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2. Jawarlal NehruJawarlal Nehru
Ally of Gandhi.Ally of Gandhi.
11stst
Prime MinisterPrime Minister
of India,of India,
1947-1964.1947-1964.
AdvocatedAdvocated
Industrialization.Industrialization.
Promoted “GreenPromoted “Green
Revolution”.Revolution”.
Mixed Economy.Mixed Economy.
Nonaligned Movement.Nonaligned Movement.
3. The “mix” refers to private andThe “mix” refers to private and
public ownership.public ownership.
Foreign aid and foreign investmentForeign aid and foreign investment
are crucial.are crucial.
Urban areas have high-techUrban areas have high-tech
companies.companies.
Three quarters of the population areThree quarters of the population are
farmers living in small villages.farmers living in small villages.
India'sIndia's "Green Revolution""Green Revolution" allowedallowed
farmers to triple their crop by usingfarmers to triple their crop by using
India’s “mixed economy”India’s “mixed economy”
4. India’s “Green Revolution”India’s “Green Revolution”
Introducing higher-Introducing higher-
yielding varieties ofyielding varieties of
seeds in 1965.seeds in 1965.
Increased use ofIncreased use of
fertilizers &fertilizers &
irrigation.irrigation.
GOALGOAL makemake
India self-India self-
sufficient in foodsufficient in food
grains.grains.
5. Nehru’s daughter.Nehru’s daughter.
Prime Minister ofPrime Minister of
India, 1966-1984.India, 1966-1984.
Continues Nehru’sContinues Nehru’s
policies.policies.
Faced corruptionFaced corruption
charges & internalcharges & internal
rebellion.rebellion.
Assassinated in 1984.Assassinated in 1984.
Indira GandhiIndira Gandhi
6. Indira’s son.Indira’s son.
Prime Minister ofPrime Minister of
India, 1984-1989.India, 1984-1989.
Some reform ofSome reform of
economy andeconomy and
government.government.
Also faced rebellion.Also faced rebellion.
Assassinated in 1991Assassinated in 1991
while campaigning.while campaigning.
Rajiv GandhiRajiv Gandhi
7. Italian-bornItalian-born
Sonia MainoSonia Maino
married Rajivmarried Rajiv
1968.1968.
She movedShe moved
into the houseinto the house
of mother-in-of mother-in-
law, Primelaw, Prime
MinisterMinister
Indira Gandhi.Indira Gandhi.
A foreigner joins theA foreigner joins the
familyfamily
9. Historical Context
About The Author
• Born on April 13, 1743 in
Virginia to a wealthy family.
• He was very well educated.
Attended The College of
William & Mary.
• Served in the Virginia House
of Burgesses.
• Eloquent correspondent, butEloquent correspondent, but
not good public speakernot good public speaker
• Known as the "silentKnown as the "silent
member" of the Congressmember" of the Congress
• Was unanimously chosen by
the Committee of Five to
Thomas Jefferson
10. Major Events of The Time
• Common Sense is published
• North Carolina produces the Halifax Resolves
making it the first British colony to officially
authorize its delegates to vote for independence.
• Richard Henry Lee of Virginia proposes a
resolution calling for a Declaration of
Independence.
• Virginia Declaration of Rights by George Mason is
adopted by the Virginia Convention of Delegates.
• The Delaware General Assembly votes to suspend
government under the British Crown
11. Intended Audience
• The audience were those
wanting independence from
England.
• International audience
12. Jefferson’s Viewpoint on the Major Issues of His Time
• He believed in the separation of church and
state.
• He believed that the colonies had the right to
overthrow a tyrannical government.
13. Main Points of the Declaration of Independence
• All men are created equal.
“We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all men
are created equal.
• Men are given by God certain unalienable rights.
“They are endowed, by their Creator, with certain
unalienable rights, that among these are Life, liberty
and the Pursuit of Happiness.”
• We have the natural right by God to declare our
independence from England.
“When in the course of human events it becomes
necessary for one people to dissolve the political
bands which have connected them with another, and
to assume among the Powers of the earth, the
separate and equal station to which the Laws of
Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them…
14. • Governments derive their authority from the consent of
the people.
“Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their
just powers from the consent of the governed.”
• When a government abuses it’s power, the people have
the right to overthrow it.
“That whenever any form of Government becomes
destructive to these ends, it is the Right of the People
to alter or to abolish it…
• The colonies tried repeatedly to compromise with King
George, but has been a tyrant.
“Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies;
and such is now the necessity which constrains them
to alter their former Systems of Government.
Main Points of the Declaration of Independence
15. Historical Significance
• The American Colonies finally declared
their independence from England
• It was the first step in the creation of a new
nation.
Thomas Jefferson, The Declaration of Independence
Editor's Notes
Nehru met Gandhi in 1916 at the annual Indian National Congress convention.
He participated in the nonviolent civil disobedience campaign and spent time in jail along with Gandhi.
At independence, Nehru became the nation’s first prime minister and was continually reelected until his death in 1964.
Nehru pushed modernization of the country, and industrialization of its economy.
India has had a "mixed economy" in which both private business and government invest in and direct the economy. Today, India has been moving away from state ownership and subsidies to business.
India's government has established five-year plans to set economic goals.
The Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s made great headway, but faltered due to most farmers' lack of money to buy hybrid seeds, fertilizers, and equipment. Imports still needed.
India has had a "mixed economy" in which both private business and government invest in and direct the economy. Today, India has been moving away from state ownership and subsidies to business.
India's government has established five-year plans to set economic goals.
The Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s made great headway, but faltered due to most farmers' lack of money to buy hybrid seeds, fertilizers, and equipment. Imports still needed.
Indira Gandhi was Nehru’s daughter. She married a man named Gandhi who was no relation to the Mahatma.
Indira continued industrialization, begun by her father.
In 1975 Gandhi was convicted on two counts of corruption in the 1971 campaign. While appealing the decision, she declared a state of emergency, imprisoned her political opponents, and assumed emergency powers. Governing by decree, she imposed total press censorship and implemented a policy of large-scale sterilization as a form of birth control. When long-postponed national elections were held in 1977, Gandhi and her party were soundly defeated.
Although very popular at the polls, she faced a great challenge in dealing with nationalist movements among minority groups, especially the Sikhs in Punjab state.
The Sikhs sought independence of Punjab, and when they used terrorism, Indira struck back.
The Golden Temple -- an extremely holy Sikh shrine at Amritsar was being used by the terrorists as a weapons storehouse and a sanctuary.
Indira ordered a military raid on the temple in which hundreds of Sikhs were brutally killed. In the process, the temple was badly damaged.
In retaliation, just a few months later on October 31, 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her own Sikh bodyguards.
. General elections in November 1989 brought the defeat of Rajiv Gandhi. Officials in his government were accused of taking kickbacks from the Bofors Company of Sweden in a purchase of guns for the army. Vishwanath Pratap Singh, leader of the Janata Dal party, was sworn in as prime minister on Dec. 2, 1989. In March 1990 India withdrew the last of its 50,000 troops from Sri Lanka. The peacekeeping force failed in its three-year effort to reconcile the Tamils with the majority Sinhalese. Campaigning to return to office, Gandhi was killed by a bomb blast on May 21, 1991.