The document summarizes key themes in the play "The Duchess of Malfi" including corruption, disguise, fertile womanhood, the perversion of justice, class and rank, and the costs of evil. It notes how characters like the Duchess are associated with light while her brothers are associated with darkness and sin. It also discusses important symbols in the play like poison, disease, and blood.
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Dramas staged between 1660 and 1700 are called ‘Restoration Dramas’. The dramatic literature of the period was dominated by comedies called ‘Comedy of manners’. Actually ‘Restoration Comedy’ is used as a synonym for “Comedy of Manners”. The plot of the comedy, often concerned with scandal, was traditionally less important than its witty dialogues.
The comedy of manners was first developed in the new comedy of the Ancient Greek Playwright Menander. His style, elaborate plots, and stock characters were imitated by the Roman playwrights Plautus and Terence, whose comedies were widely known and copied during the Renaissance. The best-known comedies of manners, however, may well be those of the French playwright Moliere.
Oscar Wilde and William Congreve are the most celebrated authors of ‘Comedy of Manners’.
This presentation is a part of my academic presentation of The Renaissance literature Semester 1 of Department English MA English, MKBU and it is submitted to Prof. Dr. Dilip Barad Sir.
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it includes understanding of humor and satire, in chaucer's work, including examples with reference to the canterbury tales, also critics views on satire and humor of chaucer.
The play 'Arms and the Man' begins in the bedroom of Raina Petkoff in a Bulgarian town in 1885.it was the time of Serbo-Bulgarian War. As the play opens, Catherine Petkoff and her daughter, Raina, have just heard that the Bulgarians have scored a tremendous victory in a cavalry charge led by Raina's fiancé, Major Sergius Saranoff, who is in the same regiment as Raina's father, Major Paul Petkoff. Raina is so impressed with the noble deeds of her fiancé that she fears that she might never be able to live up to his nobility..-----------
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1. The Duchess of Malfi
ENG 232: English Drama from Marlowe to Congreve
Gobindo Deb
Lecturer
Department of English
Hamdard University Bangladesh
2. Themes
• Corruption as Hell on Earth
- Literal and figurative darkness
- Characters associated with light- the duchess
- Characters associated with motifs of darkness, fire, the devil and sin
- Unleashed hell on Earth is mostly appeared in act 4, by her brothers.
- Ferdinand’s association with fire- He condemns the duchess as
“whore’s blood”. He imagines killing her children by having them
“burnt in a coal-pit”, lighting “them like a match” after dipping them
in “Sulphur”.
3. - Antonio says “the devil speaks in the Cardinal’s lips”
- Bosola describes Ferdinand’s manipulation as “Thus the devil, candies
all sins o’er.”
- Ferdinand lastly says “Like diamonds, we are cut with our own dust”
Ferdinand goes mad, the Cardinal loses all hopes and both die leaving
no legacy behind them.
The hell they created in the end destroyed them.
4. • Disguise
- Masking reality, hiding one’s true intentions, presenting a false front.
- Bosola and The Duchess
Bosola: what he says is different from how he acts. As a spy he must
disguise his motives and true feelings but he is aware of his sinful
nature- showing disgust for the tact of disguising. He is reluctant to take
on the role of spy as he notes “the devil/candies all sin o’er.”
The Duchess: hiding her true intentions from others.
- First appearance “I’ll never marry”
- Then get married with Antonio
- Managing to have three children hiding from her brothers.
5. • Fertile Womanhood
- Evil in The Duchess of Malfi is not all powerful and pervasive force
that manages to destroy almost all that is good. (The Duchess’ first
child is alive-symbol of fertile and reproductive female)
- Here her children are not the result of wanton lust or all consuming
lust, believed by her brothers. Rather it’s the result of loving creation
of family.
- Antonio berates,Cariola for wanting to stay single, arguing that in
Ovid’s Metamorphoses, those women who scorned love and lovers
were turned into barren plants or stone, while those who married
become fruitful trees, bestowing gifts to the world.
6. • The perversion of justice
- Justice fails completely as a force for good; instead it is corrupted into a tool for Ferdinand and the Cardinal.
- Delio says “ Then the law to him
Is like a foul black cobweb to a spider
He makes it his dwelling, and a prison
To entangle those shall feed him.
- After killing The Duchess Ferdinand says “Did any ceremonial form of law/ Doom her to not being?”. He
thinks the Duchess’s murder as an officially sanctioned act. He describes himself as “the common
Bellman/That usually is sent to condemned persons”, as if she had actually been condemned by a judge or
jury. When Ferdinand disabuses this notion by arguing he holds no authority with which to condemn the
Duchess to death, Bosola says “The office of justice is perverted quite/When one thief hangs another”
7. • Class and Rank
- The Duchess’s fight for the idea that a man’s worth is reflected by his
actions and character, not by his title or rank. Her marriage is a happy
one.
- Her brothers’ disgust about her marriage for lower class/title/rank
- Cardinal asks “Shall our blood/The royal blood of Aragon and Castle/
Be thus attained?”
• The costs of Evil
- Destruction
- All the characters who employ evil in the play ultimately pay for it
with more than simply their lives.
8. Symbols
• Poison
- Tool of the corrupt government and symbol of corruption itself.
• Disease
- The Duchess’s pregnancy
- Ferdinand’s lycanthropia
Manifestation of some inward guilt, sin and secret.
• Blood
- Violence
- Status and family in society (Antonio and the Duchess)
- Humours (blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm)
Ferdinand’s last speech “ Whether we fall by ambition, blood or lust,/ Like diamonds we are
cut with our own dust.”
