(1) This document summarizes the connections between classical economics, Austrian economics, and complexity theory. It argues that considering economics from a complexity perspective, as advocated in works from Adam Smith to F.A. Hayek, provides a more realistic view of human economic behavior than mainstream neoclassical models. (2) It discusses how Hayek's concept of "spontaneous order" is closely aligned with the idea of complex adaptive systems in complexity theory. (3) The document concludes that understanding economics through a complexity lens, as advocated by institutions like the Santa Fe Institute, can help address limitations in contemporary quantitative economic modeling by recognizing what we do not yet understand about spontaneous orders and complex systems.
A Presentation on the Science of HumanitiesAshish Babu
A quick insight into the very definitions of the science of humanities and its various aspects pertaining to the individual as well as to the society as a whole.
A Presentation on the Science of HumanitiesAshish Babu
A quick insight into the very definitions of the science of humanities and its various aspects pertaining to the individual as well as to the society as a whole.
The Invention of Capitalism - Michael Perelmanberat celik
The Invention of Capitalism is novel in four major respects. First, it
addresses the question of what determines the social division of labor, the
division of society into independent firms and industries from the per-
spective of classical political economy. It also develops the theoretical
implications of primitive accumulation. Third, this book offers a signifi-
cantly different interpretation of classical political economy, demonstrat-
ing that this school of thought supported the process of primitive ac-
cumulation. Finally, it analyzes the role of primitive accumulation in the
work of Marx. All of these threads come together in helping us to under-
stand how modern capitalism developed and the role of classical political
economy in furthering this process.
Twenty Years of European Business Ethics– Past Development.docxmarilucorr
Twenty Years of European Business Ethics
– Past Developments and Future Concerns
Luc van Liedekerke
Wim Dubbink
ABSTRACT. Over the past 20 years business ethics in
Europe witnessed a remarkable growth. Today business
ethics is faced with two challenges. The first comes from
the social sciences and consultants who have both
reclaimed the topics of business ethics, regretfully often at
the loss of the proper ethical perspective. The second
comes from the remarkable rise of corporate social
responsibility which has pushed aside the mainstream
business ethics methodology with its emphasis on moral
deliberation by the individual. These challenges can be
tackled by an institutional transformation in business
ethics that links up to the long-standing European tradi-
tion of institutional analysis of the market. The second
remedy is an enlargement of the research agenda in
business ethics by coming closer to other parts of applied
ethics where the business ethics view is at this moment
grossly neglected.
KEY WORDS: business ethics, corporate social respon-
sibility, Europe
From Europe to America and back:
the invention of business ethics
Both the greatest critics and the greatest advocates of
the free market often point out that the ‘‘moral
viewpoint in business’’ is an oxymoron. Morality does
not, should not or cannot have any business in busi-
ness because man is greedy beyond redeem or because
systemic pressure is relentless. Only strong (govern-
ment) regulation can and should curtail business in
order to safeguard our fundamental rights. Any
business ethicist, who was confronted with this type
of remarks, knows how to rebut these comments as a
mantra learned by heart. Even if man has fundamental
rights, these rights do not overrule morality, but
presuppose it. And if the last 50 years have given us
any macro-sociological truth, it is that ‘the state’ or
‘the system’ is not going to save us – at least not
without humans helping them and helping them-
selves. What is more, systemic power is not com-
pletely beyond societal control and not so relentless
that the actor perspective becomes completely trivial,
as man cannot be reduced to greediness, even if self-
interest can become at times quite dominant.
As much as business can never do without ethics,
‘‘business ethics’’ as an academic discipline is a rare
breed. It is in a sense surprising that it could develop
in Europe at all (van Luijk, 2006, p. 7). In the 60s and
70s many people were quite critical of ‘‘the corporate
interest’’ and the ‘‘profit motive’’ as such. Societal
problems such as pollution, structural poverty and
over-consumption were squarely blamed on business
but ‘‘business ethics’’ was not seen as part of the
solution by these critics. On the contrary, it was
perceived as a cover up meant to lure the public into
believing that the market and the businessman could
add something positive to society. Conversely,
business peopl ...
R. Rosicki, The Crisis of the Formula of Liberal Democracy, w: Ł. Jureńczyk, N. Shukuralieva, W. Trempała (red.), Kryzys w stosunkach międzynarodowych, KPSW, Bydgoszcz 2012, pp. 19 - 37.
How the Culture of Economics Stops Economists from Studying Group Behavior an...hacyard
'Today, wealthy individuals and well-organized business and financial groups exercise their power by means of costly public relations, advertising, and lobbying activities.
By “investing” in the promotion of their interests, private financial interests have largely captured the major political parties in most democratic countries as well as the news media that communicate political events and debates to the public.
When the news media seek economists to provide commentary and insight into economic issues, more often than not they interview economists who work for business or financial firms, not independent universities or impartial
research organizations...'
Article Link:
http://wer.worldeconomicsassociation.org/papers/how-the-culture-of-economics-stops-economists-from-studying-group-behavior-and-the-development-of-social-cultures/
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
The Metaverse and AI: how can decision-makers harness the Metaverse for their...Jen Stirrup
The Metaverse is popularized in science fiction, and now it is becoming closer to being a part of our daily lives through the use of social media and shopping companies. How can businesses survive in a world where Artificial Intelligence is becoming the present as well as the future of technology, and how does the Metaverse fit into business strategy when futurist ideas are developing into reality at accelerated rates? How do we do this when our data isn't up to scratch? How can we move towards success with our data so we are set up for the Metaverse when it arrives?
How can you help your company evolve, adapt, and succeed using Artificial Intelligence and the Metaverse to stay ahead of the competition? What are the potential issues, complications, and benefits that these technologies could bring to us and our organizations? In this session, Jen Stirrup will explain how to start thinking about these technologies as an organisation.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdf
Economics And The Complexity
1. Pratt 1
Economics and the Complexity Vision
2009 Summer Project
Greg Pratt
Mesa Community College
The static neo classical model of economics typically found in the economics
classroom (and professional journals) belies the reality of human interaction. While
models demand a set of simplifying assumptions, the quantitative approach that swept
economics in the post WW II era to dominate the profession does as great a disservice to
society as a service. However, looking back to classical economics as well as the
Austrian school a small group of scholars have begun to examine what has been called
economic behavior from another perspective. While these scholars are a tiny part of the
profession, their view has more than passing importance. David Colander in The
Complexity Vision and the Teaching of Economics observes: “ . . . the field of
economics displayed many of the characterize a complex system. It had a self-organized
quality to it, and it dealt with interdependent agents. Indeed it has along history of
explanations involving the invisible hand and spontaneous order. “(4).
So the examination of the emerging work in complexity, centered at the Santa Fe
Institute (SFI), is an appropriate and compelling allocation of time. The Santa Fe
Institute is a private, not-for-profit, independent research and education center founded in
1984, for multidisciplinary collaborations in the physical, biological, computational, and
social sciences. Understanding of complex adaptive systems is critical to addressing key
environmental, technological, biological, economic, and political challenges.
(http://www.santafe.edu/about/ ) Colander’s edited work in The Complexity Vision and
2. Pratt 2
the Teaching of Economics is based upon the work of SFI scholars and covers a series of
topics ranging from bioeconomics to the Austrian school of economics.
This complexity work is tied to two of the giants in Austrian thought – Ludig von
Mises and F. A. Hayek as well as Adam Smith. The major problem for any economy
Hayek argued, is how people’s actions are coordinated. He noticed, as Adam Smith had,
that the price system—free markets—did a remarkable job of coordinating people’s
actions, even though that coordination was not part of anyone’s intent. The market, said
Hayek, was a spontaneous order. By spontaneous Hayek meant unplanned—the market
was not designed by anyone but evolved slowly as the result of human actions. Roger
Koppl writes of the connection between Austrian and complexity:
Austrian economists (of the Hayekian variety at least) share
common elements and a common past with complexity theory.
Complexity theorists trace their origins in part to Ludwig von
Bertalanffy’s work on systems theory and Norbert Wiener, creater of the
related field of cybernetics. Hayek had a series knowledge of and interest
in systems theory and cybernetics. . . . The most characteristic feature of
Hayek’s system of thought is probably his notion of ‘spontaneous order. . .
A spontaneous order is a complex adaptive system. It is Adam Smith’s
idea of the ‘invisible hand’. (Colander 139-140)
The tie then between classical economics, modern Austrian thought and complexity
theory can be found both in the work the SFI as well as the sources of classical and
modern economic thought.
This tie between complexity theory and the Hayekian notion of spontaneous order
(1) is not widely communicated in social sciences and is arguably one of the most
important contributions that is lacking in contemporary social sciences education. The
connection between the two is both clear and compelling. Koppl goes on to clarify this
connection when he points out: “ . . . they are complex; for spontaneous orders, the
3. Pratt 3
‘degree of complexity is not limited to what a human mind can master. Second, they are
abstract . . . Third, they have no purpose, ‘not having be made’ by any designing
minds,”(140). This final point is critical, complexity is adaptive, emergent and
evolutionary and the work of the Austrians builds on the insight of Adam Smith to
indicate the implications of these set of conditions which seem to inform behavior. (2)
Harvard economist and former Harvard University President Lawrence Summers
explains Hayek's place in modern economics this way: quot;What's the single most important
thing to learn from an economics course today? What I tried to leave my students with is
the view that the invisible hand is more powerful than the [un]hidden hand. Things will
happen in well-organized efforts without direction, controls, plans. That's the consensus
among economists. That's the Hayek legacy.quot;(quoted in The Commanding Heights: The
Battle Between Government and the Marketplace that Is Remaking the Modern World pp.
150-151.)
While Hayek is neglected or often unknown in current economic education, Adam
Smith remains a central, if misunderstood, element of both instructor generated
instruction and textbook analysis of the markets. His invisible hand (mentioned only 3
times in his collected works) is frequently emphasized although misinterpreted. Vernon
Smith, an advocate of the constructivist or complex vision points to Smith’s contributions
to his work in experimental economics. He writes that this vision is:
an undesigned ecological system that emerges out of cultural and
biological evolutionary processes: home grown principles of action,
norms, traditions, and morality. Thus, quot;the rules of morality are not the
conclusions of our reason.quot; According to Hume, who was concerned with
the limits of reason and the boundedness of human understanding,
rationality was a phenomena that reason discovers in emergent
institutions. Adam Smith expressed the idea of emergent order in both The
Wealth of Nations and The Theory of Moral Sentiments. According to this
4. Pratt 4
concept of rationality, truth is discovered in the form of the intelligence
embodied in rules and traditions that have formed, inscrutably, out of the
ancient history of human social interactions. (Vernon Smith)
Vernon Smith argues for the view that Adam Smith in both the well known Wealth of
Nations and virtually unknown Theory of Moral Sentiments finds the emergent and
evolutionary view of human activity persuasive. Thus, the invisible hand metaphor
acquires a deeper meaning as a symbol for what Hayek would call spontaneous order that
is emergent, in the words of Vernon Smith, over the extended period of the “ancient
History of human social interactions. These interactions are the informal institutions –
norms and conventions that Douglass North sees shaping formal institutions and
incentive structures that impact behavior. This process is one that is complex in nature,
has not been fully understood or modeled, in spite of the impression given by
introductory texts in economics that see markets and outcomes as fait accompliat. North
writes: Informal constraints (norms, conventions and codes of conduct) favorable to
growth can sometimes produce economic growth even with unstable or adverse political
rules. So North agrees with Vernon Smith and writes: “It is necessary to dismantle the
rationality assumption underlying economic theory in order to approach constructively
the nature of human learning. History demonstrates that ideas, ideologies, myths,
dogmas, and prejudices matter; and an understanding of the way they evolve is necessary
for further progress in developing a framework to understand societal change.”(Nobel
Lecture)
As Douglass North reminds us, the complicating factor in our study and
instruction of economics is change. In works ranging from Structure and Change in
Economic History toUnderstanding the Process of Economic Change North reiterates the
5. Pratt 5
centrality challenge of understanding the forces that lead to change. In his 1993 Nobel
lecture North explicates what he calls the non ergodic nature of change. “increasing our
understanding of the historical evolution of economies” can “contribute to our
understanding of the complex interplay between institutions, technology, and
demography in the overall process of economic change.” He concludes much of his
recent work with the twin observations that it is “adaptive rather than allocative
efficiency that is key to our understanding of complex economic process and path
dependence, one of the remarkable regularities of history. . . . Pioneering work on this
subject is beginning to give us insights into the sources of path dependence (Arthur, 1989
and David, 1985). But there is much that we still do not know.” (Nobel) In a subsequent
Nobel ceremony, Vernon Smith recognized this limitation in his banquet toast. (3)
So the line of thought from Smith to Hayek to North is clear – there is much we
do not know, the modern models used in economics mask or ignore this ignorance and
complexity theory is a vision or prism that can allow a more realized view of human
behavior. All three provide a rationale for their vision; the economic growth or change
has allowed humanity to dramatically increase the standard of living in the 21st century.
While an understanding of the limitation of contemporary quantitative economic
modeling, institutions such as the Santa Fe Institute seem to argue for a Hayekean
recognition of the limits to understanding of spontaneous orders or complex systems.
6. Pratt 6
Notes
(1) Because it is undesigned and not the product of conscious reflection, the
spontaneous order that emerges of itself in social life can cope with the radical
ignorance we all share of the countless facts on knowledge of which society
depends. This is to say, to begin with, that a spontaneous social order can utilize
fragmented knowledge, knowledge dispersed among millions of people, in a way
a holistically planned order (if such there could be) cannot. “This structure of
human activities” as Hayek puts it “consistently adapts itself, and functions
through adapting itself, to millions of facts which in their entirety are not known
to everybody. The significance of this process is most obvious and was at first
stressed in the economic field.”34 It is to say, also, that a spontaneous social
order can use the practical knowledge preserved in men's habits and dispositions
and that society always depends on such practical knowledge and cannot do
without it.
http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php
%3Ftitle=1305&chapter=100481&layout=html&Itemid=27
(2) One idea propounded by Hayek is central for the understanding of the Social
Sciences: the notion of complex phenomena. This notion was originally
introduced in his paper “The theory of the complex phenomena” published in
Studies in 1967. He proposes that the degree of complexity of a phenomenon
depends upon “the minimum number of elements of which an instance of the
pattern must consist in order to exhibit all the characteristic attributes of the class
of pattern in question…”
http://evolucionismoycomplejidad.wordpress.com/2008/09/18/discussion-on-the-
theory-of-complex-phenomena/
(3) Vernon L. Smith's speech at the Nobel Banquet, December 10, 2002
8. Pratt 8
Bibliography
Colander, David. The Complexity Vision and the Teaching of Economics. Edward
Elgar, Northampton, MA, USA. 2000.
Hayek, FA. -----The Constitution of Liberty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
-----Economics and Knowledge A presidential address to the London Economic
Club, 10 November 1936. First published in Economica (February 1937).
----- Individualism and Economic Order. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1952.
-----The Counter-Revolution of Science: Studies on the Abuse of Reason. Glencoe,
Ill.: Free Press. 1960.
-----Law, Legislation, and Liberty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1973.
----“The Use of Knowledge in Society.” American Economic Review 35 (September):
519–530. Available online at: http://www.econlib.org/library/Essays/hykKnw1.html.
North, Douglass. Nobel Prize Lecture, 1993.
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1993/north-lecture.html
-----Structure and Change in Economic History, 1981
-----Understanding the Process of Economic Change
Smith, Adam. 1776. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.
Edited by Edwin Cannan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976. Available
online at: http://www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smWN.html
-----1759. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Edited by D. D. Raphael and A. L.
Macfie. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1976.
Available online at: http://www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smMS.html
9. Pratt 9
Smith, Vernon. What is Experimental Economics? http://www.ices-
gmu.net/article.php/368.html
Yergin, Daniel and Joseph Stanislaw The Commanding Heights: The Battle Between
Government and the Marketplace that Is Remaking the Modern World, New York:
Simon & Schuster. 1998.
Warch, David. The Idea of Economic Complexity. New York: Penquin. 1984.