R. Rosicki, The Crisis of the Formula of Liberal Democracy, w: Ł. Jureńczyk, N. Shukuralieva, W. Trempała (red.), Kryzys w stosunkach międzynarodowych, KPSW, Bydgoszcz 2012, pp. 19 - 37.
Western Intellectual Insights for Muslim Policy Makers on Religion Based EconomyMohammad Manzoor Malik
The subject of relationship between religion and
economy raises many issues. It touches the originality of
religion and economy and their nature of relationship including
their independence and dependence. Western scholarship on
the subject has useful insights for the Muslim policy makers on
religion based economy. This research undertakes Marx and
Weber’s thought on the subject and relates the issue with the
current reality in industrialized countries such as Singapore.
The findings show that Marx is a reductionist and Weber’s
thesis highlights the independent role of religion in fostering
economy although he remains pessimistic regarding its
religiosity. The more plausible view is that though religion is an
independent variable, yet there is interdependence between
religion and economy. The economical modalities influence
religious life in many ways. This challenge calls Muslim policy
makers for a continuous intellectual effort in making creative
contributions in making religion based economy possible.
Inside the bric analysis of the_china_0030205_24425Dobrin Dobrev
This document discusses the concept of semiperiphery in world-systems theory. It defines the semiperiphery as having an intermediate position between the core and periphery in the global economic system. Countries in the semiperiphery have industrializing national economies and state apparatuses that are in the process of modernization. They export a diverse range of goods and have varying wage levels and development strategies. Semiperipheral countries act to maintain their position between the core and periphery.
Public administration : Review of some critical papersMd Masum Billah
This article discusses governance and public administration in the age of globalization. It argues that politics and administration are intertwined, contrary to early theories that separated them. Globalization has increased the influence of international organizations on domestic governance in developing countries. While domestic policy traditionally considered organizational and national policies, it now must also consider international policies formulated by regional and global organizations. These organizations influence domestic governance through various means like workshops and publications, even if domestic policy does not directly engage with international affairs. The process of globalization has accelerated due to factors like increased economic interdependence and growth of international organizations, making governance a global issue rather than limited to individual nation states.
The document traces the evolution of organization theories from classical to integrative approaches. It discusses early theorists like Taylor who promoted scientific management and Gulick who developed the POSDCORB framework. It then outlines criticisms by Simon, Waldo and Appleby and the introduction of new concepts like cooptation by Selznick. The document also discusses contributions by other key figures like Follett, Mayo, Barnard, Maslow and their development of theories around human relations, organizational behavior, motivation and management.
IIPPE 7th International Conference in Political Economy
‘Political Economy: International Trends and National Differences’
School of Economics & Management, University of Lisbon, Portugal
September 7-9, 2016
‘The Political Economy of the EU: an imperialist project in crisis’
Stavros Mavroudeas
Dept. of Economics
University of Macedonia
smavro@uom.gr
Abstract
This paper studies the Political Economy of the EU and Marxism’s position towards the latter. First, it surveys the different approaches – Mainstream, Heterodox and Marxist – that analyse the European integration process. Second, it proposes a Marxist value-theoretic analysis of the EU. Third, it proposes a periodization of the evolution of the European integration. Finally, following from the periodization of the previous section, it studies the current crisis of the EU.
The paper’s central thesis is that the European integration is an imperialist project, organised by the dominant capitals of the Western European countries and aiming initially to stabilize the Western European economies under the US auspices but later to create a competing global pole that challenges US global supremacy. An essential part of this project is the exploitation of weaker economies through a mechanism of transfers of value. This mechanism operates, albeit in a differentiated manner, both within and outside the EU. Thus, it is argued that the European integration is basically divided in two groups of countries: a dominant euro-centre and a dominated euro-periphery. Furthermore, it is argued that the European integration project is constituted on the abovementioned basis and cannot be reformed towards a ‘social Europe’ direction. Following from these, it is argued that the Left should struggle to dismantle this imperialist project instead of trying to reform it.
This analysis is based on a classical Marxist understanding of the theory of imperialism that rejects the ‘globalization’ thesis and maintains that nation-states remain the main agents of the international system. The analysis of the politico-economic structure of the European integration and the value transfer mechanisms (economic imperialist exploitation) follow from this thesis.
This document discusses theories of leadership, including the idea that leaders are born versus made. It provides examples to support each perspective. The great man theory and trait theories suggest that leaders possess innate qualities and traits. Alternatively, behavioral theories propose that leadership skills can be learned and developed over time through experiences, as evidenced by cases of Martin Luther King Jr. and the transformation of KWS Management in Kenya. The document explores the nature versus nurture debate in relation to leadership development.
The document provides definitions and explanations of various economic and political systems including capitalism, socialism, communism, fascism and Islamism. It begins with some caveats about the complexity of defining these concepts and notes that modern states often combine elements of multiple systems. It then provides short summaries of each system, noting key differences in things like private property, economic coordination, political structures and ideology. For communism, socialism and fascism it also includes brief summaries of how prominent thinkers and leaders defined each system. The document concludes by comparing some key elements of communism and socialism in a side-by-side chart.
Contribution of Kautilya , Confucius, Ibn Khaldun and Max Weber on State , Ad...Ahasan Uddin Bhuiyan
Kautilya looked at the country like a person surrounded by problems. He worked at the total annihilation of problems by the roots. His foresight and wide knowledge coupled with politics of expediency founded the mighty Mauryan Empire in India. He was a great laureate of economics with a glittering intellect to perceive the intricate dynamics of the various economic activities and principles.
Confucius sought to explain the decay of society in terms of the deterioration of morals. Confucian society was necessarily bureaucratic and hierarchical, with the state being stronger than civil society.
Ibn Khaldun discussed a variety of topics like History and Historiography. His theory about Asbyiah (group feeling and solidarity ) and the role that it plays in Bedouin societies is insightful. His theories of the science of Umran (sociology) are all pearls of wisdom. His Introduction is his greatest legacy that he left for all of humanity and the generations to come .
While Max Weber, a German social scientist, who had contributed regarding the formulation of “liberal imperialism” in 1895. Weber created a methodology and a body of literature dealing with the sociology of religion, political parties, and the economy, as well as studies of formal organizations, small-group behaviour, and the philosophy of history. His work continues to stimulate scholarship.
This assignment contains their biography , their contributions in brief , relationship of their contributions with modern state , administration and governance process and the contrast of those features with modern ones .
Western Intellectual Insights for Muslim Policy Makers on Religion Based EconomyMohammad Manzoor Malik
The subject of relationship between religion and
economy raises many issues. It touches the originality of
religion and economy and their nature of relationship including
their independence and dependence. Western scholarship on
the subject has useful insights for the Muslim policy makers on
religion based economy. This research undertakes Marx and
Weber’s thought on the subject and relates the issue with the
current reality in industrialized countries such as Singapore.
The findings show that Marx is a reductionist and Weber’s
thesis highlights the independent role of religion in fostering
economy although he remains pessimistic regarding its
religiosity. The more plausible view is that though religion is an
independent variable, yet there is interdependence between
religion and economy. The economical modalities influence
religious life in many ways. This challenge calls Muslim policy
makers for a continuous intellectual effort in making creative
contributions in making religion based economy possible.
Inside the bric analysis of the_china_0030205_24425Dobrin Dobrev
This document discusses the concept of semiperiphery in world-systems theory. It defines the semiperiphery as having an intermediate position between the core and periphery in the global economic system. Countries in the semiperiphery have industrializing national economies and state apparatuses that are in the process of modernization. They export a diverse range of goods and have varying wage levels and development strategies. Semiperipheral countries act to maintain their position between the core and periphery.
Public administration : Review of some critical papersMd Masum Billah
This article discusses governance and public administration in the age of globalization. It argues that politics and administration are intertwined, contrary to early theories that separated them. Globalization has increased the influence of international organizations on domestic governance in developing countries. While domestic policy traditionally considered organizational and national policies, it now must also consider international policies formulated by regional and global organizations. These organizations influence domestic governance through various means like workshops and publications, even if domestic policy does not directly engage with international affairs. The process of globalization has accelerated due to factors like increased economic interdependence and growth of international organizations, making governance a global issue rather than limited to individual nation states.
The document traces the evolution of organization theories from classical to integrative approaches. It discusses early theorists like Taylor who promoted scientific management and Gulick who developed the POSDCORB framework. It then outlines criticisms by Simon, Waldo and Appleby and the introduction of new concepts like cooptation by Selznick. The document also discusses contributions by other key figures like Follett, Mayo, Barnard, Maslow and their development of theories around human relations, organizational behavior, motivation and management.
IIPPE 7th International Conference in Political Economy
‘Political Economy: International Trends and National Differences’
School of Economics & Management, University of Lisbon, Portugal
September 7-9, 2016
‘The Political Economy of the EU: an imperialist project in crisis’
Stavros Mavroudeas
Dept. of Economics
University of Macedonia
smavro@uom.gr
Abstract
This paper studies the Political Economy of the EU and Marxism’s position towards the latter. First, it surveys the different approaches – Mainstream, Heterodox and Marxist – that analyse the European integration process. Second, it proposes a Marxist value-theoretic analysis of the EU. Third, it proposes a periodization of the evolution of the European integration. Finally, following from the periodization of the previous section, it studies the current crisis of the EU.
The paper’s central thesis is that the European integration is an imperialist project, organised by the dominant capitals of the Western European countries and aiming initially to stabilize the Western European economies under the US auspices but later to create a competing global pole that challenges US global supremacy. An essential part of this project is the exploitation of weaker economies through a mechanism of transfers of value. This mechanism operates, albeit in a differentiated manner, both within and outside the EU. Thus, it is argued that the European integration is basically divided in two groups of countries: a dominant euro-centre and a dominated euro-periphery. Furthermore, it is argued that the European integration project is constituted on the abovementioned basis and cannot be reformed towards a ‘social Europe’ direction. Following from these, it is argued that the Left should struggle to dismantle this imperialist project instead of trying to reform it.
This analysis is based on a classical Marxist understanding of the theory of imperialism that rejects the ‘globalization’ thesis and maintains that nation-states remain the main agents of the international system. The analysis of the politico-economic structure of the European integration and the value transfer mechanisms (economic imperialist exploitation) follow from this thesis.
This document discusses theories of leadership, including the idea that leaders are born versus made. It provides examples to support each perspective. The great man theory and trait theories suggest that leaders possess innate qualities and traits. Alternatively, behavioral theories propose that leadership skills can be learned and developed over time through experiences, as evidenced by cases of Martin Luther King Jr. and the transformation of KWS Management in Kenya. The document explores the nature versus nurture debate in relation to leadership development.
The document provides definitions and explanations of various economic and political systems including capitalism, socialism, communism, fascism and Islamism. It begins with some caveats about the complexity of defining these concepts and notes that modern states often combine elements of multiple systems. It then provides short summaries of each system, noting key differences in things like private property, economic coordination, political structures and ideology. For communism, socialism and fascism it also includes brief summaries of how prominent thinkers and leaders defined each system. The document concludes by comparing some key elements of communism and socialism in a side-by-side chart.
Contribution of Kautilya , Confucius, Ibn Khaldun and Max Weber on State , Ad...Ahasan Uddin Bhuiyan
Kautilya looked at the country like a person surrounded by problems. He worked at the total annihilation of problems by the roots. His foresight and wide knowledge coupled with politics of expediency founded the mighty Mauryan Empire in India. He was a great laureate of economics with a glittering intellect to perceive the intricate dynamics of the various economic activities and principles.
Confucius sought to explain the decay of society in terms of the deterioration of morals. Confucian society was necessarily bureaucratic and hierarchical, with the state being stronger than civil society.
Ibn Khaldun discussed a variety of topics like History and Historiography. His theory about Asbyiah (group feeling and solidarity ) and the role that it plays in Bedouin societies is insightful. His theories of the science of Umran (sociology) are all pearls of wisdom. His Introduction is his greatest legacy that he left for all of humanity and the generations to come .
While Max Weber, a German social scientist, who had contributed regarding the formulation of “liberal imperialism” in 1895. Weber created a methodology and a body of literature dealing with the sociology of religion, political parties, and the economy, as well as studies of formal organizations, small-group behaviour, and the philosophy of history. His work continues to stimulate scholarship.
This assignment contains their biography , their contributions in brief , relationship of their contributions with modern state , administration and governance process and the contrast of those features with modern ones .
This document summarizes Dwight Waldo's work on the "Administrative State" which challenged prevailing views of public administration in the 20th century. Waldo argued that the political-administration dichotomy proposed by Woodrow Wilson was false and that administration is at the core of modern democratic government. He believed democratic theory must address administration and administrative theory must address democratic politics. Waldo also argued that efficiency cannot remain the sole focus of public administration as it is a political claim that can undermine democratic values and participation.
The document discusses three approaches to public administration theory: the managerial approach, political approach, and legal approach.
The managerial approach emphasizes efficiency, economy and effectiveness and views individuals impersonally. It promotes a bureaucratic organizational structure. The political approach stresses representativeness, responsiveness and accountability and sees individuals as members of groups. It favors pluralism. The legal approach is based on administrative law, judicialization of public administration, and constitutional law. It values due process, individual rights and equity, and prefers adversary procedures. Overall, the approaches differ in their views of individuals, preferred structures and core values.
Socialism calls for public rather than private ownership of property and resources. It is based on the idea that people cooperate in production and should share in what is produced. Society should own or control property for the benefit of all. There are many variations of socialism but common elements include criticism of private capital causing issues like poverty, and a view that collective control of production/distribution can create a more just society.
Fred Riggs developed the Prismatic Model to analyze the administrative systems of developing countries. The model categorizes societies as fused, prismatic, or diffracted. A prismatic society is characterized by heterogeneity, formalism, and overlapping, with both traditional and modern structures coexisting. The administrative subsystem of a prismatic society is called "sala," which exhibits heterogeneity through unequal development, formalism through differences between prescribed and actual practices, and overlapping through the coexistence of traditional and modern structures in various sectors of society. The prismatic model aims to provide a more appropriate framework for understanding public administration in developing nations compared to previous modernization theories.
The document discusses different approaches in social sciences, including institutionalism. It describes institutionalism as a subject matter, method, and theory. As a subject matter, it focuses on the study of political institutions. As a method, it is descriptive, inductive, formal-legal, and comparative in examining institutions historically. As a theory, it makes claims about the causes and consequences of institutions and supports democratic values.
This document summarizes a research paper that applies a Marxist lens to analyze D.H. Lawrence's novel Sons and Lovers. It begins by introducing Marxism as both a philosophical theory and school of literary criticism. Key Marxist concepts discussed include the base-superstructure model, how the economic base determines social classes and ideology, and how Marxists view art and literature as reflecting the dominant ideology. The paper then examines how themes and forces in Sons and Lovers are shaped by materialistic and capitalist forces in English society at the time, and how characters are motivated by their social class and economic needs within this system.
The document summarizes the six paradigms of public administration:
1) Politics/Administration Dichotomy (1900-1926) which distinguished between politics and administration
2) Principles of Administration (1927-1937) which focused on universal principles
3) Challenge to Paradigm (1938-1950) which questioned the dichotomy and principles
4) Public Administration as Political Science (1950-1970) which saw it as a subfield of political science
5) Public Administration as Management (1956-1970) with a focus on techniques
6) Emergence of Governance (1990-present) which emphasizes joint governance roles. It also discusses new paradigms like reinventing government and e-g
Public administration aims to understand how government can effectively achieve its proper functions. It studies the activities in public agencies and how they work to implement policies affecting society. The discipline has existed for centuries but was formalized in the late 19th century. Early thinkers aimed to make administration more competent by separating it from politics, applying business principles. Later, the field recognized the political nature of administration and sought to balance efficiency with other goals like accountability. It now sees its role as understanding and strengthening government institutions to better govern.
Larissa is a 49-year-old Russian divorcee who has struggled with the transition to capitalism after the fall of the Soviet Union. She was well-educated and had a good career as an engineer, accumulating financial assets. However, 10 years after the transition she was barely getting by financially and her social status had declined. The document discusses the difficulties individuals had in transforming themselves ("perestroika") with the economic changes. It also questions whether mainstream economists adequately considered how Soviet citizens' identities and behaviors would need to change for a market system to work.
Postmodern public administration theory rejects positivism and objectivity, instead viewing language and discourse as tools for continuous meaning-making concerned with values and truth. It is influenced by behavioralism, new public administration theories, and social constructionism. Key traits include dialectics, imagination, deconstruction, deterritorialization, and concern for moral others. Postmodernism critiques the legitimacy of the modern nation-state and political system. Research approaches the naturalistic inquiry using qualitative methods and emergent design.
Very few would dispute the fact that we live in a global world, where local economy, politics and culture do not longer belong to and influence their immediate surroundings alone, but a large extent of the rest of the globe. This context of merging borders has entailed drastic changes in the way goods and services are produced and distributed and in how information and ideas are transmitted. Fashion, both a business and a cultural good, has not been impervious to that: on the one hand, fashion is a multi-billion dollar industry that has to survive in a more and more competitive global market and produce for a trans-continental audience; and, on the other hand, it is also an immaterial good and the way it is transmitted, shared and created changes along with society. Both fashion and globalization are complex and multidimensional phenomena, and the analysis of their connection can be approached by a wide variety of disciplines. Throughout this essay I will analyse what and how has changed in fashion with globalization, focusing on the influence economical and cultural globalization have had in the transmission of trends and the structure and behaviour of the industry. Firstly, fashion is one of the few cultural goods that we carry with us every day and have a role in our daily life, so the way trends are created and transmitted is affected both by changes in the diffusion of culture –as it happened with cultural globalization- and by changes in society. Secondly, fashion industry has, as every other, been affected by economic globalization. However, unlike any other industry, fashion produces ephemeral cultural goods, and so the production of clothes has also been affected by the new model of transmission of trends with cultural globalization.
1. The document discusses how contemporary economic structures and employment conditions stem from historical figures like Max Weber, Immanuel Kant, and Friedrich Hayek and their theories of capitalism, work ethic, and neoliberalism. It analyzes how these have influenced concepts like time poverty and precarious employment.
2. It then examines how health promotion frameworks like the Ottawa Charter emphasize upstream social and economic determinants of health in contrast to approaches focused solely on individual behaviors and disease treatment. The capabilities approach and principles of advocacy, empowerment and coordination across sectors are discussed.
3. Examples are given of how neoliberal policies have manifested problems like increased casual and insecure work in New Zealand, impacting workers
Unit 5 Comparative methods and ApproachesYash Agarwal
The passage provides an overview of the political economy approach to studying comparative politics. It discusses how the concept of political economy has evolved over time from Aristotle to modern theorists. Political economy refers to understanding economics and politics as interconnected rather than separate domains, and how this relationship manifests itself. The passage outlines some of the major theories that have utilized the political economy approach, including modernization theory, dependency theory, and world systems analysis. It provides context on how political economy emerged as a framework for examining relationships between countries and explaining social and political phenomena.
Karl Marx was a 19th century philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist. He developed the theory of Marxism which analyzes history and capitalism through the lens of class struggle and proposes communism as the solution. Marxism was further developed after his death by others like Engels into a more codified ideology to suit the needs of the growing socialist movement. There are three main forms of Marxism - classical Marxism focused on overthrowing capitalism through revolution, orthodox communism as practiced in the Soviet Union and other communist states, and modern interpretations that have adapted Marx's theories in new contexts.
The document discusses several key concepts and theories in public administration, including:
- Bureaucracy theory, which analyzes public administration by distinguishing between political and administrative acts.
- Traditional management theory, which was initially informed by scientific management theory and focuses on directing ongoing organizational activities.
- Control of bureaucracy theory, which examines issues of compliance and responsiveness in public administration.
- Theories of client responsiveness, which assume public agencies are established to serve clients and that bureaucrats prioritize responding to client needs over political directives.
- Agency theory, which posits a dynamic interaction between political principals and bureaucratic agents, with agencies having informational and expertise advantages.
This document provides a critique of Karl Marx's 1848 published work "The Communist Manifesto". It first provides biographical details on Marx and an overview of some of his major theories. It then analyzes the contents and focus of "The Communist Manifesto", noting that Marx predicted capitalism would collapse and inequality would disappear, but this did not occur. When communist revolutions succeeded, new regimes experienced economic hardships and totalitarianism emerged. The document argues that Marx was unaware that theories are not permanent and only valid for the societies that create them. It also notes that from an Islamic perspective, this life is temporary and the permanent life is in the hereafter, contrary to Marxism's interests.
Classical Marxism views power as being concentrated in the hands of the bourgeoisie due to their ownership and control of the means of production. This allows them to further their own interests at the expense of the powerless proletariat. Marxists see conflict arising from the different objective class interests of the ruling and working classes. Neo-Marxists such as Gramsci argued that power is also maintained through ideological control of civil society and gaining the consent of the masses. Pluralists reject the Marxist view of a single dominant class, arguing that power is dispersed amongst various interest groups in society which influence the state through compromise and consensus.
This document summarizes Marxist criticism based on the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It discusses the theoretical works of Marx, including The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, Theses on Feuerbach, The German Ideology, and The Communist Manifesto. Additionally, it outlines some of Marx's key ideas around how material production and the economic organization of a society determine its ideology and shape class structure, with the capitalist economy creating illusions to maintain the status quo of power relations.
The Institution of Transmission Easement in PolandRemigiuszRosicki
This paper analyzes the transmission easement institution based both on Polish civil law and legal solutions prepared on the basis of Polish administrative law. In the first case the analyzed solutions contained in the Civil Code (together with the prepared amendments to the regulations on transmission easement). In the second case there was discussed the analysis of selected transmission easement regulations, which are contained in the bill on transmission corridors. The paper presents an analysis of the following issues: (1) the institution of transmission easement, (2) the constraints on transmission easement, (3) the term "transmission facilities" – both on the Civil Code and the bill on transmission corridors, (5) transmission corridors and effects of setting in their area transmission easement. However, the issue of compensation related to the establishment of easements on the basis of civil law and administrative law has not been further discussed here.
Transmission corridors are the subject of the bill prepared in 2012. The bill on transmission corridors 1 determine the rules of (1) establishing a corridor for new transmission facilities, (2) granting permission for the construction of transmission facilities, (3) determining a transmission corridor for existing transmission facilities, (4) locating further transmission equipment and other transmission facilities in the corridor, (5) establishing transmission easement and land management in the area of the transmission corridor, (6) determining and awarding compensation for the transmission easement encumbrance of real estate. In 2012 the bill was one of the priorities in the energy sector – not including the amendment of the Energy Law, the work on the bill on renewable energy sources and work on the project of the gas law. The intention of the Act on transmission corridors is to organize the legal system in order to ensure effective development of transmission infrastructure in Poland. The problem with the electricity infrastructure should be considered in a broader context, which means with its poor condition, increasing demand for energy, the need to diversify the energy structure in Poland. The problem with infrastructure will continue to grow due to the need to develop renewable energy sources and the planned construction of a nuclear power plant. Current state of transmission lines threatens the development of renewable energy to the level required by the European Union. However, in the case of the plan to build a nuclear power plant, it will be necessary to condense the grid in areas of poor infrastructure and ensure proper grid balancing.
This document summarizes Dwight Waldo's work on the "Administrative State" which challenged prevailing views of public administration in the 20th century. Waldo argued that the political-administration dichotomy proposed by Woodrow Wilson was false and that administration is at the core of modern democratic government. He believed democratic theory must address administration and administrative theory must address democratic politics. Waldo also argued that efficiency cannot remain the sole focus of public administration as it is a political claim that can undermine democratic values and participation.
The document discusses three approaches to public administration theory: the managerial approach, political approach, and legal approach.
The managerial approach emphasizes efficiency, economy and effectiveness and views individuals impersonally. It promotes a bureaucratic organizational structure. The political approach stresses representativeness, responsiveness and accountability and sees individuals as members of groups. It favors pluralism. The legal approach is based on administrative law, judicialization of public administration, and constitutional law. It values due process, individual rights and equity, and prefers adversary procedures. Overall, the approaches differ in their views of individuals, preferred structures and core values.
Socialism calls for public rather than private ownership of property and resources. It is based on the idea that people cooperate in production and should share in what is produced. Society should own or control property for the benefit of all. There are many variations of socialism but common elements include criticism of private capital causing issues like poverty, and a view that collective control of production/distribution can create a more just society.
Fred Riggs developed the Prismatic Model to analyze the administrative systems of developing countries. The model categorizes societies as fused, prismatic, or diffracted. A prismatic society is characterized by heterogeneity, formalism, and overlapping, with both traditional and modern structures coexisting. The administrative subsystem of a prismatic society is called "sala," which exhibits heterogeneity through unequal development, formalism through differences between prescribed and actual practices, and overlapping through the coexistence of traditional and modern structures in various sectors of society. The prismatic model aims to provide a more appropriate framework for understanding public administration in developing nations compared to previous modernization theories.
The document discusses different approaches in social sciences, including institutionalism. It describes institutionalism as a subject matter, method, and theory. As a subject matter, it focuses on the study of political institutions. As a method, it is descriptive, inductive, formal-legal, and comparative in examining institutions historically. As a theory, it makes claims about the causes and consequences of institutions and supports democratic values.
This document summarizes a research paper that applies a Marxist lens to analyze D.H. Lawrence's novel Sons and Lovers. It begins by introducing Marxism as both a philosophical theory and school of literary criticism. Key Marxist concepts discussed include the base-superstructure model, how the economic base determines social classes and ideology, and how Marxists view art and literature as reflecting the dominant ideology. The paper then examines how themes and forces in Sons and Lovers are shaped by materialistic and capitalist forces in English society at the time, and how characters are motivated by their social class and economic needs within this system.
The document summarizes the six paradigms of public administration:
1) Politics/Administration Dichotomy (1900-1926) which distinguished between politics and administration
2) Principles of Administration (1927-1937) which focused on universal principles
3) Challenge to Paradigm (1938-1950) which questioned the dichotomy and principles
4) Public Administration as Political Science (1950-1970) which saw it as a subfield of political science
5) Public Administration as Management (1956-1970) with a focus on techniques
6) Emergence of Governance (1990-present) which emphasizes joint governance roles. It also discusses new paradigms like reinventing government and e-g
Public administration aims to understand how government can effectively achieve its proper functions. It studies the activities in public agencies and how they work to implement policies affecting society. The discipline has existed for centuries but was formalized in the late 19th century. Early thinkers aimed to make administration more competent by separating it from politics, applying business principles. Later, the field recognized the political nature of administration and sought to balance efficiency with other goals like accountability. It now sees its role as understanding and strengthening government institutions to better govern.
Larissa is a 49-year-old Russian divorcee who has struggled with the transition to capitalism after the fall of the Soviet Union. She was well-educated and had a good career as an engineer, accumulating financial assets. However, 10 years after the transition she was barely getting by financially and her social status had declined. The document discusses the difficulties individuals had in transforming themselves ("perestroika") with the economic changes. It also questions whether mainstream economists adequately considered how Soviet citizens' identities and behaviors would need to change for a market system to work.
Postmodern public administration theory rejects positivism and objectivity, instead viewing language and discourse as tools for continuous meaning-making concerned with values and truth. It is influenced by behavioralism, new public administration theories, and social constructionism. Key traits include dialectics, imagination, deconstruction, deterritorialization, and concern for moral others. Postmodernism critiques the legitimacy of the modern nation-state and political system. Research approaches the naturalistic inquiry using qualitative methods and emergent design.
Very few would dispute the fact that we live in a global world, where local economy, politics and culture do not longer belong to and influence their immediate surroundings alone, but a large extent of the rest of the globe. This context of merging borders has entailed drastic changes in the way goods and services are produced and distributed and in how information and ideas are transmitted. Fashion, both a business and a cultural good, has not been impervious to that: on the one hand, fashion is a multi-billion dollar industry that has to survive in a more and more competitive global market and produce for a trans-continental audience; and, on the other hand, it is also an immaterial good and the way it is transmitted, shared and created changes along with society. Both fashion and globalization are complex and multidimensional phenomena, and the analysis of their connection can be approached by a wide variety of disciplines. Throughout this essay I will analyse what and how has changed in fashion with globalization, focusing on the influence economical and cultural globalization have had in the transmission of trends and the structure and behaviour of the industry. Firstly, fashion is one of the few cultural goods that we carry with us every day and have a role in our daily life, so the way trends are created and transmitted is affected both by changes in the diffusion of culture –as it happened with cultural globalization- and by changes in society. Secondly, fashion industry has, as every other, been affected by economic globalization. However, unlike any other industry, fashion produces ephemeral cultural goods, and so the production of clothes has also been affected by the new model of transmission of trends with cultural globalization.
1. The document discusses how contemporary economic structures and employment conditions stem from historical figures like Max Weber, Immanuel Kant, and Friedrich Hayek and their theories of capitalism, work ethic, and neoliberalism. It analyzes how these have influenced concepts like time poverty and precarious employment.
2. It then examines how health promotion frameworks like the Ottawa Charter emphasize upstream social and economic determinants of health in contrast to approaches focused solely on individual behaviors and disease treatment. The capabilities approach and principles of advocacy, empowerment and coordination across sectors are discussed.
3. Examples are given of how neoliberal policies have manifested problems like increased casual and insecure work in New Zealand, impacting workers
Unit 5 Comparative methods and ApproachesYash Agarwal
The passage provides an overview of the political economy approach to studying comparative politics. It discusses how the concept of political economy has evolved over time from Aristotle to modern theorists. Political economy refers to understanding economics and politics as interconnected rather than separate domains, and how this relationship manifests itself. The passage outlines some of the major theories that have utilized the political economy approach, including modernization theory, dependency theory, and world systems analysis. It provides context on how political economy emerged as a framework for examining relationships between countries and explaining social and political phenomena.
Karl Marx was a 19th century philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist. He developed the theory of Marxism which analyzes history and capitalism through the lens of class struggle and proposes communism as the solution. Marxism was further developed after his death by others like Engels into a more codified ideology to suit the needs of the growing socialist movement. There are three main forms of Marxism - classical Marxism focused on overthrowing capitalism through revolution, orthodox communism as practiced in the Soviet Union and other communist states, and modern interpretations that have adapted Marx's theories in new contexts.
The document discusses several key concepts and theories in public administration, including:
- Bureaucracy theory, which analyzes public administration by distinguishing between political and administrative acts.
- Traditional management theory, which was initially informed by scientific management theory and focuses on directing ongoing organizational activities.
- Control of bureaucracy theory, which examines issues of compliance and responsiveness in public administration.
- Theories of client responsiveness, which assume public agencies are established to serve clients and that bureaucrats prioritize responding to client needs over political directives.
- Agency theory, which posits a dynamic interaction between political principals and bureaucratic agents, with agencies having informational and expertise advantages.
This document provides a critique of Karl Marx's 1848 published work "The Communist Manifesto". It first provides biographical details on Marx and an overview of some of his major theories. It then analyzes the contents and focus of "The Communist Manifesto", noting that Marx predicted capitalism would collapse and inequality would disappear, but this did not occur. When communist revolutions succeeded, new regimes experienced economic hardships and totalitarianism emerged. The document argues that Marx was unaware that theories are not permanent and only valid for the societies that create them. It also notes that from an Islamic perspective, this life is temporary and the permanent life is in the hereafter, contrary to Marxism's interests.
Classical Marxism views power as being concentrated in the hands of the bourgeoisie due to their ownership and control of the means of production. This allows them to further their own interests at the expense of the powerless proletariat. Marxists see conflict arising from the different objective class interests of the ruling and working classes. Neo-Marxists such as Gramsci argued that power is also maintained through ideological control of civil society and gaining the consent of the masses. Pluralists reject the Marxist view of a single dominant class, arguing that power is dispersed amongst various interest groups in society which influence the state through compromise and consensus.
This document summarizes Marxist criticism based on the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It discusses the theoretical works of Marx, including The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, Theses on Feuerbach, The German Ideology, and The Communist Manifesto. Additionally, it outlines some of Marx's key ideas around how material production and the economic organization of a society determine its ideology and shape class structure, with the capitalist economy creating illusions to maintain the status quo of power relations.
The Institution of Transmission Easement in PolandRemigiuszRosicki
This paper analyzes the transmission easement institution based both on Polish civil law and legal solutions prepared on the basis of Polish administrative law. In the first case the analyzed solutions contained in the Civil Code (together with the prepared amendments to the regulations on transmission easement). In the second case there was discussed the analysis of selected transmission easement regulations, which are contained in the bill on transmission corridors. The paper presents an analysis of the following issues: (1) the institution of transmission easement, (2) the constraints on transmission easement, (3) the term "transmission facilities" – both on the Civil Code and the bill on transmission corridors, (5) transmission corridors and effects of setting in their area transmission easement. However, the issue of compensation related to the establishment of easements on the basis of civil law and administrative law has not been further discussed here.
Transmission corridors are the subject of the bill prepared in 2012. The bill on transmission corridors 1 determine the rules of (1) establishing a corridor for new transmission facilities, (2) granting permission for the construction of transmission facilities, (3) determining a transmission corridor for existing transmission facilities, (4) locating further transmission equipment and other transmission facilities in the corridor, (5) establishing transmission easement and land management in the area of the transmission corridor, (6) determining and awarding compensation for the transmission easement encumbrance of real estate. In 2012 the bill was one of the priorities in the energy sector – not including the amendment of the Energy Law, the work on the bill on renewable energy sources and work on the project of the gas law. The intention of the Act on transmission corridors is to organize the legal system in order to ensure effective development of transmission infrastructure in Poland. The problem with the electricity infrastructure should be considered in a broader context, which means with its poor condition, increasing demand for energy, the need to diversify the energy structure in Poland. The problem with infrastructure will continue to grow due to the need to develop renewable energy sources and the planned construction of a nuclear power plant. Current state of transmission lines threatens the development of renewable energy to the level required by the European Union. However, in the case of the plan to build a nuclear power plant, it will be necessary to condense the grid in areas of poor infrastructure and ensure proper grid balancing.
Analiza interesów w polityce bezpieczeństwa energetycznego w UERemigiuszRosicki
Energy safety constitutes an important issue in UE documents and strategies. Its main interests are liberalizing the energy market, interdependence (through the expansion of connections) and energy solidarity. The liberalizing of the energy market aims to introduce free market mechanisms and competition. The main mechanisms are TPA principle and unbundling. The interdependence is to consist in the expansion of gas and electroenergetic connections among UE members. However, there is much controversy connected with the idea of energy solidarity. It results from different stand among old and new UE members. Energy safety, in general, should be connected with the predictability of energy market which can be achieved by means of a transparent market and cooperation, Such energy security is to be achieved by (1) decreasing energy dependency, (2) decreasing domestic demand for energy and resources, (3) diversification of energy resources, (4) counteracting homogenous energy infrastructure, (5) expansion of connections between countries and regions. The main hypothesis of this thesis is the statement the multidimensional interests and different interest groups influence the shape of energy security policy in UE. The main fields of the analysis of the interests in UE energy policy adopted in this thesis include: global interests, geopolitical interests, the interests of individual member countries and interest of energy markets. However, the interest groups include all of those who influence the shape of UE energy policy. The objective of this thesis is to present the main directions of UE energy security policy development. The analysis in historical, institutional and normative scope has been made. The main trends in the development of the energy security policy have been defined. It concerns normative and technological solutions in UE member counties. A flagging UE energy potential in a global perspective has been pointed out, yet the issue of the dynamics of those processes is still open to dispute.
The protection of internal security and constitutional order as exemplified b...RemigiuszRosicki
The main objective of the paper is to present the issues of the protection of internal security and constitutional order in view of the tasks and activities of the Internal Security Agency in Poland. The
author of the text seeks answers to the following questions. (1) To what extent does the lack of clear-cut frames for the ISA’s activity influence the instrumental use of this agency? (2) Do over-generalised legal
regulations on the ISA’s activities lead to poorer efficiency of this agency’s operations? (3) Does faulty regulation related to the ISA’s range of activities result from inadequacies in Polish legislation, or maybe from the intention to endow the special services with greater freedom of action? In reference to the above questions, the author puts forward the following theses: (1) the selected and analysed legal instruments exert an infinitesimal influence on the scope of the application of “special
measures”, such as the operational control or access to telecommunications data. Art. 3 of the Bill of 2014 contains too many vague terms or expressions whose legal definitions are missing from Polish leg-
islation; (2) it seems reasonable that the range of the ISA’s activities has been restricted, e.g. as regards drug-related crime. However, other areas of the ISA’s interest have witnessed few changes, and its impromptu involvement with specific threats and offences is left to the ‘political decision’ of the Head of the ISA and the Minister of the Interior; (3) the impractical solutions are partly a result of an inadequate
‘legislative culture’, in this case, at the level of the Ministry of the Interior. This shortcoming might be the result of excessive haste during work on the Bill; nevertheless, such works always carry a political load, which means that the interests of the services themselves, as well as of the state, played an enormous role in this project.
The text presents an analysis of the Polish energy policy, which takes into account its both aspects: the institutional and normative aspect (policy), and the context of political activities involved (politics). As the text analyses the planning documents prepared by the Minister of Economy (the so - called “State’s energy policy”), the starting point for this analysis are the legal issues ensuing from the Energy Law Act. The text outlines the major assumptions of the Energy Policy till 2030
as well as the general provisions of the incomplete, as of the year 2015, Project of the Energy Policy
till 2050. The institutional and normative context has been supplemented with an analysis of selected issues significant for the directions in the development of the energy policy and the energy security in Poland. Moreover, the text addresses the following questions: (1) to what extent does the legal status of
the document “the State’s energy policy” contribute to the poor achievement of the strategic goals in the energy sector?, (2) to what extent does the lack of actual responsibility of the political subjects
contribute to the lack of the realisation of strategic goals put forward in the “State’s energy policy”?, (3) what actions should be undertaken in order to administer a cohesive and effective energy policy in
Poland?
The Energy Policy of Poland till 2050 - a critical analysisRemigiuszRosicki
This document provides a critical analysis of Poland's energy policy up to 2050. It summarizes the key assumptions of Poland's Energy Policy until 2030 and reviews an incomplete draft of the Energy Policy until 2050. It analyzes how the legal status of Poland's energy policies has contributed to poor achievement of strategic goals in the energy sector. It also discusses the lack of responsibility from political entities in realizing the strategic goals outlined in these policies. The document concludes by identifying the major problems Poland will face in its energy sector, including grid capacity development, infrastructure development, coal mining transformation, and establishing an effective renewable energy strategy.
O przedmiocie badan politologii. Czy mozliwa jest ogolna teoria polityki?RemigiuszRosicki
W artykule analizie poddane zostało zagadnienie tożsamości przedmiotowej nauki o polityce. Punktem wyjścia jest stwierdzenie o niemożności jednoznacznego i nie wzbudzającego większych kontrowersji zakreślenia granic polityki i polityczności, a w konsekwencji – stworzenia jednolitej ogólnej teorii polityki. Autorzy rozpatrują wpływ tego faktu na samookreślenie politologii, próby wyznaczenia zakresu przedmiotowego analiz politologicznych, a także strategie budowania teorii w nauce o polityce. Problem przedmiotowego zakreślenia pola analiz politologicznych zostaje również zestawiony z analogicznymi kwestiami w innych naukach społecznych (ekonomii, socjologii i psychologii) oraz sposobami w jakie owe nauki sobie z nim radzą.
W dalszej części artykułu rozważane są problemy tworzenia generalizacji teoretycznych w politologii i przechodzenia na kolejne poziomy ogólności teorii. Krytyce poddana zostaje dedukcyjna strategia budowania teorii ogólnej, Autorzy zauważają jednak, że również strategia indukcyjna nie spełnia pokładanych w niej nadziei. Ponadto analizie poddane zostały relacje teorii politologicznej z praktyką polityczną, a także cele jakie stawia sobie w tym zakresie nauka o polityce.
W konkluzji artykułu Autorzy formułują zestaw dyrektyw metodologicznych, jakie ich zdaniem dają szansę na przełamanie dotychczasowego impasu w określaniu przedmiotu badań politologii oraz budowaniu ogólnej teorii polityki.""
The article is a synthetic analysis of the categories of universalism and particularism, which feature in a variety of academic fields, e.g. theology, religious studies, philosophy and his-tory. The four main directions of analysis for the above-mentioned categories are: 1) Christian religion, 2) philosophy, 3) social sciences, and 4) politics. The article addresses the issues of the divine universe; St Paul's universalist strategy; sym-bolic universe by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann; Immanuel Wallerstein's European universalism; the fluidity of the identity in Ernesto Laclau's conception; Chantal Mouffe's politicality and politics; politics of emancipation and life by Anthony Giddens; Chantal Mouffe's and Ernesto Laclau's conception of political identity; agonic and radical democracies in the conception by Chantal Mouffe and Ernesto Laclau.
Development of Social Sciences in Dissertations of Immanuel Wallerstein - Imp...RemigiuszRosicki
This paper presents an analysis of the social science development concept of Immanuel Wallerstein. In general terms we can say that the development of social sciences was based on a process of emancipation of individual subjects of research and validation of research methods.
I. Wallerstein drew attention to the process of emancipation of individual disciplines, therefore
we can talk about the separation of philosophy, followed by social sciences and, negatively evaluated by I. Wallerstein, applied social sciences. With the constitution of individual disciplines
we dealt with the process of polarising methodological positions, which can be roughly described as the concept of two cultures. The text describes the following issues: (1) the directions
of emancipation of scientific disciplines, (2) the processes of emancipation of scientific disciplines, (3) the dynamics of changes in social sciences, (4) the effects of changes occurring in sciences. In addition to the main assumptions of I. Wallerstein on science, the text attempts to confront these assumptions with the achievements of T. S. Kuhn, R. K. Merton and C. W. Mills. The aim of the article is to point out the implications for the “theory of international relations” deriving from the general trends in the development of social sciences. This issue has come down to only selected issues of: microscopisation, idealisation, metaphorical use, deformation, transcendentalisation, fictionalisation and fetishisation of notions in the “theory of international relations”.
Introduction Symposium on Robust Political EconomyNick Cowen
This document provides an introduction to a symposium on Mark Pennington's book "Robust Political Economy". It summarizes the key ideas of Pennington's framework for analyzing and comparing institutional performance based on their ability to solve knowledge and incentive problems. The introduction discusses the intellectual context for Pennington's defense of classical liberalism in response to various critiques of capitalism. It explains the concept of "robustness" drawn from public choice theory and Austrian economics, which evaluates institutions based on their ability to cope with imperfect motivation and dispersed knowledge in society. The introduction sets up debates on Pennington's work to follow in the symposium papers.
Processes of change in academia – the impact of government and marketRemigiuszRosicki
The paper describes the problems associated with the development of universities and higher education on a global scale and based on the example of Poland. To illustrate the subject, the research fo-cuses on: (1) the idea of university autonomy and elitism from a historical and contemporary perspec-tive, (2) the delusion of elitism and social advancement of education which is attributed to it, (3) the myth of flexibility of education generated among others by politicians. The text indicates the main processes in academia: (1) centuries long removal of the autonomy of uni-versities, (2) the 'humanistic ethos' of universities is also removed, (3) universities are transformed into 'vocational colleges', (4) higher education is developed as one of the service sectors, (5) universities are transformed into institutions responsible for the labour market, (6) universities are entered in the 'logic of the free market', (7), the number of the educated is increasing, (8) the fetishisation of education, (9) the myth of flexibility of education and the its multifunctionality in the context of limited absorption capacity of the labour.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on political theory. It covers 5 units: the nature and current state of political theory; traditional and contemporary approaches to studying politics; political elites; political alienation; and postmodernism, feminism, multiculturalism and globalization. It also provides definitions and discussions of political theory, its significance and decline, and factors contributing to its recent resurgence, including the influence of behaviorism. Traditional approaches to studying politics are described as emphasizing values over facts.
Constructivist Political EconomyRawi Abdelal, Mark Blyth, .docxmaxinesmith73660
Constructivist Political Economy
Rawi Abdelal, Mark Blyth, and Craig Parsons
January 14, 2005
13,330 words, including footnotes
Chapter One: The Case for a Constructivist International Political Economy
Introduction: Constructivism – Where to Find it, and Where Not
Social constructivism focuses on the social facts of the world. These social facts
exist only because everyone agrees that they exist. Social facts are very real, and they are
the product of intersubjectively (that is, collectively) held beliefs that cannot be reduced
to a series or summation of subjective, individual beliefs. Social facts differ
fundamentally from material facts, the reality that exists irrespective of collective beliefs
about its existence, but they nonetheless have causal properties.. As John Ruggie
observes, “collectivities of individuals within states hold intersubjective understandings
that affect their behavior,” just as do “collectivities of states.”
Although what we think of as “the world economy” is composed of both material
and social facts, the field of international political economy (IPE) within political science
has tended until recently to focus almost exclusively on the material facts of the
economy. Materialist scholars have attempted to map individual, firm, and government
preferences over outcomes onto these material facts, thereby privileging the rational,
goal-oriented pursuit of policies as the central causal mechanism in accounts of economic
policy making. In IPE, the combination of materialism and rationalism has become the
dominant, even orthodox, view of the world economy.
IPE has been remarkably impervious to inroads from sociological approaches to
economic policy making. The intersubjective beliefs that give the world meaning are
absent in almost all IPE scholarship. Indeed, IPE is increasingly the last bastion for the
materialists and rationalists, who have had increasingly to share the intellectual terrain
with the constructivists on virtually all other topics. Constructivists have made
contributions that are recognized as fundamentally important to economics and sociology,
as well as to every other sub-field in political science. Similarly, economic sociology has
produced a vibrant research program that has influenced policy and management
scholarship as well. As Frank Dobbin observes,
“Sociologists began to explain economic behavior in terms of the same four social
mechanisms they had observed shaping all of social behavior. These mechanisms entered
the common lexicon under the terms institution, network, power, and cognition.
Sociology’s core insight is that individuals behave according to scripts that are tied to
social roles. Those scripts are called conventions at the collective level and cognitive
schemas at the individual level.”
Similarly, cultural, ideational, and institutionalist theorists have made similar
claims in comparative politics for .
Modern approaches in political science aim to minimize the deficiencies of traditional approaches. These modern approaches take an interdisciplinary perspective and use empirical data and scientific methods like statistical analysis. Some key modern approaches examined are behavioralism, post-behavioralism, and Marxism. Behavioralism focuses on political behavior and uses tools like surveys. Post-behavioralism emerged due to dissatisfaction with behavioralism and aims to study all political realities. Marxism views society as divided into classes and argues capitalism will lead to revolution and establishment of socialism.
This document provides an overview of elite theory, beginning with its origins in the late 19th/early 20th century Italian School led by Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo Pareto, and Roberto Michels. It examines how their work established the idea that societies are divided between a small, organized ruling minority and a disorganized majority. It then discusses how elite theory was applied in the US, notably by C. Wright Mills who argued America had an integrated power elite across political, economic, and military institutions. The document also summarizes debates between pluralist and elitist approaches to power structures.
Here are a few key points about object relations theory:
- It focuses on how our early relationships and interactions with caregivers shape our personality and ability to form relationships later in life. Our "objects" are the people we form emotional attachments to as children.
- Internalized representations or mental images of our early objects, both positive and negative, form our internal object relations and influence how we perceive ourselves and others.
- Psychic structures like the ego and superego develop through object relations. Our relationships help form our sense of identity.
- Defense mechanisms like splitting and projection allow infants to cope with ambivalent feelings toward caregivers. These remain influential in relationships.
- Object relations theorists study how problems in
This document provides an overview of a comparative politics course on Hong Kong programs. It includes:
1) Details of the course such as title, dates, instructor contact information, and topics to be covered in the first two lectures.
2) Summaries of the key concepts and approaches that will be discussed, including functionalism, structuralism, and the historical approach taken by the course.
3) An outline of the general theoretical framework that will guide comparisons between countries, focusing on how domestic politics are shaped by global context, interests, identities, and institutions.
This document discusses the connections between classical economics, Austrian economics, and complexity theory. It argues that (1) models in modern economics oversimplify human behavior and interactions, which are actually very complex, (2) Austrian economists like Hayek recognized economics as a complex, adaptive system and anticipated ideas from complexity theory, and (3) complexity theory provides a useful framework for understanding spontaneous order and economic change over time in a way that acknowledges our limited knowledge.
The classical theory projects public administration as a scienceSuzana Vaidya
The document discusses the classical and bureaucratic approaches to public administration. It describes the key thinkers and principles of each approach. The classical approach was proposed by Gulick and Urwick, who argued for establishing administration as a science based on empirical methods. They emphasized organizational structure principles like specialization, hierarchy, and span of control. Weber is identified as the founder of the bureaucratic theory. His views were influenced by neo-Kantianism and emphasized rationalization. Weber analyzed bureaucracies in ancient states and characterized modern bureaucracies as having division of labor, hierarchies, rules, impersonality, and neutrality.
Critical theorists would challenge the work of those grounded in legitimacy theory. Critical theory aims to critique and change society, uncover assumptions, and promote a better society serving mass interests through increased self-awareness and knowledge. It promotes emancipation, political equality, and two-way relationships between theory and practice, allowing easier implementation of policies. Critical theory also focuses more on social and environmental developments, accountability, and sustainable development.
Andrew Heywood -Politics CHAPTER 1 WHAT IS POLITICSMichele Thomas
This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts from the textbook "Politics" by Andrew Heywood. It discusses several chapters that introduce fundamental political ideas such as what is politics, different types of governments and political systems, political ideologies, democracy, the state, nations and nationalism, global politics, and the relationship between the economy and society. The summary touches on classical definitions and modern interpretations of these core elements of political analysis.
Political philosophy - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy.pdfRonaldTaggaoa1
Political philosophy examines how societies should structure their political institutions, economic systems, and social practices. It analyzes concepts like freedom, justice, and authority to critically evaluate existing arrangements and propose alternatives. Political philosophy addresses both perennial questions and issues prevalent in its historical context. While some philosophers aim to justify prevailing structures, others envision ideal societies. There is debate around whether political philosophies universally apply or reflect local values and human nature.
This document discusses the nexus between political and economic integration. It begins by defining politics and economy, noting they are intertwined. Politics involves the distribution of limited resources while economy is the resource bank that powers are exercised over. Integration refers to the combination of distinct actors for cooperation. The document then examines concepts in political economy like labor, means of production, relations of production, and mode of production. It analyzes how political and economic systems interact and influence each other throughout history.
Critical Social Pol icy Demetrius 5. atridis 1lf .docxmydrynan
Critical
Social Pol icy
Demetrius 5. /atridis
1\lf' ore and more in the new millennium, critical social policy is reflected ."I ~in the discourse of social science-and in social policy and social
work as well. More and more of the professional literature on social welfare
theory and social work practice of interventions for planned change explores
the impact of critical social policy in the context of social justice, equality,
human rights, and empowerment in advanced global capitalism. More and
more critical social policy is discussed in the context of global, national, and
local issues. Recent global developments in advanced capitalism necessitated
critical social policy approaches in a wider range of central areas including
critical social work (Leonard, 2001), social work curricula (Allan, Pease, &
Briskman, 2003 ), public policy (Woodside-Jiron, 2004), , social welfare
(Clarke & Islam, 2004; Leonard, 1997), poverty (MacGregor, 2005), theory
and practice (Mooney, Scott, & Williams, 2006; Wahab, 2005), socioeco
nomic justice and equality (Dybicz, 2004 ), globalization (El-Ojeili & Hayden,
2007), clinical social work and therapy (Dow & McDonald, 2003; Sands &
Soloman, 2001), education (Healy & Leonard, 2000), diversity and inclusion
(Brown, 2001; Hugman, 2001), housing and urban affairs (Martin, 2004),
health and mental health (Mubarak, 2003), global development (Browne,
2002; Haacke, 2005), epistemology (Dow & McDonald, 2003; Fook, 1999;
Gladstone, 2001), oppression and power (Baines, 2000; Mullaly, 2001;
Profitt, 2000), and work-family issues (Martin, 2004).
_________ Evol11.1tio111 of Critical Social Policy
The term critical is used in philosophy and social science literature to denote the
analysis of capitalist change and the mntating forms of domination that accom
pany it. It is also associated with New Left, feminist, and antidiscriminatory
215
216 TIIE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF SOCIAL POLICY
policy analysis in the context of contradictions between the progressive
rhetoric of egalitarianism and the reality of racial and class discrimination.
Critical social policy traditions have drawn inspiration from many theorists,
including Marx, Kant, Hegel, Weber, the Frankfurt school, Foucault,
Habermas, Derrida, Freire, and Giroux (Kincheloe & McLaren, 1994).
Critical theory typically refers to theoretical traditions developed last
century by rhe Frankfurt Institute of Social Research at the University of
Frankurt in Germany (the Frankfurt school). Believing that injustice and
subjugation shaped the world, its leaders-Theodor Adorno, Erich Fromm,
Max Horkheimer, Leo Lowenthal, and Herbert Marcuse-focused 011 rein
terpreting the forms of domination and oppression associated with Nazism,
Fascism, and the changing nature of capitalism.
Critical social policy is fundamentally based on postmodern social
science inquiries about social structures and the state in advanced capitalist
societies. Their do.
Understanding the concepts of culture, society and politicsMaryjoydailo
This document discusses key concepts related to culture, society, and politics. It covers:
- Aspects of culture including that culture is learned, symbolic, integrated, shared, and all-encompassing.
- Three sociological approaches to studying society: structural-functional, social-conflict, and symbolic-interaction. The structural-functional and social-conflict approaches have a macro-level orientation while symbolic-interaction has a micro-level orientation.
- Definitions of politics including that politics involves the activity of making, preserving, and amending the general rules that people live by, which inevitably leads to conflict and cooperation.
A study of culture, belief and social structureMarcel Duma
This document provides an introduction to the author's framework for analyzing culture, belief and social structure using "idea maps". The author argues that idea maps allow one to compress complex social phenomena into a visual representation of related ideas. Idea maps show the relationships between different concepts, groups, institutions, etc. through identifying the sets of ideas associated with each. The author provides several examples of idea maps analyzing historical groups in China and aspects of the project of interdisciplinary social science. The goal of idea maps is to help communicate and shed light on complex social issues by representing relationships between ideas.
(1) This document summarizes the connections between classical economics, Austrian economics, and complexity theory. It argues that considering economics from a complexity perspective, as advocated in works from Adam Smith to F.A. Hayek, provides a more realistic view of human economic behavior than mainstream neoclassical models. (2) It discusses how Hayek's concept of "spontaneous order" is closely aligned with the idea of complex adaptive systems in complexity theory. (3) The document concludes that understanding economics through a complexity lens, as advocated by institutions like the Santa Fe Institute, can help address limitations in contemporary quantitative economic modeling by recognizing what we do not yet understand about spontaneous orders and complex systems.
Similar to The crisis of the formula of liberal democracy (20)
The object of analysis in the present text is the issue of surveillance and data retention in Poland. The analysis of this issue follows from a critical stance taken by NGOs and state institutions on the scope of operational control wielded by the Polish police and special services – it concerns, in particular, the employment of " itemised phone bills and phone tapping. " Besides the quantitative analysis of surveillance and the scope of data retention, the text features the conclusions of the Human Rights Defender referred to the Constitutional Tri-bunal in 2011. It must be noted that the main problems concerned with the employment of surveillance and data retention are caused by: (1) a lack of specification of technical means which can be used by individual services; (2) a lack of specification of what kind of information and evidence is in question; (3) an open catalogue of information and evi-dence which can be clandestinely acquired in an operational mode. Furthermore, with re-gard to the access granted to teleinformation data by the Telecommunications Act, attention should be drawn to the wide array of data submitted to particular services. Also, the text draws on open interviews conducted mainly with former police officers with a view to highlighting some non-formal reasons for " phone tapping " in Poland. This comes in the form of a summary.
Public sphere and private sphere - masculinity and femininityRemigiuszRosicki
The sphere is a natural detenninant ofsocial ręiations, and thus shoulc1be an impor-tant category in the social scjences-Moreoveą a broader analysis should be conducted ovęr it. Discussions on sphere in the social sciences (in the narow meaning: sociology and politics) includę both the issue ofphysical sphere as wellas the concept ofsphere as an idea. In the political context it is attempted to connecl spherę with a descdption of politicalphenomena, power, violence, force, the sphere offreedom' ętc. It should be ob_ served that sphere as a public sphere is treatęd as a mętaphoI forpolitical participation, particulally in thę context of civil dghts. WŁat should be distinguished &om the ordi-nary sense ofpubiic sphęIe, the means sphere ofpublic access or spherc with specific fęatures usęful to society. In the |ust meaning ofthe public nature, which for oul con_ sidęrations is more impofiant' spherę would be recognized as a sphere ofparticipation, which means as a specialkind ofinteraction, plesęntations' and the legitimacy ofcol-lęctive oI indivicluai idełtity (of vadous typęs of particularities). It should bę noted that the specific undelstanding of politics and power should bę connected with the traditional recognition ofsphere, social spatial behavior, a deter_ mina[t of aggression or demographic description of society. It seems that you can draw a h1.pothesis that a spęcific type of description based among othęrs on the above-mentioned perspęctives strengthened specific Ępe of discourse in politics and power, whiclr has become one of thę factols lacilitating the ideological exclusion of certain social groups from public life, e'g' womęn. Depreciation ofwomen in social life by dehning the physical force and violence as an impońant lactol of tęrritofialism and tribalism, was thę basis for determining the practices and the mamęr ofthe discourse on the public Spttere as an area ofpolitical in-tęIaction' obviously' it was not the only factor limitirrg womęn's palticipation in the
"Pornographic content related to presentation of violence" - art. 202 § 3 of ...RemigiuszRosicki
The legal issue related to the so-called hard-core pornography (pornography using and presenting violence) has been generally presented on the example of the Polish Criminal Code. Of particular importance is art. 202, § 3, which defines criminal penalties for distribution, production, recording, importing, storage and possession of "hard pornography" (the text is limited to the analysis of pornography using and presenting violence).
Suwerenność można rozpatrywać różnorodnie, tzn. jako zwierzchność władzy, także jako cechę jednostki, społeczeństwa, narodu itd. Artykuł odnosi się do początków rozważań o suwerenności, do suwerenności jako kategorii teoretycznej i prawnej. Ponadto w artykule zawarto analizę pojęcia suwerennej równości, co ma szczególne znaczenie w dobie dynamicznych zmian w środowisku
międzynarodowym. W tym też kontekście artykuł odnosi się do dorobku m.in. U. Becka, I. Wallersteina.
Sovereignty can be viewed from various perspectives: as superiority of power, as
an individual char acteristic, but also as a feature of a society or a nation, and many
others. This article deals with the beginnings of study on sovereignty, as well as with sovereignty as a theoretical and legislative category. Moreover, the text includes analysis of the
term of sovereign equality. The latter is of particular importance in the times of dynamic changes in international perspective. In this scope, the article deals with the heritage of U. Beck and I. Wallerstein.
Kryzys demokracji liberalnej - wybrane problemy rządzenia, legitymizacji i re...RemigiuszRosicki
R. Rosicki, Kryzys demokracji liberalnej - wybrane problemy rządzenia, legitymizacji i reprezentacji, w: M. Kołodziejczak, R. Rosicki (red.), Od teorii do praktyki politycznej, WNPiD UAM, Poznań 2012, pp. 241 – 258.
Instrumentalisation and Objectification of Human SexualityRemigiuszRosicki
The article discusses the issue of instrumentalisation and objectification of corporeality and sexuality. The issue was considered in the context of forms possible to distribute by the media. The starting point is general tabloidisation in the contemporary culture, which changes due to new technologies of production, recording and distribution. The body, nudity and violence are becoming a tool of inducing shock, dazzling with vulgarity and breaking taboos in order to satisfy sexual needs and curiosity. The ability to access previously restricted content or content which was previously not feasible due to the lack of universality of the media, causes that these forms find their customers. This problem has been reduced to the so called “hard pornography” (pornography using and presenting violence); however, attention should be paid to a broader range of issues which included 1) the actual sexual violence, 2) real sexual relations
of BDSM partners and (3) sexual violence in pornographic films. In fact, in each of
these situations we will talk about different forms of instrumentalisation and objectification of human corporeality.
The text presents the thesis that the legal sphere related toius publicum, which is shaped by participation in the public sphere, has a significant impact on private life. Hence the dominance of particular social narratives (ideology, ethics, etc.) affects the legal sphere, which interferes to a great extent with the private sphere of people. We should also stress the change in the meaning of what was called pornography – from tools to express political ideas to contents aiming at providing amusement
and satisfaction on different levels.
The legal issue related to the so-called hard-core pornography (pornography using and presenting violence) has been generally presented on the example of the Polish Criminal Code. Of particular importance is art. 202 § 3, which defines criminal penalties for distribution, production, recording, importing, storage and possession of “hard pornography” (the text is limited to the analysis of pornography using and presenting violence).
Information Security as Exemplified by Clandestine Collaboration and Influen...RemigiuszRosicki
The text addresses the issue of information security as exemplified by clandestine collaboration and the influence exerted by the Internal Security Agency officers upon journalists. The texts analyzes the de lege lata
regulations as well as the de lege ferenda ones. As for the former, the penal provisions of the Act, that is Articles 153b–153d (Chapter 10a) are applicable, whereas as for the latter, the applicable regulations are the 2013 Bill Articles numbered 197–199 (Chapter 10). In both the 2002 Act on the Internal Security Agency and Foreign Intelligence Agency as well as in the 2013 draft Bill of the Internal Security Agency, the legislator penalizes the employment by the officers of the information acquired while fulfilling or in connection with official duties for the purpose of affecting the operation of public authority bodies, entrepreneurs or
broadcasters, editors-in-chief, journalists and persons conducting publishing activity. Also, the
text analyzes regulations concerned with the penalization of clandestine collaboration engaged
in by ABW officers with a broadcaster, editor-in-chief, a journalist and a person conducting publishing activity.
Biogas, agricultural biogas and biogas plants in Poland - selected statistica...RemigiuszRosicki
Poland’s situation in the years 2012/2013 was far from stable and predictable in terms of legal regulations regarding the energy sector. Negative assessment of the works on necessary changes to the energy law does not refer to the scope of the subject. The scope of the subject of such works was forced by the need to adjust the requirements of the European Union in regards to the functioning of RES market. The prolongation of the works on regulations regarding the energy industry was also due to measures taken by various interest groups who, using this opportunity, attempted to guarantee their privileged "legal position” (RES sector, various types of RES, conventional energy sector). All these elements contributed to lack of the sense of legal stability. The object of analysis in the text is one of the RES sectors, namely the sector of biogas and agricultural biogas. Biogas, agricultural biogas and energy and/or heat obtained from them are not a significant element in the aspect of volume (power installed within RES is 136.3 MW, which constitutes 2.9%). However, attention must be drawn to major development potential of e.g. installations related to agricultural biogas production. The text presents the analysis of: (1) biogas potential in Poland, (2)definition of biogas and agricultural biogas, (3) development opportunities for biogas and agricultural biogas, (4) selected legal problems. The last case focuses on de lege ferenda regulations in the aspect of: (1) business activities involving generation of “energy” and agricultural biogas, (2) connection of RES/biogas installation to the transmission infrastructure. Due to specific dynamics of changes to the works on draft statutes, this part of the text focuses exclusively on signaling the selected legal institutions.
Bezpieczenstwo energetyczne i ekologiczne na przykladzie wegla brunatnego w P...RemigiuszRosicki
The analysis in the text involves selected aspects of brown coal sector functioning in Poland. The analysis has been made in the context of Poland’s energy security and ecological safety, which seems important due to the need to implement low-emission energy policy. In relation to the sole fact that electricity production relies on coal, Poland will face the need to undertake major sector transformations in the coming 20-30 years.
Two main parts of the text focus on the problem of energy security and ecological safety. In the earlier case, brief characteristic of the coal energy
sector in Poland has been presented, namely the potential of brown coal, selected economic problems related to functioning of the sector, and orientation of Polish energy policy in this respect. In turn, the problem of ecological safety has been brought down to the impact of mines on the natural environment.
Hence, the paper presents selected problems of threats to the natural and anthropogenic environment, as well as threats related to particular phases of energy production from brown coal. Furthermore, the text considers possible measures in the area of reclamation of areas where brown coal sector has been located.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.