The Dynamics of an Open Access Fishery
Trond Bjørndal; Jon M. Conrad
The Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue canadienne d'Economique, Vol. 20, No. 1. (Feb.,
1987), pp. 74-85.
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The dynamics of an open access fishery
TROND BJBRNDAL Norwegian School of Economics
JON M. CONRAD Cornell University
Abstract. A discrete time non-linear deterministic model for an open access fishery is
developed and the equilibrium is characterized. The open access exploitation of North
Sea herring during the period 1963-77 is analysed. Alternative production functions are
considered and estimated for the Nonvegian purse seine fishery. The bionomic
equilibrium and approach dynamics are presented when prices and costs are changing.
The results indicate that the resource stock was saved from possible extinction by the
closure of the fishery at the end of the 1977 season.
Sur la dynumique d'une zone de pgches quund l'entrke est libre. Les auteurs developpent
un modele deterministe non-lineaire en temps discret d'une zone de p&ches ou l'entree
est libre et definissent les caracteristiques de l'equilibre. L'exploitation du hareng de la
Mer du Nord qui s'est faite sans entraves B l'entrte pendant la periode 1963-1977 est
analysee avec ce modele. Des fonctions de production de rechange sont examinees et
calibrkes pour la p&c ...
Mathematical models can help to better manage fishing - Encyclopedia of the E...TeXt10
Fishing provides an important part of the food for people in some developing countries. This can lead to a worrying cascade of overfishing, collapsing catches
and rising market prices, and the extinction of many species. How can we prevent this situation from becoming catastrophic and, on the contrary, stabilize it?
Mathematical modelling, by coupling ecological and economic dynamics, provides a better understanding of the dynamics of fisheries systems.
Analysis of CPUE and Fishing Capacity of demersal fisheries in Kema 2, North ...IJAEMSJORNAL
Capture fisheries should be a sustainable economic activity aspect to provide good benefits to future resources. Sustainable marine fisheries resources exploitation requires a utilization rate lower than their availability. Therefore, the exploitation rate should not achieve the recovery ability of the resources in certain time. In fishing activities, for instance, there is a guideline not to catch fish over the Total Allowable Catch (TAC), 80% of the MSY. Information on the potency and the fishing capacity of tuna fisheries can be useful for the sustainable management of the resources. Also, this information can be used as a consideration for further management of the potency. There are two purposes of the study: (1) to analyze the CPUE (catch per unit effort) of demersal fisheries in Kema 2, North Sulawesi, for prediction of their potency, and (2) to analyze the efficiency of fishing capacity of the demersal fisheries in Kema 2, The study was done in two stages. The first was done by analyzing the potency using CPUE method (Shaefer models) to obtain the MSY, optimum effort and TAC (total allowable catch); and the second was done by analyzing the fishing capacity of demersal fisheries using DEA method to estimate the efficiency level of the fishing boats and devices in Kema 2. The result showed that the potency of demersal fisheries in Kema 2 was 71,700 tons per year and the optimum effort was 72,964 trips. Fishing capacity in demersal fisheries occurred in Kema 2 for the last 12 years was inefficient, especially for 2001. This may be caused by some factors such as trip operation, fishing duration, oil consumption, crew and operational cost. So, to manage the demersal resources in Kema 2, the TAC should be 57,520 tons per year. Based on the result, to increase the fishing efficiency, we should take into account of above factors. We suppose that the good means is reducing trip operation, fishing duration, oil consumption, crew and operational cost.
This document outlines a practical lab on fish population dynamics. It includes definitions of key terms like fish population dynamics, stock, and gonosomatic index. It also describes several common methods to estimate fish population parameters and stock abundance, like mark-recapture methods, depletion methods, and sampling surveys. Specific questions ask students to calculate growth parameters, length-weight relationships, population estimates, and compare models like the von Bertalanffy and Ford-Walford plots used for growth estimation. The document provides data to help students complete calculations and analysis for the lab.
This document discusses the use of Monte Carlo simulation for geothermal resource assessment and risk evaluation. Monte Carlo simulation is a numerical modeling technique that uses random sampling to account for uncertainty in reservoir parameters. It allows for a probabilistic estimation of reserves rather than a single deterministic value. The results can quantify the potential range and risk associated with proven, probable, and possible reserves. Guidelines are proposed for classifying reserves based on the level of uncertainty and data available from exploration and production activities.
This document discusses several aspects of sustainable marine fisheries management, including:
- The complexity of managing fisheries given diverse stakeholders with different objectives.
- Evaluating the success and challenges of managing 13 fish stocks around the world.
- Quantifying the "zone of consensus" between stakeholders to facilitate agreement on management strategies.
- Using harvest control rules as an explicit tool to realize management objectives across varying stock conditions.
- Modeling different harvest control rule parameters to understand their impact on fish populations.
- Proposing a scenario to map out management of multiple fish stocks in Georges Bank using mixed-species modeling.
Sustainable Development of Dynamic Fisheries and Cost Benefits Analysis with ...ijtsrd
With Gambia’s marine resources abundance, it is appropriate for Gambia’s economic growth to gear towards the fisheries sector. Fishery management in The Gambia is still not operating optimally due to a lack of fisheries management infrastructure.This study has uncovered important aspects of the fishing industry, especially in The Gambia. If the right policies and guidelines are put in place, the majority of waste and the depletion of renewable resources might be avoided. It is possible to maximize utilities without wasting resources. The solutions of the total cost TC , total revenue TR , and price functions of an operation are all given using differential equation.The original equation of Schaefers model forced numerous researchers to shed light on the spatial distribution of fish and fisheries. Using a cost operation model and an analysis of the rate of change over time, the author of this study found that fishing expenses can be decreased without compromising effectiveness or efficiency. The model was also expanded to include non autonomous price and cost characteristics.This study will inspire other academics and researchers to take similar actions to stop the decline and near extinction of the critically important fish fishery, not only in The Gambia but also along the entire coast of West Africa, given that the fishes are highly migratory and a shared resource among the countries in the subregion. Ebrima Bittaye "Sustainable Development of Dynamic Fisheries and Cost-Benefits Analysis with Mathematical Approach" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55103.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/mathemetics/other/55103/sustainable-development-of-dynamic-fisheries-and-costbenefits-analysis-with-mathematical-approach/ebrima-bittaye
Greetings all,
This month’s newsletter is devoted to data assimilation and its application to Ocean Reanalyses.
Brasseur is introducing this newsletter telling us about the history of Ocean Reanalyses, the need for such Reanalyses for
MyOcean users in particular, and the perspective of Ocean Reanalyses coupled with biogeochemistry or regional systems for
example.
Scientific articles about Ocean Reanalyses activities are then displayed as follows: First, Cabanes et al. are presenting CORA, a
new comprehensive and qualified ocean in-situ dataset from 1990 to 2008, developped at the Coriolis Data Centre at IFREMER
and used to build Ocean Reanalyses. A more comprehensive article will be devoted to the CORA dataset in our next April 2010
issue. Then, Remy at Mercator in Toulouse considers large scale decadal Ocean Reanalysis to assess the improvement due to
the variational method data assimilation and show the sensitivity of the estimate to different parameters. She uses a light
configuration system allowing running several long term reanalysis. Third, Ferry et al. present the French Global Ocean
Reanalysis (GLORYS) project which aims at producing eddy resolving global Ocean Reanalyses with different streams spanning different time periods and using different technical choices. This is a collaboration between Mercator and French research
laboratories, and is a contribution to the European MyOcean project. Then, Masina et al. at CMCC in Italy are presenting the
implementation of data assimilation techniques into global ocean circulation model in order to investigate the role of the ocean on
climate variability and predictability. Fifth, Smith et al. are presenting the Ocean Reanalyses studies at ESSC in the U.K. which
aim at reconstructing water masses variability and ocean transports. Finally, Langlais et al. are giving an example of the various
uses of ocean reanalyses: they are using the Australian BlueLink Reanalysis in order to look into details at the various Southern
Ocean fronts.
The next April 2010 newsletter will introduce a new editorial line with a common newsletter between the Mercator
Ocean Forecasting Center in Toulouse and the Coriolis Data Center at Ifremer in Brest. Some papers will be
dedicated to observations only, when others will display collaborations between the 2 aspects: Observations and
Model. The idea is to wider and complete the subjects treated in our newsletter, as well as to trigger interactions
between observations and modeling communities. This common Mercator-Coriolis Newsletter is a test for which
we will take the opportunity to ask for your feedback.
We wish you a pleasant reading!
Mathematical models can help to better manage fishing - Encyclopedia of the E...TeXt10
Fishing provides an important part of the food for people in some developing countries. This can lead to a worrying cascade of overfishing, collapsing catches
and rising market prices, and the extinction of many species. How can we prevent this situation from becoming catastrophic and, on the contrary, stabilize it?
Mathematical modelling, by coupling ecological and economic dynamics, provides a better understanding of the dynamics of fisheries systems.
Analysis of CPUE and Fishing Capacity of demersal fisheries in Kema 2, North ...IJAEMSJORNAL
Capture fisheries should be a sustainable economic activity aspect to provide good benefits to future resources. Sustainable marine fisheries resources exploitation requires a utilization rate lower than their availability. Therefore, the exploitation rate should not achieve the recovery ability of the resources in certain time. In fishing activities, for instance, there is a guideline not to catch fish over the Total Allowable Catch (TAC), 80% of the MSY. Information on the potency and the fishing capacity of tuna fisheries can be useful for the sustainable management of the resources. Also, this information can be used as a consideration for further management of the potency. There are two purposes of the study: (1) to analyze the CPUE (catch per unit effort) of demersal fisheries in Kema 2, North Sulawesi, for prediction of their potency, and (2) to analyze the efficiency of fishing capacity of the demersal fisheries in Kema 2, The study was done in two stages. The first was done by analyzing the potency using CPUE method (Shaefer models) to obtain the MSY, optimum effort and TAC (total allowable catch); and the second was done by analyzing the fishing capacity of demersal fisheries using DEA method to estimate the efficiency level of the fishing boats and devices in Kema 2. The result showed that the potency of demersal fisheries in Kema 2 was 71,700 tons per year and the optimum effort was 72,964 trips. Fishing capacity in demersal fisheries occurred in Kema 2 for the last 12 years was inefficient, especially for 2001. This may be caused by some factors such as trip operation, fishing duration, oil consumption, crew and operational cost. So, to manage the demersal resources in Kema 2, the TAC should be 57,520 tons per year. Based on the result, to increase the fishing efficiency, we should take into account of above factors. We suppose that the good means is reducing trip operation, fishing duration, oil consumption, crew and operational cost.
This document outlines a practical lab on fish population dynamics. It includes definitions of key terms like fish population dynamics, stock, and gonosomatic index. It also describes several common methods to estimate fish population parameters and stock abundance, like mark-recapture methods, depletion methods, and sampling surveys. Specific questions ask students to calculate growth parameters, length-weight relationships, population estimates, and compare models like the von Bertalanffy and Ford-Walford plots used for growth estimation. The document provides data to help students complete calculations and analysis for the lab.
This document discusses the use of Monte Carlo simulation for geothermal resource assessment and risk evaluation. Monte Carlo simulation is a numerical modeling technique that uses random sampling to account for uncertainty in reservoir parameters. It allows for a probabilistic estimation of reserves rather than a single deterministic value. The results can quantify the potential range and risk associated with proven, probable, and possible reserves. Guidelines are proposed for classifying reserves based on the level of uncertainty and data available from exploration and production activities.
This document discusses several aspects of sustainable marine fisheries management, including:
- The complexity of managing fisheries given diverse stakeholders with different objectives.
- Evaluating the success and challenges of managing 13 fish stocks around the world.
- Quantifying the "zone of consensus" between stakeholders to facilitate agreement on management strategies.
- Using harvest control rules as an explicit tool to realize management objectives across varying stock conditions.
- Modeling different harvest control rule parameters to understand their impact on fish populations.
- Proposing a scenario to map out management of multiple fish stocks in Georges Bank using mixed-species modeling.
Sustainable Development of Dynamic Fisheries and Cost Benefits Analysis with ...ijtsrd
With Gambia’s marine resources abundance, it is appropriate for Gambia’s economic growth to gear towards the fisheries sector. Fishery management in The Gambia is still not operating optimally due to a lack of fisheries management infrastructure.This study has uncovered important aspects of the fishing industry, especially in The Gambia. If the right policies and guidelines are put in place, the majority of waste and the depletion of renewable resources might be avoided. It is possible to maximize utilities without wasting resources. The solutions of the total cost TC , total revenue TR , and price functions of an operation are all given using differential equation.The original equation of Schaefers model forced numerous researchers to shed light on the spatial distribution of fish and fisheries. Using a cost operation model and an analysis of the rate of change over time, the author of this study found that fishing expenses can be decreased without compromising effectiveness or efficiency. The model was also expanded to include non autonomous price and cost characteristics.This study will inspire other academics and researchers to take similar actions to stop the decline and near extinction of the critically important fish fishery, not only in The Gambia but also along the entire coast of West Africa, given that the fishes are highly migratory and a shared resource among the countries in the subregion. Ebrima Bittaye "Sustainable Development of Dynamic Fisheries and Cost-Benefits Analysis with Mathematical Approach" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55103.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/mathemetics/other/55103/sustainable-development-of-dynamic-fisheries-and-costbenefits-analysis-with-mathematical-approach/ebrima-bittaye
Greetings all,
This month’s newsletter is devoted to data assimilation and its application to Ocean Reanalyses.
Brasseur is introducing this newsletter telling us about the history of Ocean Reanalyses, the need for such Reanalyses for
MyOcean users in particular, and the perspective of Ocean Reanalyses coupled with biogeochemistry or regional systems for
example.
Scientific articles about Ocean Reanalyses activities are then displayed as follows: First, Cabanes et al. are presenting CORA, a
new comprehensive and qualified ocean in-situ dataset from 1990 to 2008, developped at the Coriolis Data Centre at IFREMER
and used to build Ocean Reanalyses. A more comprehensive article will be devoted to the CORA dataset in our next April 2010
issue. Then, Remy at Mercator in Toulouse considers large scale decadal Ocean Reanalysis to assess the improvement due to
the variational method data assimilation and show the sensitivity of the estimate to different parameters. She uses a light
configuration system allowing running several long term reanalysis. Third, Ferry et al. present the French Global Ocean
Reanalysis (GLORYS) project which aims at producing eddy resolving global Ocean Reanalyses with different streams spanning different time periods and using different technical choices. This is a collaboration between Mercator and French research
laboratories, and is a contribution to the European MyOcean project. Then, Masina et al. at CMCC in Italy are presenting the
implementation of data assimilation techniques into global ocean circulation model in order to investigate the role of the ocean on
climate variability and predictability. Fifth, Smith et al. are presenting the Ocean Reanalyses studies at ESSC in the U.K. which
aim at reconstructing water masses variability and ocean transports. Finally, Langlais et al. are giving an example of the various
uses of ocean reanalyses: they are using the Australian BlueLink Reanalysis in order to look into details at the various Southern
Ocean fronts.
The next April 2010 newsletter will introduce a new editorial line with a common newsletter between the Mercator
Ocean Forecasting Center in Toulouse and the Coriolis Data Center at Ifremer in Brest. Some papers will be
dedicated to observations only, when others will display collaborations between the 2 aspects: Observations and
Model. The idea is to wider and complete the subjects treated in our newsletter, as well as to trigger interactions
between observations and modeling communities. This common Mercator-Coriolis Newsletter is a test for which
we will take the opportunity to ask for your feedback.
We wish you a pleasant reading!
Ocean acidification is caused by increased atmospheric carbon dioxide being absorbed by the oceans. This has increased ocean acidity by reducing ocean pH by around 0.1 units since the pre-industrial era. Around 30% more hydrogen ions and 16% less carbonate ions are present in seawater due to ocean acidification. The excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enters the surface ocean layers and decreases alkalinity through a series of chemical reactions. While the deep ocean layers have not been significantly impacted yet, most of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide absorbed by the oceans remains in surface waters for hundreds of years.
Chapter Seven: Applications of System AnalysisGodisgoodtube
1) The document discusses reservoir sizing and operating policies. It describes methods for determining the required active storage capacity of a reservoir given inflows and demands over time, including the mass curve and sequent peak methods.
2) It then covers the standard operating policy for reservoir release decisions based on current period availability and demand. The policy aims to meet demand to the extent possible given current water availability.
3) Finally, it introduces the concept of deriving an optimal operating policy to maximize meeting demands over the long run, using linear programming to formulate the reservoir operation problem.
Population dynamics of 15 fish species in Grand-Lahou lagoon (West Africa, Cô...Open Access Research Paper
This study described growth, mortality, recruitment patterns and exploitation rates of 15 fish species in Grand-Lahou lagoon (Côte d’Ivoire). Monthly length-frequency data collected from artisanal fisheries from November 2013 to October 2014 were analyzed with FiSAT software using the ELEFAN package to estimate the population parameters of fishes. Asymptotic values for total length (L∞) ranged from 15.75 cm for Synodontis schall to 59.80 cm for Trachinotus teraia. Growth rate (k) varied from 0.19 for Coptodon guineensis to 0.98 for Caranx hippos. The growth performance index estimates were close to the values found by other authors for most of the fish species. The total mortality (Z) high values were recorded for Synodontis schall (Z= 4.15 year-1; M = 2.50 year-1) Schilbe mandibularis (Z= 2.19 year-1; M=1.33 year-1). Fishing mortality (F) and exploitation rate (E) were found to be less than the optimum levels of exploitation for most fish species. The exploitation rate (E) was higher than the maximum sustainable yield (Emax) for Caranx hippos and higher than E0.5 for Eucinostomus melanopterus, Elops lacerta and Synodontis schall. Recruitment was noted as year-round and bimodal for most studied populations. These results demonstrate that some fish stocks necessitate effective management measures particularly C. hippos, E. melanopterus, E. lacerta and S. schall.
First Development Plan for a Small Offshore Fieldijtsrd
This document presents a development plan for the Beta offshore oil field in Libya. It summarizes the field's geological structure and reservoir characteristics, including fracture analysis. It estimates oil initially in place and recoverable reserves under different scenarios that account for uncertainties. The plan proposes developing the field in three phases to handle geological complexity and data uncertainty. It describes the field's oil properties from PVT studies and core analysis showing mixed oil-wet conditions. The plan provides determinstic STOIIP estimates and lists key uncertainties to address, such as in GRV estimation, net-to-gross, and hydrocarbon saturation from the mixed-wet reservoir.
Reserve Estimation of Initial Oil and Gas by using Volumetric Method in Mann ...ijtsrd
This research paper is focused to estimate the current production rate of the wells and to predict field remaining reserves. The remaining reserve depends on the production points that selected to represent the real well behavior, the way of dealing with the production data, and the human errors that might happen during the life of the field. Reserves estimating methods are usually categorized into three families analogy, volumetric, and performance techniques. Reserve Estimators should utilize the particular methods, and the number of methods, which in their professional judgment are most appropriate given i the geographic location, formation characteristics and nature of the property or group of properties with respect to which reserves are being estimated ii the amount and quality of available data and iii the significance of such property or group of properties in relation to the oil and gas properties with respect to which reserves are being estimated. In this research paper, the calculation of collecting data and sample by volumetric method are suggested to estimate the oil and gas production rate with time by using the geological configuration and the historical production data from CD 3700 3800 sand in Mann Oil Field. San Win "Reserve Estimation of Initial Oil and Gas by using Volumetric Method in Mann Oil Field" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27945.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/petroleum-engineering/27945/reserve-estimation-of-initial-oil-and-gas-by-using-volumetric-method-in-mann-oil-field/san-win
11.[62 71]economic efficiency estimate of captured fisheries from plateau sta...Alexander Decker
- The study examined the productivity and economics of fisheries at Pandam Lake in Plateau State, Nigeria under a regulated innovation system.
- Data was collected through daily fishing observations over 8 weeks and questionnaires from 30 licensed fishers. Technical, allocative and economic efficiencies were estimated using stochastic frontier production and cost functions.
- The results showed mean technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of 0.91, 0.68 and 0.72 respectively. Socioeconomic characteristics like education, age and extension contact significantly influenced efficiencies.
Fishery-dependent data collection provides valuable information for fishery managers to develop management plans. It is important for managers to determine the most important data to collect and implement a data recording system before overfishing occurs. One common mistake is waiting until populations are imperiled before creating management plans. This document discusses various methods for collecting fishery-dependent data, including catch estimates, catch disposition, catch per unit effort (CPUE), and fishing effort measures. It provides examples of calculating CPUE for different gear types like gill nets and longlines. The document also covers raising factors used to expand sample data to total population estimates.
This document summarizes an article that investigates onshore ballast water treatment as a viable alternative for major iron ore ports. It presents a simulation model called TRANSBALLAST that analyzes onshore treatment at two Brazilian iron ore ports receiving over 5.5 million cubic meters of ballast water annually. The simulation found that onshore treatment does not impact ship loading times or port capacity. The document concludes that onshore treatment may be practical for ports receiving large volumes of ballast water from very large ore carriers.
Temperature effects on reproduction and early life-history traits in the brac...Sönke Fischer
This doctoral thesis examines the effects of latitudinal and temperature variability on the reproduction and early life history traits of the crab Cancer setosus in the Humboldt Current System. The study found that egg development time and number of annual clutches decreased with increasing temperature. C. setosus females invested more energy per offspring at colder temperatures to provide hatchlings with more energy for their prolonged development. However, this investment did not carry over directly to larval traits. The species' high reproductive plasticity allows for its wide distribution but fishing pressure threatens populations. Strict enforcement of size limits and no-fishing zones are recommended.
Temperature effects on reproduction and early life-history traits in the brac...Sönke Fischer
This doctoral thesis examines the effects of temperature variation on the reproduction and early life history of the crab Cancer setosus along the Pacific coast of South America. The number of annual egg clutches varies from 1 per year in southern Chile to 3.6 per year farther north, depending on winter temperatures. Eggs produced at colder temperatures in the south contain more energy reserves, but females will produce smaller eggs if exposed to warmer conditions. Throughout egg development, more fatty acids are used metabolically at colder temperatures. This plasticity in reproduction allows the species to maintain populations over a wide range despite variable ocean conditions. However, uncontrolled fishing and lack of enforcement of size limits have caused catch declines, calling for stricter management
Spatial planning: towards a new approach in fisheries managementTommaso Russo
This document discusses spatial planning approaches to fisheries management. It notes that tracking devices like VMS have revolutionized the ability to monitor fishing activity in space and time. Several Italian research groups are working to develop spatially explicit models and tools to integrate these data into fisheries science and management. One such model is SMART, a bioeconomic model that simulates catches, revenues, costs and gains under different fishing effort scenarios to evaluate impacts on resources. The document examines case studies applying these approaches for species like hake and in areas like the Adriatic Sea.
The document discusses a metapopulation model for coral reef fish populations. It defines key concepts like patches that can be occupied or empty, local extinction rates, and dispersal between patches. The model considers patches that are reserves without fishing and patches that are fished. It assumes extinction is higher in fished patches. The model uses variables like the proportion of occupied reserve and fished patches. It shows reserves can prevent regional extinction by replenishing fished patches, thus enabling sustainable fishing. The simple model provides insights into how marine reserves can benefit fisheries through metapopulation dynamics.
This document describes a model of optimal resource extraction from a reservoir. The stock of water changes over time based on inflows and outflows. Water can be extracted and sold, while operating the reservoir has costs that depend on the extraction rate and water stock. The owner aims to maximize profits over time. The first-order conditions for the optimal extraction path are derived. The steady state and impact of changes are analyzed. Stability of the system and optimal extraction path over time are discussed using phase diagrams.
Populations and sustainability :- FisheriesDaniel Sandars
An hour long lecture on the role of Management and Operational Research in the governance of global fisheries. Global fisheries, like many open access natural resources, suffer for a tragedy of the commons effect. Population dynamic modelling can help provide the insights and understanding necessary to achieve sustainability.
This document provides 7 infographics summarizing the current state of ocean management in the Marlborough Sounds and Cook Strait of New Zealand. It finds a lack of scientific data on ocean flora and fauna, with commercial interests often prioritized over environmental protection. The infographics examine issues like protected species, aquaculture regulations, the impacts of climate change on salmon farming, and future strategic options for the industry. The document concludes with recommendations for improving ocean governance and management.
Greetings all,
This month’s newsletter is devoted to Data Assimilation and its techniques and progress for operational oceanography.
Gary Brassington is first introducing this newsletter with a paper telling us about the international summer school for “observing,
assimilating and forecasting the ocean” which will be held in Perth, Western Australia in 11-22 January 2010
(http://www.bom.gov.au/bluelink/summerschool/). The course curriculum will include topics covering the leading edge science in
ocean observing systems, as well as the latest methods and techniques for analysis, data assimilation and ocean modeling.
Scientific articles about Data Assimilation are then displayed as follows: The first article by Broquet et al. is dealing with Ocean
state and surface forcing correction using the ROMS-IS4DVAR Data Assimilation System. Then, Cosme et al. are describing the
SEEK smoother as a Data Assimilation scheme for oceanic reanalyses. The next article by Brankart et al. is displaying a synthetic
literature review on the following subject: Is there a simple way of controlling the forcing function of the Ocean? Then Ferry et al.
are telling us about Ocean-Atmosphere flux correction by Ocean Data Assimilation. The last article by Oke et al. is dealing with
Data Assimilation in the Australian BlueLink System.
The next October 2009 newsletter will review the current work on ocean biology and biogeochemistry.
We wish you a pleasant reading!
This document discusses the importance of scale reading for understanding salmon fisheries management on the River Tweed. Scale reading allows analysis of catch composition and trends over time. It shows which stocks and age classes are being caught each year and how catches depend on particular age groups. Scale reading data is collected and analyzed to understand geographical and temporal patterns. This helps assess current stock status by comparing to long-term trends. An example shows how scale reading revealed cycles in low spring salmon catches were linked to fewer fish of a particular age class five years prior, related to poor spawning conditions. Scale reading provides important insights for fisheries management.
Greetings all,
This month’s newsletter is devoted to ocean indices aiming at a better understanding of the state of the ocean climate. Ocean
climate indices can be linked to major patterns of climate variability and usually have a significant social impact. The estimation of
the ocean climate indices along with their uncertainty is thus crucial: It gives an indication of our ability to measure the ocean. It is
as well a useful tool for decision making. Ocean climate indices also provide an at-a-glance overview of the state of the ocean
climate, and a way to talk to a wider audience about the ocean observing system. Several groups of experts are now working on
various ocean indicators using ocean forecast models, satellite data and reanalysis models in observing system simulation
experiments, among which the OOPC, NOAA and MERSEA/Boss4Gmes communities for example:
http://ioc3.unesco.org/oopc/state_of_the_ocean/index.php
http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/cyclone/data/method.html
http://www.mersea.eu.org/Indicators-with-B4G.html
Scientific articles about Ocean indices in the present Newsletter are displayed as follows: The first article by Von Schuckmann et
al. is dealing with the estimation of global ocean indicators from a gridded hydrographic field. Then, Crosnier et al. are describing
the need to conduct intercomparison of model analyses and forecast in order for experts to provide a reliable scientific expertise
on ocean climate indicators. The next article by Coppini et al. is telling us about ocean indices computed from the Mediterranean
Forecasting System for the European Environment Agency and Boss4Gmes. Then Buarque et al. are revisiting the Tropical
Cyclone Heat Potential Index in order to better represent the ocean heat content that interacts with Hurricane. The last article by Greiner et al. is dealing with the assessment of robust ocean indicators and gives an example with oceanic predictors for the
Sahel precipitations.
The next July 2009 newsletter will review the current work on data assimilation and its techniques and progress for operational
oceanography.
We wish you a pleasant reading.
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Accident Up Ahead!
Listen to this text being read aloud by a human being by clicking on this link.
Answer questions #1 and #2 and then answer #3 or #4.
1. When an accident or disaster occurs, many people will panic or just stand there looking. Why do they react that way? (Answer using a short paragraph.)
2. What fears and doubts does Jody have to overcome as she works? What helps her to keep going? (Answer using two short paragraphs.)
3. Write a paragraph about an accident that you experienced as a victim, an observer, or the person who helped the victim.
or
4. As one of the Fortins or Jodouins, write a letter to Jody Stevens thanking her for what she did.
Accident Up Ahead!
JANICE TYRWHITT
THE NORTHBOUND BUS had scarcely left North Bay, Ontario, when-at 1:30 a.m. on Saturday, October 11, 1975-it came to an abrupt halt. Peering out the bus window at Highway 11, Jody Stevens saw a line of taillights stretching into the night. "There must be an accident up ahead," she said to her seatmate. "I had better get out and help." Jody, a young nurse from Toronto, was on her way home to spend Thanksgiving (and celebrate her twenty-fourth birthday) with her family in Timmins. An October drizzle soaked her shoulders as she trudged past a quarter mile of stopped traffic to an eerie scene. In the flickering light of Coleman lamps and road flares, she saw the two-lane highway spattered with blood. An old school bus converted into a camper lay on its side in the ditch. A hunter's pickup truck was stalled in the left lane, the bodies of two moose lolling grotesquely from the back. Off the right shoulder was a silver Mercedes-Benz with a smashed hood. In the lane between them a silent ring of people had gathered round a fourth vehicle-a blue 1973 Ford, a crumpled wreck, with four people in it.
"I think they're all dead," a burly man told Jody.
She caught her breath and thought, Well, Stevens, what do you do now? Jody had packed a lot of experience into the two years since her graduation as a registered nurse, most recently at the Toronto East General Hospital. She threw off her corduroy coat and crawled into the back seat of the crushed car.
While Jody was riding north, twenty-six-year-old Charles Jodouin, his wife Jeanne, and her parents Omer and Lucie Fortin, were driving south from Timmins to visit Jeanne's sister in Kingston. Despite the late hour, traffic in both directions was fairly heavy. They were less than three miles out of North Bay when, suddenly, the left rear wheel spun off an oncoming converted school bus: it flew straight into the grill of a pickup truck moving south just ahead of the Jodouins. Then, out of control, the camperbus skidded across the centre line and sideswiped the Jodouins' blue Ford. A split second later a brand-new Mercedes, travelling behind the camper, also slammed into the Jodouins.
Scrambling into the wrecked blue Ford, Jody found herself in a welter of blood and splintered glass. Trapped in the driver's se.
Access the annual report provided in Course Materials to complete .docxmehek4
Access
the annual report provided in Course Materials to complete the Financial Reporting Problem, Part 1 assignment due in Week Six.
Analyze
the information contained in the company’s balance sheet and income statement to answer the following questions:
·
Are the assets included under the company’s current assets listed in the proper order? Explain your answer.
·
How are the company’s assets classified?
·
What are cash equivalents?
·
What are the company’s total current liabilities at the end of its most recent annual reporting period?
·
What are the company’s total current liabilities at the end of the previous annual reporting period?
·
Considering all the information you have gathered, why might this information be important to potential creditors, investors, and employees?
Create a table to summarize any dollar value answers. Then Summarize
the analysis in a 700- to 1,050-word paper in a Microsoft
®
Word document.
Format
your paper and presentation consistent with APA guidelines.
.
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Accident Up Ahead!Listen to this text being read aloud by a hu.docxmehek4
Accident Up Ahead!
Listen to this text being read aloud by a human being by clicking on this link.
Answer questions #1 and #2 and then answer #3 or #4.
1. When an accident or disaster occurs, many people will panic or just stand there looking. Why do they react that way? (Answer using a short paragraph.)
2. What fears and doubts does Jody have to overcome as she works? What helps her to keep going? (Answer using two short paragraphs.)
3. Write a paragraph about an accident that you experienced as a victim, an observer, or the person who helped the victim.
or
4. As one of the Fortins or Jodouins, write a letter to Jody Stevens thanking her for what she did.
Accident Up Ahead!
JANICE TYRWHITT
THE NORTHBOUND BUS had scarcely left North Bay, Ontario, when-at 1:30 a.m. on Saturday, October 11, 1975-it came to an abrupt halt. Peering out the bus window at Highway 11, Jody Stevens saw a line of taillights stretching into the night. "There must be an accident up ahead," she said to her seatmate. "I had better get out and help." Jody, a young nurse from Toronto, was on her way home to spend Thanksgiving (and celebrate her twenty-fourth birthday) with her family in Timmins. An October drizzle soaked her shoulders as she trudged past a quarter mile of stopped traffic to an eerie scene. In the flickering light of Coleman lamps and road flares, she saw the two-lane highway spattered with blood. An old school bus converted into a camper lay on its side in the ditch. A hunter's pickup truck was stalled in the left lane, the bodies of two moose lolling grotesquely from the back. Off the right shoulder was a silver Mercedes-Benz with a smashed hood. In the lane between them a silent ring of people had gathered round a fourth vehicle-a blue 1973 Ford, a crumpled wreck, with four people in it.
"I think they're all dead," a burly man told Jody.
She caught her breath and thought, Well, Stevens, what do you do now? Jody had packed a lot of experience into the two years since her graduation as a registered nurse, most recently at the Toronto East General Hospital. She threw off her corduroy coat and crawled into the back seat of the crushed car.
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Access the annual report provided in Course Materials to complete .docxmehek4
Access
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Analyze
the information contained in the company’s balance sheet and income statement to answer the following questions:
·
Are the assets included under the company’s current assets listed in the proper order? Explain your answer.
·
How are the company’s assets classified?
·
What are cash equivalents?
·
What are the company’s total current liabilities at the end of its most recent annual reporting period?
·
What are the company’s total current liabilities at the end of the previous annual reporting period?
·
Considering all the information you have gathered, why might this information be important to potential creditors, investors, and employees?
Create a table to summarize any dollar value answers. Then Summarize
the analysis in a 700- to 1,050-word paper in a Microsoft
®
Word document.
Format
your paper and presentation consistent with APA guidelines.
.
Access the Internet to acquire a copy of the most recent annual re.docxmehek4
Access
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Analyze
the information contained in the company’s balance sheet and income statement to answer the following questions:
·
Are the assets included under the company’s current assets listed in the proper order? Explain your answer.
·
How are the company’s assets classified?
·
What are cash equivalents?
·
What are the company’s total current liabilities at the end of its most recent annual reporting period?
·
What are the company’s total current liabilities at the end of the previous annual reporting period?
·
Considering all the information you have gathered, why might this information be important to potential creditors, investors, and employees?
Summarize
the analysis in a 700- to 1,050-word paper in a Microsoft® Word document.
Include
a copy of the company’s balance sheet and income statement.
Format
your paper and presentation consistent with APA guidelines.
.
Acc 290 Final Exam MCQs) Which financial statement is used to de.docxmehek4
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- Basic accounting equations and debits and credits
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AC2760
Week 2 Assignment
Read the following scenario, and complete the form on the following worksheet:
On March 1, 2012, Mitch Quade established Mitch Realty, which completed the following transactions during the month:
(a)
Mitch Quade transferred cash from a personal bank account to an account to be used for the business in exchange for capital stock, $18,000.
(b)
Purchase supplies on account, $1,200.
(c)
Earned sales commission, receiving cash, $14,000.
(d)
Paid rent on office and equipment for the month, $2,800.
(e)
Paid creditor on account, $750.
(f)
Paid office salaries, $3,000.
Instructions:
1
Journalize entries for transactions (a) through (f).
Omit the journal entry explanations. Please use the drop-down list (right of the cell) to enter the account description box on the worksheet.
2
Post the journal entries the T accounts, placing the appropriate letter to the left of each amount to identify the transactions.
Determine the account balance after all posting is complete.
Accounts containing only a single entry do not need a balance.
3
Prepare and unadjusted trial balance as of March 31, 2012.
1.
Journal - Mitch Realty
Description
Debit
Credit
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
2.
Ledger - Mitch Realty
Cash
Capital Stock
(a)
(d)
(a)
(c)
(e)
(f)
Sales Commission
Bal.
(c)
Supplies
Office Salaries Expense
(b)
(f)
Accounts Payable
Rent Expense
(e)
(b)
(d)
Bal.
3.
MITCH REALTY
Unadjusted Trial Balance
March 31, 2012
Debit
Credit
Cash
Supplies
Accounts Payable
Capital Stock
Sales Commissions
Rent Expense
Office Salaries Expense
-
-
.
AC1220 Lab 5.1IntroductionJake determines that owning the .docxmehek4
AC1220 Lab 5.1
Introduction
Jake determines that owning the building where Jake’s Computer Sales and Repair operates makes more sense than leasing the facility. On June 1, 20x1, Jake exchanges a $180,000 note payable for the following fixed assets:
·
Land
·
Land improvements, including fencing, paving, lighting, and signage
·
Building
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Asset
Fair Market Value
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Land improvements
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Building
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Asset
Fair Market Value
Land
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Land improvements
8,000
Building
164,000
Total
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Asset
Fair Market Value
% of Total Fair Market Value
Purchase Price
Cost of Asset
Land
$23,500
12%
$180,000
$21,600
Land improvements
180,000
Building
180,000
Total
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Date
Account and Explanation
Debit
Credit
6/1/x1
To record purchase of land, land improvements, and building
Requirement 2
a. Classify each of the following spending items as either a capital expenditure or an expense. Indicate the correct choice with an “x”:
Spending
Capital Expenditure
Expense
Routine repairs to fencing, $120 (cash)
Renovation of building, including addition to warehouse, $15,000 (on account)
Resurfaced paving, extending the remaining useful life of the paving from 3 to 5 years, $1,000 (cash)
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Date
Account and Explanation
Debit
Credit
6/1/x1
To record repairs to fencing
6/1/x1
To record renovation of building
6/1/x1
To record extraordinary repair
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Date
Asset Cost
Depreciable Cost
Straight-line Depreciation Rate
Depreciation Expense
Accumulated Depreciation
Book Value
Jun 1, 20x1
1/5 x 6/12
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Date
Asset Cost
Depreciable Cost
Double-Declining Depreciation Rate
Depreciation Expense
Accumulated Depreciation
Book Value
Jun 1, 20x1
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Interpretation:
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How does discipline interface with sociology?
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How does discipline interface with sociology?
Sociology definition
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Interpretation:
Example:
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Abusive relationships are at the core of the Coetzee novel, whether .docxmehek4
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What sampling design is used?
Is the sample size adequate?
How does the sample affect the validity of the conclusions of the study?
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Abraham, J., Sick, B., Anderson, J., Berg, A., Dehmer, C., & Tufano, A. (2011).
Selecting a provider: What factors influence patients' decision making?
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Chullen, C. L., Dunford, B. B., Angermeier, I., Boss, R. W., & Boss, A. D. (2011).
Minimizing deviant behavior in healthcare organizations: The effects of supportive leadership and job design
.
Journal of Healthcare Management
,
55
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1.
What sampling design is used?
2.
Is the sample size adequate?
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ormal Commandfor each sentence)
.
Top of Form
1.
_______________
Ud. la cama. (hacer)
2.
______________ Uds. la mesa. (poner)
3.
______________
Ud. a tiempo. (salir)
4.
_____________
Uds. a la fiesta. (venir)
5.
_____________ Ud. la verdad. (decir)
6.
______________ Uds. a la fiesta. (ir)
7.
______________Ud. bueno. (ser)
8.
______________ Uds. la información. (saber)
9.
______________ Ud. en la clase a tiempo.
(estar)
10.
______________ Uds. respecto a sus profesores.
(dar)
11.
______________ Ud. a clase. (ir)
12.
______________ Uds. buenos. (ser)
13.
______________
Ud. el libro en la mochila. (poner)
14.
______________ Uds. de la casa a las ocho.
(salir)
15.
______________
Ud. a mi casa. (venir)
Bottom of Form
.
Abraham Lincoln is considered by many historians to be the greatest .docxmehek4
Abraham Lincoln is considered by many historians to be the greatest American President. His drive to end slavery and to unify the nation was at great personal cost. For this assignment, you will access two important primary sources authored by Abraham Lincoln.
Using the Internet, review the following primary source document:
[Lincoln, A.?]. [ca. 1863].
The Emancipation Proclamation
. Archived document, U.S. National Archives & Records Administration. Retrieved from
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/
emancipation_proclamation/transcript.html
In addition, research the Internet for
The Gettysburg Address.
The
Webliography
for this module contains a link to this resource.
Based on your analysis of all the readings for this module, respond to the following:
What is Lincoln’s perception of liberty and equality?
Why did he place so much importance on the destruction of slavery and the continuation of one nation?
What examples from both documents demonstrate both civil liberties and rights?
Support your statements with appropriate scholarly references.
Write your initial response in a minimum of 300 words. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.
.
About half of the paid lobbyists in Washington are former government.docxmehek4
About half of the paid lobbyists in Washington are former government staff members or former members of Congress. Why would interest groups employ such people? Why might some reformers want to limit the ability of interest groups to employ them? On what basis might an interest group argue that such limits are unconstitutional?
.
ABC sells 400 shares of its $23 par common stock for $27. The entry .docxmehek4
ABC sells 400 shares of its $23 par common stock for $27. The entry would entail credit(s. to __________.
A. Cash for $9,200
B. Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par-Common for $800; Common Stock for $10,800
C. Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par-Common for $1,600; Common Stock for $9,200
D. Common Stock for $10,800
.
ABC company is increasing its equity by selling additional shares to.docxmehek4
ABC company is increasing its equity by selling additional shares to the public and also by converting its retained earnings. The total amount to be raised is $1,000. Given that the size of retained earnings is $300, how much should be raised externally (by issuing new shares)?
a) $700 b) $705 c) $1,000 d) $1,005 e) $300
.
A.The unification of previously fractious and divided Arab tribes.docxmehek4
A.
The unification of previously fractious and divided Arab tribes
B.
The capitulation of Jewish and Christian leaders
C.
Direct military assistance from the Sasanid state
D.
The exhaustion of the Byzantine Empire after Pyrrhic victories over the Ostrogoths and Vandals
.
A.Escribe la forma correcta del verbo en españolNosotros siem.docxmehek4
A. Escribe la forma correcta del verbo en español
Nosotros siempre_____________coca cola con la pizza. (drink)
Tú ________________________________ en Buenos Aires. (live)
Ellos ______________________________el pastel. (divide)
Yo _________________________la comida mexicana. (eat)
Paco ________________________el dinero en la caja. (hides)
Vosotros __________________________estudiar. (should)
Ramón y Carlos _______________________en el parque. (run)
La maestra __________________________ la puerta. (opens)
Yo _______________________el cuatro de Pedro. (describe)
Él _________________________el carro. (sells)
Tú ___________________un regalo para tu cumpleaños. (receive)
Los estudiantes______________________el libro. (read)
Vosotros ________________________a la clase de arte. (attend)
Ella ___________________________hacer la tarea. (promises)
Alejandra y yo ___________________a hablar español. (learn)
El hombre ____________________descubre el tesoro. (discovers)
Uds. ________________________las escaleras. (go up, climb)
Ud. ________________________el examen. (cover)
El niño _________________________la ventana. (breaks)
Las mujeres_________________________en Dios. (believe)
Escribe en español
We drink milk. _________________________________________
He breaks the window.____________________________________
They open the door.______________________________________
You (pl. Spain) promise to write.____________________________
I learn to speak Spanish.___________________________________
Contesta las preguntas
¿Dónde vives?____________________________________________
¿Lees muchos libros?______________________________________
¿Comes mucha comida mexicana?____________________________
¿Debes estudiar todos los días?_______________________________
¿Recibes buenas notas en todas tus clases?______________________
.
A.Both countries fought for independence from Great Britain, b.docxmehek4
A
.
Both countries fought for independence from Great Britain, but the United States won, and China did not.
B
.
Both countries were colonized, but the United States went on to become a major imperial power, and China did not.
C
.
Both countries established colonies in India, but the United States established commercial control, and China did not.
D
.
Both countries established colonies in the Caribbean, but the United States’ colonies rebelled, and China’s did not.
.
a.A patent purchased from J. Miller on January 1, 2010, for a ca.docxmehek4
a.
A patent purchased from J. Miller on January 1, 2010, for a cash cost of $5,640. When purchased, the patent had an estimated life of fifteen years.
b.
A trademark was registered with the federal government for $10,000. Management estimated that the trademark could be worth as much as $200,000 because it has an indefinite life.
c.
Computer licensing rights were purchased on January 1, 2010, for $60,000. The rights are expected to have a four-year useful life to the company.
Compute the acquisition cost of each intangible asset.
patent
trademark
licensing rights
.
A.) Imagine that astronomers have discovered intelligent life in a n.docxmehek4
A.) Imagine that astronomers have discovered intelligent life in a nearby star system. Imagine you are part of a group submitting a proposal for who on Earth should speak for the planet and what 50-word message should be conveyed. Be sure to answer all three questions below, if you choose this option.
(A) Who should speak for Earth and why?
(B) What should this person say in 50 words?
(C) Why is this message the most important compared to other things that could be said?
Instructions: should be at least 200 words.
B.) Observing Jupiter’s Moons
Big Idea: Sky objects have properties, locations, and predictable patterns of movements that can be observed and described.
Goal: Students will conduct a series of inquiries about the position and motion of Jupiter’s moons using prescribed Internet simulations.
Computer Setup:
Access http://space.jpl.nasa.gov/ and
a) Select THE MOON in the “Show me _______ “ drop down menu
b) Select THE SUN in the “as seen from _______ “ drop down menu
c) Select the radio button “I want a field of view of ____ degrees” and set the drop down menu to 0.5
d) Select the check box for EXTRA BRIGHTNESS and then Select “Run Simulator”
Phase I: Exploration
1) The resulting image shows what one would see looking through a special telescope. In this picture, where is the observer with the special telescope located?
2) How does the image change if you INCREASE the field of view?
3) What is the exact date of the image?
4) Astronomers typically mark images based on the time it currently is in Greenwich, England, called UTC. What is the precise time of the image?
5) Using a ruler to measure the distance on the screen between the middle of Earth and the middle of the Moon, what is the measured distance? You do NOT need to know the exact number of kilometers, but simply a ruler-measurement you can compare other measurements you make later. Alternately, you can use the edge of a blank piece of paper held in the landscape orientation and mark the positions of Earth and Moon or the Squidgit ruler found on the last page.
6) Use the browser’s BACK button to return to the Solar System Simulator homepage. Now, advance the time by 1 hour and determine the new distance between the Earth and Moon.
7) Use the browser’s BACK button to return to the Solar System Simulator homepage. Now, advance the time by one day from when you started and determine the new distance between the Earth and Moon.
8) Use the browser’s BACK button to return to the Solar System Simulator homepage. Now, advance the time by three days from when you started and determine the new distance between the Earth and Moon.
9) Use the browser’s BACK button to return to the Solar System Simulator homepage. Now, advance the time by five days from when you started and determine the new distance between the Earth and Moon.
10) Use the browser’s BACK button to return to the Solar System Simulator homepage. Now, advance the time by 10 days from when you s.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Dynamics of an Open Access FisheryTrond Bjørndal; Jon .docx
1. The Dynamics of an Open Access Fishery
Trond Bjørndal; Jon M. Conrad
The Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue canadienne
d'Economique, Vol. 20, No. 1. (Feb.,
1987), pp. 74-85.
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The dynamics of an open access fishery
TROND BJBRNDAL Norwegian School of Economics
JON M. CONRAD Cornell University
Abstract. A discrete time non-linear deterministic model for an
open access fishery is
developed and the equilibrium is characterized. The open access
exploitation of North
Sea herring during the period 1963-77 is analysed. Alternative
production functions are
considered and estimated for the Nonvegian purse seine fishery.
The bionomic
3. equilibrium and approach dynamics are presented when prices
and costs are changing.
The results indicate that the resource stock was saved from
possible extinction by the
closure of the fishery at the end of the 1977 season.
Sur la dynumique d'une zone de pgches quund l'entrke est libre.
Les auteurs developpent
un modele deterministe non-lineaire en temps discret d'une zone
de p&ches ou l'entree
est libre et definissent les caracteristiques de l'equilibre.
L'exploitation du hareng de la
Mer du Nord qui s'est faite sans entraves B l'entrte pendant la
periode 1963-1977 est
analysee avec ce modele. Des fonctions de production de
rechange sont examinees et
calibrkes pour la p&che B l'essaugue par la flotte norvegienne.
L'kquilibre bionomique
et la dynarnique de l'approche A cet Cquilibre sont examines
dans un univers ou les p i x et
les cofits sont changeants. Les resultats de l'analyse montrent
que le stock de ressource a
echappe a la dispasition possible gr%ce a la fesmeture de la
zone de phhes a la fin de la
saison de 1977.
INTRODUCTION
Open access exploitation of common property fish resources
frequently causes
severe stock depletion. Indeed, the question whether open
access may cause
stock extinction has been analysed by several authors (Smith,
1968 and 1975;
Berck, 1979; Hartwick, 1982). Moreover, as Smith (1968) has
pointed out,
4. although stock equilibrium under open access may be positive,
the stock may
be driven to extinction along the path of adjustment. Stock
equilibrium
may also be stable and positive with fixed prices and
technology and still drift
towards extinction over time, since these fixed variables drift in
the long run.
Canadian Journal of Econormcs Relue canadienne
d'Economique, xx. No. 1
February fkvrier 1987 Printed In Canada Imprimk au Canada
0008-4085 / 87 / 74-85 $1.50 @ Canadian Economics
Association
Dynamics qf a11 open access J l h e r y 75
With the exception of Wilen (1 976) the work on the dynamics
of open access
or free entry fisheries is mainly theoretical. The purpose of this
paper is to
provide an empirical application, based on the North Sea
herring fishery, with
special reference to the question of stock extinction under open
access. Herring
is a schooling species. The schooling behaviour has permitted
the development
of very effective harvesting techniques. With modern fish-
finding equipment,
harvesting can remain profitable even at low stock levels. Open
access
exploitation of a number of schooling species has caused severe
stock depletion
5. (Murphy, 1977). The question of possible stock extinction thus
takes on special
importance for schooling species.
In the second section we shall develop a deterministic model for
an open
access fishery based on Smith (1968) and give a
characterization of open access
equilibrium. In the following section open access exploitation
of North Sea
herring during the period 1963-77 will be analysed. Alternative
production
functions are considered and estimated for the Norwegian purse
seine fishery.
The bionomic equilibrium and approach dynamics are presented
when prices
and costs are changing. Finally, the work is summarized and
some policy
implications are discussed.
THE OPEN ACCESS MODEL
In this section we construct a simple open access model to
discuss steady state
(equilibrium) conditions and system dynamics. The model will
be specified in
discrete time as a system of difference equations. Tinie is
partitioned into
annual increments, a procedure consistent with the data used to
estimate
production and growth functions and the equation for capital
(vessel)
dynamics. It is also consistent with the observation that vessel
owners are
reluctant to incur the cost of regearing once a decision has been
made to enter
6. the herring fishery which, in the North Sea, has a seasoil
running from May
until September. While the steady state equilibria for
differential equation
systems and their difference-equation analogues are usually
equivalent, the
stability and thus approach dynamics can be qualitatively
different.
The distinction becomes more than a mathematical curiosity in
resource
systems, where discrete-time and possibly lagged adjustment to
biological and
economic conditions can lead to overshoot and greater potential
for
overharvest and possibly species extinction.
The model presumes an industry production function
where Y, is yield (harvest) in year t , Kt are the number of
vessels in the fishery
during year t , and St is the fishable stock at the beginning of
year t.
The number of vessels, Kt, may be a crude measure of actual
fishing effort.
In demersal fisheries the best measure might be the volume of
water 'screened'
by nets during the season (Clark, 1985). However, in a fishery
on a schooling
76 Trond Bjorndal and Jon M. Conrad
species like herring, search for schools of herring is of
predominant importance.
7. Accordingly, in such fisheries the number of participating
vessels may be an
appropriate measure of effort.
For schooling stocks, like herring, there is some question as to
'elasticity' of
yield with respect to stock size, St. If as a population declines it
continues to
concentrate in (fewer) schools of the same approximate size,
and if these
schools can be located with relative ease by electronic search,
then yield may be
essentially determined by effort, independent of stock, until the
population
declines to a small number of schools. If this were the case, the
produc-
tion function H ( . ) might depend strictly on Kt, and catch per
unit effort, often
used to estimate stock, would not predict the collapse of the
fishery (Clark and
Mangel, 1979; Ulltang, 1980).
Assuming that vessel numbers are an appropriate measure of
effort and that
yield is stock dependent, the standard open access model
proceeds by defining
industry profit (net revenue) in year t as
where p and c are the per unit price for yield and cost per
vessel, respectively.
Two additional assumptions are implicit in equation (2). First,
the fishery must
be one of several sources of the species in question; otherwise
price would
depend on yield, that is, p, = p ( y ) where p(.) is an inverse
demand function.
8. Cost per vessel is also assumed given. Second, the unit prices
and costs are
assumed constant through time. Neither assumption is likely to
hold in 'real
world' fisheries, but their maintenance permits the estimation of
an open access
or bionomic equilibrium, which may give an indication of the
extent of
overfishing.
Vessels are assumed to enter a profitable fishery and exit an
unprofitable
fishery according to
where n > 0 is an adjustment parameter (unit: vessels/$). With n
positive, it
will be the case that (a) K t + , > K, if m, > 0; (b) K t + , < K,
if a, < 0;
and (c) K t + , = K, if a = 0. It is possible that the rates of entry
and exit may
differ, in which case n' might apply if a, > 0 and n might apply
if a, < 0
where n + , n- > 0, M + * n-.
Finally, the resource stock is assumed to adjust according to
where F(S,) is a net natural growth function. It is often assumed
that there
exist stock levels S and S where F(S) = F(S) = 0, F(S) < 0 for 0
< S < S,
F ( S ) > 0 for S < S < 3, and F ( S ) < 0 for S > 3.
Taken together equations (3) and (4) constitute a dynamical
system (or an
iterative map). More specifically, with given values for Soand
KO the system
9. Dynamics of an open access fishery 77
can be iterated forward in time. The trajectory (St, Kt) may be
plotted in
phase-space. A stationary point (S, K ) is one for which K t + ,
= Kt = K and
S ~ + I= St = S for all future t . Such a point must satisfy K =
pH(K, S ) / c
and N ( K , S ) = F(S).
For the Gordon-Schaefer model (Clark, 1976) where F(S,) = r S
t ( l - S t /L )
and N ( K , , S,) = qK,S,, the differential equation system takes
the form
where r is the intrinsic growth rate, L is the environmental
carrying capac-
ity. and q is the catchability coefficient. The system has an
equilibrium at
S, = c / ( p q ) and K, = r ( l - S,/L)/q, whlch is the focus of a
stable spiral
(see figure la). The difference equation analogue might be
written
and is capable of more complex behaviour, including limit
cycles (see
figure lb)!
T H E N O R T H SEA H E R R I N G F I S I I E R Y 1963-
77
The North Sea herring fishery takes place in the central and
northern North
10. Sea, with the main season in the months May to September. In
the present case
study data for the Norwegian purse seine fleet will be used to
estimate
production functions and vessel dynamics. The fishery, utilizing
this technolo-
gy, started in 1963. In the middle of the 1970s, however, the
stock was severely
depleted under an open access regime and the fishery war;
closed at the end of
1977. Severe regulations have been in effect ever since to allow
the stock to
recover.
Table 1 contains data on stock size, Norwegian purse seine
harvest and the
number of Norwegian purse seiners for the period 1963-77.
Other countries
(Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, and the United Kingdom)
were also
harvesting the herring stock using a variety of gear, including
single and pair
1 For system (6) with S, == c l ( p q ) > 0 and K , = r(1 -
S,IL)Iq > O the open access
equilibrium is stable (a node or spiral) and limit cycles are
precluded by the Rendixon-du
Lac test (see Clark. 1976, 2 0 3 4 ) . For the difference
equations in system (7). simulation for
p = 1.000, r == 3,000, q = 3.8 X l o r 5 , n = 0.0001, r = 0.5,
and L = 250,000 from
So = 250,000 and KO = 1,000, results in a convergent spiral.
Changing n to 0.000175 leads
to a limit cycle and with n = 0.000175 and r = 2.6. ceteris
paribus, an invariant circle is
obtained. The difference equation system, with its inherent lag,
11. is capable of ~ n u c h more
complex, possibly 'chaotic' behaviour.
78 Trond Bj~jrndal and Jon M. Conrad
F I G U R E l a : Phase plane analysis of system (6). The point
(S,, KW) is the focus of a stablc
spiral.
F I G U R E Ib: Phase plane analysis of system (7). The point
(S,. ti,) is the focus of a lirnit cyclc.
Dj~nurnicsoj' at7 open uccess flfi'slzerv 79
North Sea hcrritig stock. Not~bcglan pursc seine harvest, and
the t~unlber o f N o s w e g i a ~ ~pursc
seiners
Stock aizc Norwegian lian~est Number of participating
Year S,(tonnes) 1; (tonties) p u r c heinel. K ,
trawl and drift nets. After 1963, however, the purse seine
technology became
the dominant gear, and lacking data on the number and harvest
of other gear
types, we used the Norwegian purse seine data to estimate
parameters for
several alternative production forms. The stock estimates ( S ,
)were obtained by
virtual population analysis (Ricker, 1975). Unrestricted or.s
regressions were
run, and table 2 shows four estimating equations (a)(iHd)(i) and
12. four
associated production functions (a)(iiHd)(ii). The exponents on
K, in (a)(ii)
and (b)(ii) would indicate a yield/vessel elasticity greater than
one. This is
presumably the result of economies of scale in searching for
schools of herring,
since inforlnation about locations of schools tends to be shared
between boats
in this fishery. The yield-stock elasticity in (b)(ii) and (d)(ii)
are both
significantly positive and less than one. Thus, as stock declines,
catch per vessel
will decline and there will be a stock-dependent incentive to
exit from the
industry, as indicated by the rather rapid departure of
Norwegian purse seiners
from the fishery after 1968. The relnaining vessels, however,
seemed more than
adequate to continue harvest in excess of natural growth and
recruitment, and
from inspection of table 1 it is still not clear whether exit would
have been
rapid enough for the stock to increase.
The expression for profits was specified as
where c, = e,?, + j,; e, is the average number of days spent
fishing herring, ZI is
the operating cost per day in year r , a n d j , are the fixed and
opportunity costs
incurred during the herring season.
80 Trend [email protected] and Jon M. Conrad
13. Estimates of production function parameters for the Norwegian
purse seine fleet: all regressions oLs
with r-statistics in parentheses"
( b ) ( i ) In = -2.7876 + 1.3556 In ti, -t 0.5621 In S , (adjusted
R2 = 0.96)
(2.11 ) (16.39) (5.84)
( i i ) I; = 0.O6157ti,' 3 5 h . ~ , " "'
( c ) ( i ) In ( S , - 1 ; ) = -0.5683" + 1.0398' In .TI - 0.001 1
ti, (adjusted R' = 0.99)
( 1.29) (30.81) (3.74)
( i i ) k; = <S,(I - cJ itcalin;1
( d ) ( i ) In ( );/ti,) = - 1.6718"+ 0.6086 In S, (adjusted R' =
0.54)
(0.84) ( 4 16)
( i i ) 7; = .s,"""K,
" Autocorrelation Lvas indicated only in cquatiotlh ( a ) and ( d
) . First-order correction did not
significantly alter the magnitude of the estimated coefficients.
Two-stage least squares did
not indicate the presence of simultaneous equations bias which
can occur if estimates of S, are
bahed o n current period harvest. This is leas of a problem
when stock estimates are obtained by
virtual population analysis.
" Not slgnificantl! diffcrcnt from zero: parameter assumed to be
zero in the associated production
function.
14. Not significantly different from 1.00: parameter set equal to one
in the associated production
function.
Vessel dynamics were assumed to occur according to
Equation (9) assumes that entry or exit will depend on the sign
of normalized
profit per boat. This form was employed to take advantage of
previous analysis
by Bj~lrndal and Conrad (1985). Estimates of n ranged between
0.08 and
0.10.
A discrete-time analogue to the logistic growth function might
be written
as
where estimates of r and L were 0.8 and 3.2 X lo6 metric
tonnes. Equation (10)
is an approximation to a more complex delay-difference
equation discussed in
Bjorndal (1984).
Of the four production models the Cobb-Douglas form = a ~ , h
~ , " ,
resulted in the most plausible values for the bionomic
equilibrium and open
access dynamics. The open access system may be written as
Dynumics o f an open uccess jishery 8 1
TABLE 3
15. Costs ( p e r eason per vessel) and herring price (per tonne):
figures in Norwegian kroticru
Year ( ' I h
" Price figures have been adjusted by a factor of 0.6, which
represents the boat owner's share of
income. Costs cover only costs incurred by the boatowtier.
S O U K C ~ S :p,: The Directorate of Fisheries, Norway
c,: The Budget Committee for the Fishing Industl-1. Norway
If c, = c and p, = p , then one obtains the following equations
for the
bionomic equilibrium
While it is not possible to solve for explicit expressions for S ,
and K,, it is
possible to solve for S , and K, numerically. By making an
initial guess for
K,, the first equation in (12) provides a value for S,.
Substituting t h s value
into the second equation one obtains a value for K,, consistent
with growth
and yield. Calling the initial guess Z,, one can evaluate /Z, -
K,l. If this is
not within an arbitrary E , readjust the guess according to Z , =
(Z, + K,)/2.
This process will converge to the bionomic equilibrium from
above or
below K,.
During the period 1963-77 prices and costs were changing as
indicated in
table 3. If the 1975 values of c = 556,580 and p = 735 (both in
Norwegian
16. kroner) were somehow fixed into the future and all other
parameters remained
unchanged, then the bionomic equilibrium is calculated at S , =
430,191
(tonnes), K, = 393 (boats), and Y , = 297,887 (tonnes). When c,
and p, are
allowed to vary as per table 3, the time paths for S , and K, are
given in table 4
82 Trond B j ~ r n d a l and Jon M. Conrad
TABLE 4
Rionomic equilibrium and open access dynamics
Oprl? cic.cess dytlcimic~
With cr and as given in table 3. S,, = 2.325.000. KO = 120. then
Year Sr k', Y
' After 1972 harvest exceed5 S r but 17or S r plus growth.
This is possible, since growth to the
resource occurs before harvesting (see equation for St.+,,
above).
and plotted in phase-space in figure 2. The values for K, might
be interpreted as
an estimate of 'purse seine equivalents' fishing herring in the
entire North Sea.
Thus K, is larger than the number of Norwegian purse seiners
that participated
in the fishery during the period. The stock actually increases
17. until 1965 and
then decreases monotonically. The estimates of the herring
stock in table 1 are
a bit more ragged, lower than the simulated estimates until 1973
and higher
thereafter. Of particular interest is the overshoot 'past' the 1975-
based
bionomic equilibrium and the continued decline in stock. In
contrast to the
results of Wilen, there is no increase in the stock and the 'first
loop' of a
convergent spiral has not been completed.
In 1977 Norway and the EEC agreed to close the fishery. There
are no official
Dyrzamics of an open uccess f z s h e ~ 83
HERRING STOCK (million tonnes)
F I G C J R E2. Sirnulatiotl of North Sea herring fisher:
prices nor data to estimate costs after this year. One can only
speculate what
the future evolution of stock and vessel numbers would have
been. It seems
entirely plausible that with declining harvest, relative price
increases would
have exceeded relative cost increases with species extinction
the result. If the
price in 1978 were increased to 2,000 NoK/metric tonne and
costs held steady,
the species 'simulates' to extinction in 1983. IJnder the
moratorium which
lasted until 1981 the stock was allowed to recover, and fisheries
18. scientists
estimated the 1983 stock level at 600,000 metric tonnes.
CONCL,USIONS A N D POLICY IMPLICATIONS
In the empirical analysis of open access systems it is important
to note that
84 Trond B j ~ r n d a l and Jon M. Conrad
non-linear difference equations, with or without longer lags, are
capable of
more complex dynamic behaviour than their continuous-time
(differential
equation) analogues. The lag in adjustment by both the
exploited species and
the harvesters themselves is often a more accurate depiction of
dynamics,
and the differential equation systems are best viewed as
theoretical approxima-
tions.
If adjustment in an open access system is discrete, there is a
greater
likelihood of overshoot, severe depletion, and possibly
extinction. When
discrete adjustment takes place in a system where the species
exhibits
schooling, declining stocks may fail to reduce profits rapidly
enough to turn the
critical 'first corner' in an approach to bionomic equilibrium.
The fact that
the economic and natural environments are subject to
fluctuations places
19. greater importance on modelling the dynamics of non-
autonomous systems as
opposed to the calculation of equilibria based on long-run or
average values.
The analysis of the North Sea herring fishery would seem to
support many
of the above points. During the 1963-77 period the resource (1)
was subject to
open access exploitation by Norway and members of the EEC;
(2) exhibited a
weak yield-stock elasticity (because of schooling) which failed
to encourage
a rapid enough exit of vessels from the fishery; and (3) was
saved from more
severe overfishing and possibly extinction by the closure of the
fishery at the
end of the 1977 season.
Recent analysis by Bjorndal (1985) indicates that the optimal
stock level is
likely to be in the range 1.0-1.4 million tonnes, supporting a
harvest of
550,00M00,000 tonnes. With the recovery of the resource, the
stock might be
initially managed through a system of internationally assigned
but inhanation-
ally transferable quotas. In the longer run a system allowing
fisheries managers
from one country to purchase or lease the quota rights of
another should
permit the total allowable catch (TAC) to be harvested at least
cost. The theory
and institutions for the management of transboundary resources
are still at an
early stage of development, but likely to be of critical
20. importance if the value of
fisheries resources are to be maximized among coastal
countries.
Berck, P. (1979) 'Open access and extinction.' Econometrica 47,
877-82
Bjsrndal, T. (1984) 'The optimal management of an ocean
fishery.' Unpublished PH D
dissertation, Department of Economics, University of British
Columbia
-(1985), 'The optimal management of North Sea herring.'
Working Paper
No. 2/ 1985, Centre for Applied Research, Norwegian School of
Economics and
Business Administration, Bergen
Bjsrndal, T. and J.M. Conrad (1985) 'Capital dynamics in the
North Sea herring
fishery.' Working Paper No. 01/85, Institute of Fisheries
Economics, Norwegian
School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen
Clark, C.W. (1976) Mathematical Bioeconomics: The Optimal
Management of
Renewable Resources (New York: Wiley)
-(1982) 'Concentration profiles and the production and
management of marine
fisheries.' I n W. Eichhorn, et al. eds, ficotlomic Theoty o f
'Natural Resources
(Wiirzburg: Physica Verlag)
21. -(1985) Bioeconomic Modelling and Fisheries Management
(New York: Wiley)
Clark, C.W. and M. Mangel (1979) 'Aggregation and fishery
dynamics: a theoretical
study of schooling and the purse seine tuna fisheries.' Fi.shery
Bulletin 77, 317-37
Hartwick, J.M. (1982) 'Free access and the dynamics of the
fishery.' I n L.J. Mirman
and D.F. Spulber, eds, E.rsays in the Economics of'Rer~ewable
Resources
(Amsterdam, New York, Oxford: North-Holland)
Murphy, G.I. (1977) 'Clupeids' I n J.A. Gulland, ed., Fish
Populatron Dynanlrts (New
York: Wiley)
h c k e r , W.E. (1975) Computation and Ir~terprerarion of
Biological Statistrcs o f f i s h
Populations (Ottawa: Environment Canada)
Smith, V.L. (1968) 'Economics of production from natural
resources.' Anlerican
Econonzic Review 58. 409---3 1
-(1975) 'The primitive hunter culture. Pleistocene extinction,
and the rise of agricul-
ture.' Journal of Polrtrcal Economy 83, 727--55
Ulltang, 0 . (1980) 'Factors affecting the reactions of pelagic:
fish stocks to exploita-
tion and requiring a new approach to assessment and
management.' Kapp. P.-l/:
Rbun. Cons. Int. Eixplor. Mer. 177, 489--504
22. Wilen, J.E. (1976) 'Common property resources and the
dynamics of over-exploita-
tion: the case of the North Pacific ful seal.' Paper No. 3 in the
Programme in
Resource Economics. Department of Economics, University of
British Columbia
You have printed the following article:
The Dynamics of an Open Access Fishery
Trond Bjørndal; Jon M. Conrad
The Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue canadienne
d'Economique, Vol. 20, No. 1. (Feb.,
1987), pp. 74-85.
Stable URL:
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0008-
4085%28198702%2920%3A1%3C74%3ATDOAOA%3E2.0.CO
%3B2-0
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References
Open Access and Extinction
Peter Berck
Econometrica, Vol. 47, No. 4. (Jul., 1979), pp. 877-882.
Stable URL:
23. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0012-
9682%28197907%2947%3A4%3C877%3AOAAE%3E2.0.CO%3
B2-B
Economics of Production from Natural Resources
Vernon L. Smith
The American Economic Review, Vol. 58, No. 3, Part 1. (Jun.,
1968), pp. 409-431.
Stable URL:
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-
8282%28196806%2958%3A3%3C409%3AEOPFNR%3E2.0.CO
%3B2-3
The Primitive Hunter Culture, Pleistocene Extinction, and the
Rise of Agriculture
Vernon L. Smith
The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 83, No. 4. (Aug., 1975),
pp. 727-756.
Stable URL:
http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-
3808%28197508%2983%3A4%3C727%3ATPHCPE%3E2.0.CO
%3B2-H
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1
Problem Set 6
Renewable Resources
Part 1. Article Review
Bjorndal and Conrad wrote an article entitled “The dynamics of
an open access fishery” in the
Canadian Journal of Economics vol 20 issue1, pages 74-85. The
article describes the dynamics
of the North Sea herring fishery during the 1960s and 1970s.
The fishery was in open access.
The boats used are called “purse seiners” (their nets look like a
big purse). Please refer to this
article in answering the questions in Part 1. You do not need to
read everything in the article to
answer the questions below but you will find it helpful. You can
download the article on the
class webpage.
1. Set up an Excel spreadsheet to plot capital (K - the number of
vessels) as a function of the size
of herring stock (S) for the years 1963-1977 using Table 1.
Entitle sheet 1 and your graph, “real
data”. Explain the biological dynamics and the vessel dynamics
25. in detail.
2. We can write the dynamic system representing the fishery
with the two difference equations:
Kt+1=Kt+nπt/(ptKt) where πt = ptYt – ctKt
St+1=St+rSt(1-St/L)-Yt.
Let us assume the same parameters as in the text:
L = 3,200,000; n = 0.1; r = 0.8 and the starting values S0 =
2,325,000 and K0=120.
Use the production function, Yt, specified in Table 2 equation
(a)(ii). On sheet 2 of your excel
spreadsheet, simulate stock size (S) , fleet size (K) and harvest
(Y) using the dynamic system
above for the years 1963-1977 along with cost per vessel and
price of herring from Table 3. Plot
capital as a function of the herring stock. Entitle the sheet 2 and
your graph “simulated a”.
Copy this sheet on sheet 3 but change the production function to
the specification in (b)(ii). Call
this sheet and your graph “simulated b”. Do the same thing in
two more sheets using the two
remaining production functions: (c)(ii) and (d)(ii) and call them
“simulated c” and “simulated d,”
respectively. Identify the production function that gives a
simulated result that most closely
follows the real data by writing “Best Fit” beside the graph
title.
3. Let us assume that starting from 1978 onwards the price of
herring and cost of vessels are
fixed at p=2000 and c = 857000, respectively. On sheet 6 of
your spreadsheet, simulate stock
26. size, fleet size and harvest for years 1963-2000 using the
production function that best fits the
data and graph your results. Plot capital as a function of the
herring stock and entitle sheet 6 and
your graph as “forecasted data.” Describe what happens to stock
and capital. Write your response
in sheet 6.
2
Part 2. Solver analysis
Your uncle plans to invest in the tuna fishery for the coming 15
years. The natural growth
function of the tuna population (Xt) is rXtln(K/Xt). Your uncle
could use up to 2 fishing boat the
first 5 years, up to 4 boats the following 5 years and up to 6
boats the final 5 years. The amount
of tuna caught during a season (Yt) is a function of the number
of boats he decides to use (Et) and
Xt according to Yt=qEtXt. The season market price (p) depends
on the quantity harvested:
pt=a/(1+Yt). The seasonal fishing cost per boat increase with,
Et, the total number of boats used
this season: c=b ln(1+Et). Finally, no matter how many tunas
your uncle catches, he has to leave
some fish behind when he withdraws from the fishery after 15
years. Note, however, that he does
not value any of the remaining stock. Assume that the discount
rate, δ, is equal to 0.10 and the
following parameter values: a = 200, b = 10, q = 0.2, X0 = 5, r
= 1.8 and K = 50.
27. Setup the problem in sheet 7 using an initial guess of 0 for all
Et. How many boats should he use
each season? To answer this, copy everything into sheet 8 and
use solver to derive the optimal
number of boats. In the same sheet, plot Xt and Et as a function
of time on separate graphs.
Entitle your graphs, stock over time and effort over time
respectively. How much should your
uncle invest? (write your answer in the same sheet).
Hint: You cannot use ½ or 0.667 boats. Think integers!
Note: Save the answers and send them to: [email protected] and
[email protected] by
Nov 18, 2pm. See syllabus for penalty due to late submissions.
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]