The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Eart.pdf

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The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species. What were the prevailing thoughts about the Earth and the organisms on it prior to Darwin? What was Darwin\'s big idea? How does it differ from previous ideas explaining the diversity of life on Earth? What is the \'Scala Naturae\', who advanced this concept and why was it so widely accepted? What is \'Systema Naturae\', who advanced this concept and why so accepted? Who are these people did we talk about them? How are their ideas relevant to a conversation about evolution? Malthus, Linneaus, Hutton, Lyell, cuvier, Lamarck, Aristotle, Darwin, Mendel, Wallace What did Lamarck propose as an explanation for how organisms change over time? Explain how Lamarck\'s ideas are not supported by evidence? Descent with modification by means of natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life What did Darwin do that most influenced his worldview (what is a worldview)? What were the critical observations Darwin made on his voyage of discovery? What two main ideas did Darwin develop in the \"Origin of Species\"? What is natural selection? (Look at the lecture powerpoints to answer the question) What are three main points and important considerations regarding natural selection? What is an adaptation? What are the two observations and two inferences that explain how natural selection leads to adaptive evolution? What role did artificial selection play in the development of Darwin\'s logic for natural selection? What does the theory of evolution suggest will happen when environments favoring one adaptation change? Solution Ques-1: What were the prevailing thoughts about the young Earth and the organisms on it prior to Darwin The prevailing thoughts about the young Earth and the organisms on it prior to Darwin are creatures were created by supernatural power & human are going to control these creatures and populations are unchanging on the young Earth. Theory of evolution of “Darwin” has produced specific impact on the imperialism and biblical view of origin of the species finally affected contemporary philosophical views of religion & creation. These views have changed socio- economical perspectives in the society about the culture finally changed the “religious views of humans that “human race has evolved from God’s creation & God’s image”. Ques-2: What was Darwin\'s big idea? Answer: Darwin theory of evolution is completely based on genetic variations and natural selection operating on the species to acquire adaptations followed by unfit species are going to extinct. However, here the extinction is not based on designer as it is due to nature. Nature selects species, which are fit into it followed by elimination that is unfit in nature. It is different from previous ideas of Earth species diversity, in which creation was completely relies upon myths and God, the “religious views of humans that “human race has evo.

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species, which are fit into it followed by elimination that is unfit in nature. It is different from
previous ideas of Earth species diversity, in which creation was completely relies upon myths
and God, the “religious views of humans that “human race has evolved from God’s creation &
God’s image”. Darwin uses Gradualsim and he proposed that the gradual changes associated
with variations of a species through evolution to get adapted to the present ecosystem with no
much transitional forms. Human evolution based on the gradualism and their adaptations are
extremely complex. Initially in the gradualism, natural selection operates to obtain specific traits
according to biome, ecosystem because of large-scale events followed by formation of rivers,
water availability and habitat formation. Humans did not evolve from primates until just 7
million years ago; while life appeared on earth 3.5 billion years ago. Humans are well adapted
for the environment and developed their adaptation features as per interspecific and intraspecific
genetic variations

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Quranic Concept of Evolution SUMMARY According to the Holy Quran, the evolution of life is the result of divine will and divine guidance. The Holy Quran declares that the harmony and complexity of creation and could not have come of its own accord. In contrast, natural selection, the foundation of modern theory of evolution, credits accidental mutation for the survival of life and its complexity. But it fails to explain how the life was created and how the accidents can guide the life towards complexity. EVOLUTION OF LIFE: DIVINE WILL, NATURAL SELECTION The Holy Quran states that life resulted from evolution. However, this evolution was not blind or random. Rather, evolution was controlled by Divine hand. This Divine hand accounts for the beginning, diversity and complexity of life on Earth. However, modern biology, which is based on Darwin’s theory of evolution, attributes evolution to the principle of natural selection. According to this principle, humans, animals and plants, all evolved by natural accidents. The evolution of the human body was simply the outcome of automatic natural processes spread out over billions of years. In this immensely long process, humans evolved from onecelled organisms without any Divine help, guidance and purpose. Natural selection is the cornerstone of Darwin’s theory. Unlike the Holy Quran, the principle of natural selection did not acknowledge the idea that the universe is designed by an intelligent mind. Another difference between the principle of natural selection and the teachings of Islam is regarding the path of evolution. Natural selection states humans and apes have evolved from a common ancestor. Following this logic, biologists consider apes to be the most recent ancestor of humans. The Holy Quran, however, doesn’t put forward the idea of one common ancestor and thus doesn’t regard ape to be part of human evolutionary chain. Natural Selection Natural selection means that nature, not Divine Will, has guided the direction of evolution. Three Conditions of Natural Selection According to neo-Darwins, three conditions must be satisfied before natural selection can take place. The first condition is reproduction – that is there must be offspring. Secondly, the offspring should vary from the parents due to mutation, even if negligibly so. Finally, the accidental mutation in offspring should eventually lead to differences in the ability to survive and to further reproduce. 1

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FYI… This is the problem with Intelligent Design and its proponents. They have no testable mechanism to offer as evidence of its scientific validity. Introduction to Physical Anthropology ANTHRO 101 – ONLINE Historical Influences Blog Post Due Wednesday of Week 1 (Comments due Thursday) Week 1 – Historical Influences on Darwin: BACKGROUND The life’s work of Charles Darwin’s did not seek to provide evidence that evolution occurs. Even 160 years ago, it was generally understood that organisms change over time. Scientists, however, were reluctant to pursue this avenue of inquiry due to the social repercussions of the time, with the church frowning on any ideas that seemed out of line with religious and biblical doctrine. Look at what the church did to Galileo when he dared to argue that the sun was the center of our system of planets instead of Earth! Imagine the pressure to avoid discussing the idea that organisms, including (and especially) humans, might evolve and change. Evolution is a natural process, observable in the world around us. What was in question during Darwin’s time, and what he sought to explain, was how evolution happens, not if. Darwin’s hypothesis (now a theory), that populations of organisms change over time in response to environmental stress, provided a mechanism that explained how this process of evolution worked. More importantly, the mechanism of natural selection provided a testable, falsifiable explanation that possessed powerful predictive value, meaning that it allowed scientists to predict what they expected to see in the natural world if natural selection really was the mechanism by which evolution worked and then check to see if those predictions were true. How does evolution work? Here are some key points to remember regarding the logical argument supporting Darwin’s theory of evolution by the mechanism of natural selection:  All organisms have the potential of reproducing exponentially. Two rabbits are roughly capable of producing approximately 200 rabbits in their lifetime. Imagine if all 200 baby bunnies had 200 hundred more baby bunnies… and so on… and so on… That is exponential growth that has the potential of having us up to our eyeballs in rabbits. But we aren’t up to our eyeballs in rabbits, are we? Why not? This question is the starting point of Darwin’s work.  What is preventing organisms from reproducing at their potential? Something is keeping those rabbits from producing all those bunnies. Baby rabbits are costly to the parent to produce. The parent needs time, shelter, food, water and protection from predators. These needs are called “resources”.  Resources are limited. Our planet has a limit of much it can hold and produce. There will not be enough resources available for all organisms to reproduce as many offspring as they can.  Organisms with better access to resources wil.

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