-rhotic - /r/ sound doesn’t come at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant Pronunciation – stress and weak forms evident in isolated words, yet this does not impair its intelligibility (think schwa)
- 6. THE AUSTRALIAN ACCENT Within Australia and the Australian English language, there are three different types of Australian accent https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZH4ZQH_3_pE How does SimonTaylor explain the three types of Australian accents? What does SimonTaylor say we are good at doing with our language? Can you think of any other examples? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GPMSpw0CLEg
- 7. BROAD AUSTRALIAN ACCENT What are some words that are associated with the broad Australian accent? Where would you most likely hear the broad Australian accent? Can you think of any well-known Australians who had/have a broad Australian accent?
- 8. GENERAL AUSTRALIAN ACCENT What are some words that are associated with the general Australian accent? Where would you most likely hear the general Australian accent? Can you think of any well-known Australians who had/have a general Australian accent?
- 9. CULTIVATED AUSTRALIAN ACCENT What are some words that are associated with the cultivated Australian accent? Where would you most likely hear the cultivated Australian accent? Can you think of any well-known Australians who had/have a cultivated Australian accent?
- 10. CONNOTATION An ideaor feeling which a word invokes for a person in addition to its literal or primary meaning Negative or positive connotations Allows speakers and writers to compare abstract ideas with concrete concepts in order to give subtle and/or better understanding to the meaning of words Creates more effective use of word meaning
- 11. DRAW A SCALEFORTHE FOLLOWING WORDS ON A NEGATIVETO POSITIVE CONNOTED SCALE 1. Childlike, youthful, young, childish 2. Disabled, retarded, handicapped, crippled 3. Laid-back, lazy, easy-going, relaxed 4. Slim, skinny, slender, thin 5. Cheap, frugal, miserly, economical 6. Proud, confident, egotistical, secure 7. Lovely, knockout, beautiful, stunning 8. Chatty, conversational, talkative, nosy
- 12. DENOTATION Translation ofa sign to its meaning, therefore the literal meaning of a word This means that it refers to the word devoid of emotion, attitude and colour Dictionary definitions
- 13. ACTIVITY Explain thedifferences in meaning when the following words are read as a denotation and a connotation Hollywood Snake Home Babe Bitch Come up with two more of your own words to use as an example to show the difference in meaning when a word is connoted and denoted. Give their difference meanings
- 14. TABOO The actualword ‘taboo’ usually refers to a social or religious custom prohibiting, forbidding and/or restricting people from a particular practice, act, speech or custom Whether an action is taboo or not is very dependant upon the society or religion which it is, or isn’t, being practiced in. No taboo is officially known as universal In our society, taboo is commonly referred to as; Killing and hunting Sex and sexual relationships (primarily incest, necrophilia, adultery, fornication, paedophilia, bestiality, masturbation) Reproduction (abortion, infanticide) Food and dining (cannibalism, dietary laws – halal, kashrut, fasting)
- 15. TABOO WORDS Taboowords therefore are words and language that are generally considered inappropriate in certain contexts Taboo words within our society can be generalised into three main categories “Dirty” words related to sex and excretion. For example “shit”, “”fuck” and “dick” Religious words, commonly known as ‘blasphemy’. For example “Jesus”, “Christ” and “God” Animal words used as an insult. For example “bitch”, “cow” and “dog” "What counts as taboo language is something defined by culture, and not by anything inherent in the language." (Adrian Akmajian, Richard Demers, Ann Farmer, and Robert Harnish, Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. MIT Press, 2001)
- 16. THE LIGHTER SIDEOFTABOO LANGUAGE SHIFTING STANDARDS IN SOUTH PARK Ms. Choksondik: All right children, . . . I'm supposed to clarify the school's position on the word "shit." Stan:Wow!We can say "shit" in school now? Kyle:This is ridiculous. Just because they say it onTV, it's all right? Ms. Choksondik:Yes, but only in the figurative noun form or the adjective form. Cartman: Huh? Ms. Choksondik:You can only use it in the nonliteral sense. For instance, "That's a shitty picture of me" is now fine. However, the literal noun form of [writes on the board] "This is a picture of shit" is still naughty. Cartman: I don't get it. Stan: Me neither. Ms. Choksondik:The adjective form is now also acceptable. For example, "The weather outside is shitty." However, the literal adjective is not appropriate. For example, "My bad diarrhea made the inside of the toilet all shitty, and I had to clean it with a rag, which then also became shitty."That's right out! Timmy: Sssh . . . shit! Ms. Choksondik:Very good,Timmy. Butters: Ms. Choksondik, can we say the expletive, like "Oh shit!" or "Shit on a shingle"? Ms. Choksondik:Yes, that's now fine. Cartman:Wow!This is gonna be great! A whole new word! ("It Hits the Fan." South Park, 2001)
- 17. CLIPPING / SHORTENING Clipping, or shortening, refers to the process whereby the commonly know action or name has become only part of its original word These clippings or shortenings tend to evolve from special groups such as school, the army, police, medical profession, etc For example Exam(ination), lab(oratory), math(ematics) Vet(eran), cap(tain) There are four types of ‘clippings’ but we will only focus on the first two 1. Initial clipping 2. Final clipping 3. Medial clipping 4. Complex clipping
- 18. CLIPPING / SHORTENING Final clipping (apocope) This is the most common type of clipping, where the beginning of the prototype is kept For example; ad (advertisement), cable (cablegram), fax (facsimile), gas (gasoline), gym (gymnasium/gymnastics), pub (public house), pop (popular music) Initial clipping (apheresis) Retains the final part of the prototype (original word) For example; bot (robot), chute (parachute), roach (cockroach) gator (alligator) Final and initial clipping can be combined to retain the middle section of the word For example; jammies (pyjamas), fridge (refrigerator) , flu (influenza)
- 19. ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations arethe shortened form of a word or phrase It usually, but not always, consists of a letter, or group of letters, taken from the word or phrase A full stop is often used to signify an abbreviation Abbreviations have been evident in the English language since it originated, however became more popular during the growth of phonological linguistic theory in academic Britain Abbreviations are popular in general society, however many disciplinary areas have their own abbreviated language to suit its needs Academic studies (arts and science) Business and finance Computing Government Medical Internet Activity Can you come up with an example of an abbreviation for each area