The effect of varying water flow rate on the performance of mechanical draught cooling tower
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To show how different water flow rates e ffect on the performance of mechanical draught cooling tower.
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![Mass Transfer Laboratory
E x p e r i m e n t N o . 1 Page 1
EXPERIMENT NO.1
The effect of varying water flow rate on the performance of
mechanical draught cooling tower
Aim:
To show how different water flow rates effect on the performance of mechanical
draught cooling tower.
1. Theory & procedure
An apparatus include a vertical glassy tower with packing plate inside, the main uses
of cooling tower is to cool the water by forced convection process using centrifugal
fan located under the tower, from basin (tank) which collect the water, by small heater
the water heated to 50⸰c, we can control the heater by electronic thermostat inside the
tank, through a tube the hot water pumped to the top of tower, the hot water get spray
by orifices to drop on the fill and packing plate that used to increase contact area
between water and air, so that the rate of heat transfer will increase.
By flow meter valve we can record flow and control the hot water flow rate, after
water get cold so will remain under the tower then returned to the hot water tank.
Fig. 1 PID Control of cooling tower [1]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/laboratoryofm-230129191707-a09434bb/85/The-effect-of-varying-water-flow-rate-on-the-performance-of-mechanical-draught-cooling-tower-1-320.jpg)
![Mass Transfer Laboratory
E x p e r i m e n t N o . 1 Page 2
(I) Main software operation possibilities
(II) Sensors displays, real time values, and extra output parameters
(III) Actuators controls
(IV) Channel selection and other plot parameters
(V) Real time graphics displays
The Bench Top Water Cooing Tower (Figure 2) has been designed to give students an
appreciation of cooling construction, design and operational characteristics of modern
evaporative cooling system. The unit is also an excellent example of an ‘open system’
through which two stream of fluid flow (water and air) and in which there is a mass
transfer from one stream to other. Convincing energy and mass balance are obtained,
and student can quickly investigate the effects of air flowrate, water flowrate, water
temperature and cooling loads on the performance of a cooling tower. You will
measure the performance of cooling tower and determine the errors of your sensors
and uncertainties of your measurements [1]
.
2. Reading table & calculation
The performance of cooling towers is evaluated to assess present levels of approach and
range against their design values, identify areas of energy wastage and to suggest
improvements.
Fig. 2 Mechanical draught cooling tower scheme [1]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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1) The revised report analyzes the performance of a cooling tower under varying operating conditions, focusing on efficiencies and characteristics at different water flow rates.
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The document discusses a hybrid approach for cooling towers used in power plants. It explains how water flows from the cooling tower to the surface condenser. It lists parameters like circulation flow, inlet/outlet water temperatures, and cooling tower air fans that are monitored. Currently, water data is collected manually each hour but not used for assessment. A new concept would hook all this data into a platform to automatically assess the cooling tower's coefficient of performance, effectiveness, and system energy consumption, enabling energy optimization, circuit improvements, and suggestions for condenser cleaning.
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This document proposes a hybrid PID-cascade control system for HVAC systems to improve control performance. It models the heat exchanger and air conditioning space components of an HVAC system. It then designs a hybrid PID-cascade controller that combines traditional PID control with an internal cascade loop. Simulations show the hybrid controller has faster response, better setpoint tracking and disturbance rejection compared to traditional PID, compensator and Ziegler-Nichols tuned PID controllers. The cascade control inner loop improves response speed and precision, while the outer PID loop enhances stability and disturbance rejection for the HVAC system.
Heat and Mass Transfer Manual.pdf
This laboratory manual document provides instructions and theory for determining the heat transfer coefficient of a shell and tube heat exchanger operating in parallel and counter flow modes. The objectives are to study the heat exchanger, determine the heat transfer coefficient, and calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient. The experimental procedure involves connecting the heat exchanger to a test unit, controlling temperatures and flow rates, and measuring values to calculate heat transfer rates and coefficients. Similar instructions are provided to study a plate heat exchanger in parallel flow mode.
IRJET- CFD Analysis of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger with Different Inner Se...
This document analyzes the heat transfer performance of a double pipe heat exchanger with circular and square inner sections using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). CFD simulations were conducted using ANSYS Fluent to analyze temperature contours and heat transfer rates. The results showed that the square inner section heat exchanger absorbed more heat from the hot fluid and had a higher heat flow rate than the circular section design, with the cold fluid outlet temperature being higher for the square section. In conclusion, the square inner section design exhibited better heat transfer performance compared to the conventional circular section design for this type of heat exchanger.
Keith_Coulson_poster
Two-phase microgap cooling is proposed as a method to overcome thermal limitations for next generation electronics. A test loop was constructed to analyze the cooling performance of boiling two-phase flow in a 100 micrometer gap channel. Results showed that as heat flux increased, differential pressure rose to over 50 kPa and heat transfer coefficients reached 14,000 W/m2-K. However, at the highest heat fluxes, partial dryout occurred at the rear of the chip, causing a temperature rise. Future work includes testing multiple chip configurations and validating cooling in microgravity conditions. This technique could enable more compact and powerful electronics systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
This document describes a system for controlling the temperature of a shell and tube heat exchanger using a TwinCAT PLC. The system uses sensors to measure the outlet temperature of the tube fluid and a control valve regulates the flow of cold water to maintain the outlet at the setpoint temperature. The TwinCAT PLC implements a control algorithm that compares the measured temperature to the setpoint and sends signals to adjust the control valve position. Testing showed the system successfully maintained the outlet temperature at the desired setpoint. The automated temperature control reduces maintenance costs compared to a non-automated system.
Last Rev. August 2014 Calibration and Temperature Measurement.docx
This document provides instructions for an experiment to determine the time constants and calibrate three temperature sensors: a thermometer, thermocouple, and thermistor. Students will create a calibration curve by measuring the sensors in ice water and boiling water. They will then determine the time constants of each sensor when exposed to step changes in temperature from ambient air to ice water and hot air to ambient air. Finally, students will analyze the frequency response of each sensor and compare their capabilities to respond to changing temperature inputs.
Importance of three elements boiler drum level control and its installation i...
Conversion of water into steam is the primary function of a utility boiler. The steam pressure is used to turn
a steam turbine thus, generating electricity. Within the boiler drum there exists a steam/water interface.
Boiler steam drum water level is one of the important parameters of power plant that must be measured
and controlled. For safe and efficient boiler operation, a constant level of water in the boiler drum is
required to be maintained. Too low water level may cause damage boiler tube by overheating. On the other
hand too high drum water level leads to improper function of separators, difficulty in temperature
controlling and damage in superheater tubes. Turbine may also be damaged by moisture or water
treatment chemicals carryover. The amount of water entering the boiler drum must be balanced with the
amounts of steam leaving to accomplish the constant water level in the drum. Therefore it is extremely
important to have the knowledge of the operating principles, installation requirements, strength and
weaknesses of drum water level control system. Ignoring these considerations can result in misapplication,
frequent maintenance, unsafe operation and poor instrument as well as system performance. In this paper
design aspects and installation requirements of boiler drum level control are discussed for safe and
economic operation.
Case study Energy Audit for Chiller Plant
The document discusses energy audits conducted on HVAC equipment at a client site by MGCS-Energy Audit Company. It analyzes the performance of two chillers and two cooling towers. For the chillers, it is found that Chiller 2 has a higher condenser approach and lift, indicating its condenser is fouled. Cleaning the condenser is recommended to improve Chiller 2's efficiency. For the cooling towers, Tower 2 has a higher approach and lower effectiveness, suggesting relocating the towers to the terrace for better air flow. The audits identify opportunities for energy savings through equipment maintenance and modifications.
Steam Condenser Exergy Analysis of Steam Power Plant at Different Loads
This paper presents steam condenser exergy analysis of 50 MW unit of the power plant by varying the ambient temperature from 5 C to 42 C at different loads. The performance parameters and the dependent variables are the exergy entering in the condenser, exergy out from the condenser, exergy efficiency of the plant, exergy destruction in the condenser and the exergy efficiency of condenser. Whereas the independent variables are ambient temperature and condenser pressure. It was seen that increases of exergy efficiency of the plant depends on combined effect of ambient temperature and condenser pressure as the sole variation of ambient temperature doesn’t have much effect on the performance parameters. The varying of ambient temperature without altering the condenser pressure doesn’t have any significant impact but by varying simultaneously the ambient temperature along with the changing of condenser pressure has profound effect on the performance parameters. As the Condenser pressure increases the heat loss is also increasing which shows the major portion of energy loss occurs in condenser. In comparison of heat loss in condenser the exergy destruction in condenser is very less. At the optimal condenser pressure 0.00804 MPa the exergy efficiency of the whole unit, exergy destruction in condenser, exergy efficiency of condenser, Heat loss (Q) in condenser and Wtotal are as 26.26%, 198.1KW, 99.72%, 81190 KW and 53.4 MW respectively and the optimal condition is attained at the full load(100%) or designed operating parameters.
Distribution, Habitat Utilization and Threats to Chinese Pangolin (Manis Pent...
The Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) is a unique mammal
having stiff scales, body shape slender like a reptile, burrow living and
highly nocturnal. It is receiving less scientific attention therefore
information on its ecology, behavior, status and distribution is still
scarce in Nepal. Pangolins are distributed in many districts and
protected areas of Nepal but are threatened due to habitat destruction,
illegal trade and lack of awareness. Thus, this research was conducted
to assess the distribution, habitat utilization and threats to Chinese
Pangolin in Mahabharat and Chure community forests of Sindhuli
district. The primary data were collected by using the methods adopted
in National Pangolin Survey, Nepal (2016). The sample size for
scheduled questionnaire survey was calculated by using the formula
given by Krejice and Morgan in 1970. The secondary data were
collected from the DFO, Sector forest office and community forest
office. Through field survey within the transect of 500 meters;
distribution of burrows, their geographical coordinates, slope,
elevation, canopy cover, soil moisture, soil colour and texture,
distance to settlement, water and road and number of ants/termites
mound were recorded. A total of 348 burrows were recorded including
206 (91 active, 115 inactive) in Mahabharat Community Forest and
142 (57 active, 85 inactive) in Chure Community Forest. The
elevation range of species was from 1400 m to 1700 m with maximum
number of burrows at slope range of 30⁰-40⁰ in Mahabharat
community forest. However, in Chure community forest, the elevation
range of species was from 900 m to 1300 m with maximum number of
burrows at slope range of 20⁰-30⁰. The highest frequency of burrows
was recorded in brown and light yellow colour soil in Mahabharat and
Chure community forest respectively. Mostly the burrows were
recorded in Schima wallichii and Shorea robusta dominant forests in Mahabharat and Chure community forest respectively. Poaching for
meat and traditional medicine and habitat destruction were major
threats to pangolin at the sites and their conservation status was found
to be worse.
Research of Turbine Flowmeter Performance under the condition of Low Temperature
This paper mainly studied the impeller affecting the performance of turbine flowmeter measurement
under the condition of low temperature -25℃, through the test method, analyzing the impeller affecting the
performance of turbine flowmeter measurement under the conditions of different temperature.
Similar to The effect of varying water flow rate on the performance of mechanical draught cooling tower (20)
IRJET- Enhancement of COP of Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle using CFD
IRJET- Enhancement of COP of Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle using CFD
Performance prediction of a thermal system using Artificial Neural Networks
Performance prediction of a thermal system using Artificial Neural Networks
Effect of approching temperature on the performance and size of li br water v...
Effect of approching temperature on the performance and size of li br water v...
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)
comparative analysis of pid and narma l2 controllers for shell and tube heat...
comparative analysis of pid and narma l2 controllers for shell and tube heat...
Development of a Bench-Top Air-to-Water Heat Pump Experimental Apparatus
Development of a Bench-Top Air-to-Water Heat Pump Experimental Apparatus
Heat pump design using peltier element For temperature control of the flow cell
Heat pump design using peltier element For temperature control of the flow cell
IRJET- CFD Analysis of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger with Different Inner Se...
IRJET- CFD Analysis of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger with Different Inner Se...
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
Last Rev. August 2014 Calibration and Temperature Measurement.docx
Last Rev. August 2014 Calibration and Temperature Measurement.docx
Importance of three elements boiler drum level control and its installation i...
Importance of three elements boiler drum level control and its installation i...
Steam Condenser Exergy Analysis of Steam Power Plant at Different Loads
Steam Condenser Exergy Analysis of Steam Power Plant at Different Loads
Distribution, Habitat Utilization and Threats to Chinese Pangolin (Manis Pent...
Distribution, Habitat Utilization and Threats to Chinese Pangolin (Manis Pent...
Research of Turbine Flowmeter Performance under the condition of Low Temperature
Research of Turbine Flowmeter Performance under the condition of Low Temperature
More from Barhm Mohamad
Investigation of fracture behavior and mechanical properties of epoxy composi...
Adding of a multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to epoxy resin has shown
promising results in improving fracture toughness in bulk epoxy and carbon fiber-reinforced
epoxy composites (CFRP). using a hand layup proceeding followed by the so called vacuum
bagging process method, carbon fiber-reinforced polymer multi-wall carbon nanotubes
(MWCNTs) was added to an epoxy resin with a weight percentage mixing of 1% wt., 1.25% wt.,
and 1.5 % wt. MWCNTs. Furthermore, the specimen underwent analysis via Fourier-Transform
Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, the composites were
subjected to a microscopic examination using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). FTIR and
XRD verified the folding and unfolding of the polymer, in addition, the mechanical properties
including tensile strength, bending stress, and impact behavior were investigated as well as the
hardness test. The obtained results showed a significant improvement of about (40 %) in tensile
strength, (53 %) in bending stress at 1 % wt. MWCNTs, and (70 %) percentage increment in the
strength of Impact at 1.25 % wt. MWCNTs. And the gained hardness was about 40.5 HV which
were compared with a reference substance named Carbon Fiber (CF) without any addition of nano
materials. Carbon nanotubes have demonstrated their potential to enhance the mechanical
properties of fiber-reinforced polymers, so this investigative study employs comprehensive
characterization techniques, and demonstrates significant improvements in mechanical properties
for the modified polymeric composite materials supported with nano materials.
Characterization of a flat plate solar water heating system using different n...
Flat-plate solar collectors (FPSCs) are the most effective and environmentally friendly heating systems available. They are frequently used to convert solar radiation into usable heat for a variety of thermal applications. Because of their superior thermo-physical features, the use of Nano-fluids in FPSCs is a useful technique to improve FPSC performance. Nano-fluids are advanced colloidal suspensions containing Nano-sized particles that have been researched over the last two decades and identified a fluid composed of strong nanoparticles with a diameter of smaller than (100 nm). These micro-particles aid in improving the thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer of liquids when mixed with the base fluid. The current study provides an in-depth review of the scientific advances in the field of Nano-fluids on flat-plate solar collectors. Previous research on the usage of Nano-fluids in FPSCs shows that Nano-fluids can be used successfully to improve the efficiency of flat-plate collectors. Though several Nano-fluids have been reviewed as solar collector operatin fluids. Nano-fluids have greater pressure drops than liquids, and their pressure drops andhence pumping power rise as the volume flow rate increases. Additionally, the article discusses the concept of Nano-fluids, the different forms of nanoparticles, the methods for preparing Nano-fluids, and their thermos-physical properties. The article concludes with a few observations and suggestions on the usage of Nano-fluids in flat-plate solar collectors. This article summarizes the numerous research studies conducted in this region, which may prove useful for future experimental studies.
A review of aerodynamic analysis of commercial automotive-materials and methods
This paper explores the role of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling technique in the aerodynamic design and propulsion system of the formula 1 car. It provides a study of Reynolds number influences on the state of the boundary layer, unstable and steady flow, time-dependent wake structure, interacting shear layer and separate flows through literature review. As pointed out in is paper, the aerodynamics analysis is conducted to decrease the drag force. Using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools, the analysis was carried out. The major objective of this review article will be to increase the car stability and reduce drag. The efficiency of the track would also increase the air resistance of the vehicle. The ideas of dimensional analysis and uniformity of flows are used to demonstrate that commercial ground cars' aerodynamics are only dependent on the transitional and trans-critical flow regimes.
Book of Abstracts from 9th International Scientific Conference on Advances in...
This document provides an overview of the 9th International Scientific Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering held in Debrecen, Hungary. It includes the welcome message from the conference chair, Tamás Mankovits, as well as information about the conference committees, program, and 202 attendees from 12 countries. The conference included 110 presentations and 49 posters on topics related to mechanical engineering. The theme of the plenary lectures was artificial intelligence and material testing. The conference also included a MATLAB workshop and an exhibition of creative mechanical engineers.
A REVIEW OF AERODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL AUTOMOTIVE-MATERIALS AND METHODS
This paper explores the role of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling technique in the aerodynamic design and propulsion system of the formula 1 car. It provides a study of Reynolds number influences on the state of the boundary layer, unstable and steady flow, time-dependent wake structure, interacting shear layer and separate flows through literature review. As pointed out in is paper, the aerodynamics analysis is conducted to decrease the drag force. Using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools, the analysis was carried out. The major objective of this review article will be to increase the car stability and reduce drag. The efficiency of the track would also increase the air resistance of the vehicle. The ideas of dimensional analysis and uniformity of flows are used to demonstrate that commercial ground cars' aerodynamics are only dependent on the transitional and trans-critical flow regimes.
An Experimental Artificial Neural Network Model: Investigating and Predicting...
The present study establishes a new estimation model using an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the mechanical properties of the AISI 1035 alloy. The experiments were designed based on the L16 orthogonal array of the Taguchi method. A proposed numerical model for predicting the correlation of mechanical properties was supplemented with experimental data. The quenching process was conducted using a cooling medium called “nanofluids”. Nanoparticles were dissolved in a liquid phase at various concentrations (0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 % vf) to prepare the nanofluids. Experimental investigations were done to assess the impact of temperature, base fluid, volume fraction, and soaking time on the mechanical properties. The outcomes showed that all conditions led to a noticeable improvement in the alloy's hardness which reached 100%, the grain size was refined about 80%, and unwanted residual stresses were removed from 50 to 150 MPa. Adding 5% of CuO nanoparticles to oil led to the best grain size refinement, while adding 2.5% of Al2O3 nanoparticles to engine oil resulted in the greatest compressive residual stress. The experimental variables were used as the input data for the established numerical ANN model, and the mechanical properties were the output. Upwards of 99% of the training network's correlations seemed to be positive. The estimated result, nevertheless, matched the experimental dataset exactly. Thus, the ANN model is an effective tool for reflecting the effects of quenching conditions on the mechanical properties of AISI 1035.
Experimental study of nano-composite materials on vibration responses
This paper present of experimental and numerical study of nano Al2O3 cantilever beam for forced vibration, addressing an unexplored area in the existing literature. The proposed nano composite cantilever beam is modeled with hole and crack. The study is based on history loading calculation and composite morphology a global parameter, the transverse crack in nano composite cantilever beam was studied and analyzed experimentally using a four-channel dynamic signal acquisition (NI 9234) module for making high-accuracy measurements and its ideal for vibration applications. The relationship between the dispersion and interaction of the alumina nanoparticles within the cantilever beam and morphology of the solid, hole and crack composite has been identified. Furthermore, the influence of particles Al2O3 at different concentrations (0%, 1%, 3% and 4%) have been studied respectively. Supporting results proved that the crack and hole depth increases with increases of history loading. Nanoparticles dispersed within the specimen can increase energy dissipation during vibration, leading to improved damping characteristics. For future work, it is recommended to utilize statistical frequency domain input, such as Power Spectral Density (PSD), for assessing the structural response instead of employing time history loading.
Entropy generation and heat transfer rate for MHD forced convection of nanoli...
This document summarizes a numerical study that investigates magnetohydrodynamic forced convection of nanofluid in a rectangular channel with an extended surface and three cylindrical blocks. The study examines the effects of Reynolds number, Hartmann number, Eckert number, and nanoparticle volume fraction on temperature distribution, stream function, entropy generation, and mean Nusselt number. Governing equations for steady, incompressible, laminar, two-dimensional flow are presented. Thermophysical properties of water, copper nanoparticles, and the nanofluid are provided.
ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DATE SEED POWDER-BASED COMPOSIT...
The document analyzes the mechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy (CFRE) composites reinforced with different weight percentages of date seed powder granules (DSGP). Tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness tests were performed on CFRE composites with 0%, 15%, 25%, and 35% DSGP. The results showed that the 15% DSGP composite had the highest breaking force in tensile testing. The 35% DSGP composite had the highest maximum bending force in flexural testing. The 25% DSGP composite had the highest energy absorption capacity in impact testing and hardness. Overall, the optimal composition for mechanical properties was found to be 15-25% DSGP.
Thermodynamic analysis and optimization of flat plate solar collector using T...
Solar energy's efficiency and environmental benefits attract academics. In Kirkuk, Iraq, the thermal efficiency, exergy, and entropy of solar collectors were calculated. The experiment involved two glass-topped collectors, fluid transfer tubes, and aluminum heat-absorbing plates. Glass wool insulation minimized heat loss. A 0.5% TiO2/Water nanofluid was created using a mechanical and ultrasonic stirrer. Results showed that solar radiation increased thermal efficiency until midday, reaching 48.48% for water and 51.23% for the nanofluid. With increasing mass flow rates from 0.0045 kg/s to 0.02 kg/s, thermal efficiency improved from 16.26% to 47.37% for water and from 20.65% to 48.76% for the nanofluid. Filtered water provided 380W and 395W of energy in March and April, while the nanofluid increased it to 395W and 415W during these months. Mass flow generated energy, and the Reynolds number raised entropy. The noon exergy efficiency for nanofluids was 50-55%, compared to 30% for water. At noon, the broken exergy measured 877.53 Watts for the nanofluid and 880.12 Watts for water. In Kirkuk, Iraq, the 0.5% TiO2/Water nanofluid outperformed water in solar collectors.
MODELLING AND TESTING OF ADVANCED INTAKE AND EXHAUST SYSTEM COMPONENTS FOR RA...
In this research, it hasibeen shownithat the gas flow iniintake system effects on the FS
engineiperformance and acousticibehaviour. The proposedicalculationimethodsiare tested
numericallyiand byimeasurements. The team fromiUniversity of Miskolc improvedithe
car’s air intakeisystem usingi1D-AVL Boostiwithinithe parametric Fireisoftware
Workbenchienvironment. FS regulationsilimit the minimumidiameter of the restrictor to
20 mm, whichiregulatesithe maximumiintake mass flowirate. The plenum, downstreamiof
theirestrictor, directly influencesithe amount of freshiair reaching theicylinders. A plenum
that isitooilargeicausesithe motorito reactitoo slowlyito the acceleratoriand, in combination
withishortisuctionipipes, triggersithe engine to developisufficientitorqueionly atihigh
rotationispeeds. A too small plenumibehaves oppositely. Usingithe equationifor the intake
runnerilength, the lengthiof the idealirunner was determinedito be approximatelyi 250 mm
andiwith aidiameteriof 32 mm. Hence,idesign II of FormulaiStudent Racingi is aibetteri
choice.
Several calculation techniques were done to calculate transmission loss in different cases
for the muffler, white planewaveipropagationiwas applied from generator using two-load
method for transmission loss result validation of muffler. Theseican beiconsideredias an
accurateicheckiof theianalysisicarried out in thisiwork. It is worthipointingioutithatithis
workimayialso serve as aibenchmarkisolutioniforiapproximateiand numericalitechniques
used foridealing withihybrid muffleriproblems.
REMAPPING AND SIMULATION OF EFI SYSTEM FOR SI ENGINE USING PIGGYBACK ECU
The document describes remapping and simulating the electronic fuel injection (EFI) system of a BMW engine using a piggyback ECU. An experimental EFI system was reconstructed using a piggyback ECU and the control algorithms were simulated in LabVIEW. The simulation results were compared to experimental results for different engine loads and speeds. The piggyback ECU evaluation showed it can independently control fuel dose without depending on the factory ECU, with advantages of low cost and easy installation compared to remapping the factory ECU.
Evaluation of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Performance by Using ZnO/Water Na...
To examine and investigate the impact of nanofluid on heat exchanger performance, including the total heat transfer, the effect of friction factor, the average Nusselt number, and the thermal efficiency, the output heat transfers of a shell and tube heat exchanger using ZnO nanoparticles suspended in water has been conducted numerically. The governing equations were solved using finite volume techniques and CFD simulations with ANSYS/FLUENT Solver 2021. The nanoparticles volume fractions adopted are 0.2% and 0.35% that used in numerical computations under 200 to 1400 Reynolds numbers range. The increasing of temperature is approximately 13% from the bottom to the top of heat exchanger, while the maximum enhancement of Nusselt number is about 10%, 19% for volume fractions 0.2% and 0.35% respectively. The elevated values of the friction factor at the volumetric ratios of 0.2% and 0.35% are 0.25% and 0.47% respectively. The findings demonstrate that the performance efficiency of shell and tube heat exchanger is enhanced due to the increase in Nusselt number.
Enhancement of Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger Effectiveness by Using Porous Media...
This document summarizes a study that investigated heat transfer enhancement in a double-pipe heat exchanger using porous media and TiO2 nanofluid. The study used steel balls as porous media packed in the inner pipe and TiO2-water nanofluid flowing through the inner pipe at various flow rates and nanoparticle volume fractions. Hot water flowed through the outer pipe. Results showed that using porous media and a 0.003 TiO2 nanofluid volume fraction improved heat transfer by 35.4% and improved effectiveness and NTU by 24% and 12.4%, respectively, compared to using just water. The porous media increased surface area for contact while the nanofluid improved thermophysical properties. Optimal design of porous media and nanofluid parameters can
Rotary dryer
In many cases, the drying of mater
ials is the fina l operation i n manufac turing process
carried out immediately prior to pack ag ing and dispatch . Drying refer s to final
removal o f water, and the operation follow s e vapo ration , filtration or crystallization .
Gas absorption in packed tower with Raschig rings packings
Gas absorption is mass transfer operation where one or more species is removed from
a gaseous stream by dissoluti on in a l iquid. Packed tower with Raschig Rings
packings is used in the experiment The component that is extracted from the gaseous
stream is known as solute and the component that extracting the solute is known as
solvent. Packed column is one of the com m only use d gas absorption equipment.
Packed column can be operated in co current as well as counter currently.
Counter current flow is preferable since the contact time between the liquid and gas is
greater. This equipment usually consists of a cylindrical column c ontaining a gas inlet
and distributing space at the bottom, a liquid inlet and a packing or filing in the tower.
Estimate the evaporation rate of water (water loss) for the cooling tower
This document describes an experiment to estimate the evaporation rate of water in a cooling tower. The experiment measures temperatures and flow rates to calculate properties like enthalpy and the tower characteristic. Students are asked to determine evaporation rate, analyze how approach and range vary with conditions, calculate the tower characteristic using different methods, and consider how valid the assumption of negligible evaporation is based on their results. References include sections of Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook and papers on computer controlled cooling towers.
The effect of varying flow rate-counter flow shell and tube heat exchanger
To show how different cold flow rates affect the performance of the heat exchanger in counter flow connection.
The effect of varying flow rate-parallel flow shell and tube heat exchanger
To show how different cold flow rates affect the performance of the heat exchanger in parallel flow connection.
The effect of varying flow rate-counter flow double pipe heat exchanger
To show how different cold flow rates affect the performance of the heat exchanger in counter flow connection.
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Investigation of fracture behavior and mechanical properties of epoxy composi...
Investigation of fracture behavior and mechanical properties of epoxy composi...
Characterization of a flat plate solar water heating system using different n...
Characterization of a flat plate solar water heating system using different n...
A review of aerodynamic analysis of commercial automotive-materials and methods
A review of aerodynamic analysis of commercial automotive-materials and methods
Book of Abstracts from 9th International Scientific Conference on Advances in...
Book of Abstracts from 9th International Scientific Conference on Advances in...
A REVIEW OF AERODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL AUTOMOTIVE-MATERIALS AND METHODS
A REVIEW OF AERODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL AUTOMOTIVE-MATERIALS AND METHODS
An Experimental Artificial Neural Network Model: Investigating and Predicting...
An Experimental Artificial Neural Network Model: Investigating and Predicting...
Experimental study of nano-composite materials on vibration responses
Experimental study of nano-composite materials on vibration responses
Entropy generation and heat transfer rate for MHD forced convection of nanoli...
Entropy generation and heat transfer rate for MHD forced convection of nanoli...
ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DATE SEED POWDER-BASED COMPOSIT...
ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DATE SEED POWDER-BASED COMPOSIT...
Thermodynamic analysis and optimization of flat plate solar collector using T...
Thermodynamic analysis and optimization of flat plate solar collector using T...
MODELLING AND TESTING OF ADVANCED INTAKE AND EXHAUST SYSTEM COMPONENTS FOR RA...
MODELLING AND TESTING OF ADVANCED INTAKE AND EXHAUST SYSTEM COMPONENTS FOR RA...
REMAPPING AND SIMULATION OF EFI SYSTEM FOR SI ENGINE USING PIGGYBACK ECU
REMAPPING AND SIMULATION OF EFI SYSTEM FOR SI ENGINE USING PIGGYBACK ECU
Evaluation of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Performance by Using ZnO/Water Na...
Evaluation of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Performance by Using ZnO/Water Na...
Enhancement of Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger Effectiveness by Using Porous Media...
Enhancement of Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger Effectiveness by Using Porous Media...
Gas absorption in packed tower with Raschig rings packings
Gas absorption in packed tower with Raschig rings packings
Estimate the evaporation rate of water (water loss) for the cooling tower
Estimate the evaporation rate of water (water loss) for the cooling tower
The effect of varying flow rate-counter flow shell and tube heat exchanger
The effect of varying flow rate-counter flow shell and tube heat exchanger
The effect of varying flow rate-parallel flow shell and tube heat exchanger
The effect of varying flow rate-parallel flow shell and tube heat exchanger
The effect of varying flow rate-counter flow double pipe heat exchanger
The effect of varying flow rate-counter flow double pipe heat exchanger
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Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptx
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
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K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
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3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia学校原版美国波士顿大学毕业证学历学位证书原版一模一样
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
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7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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官方认证美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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The effect of varying water flow rate on the performance of mechanical draught cooling tower
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