The Effect of Leaf Fragment Size on Optimal Foraging in Atta cephalotes
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1) The document discusses the optimal foraging theory which states that organisms forage in a way that maximizes energy intake per unit time. 2) It then applies this theory to study the foraging behaviors of leafcutter ants, which cut leaves to cultivate fungus gardens. 3) An experiment measured the carrying speeds of leafcutter ants with control leaf fragments, reduced leaf fragments, and leaf fragments with added weight. It found that ants carrying reduced fragments foraged less optimally than controls, while ants with added weight foraged as optimally or more so than controls.
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The Effect of Leaf Fragment Size on Optimal Foraging in Atta cephalotes
- 1. Leafcutter Ants Austen Hilding, Zoe Gerber, Kat Kurtenbach, Theresa Thao Nguyen
- 2. Atta cephalotes Austen Hilding, Zoe Gerber, Kat Kurtenbach, Theresa Thao Nguyen
- 3. Optimal Foraging Theory • Organisms forage in a way that maximizes energy intake per unit of time (most calories in least amount of time) • A trade-off between: • energy used and energy gained • time foraging and time being vigilant • Maximizes fitness • Minimize energy exerted • Equation: Eaverage / (haverage + saverage) E = Energy, h = handling time, s = search time
- 4. In other animals • The Optimal Foraging Theory has also been applied to copious amounts of other species to explore and explain behavioral patterns • Ex: A study assessed the optimal foraging decisions for the common crow, Corvus caurinus, in catching Japanese-little-necked clams. Finding these clams requires the crow to probe in the sand for an average of 34.6 seconds. The results of the study showed that the best foraging strategy was for crows to wait to consume clams above 28.5mm rather than waste energy on smaller clams that are less profitable.
- 5. Natural History of Leafcutter Ants • Ants collect leaf fragments and create a mulch to cultivate a fungus garden • Ants are separated into different castes depending on size • Soldiers guard the entrance to the nest or scout for predators • Workers (all female) consist of media and minima • Media with powerful jaws cut the leaves and return them to the nest • Minima prepare the leaf fragments to be fed to the fungus garden • Ants are able to navigate between the source of leaves and the nest in a process called tandem running
- 6. Why these leafcutter ants were convenient for measuring OFT • Prey (in this case, leaf fragments) were consistent • No toxins • No variability • Trails are visible • Can manipulate biomass • Numerous amount of this species available to experiment on • Ants choose & cut the leaf fragments themselves (i.e. making the most optimal choice)
- 7. Question & Prediction • Whether the ants are choosing the most efficient leaf fragment size to maximize energy intake while minimizing energy exerted. • So if the optimal foraging theory applies, then these ants should be transporting the most optimal size of the leaf fragment that would carry the most biomass to the nest at the most efficient rate.
- 8. Measure •Weight of leaf fragments • Control •Weight reduced •Weight added • Measure carrying speed of 20cm • Control •Weight of reduced/added
- 9. Materials • Stopwatch • Tweezers • Scale • Tape Measure • Scissors (to cut leaf fragment) • Foil • to add weight • to create a burrito for the ant to prevent them from moving!)
- 10. Our Methods
- 11. Measure 20cm
- 12. Time
- 13. Control Ants
- 14. Ants w/ weight reduced
- 15. Ants w/ foil Added
- 16. 30 ants per treatment
- 18. Weigh on Scale • Ants • Leaf fragment • Reduced Leaf Fragment • Tin foil #Richard
- 19. Record Data (& try to look smart)
- 20. Results 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Reduced Whole (Sec) t = 3.018, df = 30, p-value = 0.0051 (significant)
- 21. Results Efficiency (g/sec) t = 4.21, df = 30, P-value = .00022 (significant)
- 22. Results Foil Leaf (Sec) t = -4.32, df = 29, p-value = .00016 (significant)
- 23. Results Efficiency (g/sec) t = -1.71, df = 29, p-value = .098
- 24. Discussions • According to our results, ants carrying a reduced size of the leaf fragments were not foraging as optimally as those carrying the original size fragments. • However, ants carrying leaf fragments with added weight (i.e. foil) were foraging as optimally or more as those carrying the original size fragments. • Possible reasons why leafcutter ants do not carry more weight: • Area factor • Distance factor • Prey factor • Environment (ex. wind) factor
- 25. Thank you!
- 26. Really
- 27. Ya know?
Editor's Notes
- We chose leafcutter ants as an optimal species to test optimal foraging theory