This document summarizes a study on the contributions of community-based volunteers towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Nyando District, Kenya. The study found that volunteers provided services relevant to goals around poverty, education, health, and the environment. Specifically, volunteers offered training in agriculture, income generation, and education. They also supported health services. Most volunteers spent 6-10 hours per week providing these unpaid services. The estimated financial value of their contributions was equivalent to 4% of the district's budget for development. The majority of volunteers had served for over 5 years, indicating retention of volunteers over time. Due to budget constraints, volunteerism provides an alternative means of delivering important social services.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Mainstreaming gender equity in participatory fish-farming
is important in the attainment of protein food security,
reducing poverty and improving food security in Kisii
County. There are various permanent rivers in Kisii County,
but fish farming was not commonly practiced as the
alternative source of the traditional protein food. People
depended on fishing from the common water bodies
accessible from their neighborhood, which was limited. The
study was based on the problem whose statement was that
women and the poor people lacked an enabling environment
for participatory fish-farming toward protein-food security
and sustainable community development in Kisii County. The study was guided by the following specific objectives:
1. Assess gender dynamic-issues in participatory fish-farming toward food security and sustainable community
development in Kisii County; 2). Examine ways of building women’s capacity to strengthen participatory fish farming
in Kisii County; and 3). Explore ways to increase monitoring, evaluation and responsiveness in gender-based
participatory fish farming in Kisii County. Literature relating to gender equality and community capacity building for
participatory fish farming was reviewed. The study used descriptive survey method, and used purposive cluster
sampling method to select 160 respondents out of the population of the study. The study findings revealed that fish
farming as an alternative source of protein food has the potential of safeguarding food security in the face of climate
change challenges. But fish farming was administered under the public department of fisheries, and the method used
was mostly top-down approach of disseminating information for improved fish farming. Therefore, there was room to
promote gender-based participatory fish farming toward food security and sustainable development in Kisii County.
The study recommended that the leaders need to develop and implement a policy guide to promote participatory fish
farming, including participation of women and poor household members in decision making, management and
improvement of fish farming. Women and the vulnerable members of the society also need to be ready and willing to
be empowered to participate in fish farming as alternative source of protein food.
Microfinance in Bangladesh and the Myth of Women Empowerment Manoj Bhusal
The aim of the study was to describe the impact of microfinance in empowering the women of northern Bangladesh. The study also aimed at assessing the effectiveness and outreach of NGOs and Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in addressing the financial needs of the poor. A comparative study of long-term and short-term beneficiaries was carried out in order to evaluate the degree of social participation and political awareness. Increment in choices and opportunities was taken as the major indicator of empowerment.
The study was supported by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Finn Church Aid, and Rangpur Dinajpur Rural Service (RDRS) Bangladesh. The study followed the qualitative research methodologies. A non-participant observation, semi-structured focus group interviews and four family case studies were carried out during the study. A non-participant observation was chosen as an important methodology and several RDRS branch offices and weekly microfinance group meetings were observed throughout the study period.
Five short-term and five long-term beneficiaries of RDRS microfinance were selected and they were posed different questions on social economic and political domains, and a set of questionnaires was used for this purpose. Four family case studies were also carried out for an in-depth study of economic empowerment and changing gender relations. Data triangulation was used to ensure validity and reliability.
The findings suggest, though the long-term microfinance beneficiaries enjoyed slightly improved chances of social mobility and possessed an added value of self-worth, there was not any significant improvement in securing an enhanced economic base, and at the same time, the longstanding issues of gender disparity and powerlessness remained unchallenged. Thus, the link between minimalist microfinance and women empowerment is not as strong as it is normally perceived.
In addition, the minimalist microfinance seems to have many limitations and, thus, cannot contribute effectively to empowerment of the poor. If the focus of the MFI is on poverty eradication and empowerment, not merely on providing financial services to the poor, the report recommends, instead of a minimalist microfinance, a holistic microfinance with vigorous educational and skill-training opportunities should be devised and implemented. It would certainly be wise to look for new models of microfinance where the poor are not necessarily entrepreneurs, but active stakeholders. Such an example has also been included in the report.
Keywords: women empowerment, microfinance, Bangladesh, poverty, empowerment measurement, gender equity, qualitative study
Identification of the effects of micro-credits on different aspects of the li...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Innovation Plan: Bridging the gap to linking networks. BangladeshPROCASUR Corporation
Learning Route on women’s empowerment, business development and sustainable natural resource management.
Scaling-up programmes for the rural poor in Nepal. 6 to 13 December, 2014. IFAD & PROCASUR.
More contents at: http://asia.procasur.org/portfolio_item/nepal-learning-route/
Learning Route on women’s empowerment, business development and sustainable natural resource management.
Scaling-up programmes for the rural poor in Nepal. 6 to 13 December, 2014. IFAD & PROCASUR.
More contents at: http://asia.procasur.org/portfolio_item/nepal-learning-route/
learning routes, nepal, procasur, ifad, innovation
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Economic Empowerment of Women through Microcredit in South-west Region of Ban...iosrjce
This study tries to reveal the role of microcredit in enhancing women empowerment in south-west
region of Bangladesh, especially in Batiaghata Upazila of Khulna District. The sample size is 80 which has
been selected randomly, and, is comprising of equal number of microcredit taker and non-microcredit taker
women of Batiaghata Upazila which has been selected randomly, engaged in poultry farming. Cumulative
Empowerment Index (CEI) is constructed and multiple linear regression model is used to find out women
empowerment status. By using CEI, the study has found that the microcredit taker women are economically
more empowered than the non-microcredit taker women. By using multiple linear regression model, the study
also finds that, contribution to household income, monthly investment, and new addition to asset ownership of
the respondents have statistically significant effect on women empowerment. But status regarding microcredit
taking gives statistically insignificant result. Above all, based on the empirical result, it can be concluded that
status regarding microcredit has a positive effect on economic empowerment of women in the study area.
Mainstreaming gender equity in participatory fish-farming
is important in the attainment of protein food security,
reducing poverty and improving food security in Kisii
County. There are various permanent rivers in Kisii County,
but fish farming was not commonly practiced as the
alternative source of the traditional protein food. People
depended on fishing from the common water bodies
accessible from their neighborhood, which was limited. The
study was based on the problem whose statement was that
women and the poor people lacked an enabling environment
for participatory fish-farming toward protein-food security
and sustainable community development in Kisii County. The study was guided by the following specific objectives:
1. Assess gender dynamic-issues in participatory fish-farming toward food security and sustainable community
development in Kisii County; 2). Examine ways of building women’s capacity to strengthen participatory fish farming
in Kisii County; and 3). Explore ways to increase monitoring, evaluation and responsiveness in gender-based
participatory fish farming in Kisii County. Literature relating to gender equality and community capacity building for
participatory fish farming was reviewed. The study used descriptive survey method, and used purposive cluster
sampling method to select 160 respondents out of the population of the study. The study findings revealed that fish
farming as an alternative source of protein food has the potential of safeguarding food security in the face of climate
change challenges. But fish farming was administered under the public department of fisheries, and the method used
was mostly top-down approach of disseminating information for improved fish farming. Therefore, there was room to
promote gender-based participatory fish farming toward food security and sustainable development in Kisii County.
The study recommended that the leaders need to develop and implement a policy guide to promote participatory fish
farming, including participation of women and poor household members in decision making, management and
improvement of fish farming. Women and the vulnerable members of the society also need to be ready and willing to
be empowered to participate in fish farming as alternative source of protein food.
Microfinance in Bangladesh and the Myth of Women Empowerment Manoj Bhusal
The aim of the study was to describe the impact of microfinance in empowering the women of northern Bangladesh. The study also aimed at assessing the effectiveness and outreach of NGOs and Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in addressing the financial needs of the poor. A comparative study of long-term and short-term beneficiaries was carried out in order to evaluate the degree of social participation and political awareness. Increment in choices and opportunities was taken as the major indicator of empowerment.
The study was supported by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Finn Church Aid, and Rangpur Dinajpur Rural Service (RDRS) Bangladesh. The study followed the qualitative research methodologies. A non-participant observation, semi-structured focus group interviews and four family case studies were carried out during the study. A non-participant observation was chosen as an important methodology and several RDRS branch offices and weekly microfinance group meetings were observed throughout the study period.
Five short-term and five long-term beneficiaries of RDRS microfinance were selected and they were posed different questions on social economic and political domains, and a set of questionnaires was used for this purpose. Four family case studies were also carried out for an in-depth study of economic empowerment and changing gender relations. Data triangulation was used to ensure validity and reliability.
The findings suggest, though the long-term microfinance beneficiaries enjoyed slightly improved chances of social mobility and possessed an added value of self-worth, there was not any significant improvement in securing an enhanced economic base, and at the same time, the longstanding issues of gender disparity and powerlessness remained unchallenged. Thus, the link between minimalist microfinance and women empowerment is not as strong as it is normally perceived.
In addition, the minimalist microfinance seems to have many limitations and, thus, cannot contribute effectively to empowerment of the poor. If the focus of the MFI is on poverty eradication and empowerment, not merely on providing financial services to the poor, the report recommends, instead of a minimalist microfinance, a holistic microfinance with vigorous educational and skill-training opportunities should be devised and implemented. It would certainly be wise to look for new models of microfinance where the poor are not necessarily entrepreneurs, but active stakeholders. Such an example has also been included in the report.
Keywords: women empowerment, microfinance, Bangladesh, poverty, empowerment measurement, gender equity, qualitative study
Identification of the effects of micro-credits on different aspects of the li...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Innovation Plan: Bridging the gap to linking networks. BangladeshPROCASUR Corporation
Learning Route on women’s empowerment, business development and sustainable natural resource management.
Scaling-up programmes for the rural poor in Nepal. 6 to 13 December, 2014. IFAD & PROCASUR.
More contents at: http://asia.procasur.org/portfolio_item/nepal-learning-route/
Learning Route on women’s empowerment, business development and sustainable natural resource management.
Scaling-up programmes for the rural poor in Nepal. 6 to 13 December, 2014. IFAD & PROCASUR.
More contents at: http://asia.procasur.org/portfolio_item/nepal-learning-route/
learning routes, nepal, procasur, ifad, innovation
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Economic Empowerment of Women through Microcredit in South-west Region of Ban...iosrjce
This study tries to reveal the role of microcredit in enhancing women empowerment in south-west
region of Bangladesh, especially in Batiaghata Upazila of Khulna District. The sample size is 80 which has
been selected randomly, and, is comprising of equal number of microcredit taker and non-microcredit taker
women of Batiaghata Upazila which has been selected randomly, engaged in poultry farming. Cumulative
Empowerment Index (CEI) is constructed and multiple linear regression model is used to find out women
empowerment status. By using CEI, the study has found that the microcredit taker women are economically
more empowered than the non-microcredit taker women. By using multiple linear regression model, the study
also finds that, contribution to household income, monthly investment, and new addition to asset ownership of
the respondents have statistically significant effect on women empowerment. But status regarding microcredit
taking gives statistically insignificant result. Above all, based on the empirical result, it can be concluded that
status regarding microcredit has a positive effect on economic empowerment of women in the study area.
This article presents the participation levels of the NSS volunteers' in National Service Scheme (NSS) activities in two
districts of North Andhra Pradesh. NSS is a central government scheme initiated to promote the student youth to work for
the community development which leads to building a better nation. This is a quantitative study, adopted the convenience sampling method and
collected the data from 842 students from these eight colleges through a structured questionnaire. The study found that 82.8 per cent of the
respondents actively participated in the regular activities of the NSS programme, 72.9 per cent of the respondents participated in the rallies of
awareness programmes. The study found that 78.3 per cent of the respondents participated in Environmental day, 70.9 per cent of the respondents
participated in International Yoga day, and 68.3 per cent of the respondents participated in Indian Republic day celebrations. The Covid-19
pandemic is one of the reasons for the reduction of the participation of the NSS volunteers. The functioning of the programme ofcers (POs) and
NSS units in the colleges are satisfactory. The students need more guidance from the POs and concerned authorities to increase more participation
from NSS volunteers.
together, Japan Habitat Association, Sawayume Kenya and the County Government of Homa Bay to improve the sanitation profiles in Homa Bay County and promote sustainable sanitation interventions, technologies and practices. The vision of the project is to sustainably improve the sanitation profiles of the rural communities of Kenya. The aim is to eradicate open defecation, promote universal access to improved sanitation facilities, and reduce the burden of diseases related to poor sanitation, increase sanitation technology choices among rural communities while improving the household incomes for investments in sanitation.
High coordination costs are often identified as the reason for the low quality of public goods available to the poor. We report findings from a unique combination of a village-randomized controlled trial and a lab-in-the-field experiment. An in-depth survey of 1,600 women before and after an intervention establishing membership-based organizations in one of the poorest districts in India shows that the presence of these groups increased villagers’ capacity to address water delivery problems, and improved access to, and quality of, water service. Public goods games with over 200 participants in a subset of control and treatment villages show that the presence of village groups increased cooperation among both members and non-members in treated villages. We find little evidence that cooperation is facilitated by more common tastes among group members. These results suggest that, in contrast to traditional community development programs, membership groups can help poor communities build social capital.
Project: Development of a community-level knowledge translation framework for Mayi Kuwayu: The National Study of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Wellbeing
Gender is a term used to convey the process of social construct that mediates the relationships between women and men. Water is an environmental resource and it is essential to sustain life. Its scarcity pose negative impact on women and also children as they are usually saddled with the responsibility of scouting around for water for use at home for cooking, washing, bathing among others when it is scarce. Women that have these much responsibility on water issues are not always involved in the development of water projects in the communities as they are usually expected to stay back to take care if home when men decide on what and how the water projects should be done. The study used the natural spring and borehole projects facilitated by the Sustainable Ibadan Project as case study. 729 respondents were sampled for the study out of which 493 were male and only 236 were female. It is observed that water projects that involved more women are more sustainable that those with lesser number of women. It is therefore recommended that more women should be involved at all the stages of development of water projects.
It’s basically about the rural and infrastructure development of a rural areas through which we can know about the life ,education ,and earning in rural areas is how much difficult.
Services Offered and Sustainable Development Program by the LifeBank Microfin...IJAEMSJORNAL
This paper explored the integration of automated solutions, such as Audit Process/Project Management Software, as a cornerstone of global innovation and digital upskilling to modernize internal audit operations. It delves into how these automated solutions can enhance internal audit efficiency and elevate its organizational value on a large scale. Also, the disadvantages of using this system were studied. Respondents strongly affirm the significance of automated workflows, real-time audit dashboards, centralized audit libraries, defined audit universes, and tracking engagement resources, costs, and timesheets in automated audit project management. Furthermore, the benefits of technology, specifically an Audit Management System, are explored in depth. The respondents express strong agreement on advantages such as heightened productivity, real-time supervisory review, a secure centralized platform for audit projects, expanded audit coverage, and improved collaboration among team members. However, the research also delves into the challenges associated with automation adoption in internal audits, revealing unanimous concerns about high investment costs, management buy-in hurdles, and the necessity for frequent updates and customization. These findings contribute valuable insights for organizations navigating the integration of technology into internal audit processes, balancing benefits with potential drawbacks.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI support
The contributions of community based volunteer workforce towards the millennium development goals in nyando district, kenya
1. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol 2, No.5, 2012
The contributions of community based volunteer workforce towards
the millennium development goals in Nyando District, Kenya
Ochieng’ B.M, Kaseje, D C.O, Wafula C.O.
Great Lakes University of Kisumu, P.O Box 2224-40100, Kisumu.
*josinabeverly@yahoo.com
Abstract
This paper presents results of a study on the contribution of CBVs to efforts towards the MDGs in Western Kenya.
The study was cross sectional, descriptive and exploratory in design.
Objective of the study was to describe the contribution of volunteers in services relevant to the achievement of the
MDGs.
Services rendered by volunteers were relevant to MDGs 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Majority of volunteers spent 6-10 hours
in a week offering voluntary services. This is equivalent to $20 per person per month, for 40 volunteers serving
5,000 people. They contribute USD 9,600 per year, which is 4% budget of $170,000 the population at recommended
$34 per capita per year. Majority of volunteers (70%) had served for more than five years, indicating a reasonable
retention rate. Due to the budgetary strains and human resource crisis, volunteerism presents an alternative of
providing services
Keywords: Volunteers, Contributions, Millennium Development Goals, Community
1. Introduction
Africa is behind in all Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) indicators and is unlikely to achieve them by 2015.
Community Based Volunteerism (CBV) is one innovation that is likely to accelerate progress towards the MDGs.
Community Based Volunteers are people who work on behalf of others within the community without pay or
tangible gain, (Decker 2003). Volunteerism in this context exists in all cultures and religions especially in sub
Saharan Africa. It enhances solidarity and reciprocity among people and it’s valued as a means of responding to
human resource needs, most urgent in Africa because of limited resources (Smith, 1998b).
1.1Research question
What is the contribution of community based volunteers in services relevant to the achievement of the MDGs in
Nyando District of Western Kenya?
1.2Broad Objective
The objective of this study is to describe and quantify the contributions of community based volunteers in services
relevant to the achievement of the MDGs in Nyando District of Western Kenya.
Specific objectives
1 To describe the MDG relevant services provided by Community based volunteers and factors influencing their
service provision.
2 To establish the output of volunteers in terms of length of service, time spent and community coverage.
1.3Research Methodology
1.3.1Study design
The study was took a mixed method approach. Both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection were
used to include; cross sectional, descriptive and exploratory in design.
1.3.2Study population
The study population consisted of 261 the volunteers in Nyando District. The unit of observation was the volunteers
serving the communities in both Districts.
1.3.3 Sampling design
The study employed a stratified sampling design starting with a purposive selection of Nyando District. Purposive
sampling allowed the selection of characteristics which provides the required information in line with the objectives
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of the study. Having identified the site, a register of all the community based volunteers was developed starting from
the official lists from the chief’s and assistant chiefs’ offices and complemented by key informants: the village
elders, women group leaders, church leaders in each of the villages in the two locations to ensure inclusion of those
volunteers that may not be recognized by the administration.
In addition, snowballing was used to complete the lists by asking identified volunteers themselves mention any
volunteers they knew, in order to create as complete a register of volunteers as possible. This register constituted the
sampling frame for volunteers. A random sample of volunteers was drawn from the register, using simple random
sampling techniques, using a table of random numbers, for the study. For households consuming volunteer services
the Community Health Worker registers provided the sampling frame. A systematic sampling technique was used to
select the households to be included in the sample
1.3.4 Analysis
Descriptive statistical analysis such as frequency distribution, percentages and measures of central tendency like the
mean, mode and the range were utilized in this study. These descriptive statistics were useful in summary and item
analysis. They also gave a clearer picture of the shape of the distribution of data and a general impression of values
that could be seen as common, middling or average (Saunders et al., 2003). Further analysis served as a basis for
inferential statistics to measures association between variables of data from the 261 volunteers. Associations between
selected variables and how they relate to volunteer services offered is also presented. The results are presented
according to the objectives of the study which reflect the research questions that the researcher set out to answer
2. Results
2.1 MDG relevant to services rendered by volunteers
Services rendered by volunteers were relevant to MDGs 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7. The study found that the volunteers
offered training services on food production and income generating activities. They also supported education process
within the community by serving in the local schools in various capacities. The key areas of training in relation to
farming included: proper farming methods, use of new improved seeds suitable for the particular soils and
importance of irrigation and use of organic manure. On animal farming the training included: prevention of diseases,
seeking of veterinary attention and advice and use of new farming technology in commercial agriculture.
In relation to Income generation activities, training included: characteristics of a good entrepreneurs, development
business plans, book keeping, group dynamics and loan applications. They thereafter assisted the clients to access
loans for viable income generating activities from various financial institutions.
In schools, volunteers participated as teachers or served in school development boards as well as parent’s teachers’
association boards. They also helped students’ secured scholarships and loans to pay school fees through
Constituency development funds or other means.
2.2 Sex of volunteers by type of service
This study showed that there were more male (56.3%) volunteers offering services in relation to food production
where as there were more female (60.5%) volunteers offering services in relation to income generating activities, see
table 3. These services are related to MDG 1, which is food and income security. In relation to education which is
MDG 2, there was insignificant difference between the sexes of the volunteers offering services as (49.5%) were
male and (50.6%) female. In health activities which include MDGs 4, 5 and 6, more than two thirds of the volunteers
were females. In general, women of reproductive age tended to volunteer more than the males from the same age
group, particularly in services to fellow women and children.(See table 1)
Focused group discussion on the sex of the volunteers brought out the fact that women see volunteerism as a critical
part of the society’s responsibility to the community and it is also an important aspect of building social capital
which is a vehicle for promoting development. The discussion also revealed that most males of younger age brackets
were not very active in offering volunteer services in the community because they are bread winners in their
households, their families look up to them for daily bread. They therefore spend more time working to provide for
their family’s livelihoods and so have no free time for volunteer work. Women on the other hand look after their
homes and tend to find it easier to spend a few hours in a day on volunteer services.
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2.3 Age of volunteers by type of service
Age appeared to be an important determinant of the type of voluntary service volunteers render. As can be seen on
table 4, the older age groups were more involved in food and income security and education (MDGs 1, 2), while the
younger, reproductive age groups were more involved with the health of mothers and children and with
HIV/AIDS/malaria (MDGs 4,5,6). The mean age of volunteers offering agricultural services was 47, education was
45, for mother and child health 42, while the mean age of volunteers in HIV/AIDS and malaria was 43. These
differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05).
This study also found that there is a more or less the same number of volunteers among the males and females of
ages 50-54 years as women make up 7% while men 5%. In the focus groups discussion it was explained that older
men have settled in their rural homes and have invested, making it more possible for them to undertake volunteer
services compares to the younger ones. The groups further explained that the older folk tend to be champions of
change. They are thus motivated in voluntary service to see change in their communities. This trend continued into
ages 55 and above when males begin to dominate voluntary service, reaching 22% of respondents compared to (5%)
of females. See table 4.2.2 above. Further analysis showed that these male volunteers tended to be leaders in various
committees, coordinators of volunteer activities and administrators of villages, such as the village elders.
The focus groups explained that the older males represent the leadership of the society. Because of their great
experience they are viewed as the community advisors. They give technical advice to young upcoming change agents
in the community. In general, the younger females tended to be involved in maternal and child health services. They
served mostly households, giving health education on immunization, de-worming of children, distribution of ITNs to
children under five, distribution of water guard for water treatment, advocating for seeking good health behavior,
offering home based care, referring cases, helping in home deliveries, encouraging mothers to go for ANC and PNC,
and evaluating health status of the community by carrying out health surveys twice yearly. They also maintained
household registers for the villages.
2.4 Occupation of respondents by category of service
The relationship between the occupation of the volunteers and the type of service they offer showed that in all the
service categories, over half of the volunteers were farmers while a third were self employed. Those in employment
were few. This employment pattern was a reflection of the occupation pattern in the study population. The type of
employment did not affect the type of service provided by the volunteers.
2.5 Output of volunteers
2.5.1 The number of homesteads served by volunteers by type of service
The majority of the volunteers (38.7%) did not serve a specified number of households while (19.9%) served only 6-
10 homesteads and (16.1%) served 16-20 homesteads. The majority of volunteers were taking care of less than 20
homesteads across all service categories, while almost a third did not serve specified number of homesteads.
2.5.1Hours spent on volunteer work per week
Analyzed by service type rendered the findings showed that there was little difference among volunteers regarding
the average number of hours spent per week, table 7. Less than half of the volunteers (44%) spent 4 hours or less.
More than half the volunteers spent 5 or more hours per week (63.6%). Majority of volunteers spent 6-10 hours in a
week offering volunteer services. This is equivalent to $20 per person per month, for 40 volunteers serving 5,000
people. In this analysis 62% of the Households have freely benefited from volunteer work in the last six months.
Volunteers contribute USD 9,600 per year, which is 4% budget of $170,000 the population at recommended $34 per
capita per year. Majority of volunteers (70%) in study area had served for more than five years, indicating a
reasonable retention rate.
The average hours spent per week by volunteers of food production is 2.86_+ 1.27, income activities 2.88_+1.33
hours, education 3_+1.43 hours, mother and child health 2.94_+1.28, HIV/AIDS and malaria mean hours
2.81_+1.24. The difference of average hours spent per week by type of volunteer service was not statistically
significant, except for volunteers in education. (See table 2)
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2.5.2 Length of service by category of volunteers
Asked about how long they had been volunteers, more than two thirds (70%) had served for five or more years, with
a third having served for more than 15 years. Respondents who served for duration of 11-15 years were (12%) of the
sample population. Volunteers who had served for 20 years and above made up (16%) of the sample population.
There was variation among volunteers in length of service by the type of services rendered. However, for all the
service categories the largest proportion of volunteers had served for more than 10 years, see table 3.
2.6 Beneficiaries of volunteer services
The beneficiaries of volunteer services include children (85%), mothers (79%), youth (74%) and the elderly (62.5%),
see figure 1.
3. Discussion
This chapter presents the implications of the key findings of the study in the light of work done by other researchers,
guided by research objectives. In summary, the study highlighted the volunteer’s services relevant to MDG as well as
the background characteristics associated with volunteerism, as described by many other workers (Ellis 2004)).
The results showed that women of reproductive age record a higher level of participation in volunteer services, the
proportion of males overtake that of women in ages beyond 55. It is also noteworthy that they tend to volunteer in
leadership or advisory committees. The study also showed that support services such as training, supervision and
follow-up contribute to sustainability of volunteers as well as their outputs in terms of time and duration and
dedication to service. Volunteers face challenges in financial constraints, support systems, training and supervision.
Due to the budgetary strain on governments, and human resource crisis, volunteerism presents an alternative method
of providing services normally provided by the state. Most experts agree that the voluntary sector has a comparative
advantage in providing services to the underprivileged because of its closeness to the people and its ability to handle
challenges of providing services in good time. The voluntary sector is an efficient method of solving society’s
problems and it is a way of enhancing self esteem of the people involved. Volunteerism should become a way of life
for every citizen, as it is the only way most governments in Africa could make progress towards the MDGs (Griffith
2006). Hence their contribution should be accurately assessed, documented, estimated and valued.
The results of surveys done in Pakistan to measure the extent and nature of volunteerism have provided policy
makers with information about the nature of volunteer work. This has led to the inclusion of volunteers in the
formulation of economic and social development plans. Such studies have not yet been undertaken in Kenya and
therefore this study intends to undertake such an assessment in order to fill this research gap (NHCD 2004).
The contribution of volunteers in Ragul and Pap-Onditi Locations needs to be quantified, recognized and
appropriately acknowledged in order to help in policies and plans that govern health and development
3.1 Background characteristics of study respondents and service types
In this section, the researcher was interested in finding the relationships between background factors and the service
delivery practices and outputs.
3.2Demographic factors
A number of demographic factors were related to the types of volunteer services that were offered. Age appeared to
be an important determinant of the type of voluntary service volunteers render. The findings show that the older age
groups were more involved in food and income security and education (MDGs 1, 2), while the younger, reproductive
age groups were more involved with the health of mothers and children and with HIV/AIDS/malaria (MDGs 4,5,6).
It was observed that women of reproductive age offered volunteer services in larger proportions than men, but that
this changes with increasing age such that by 55 years and above, the reverse is true.
There was a strong relationship between sex of the volunteers and the type of service in Agriculture and food
production that had more males than females (p=0.004). The finding was explained in focus group discussion which
revealed that men tend to volunteer more at this age group, when they have enough experience to assume leadership
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roles. In addition, many of them have retired, if they had been employed, and able to serve their communities. Other
researchers such as Wuthnow (1995), have shown that women are more likely to regard caring as an expression of
their selfhood, and therefore tend to volunteer more often, whereas men are more likely to associate caring with
specific roles they play and hence the difference between men and women volunteers in terms of age and type of
voluntary services they render.
This study adds the dimension that the difference between men and women in volunteerism is timing, as men tend to
volunteer later in life than women. Above 55 years of age, the proportion of men volunteers was higher than that of
women. Additionally, there are cultural limitations to reproductive health services men can render outside their own
households. This further limits the type of services men can render to women in their reproductive age.
Although men were more in the category of volunteers dealing with income, the difference was not significant
statistically (p=0.065). For education services, men were significantly more than women (p<0.05). In all the health
services, MDGs 4, 5, 6 females were more than two thirds, significantly higher than males (p=0.00).
Further, the majority of volunteers (71%) are married. Other researchers have had similar findings. Rotolo and
Wilson (2006a) demonstrated marital status influences volunteering.
Studies of personal backgrounds have tended to find a variety of family and other circumstances influence patterns of
volunteering. Parents’ volunteering is influential (Sundeen and Raskoff, 1994). Wilson (2000) (cited in Rotolo and
Wilson 2006b) reports that those more likely to volunteer are married and have children.
3.3 Economic characteristics
More than half (56.7%) of volunteers were substances farmers. Only 10% were on a salary, a pattern consistent with
the situation in the general population. This study found that source of income and employment status, particularly of
spouse influences volunteering positively. Focus group discussions confirmed this as respondents explained that
those whose spouses are salaried are better able to volunteer since their basic needs are met. Recent studies have
examined more detailed aspects of such factors. Studies by Rotolo and Wilson (2006b) identified employment as a
factor that influences volunteering. They showed that husbands and wives influence their spouses’ extent and
activities in volunteering (Rotolo and Wilson 2006b).
3.4Output of volunteers
3.4.1 Household coverage
The majority of volunteers who had assigned homesteads served less than 20 homesteads across all service
categories, while almost a third did not serve specified number of homesteads. A household survey was carried out to
estimate the households that were served by volunteers who served homesteads in the study area. The results
indicated that 62% of households benefited from the volunteer services.
According to this study, two thirds of the households (62%) benefited from volunteer services in the past six months.
A similar survey in Pakistan revealed that 75% of the households benefit from volunteer services (NHCD 2004).
In all the categories females served more homesteads than the males counterparts. The results show that 73% of
females served specified homesteads and a fifth (22%) of whom served between 6-10 homesteads compared to men
with 63% assigned homesteads but with 17 % serving between 6-10 homesteads. This workload is consistent with
what is recommended by the Community Strategy for CHWs involved in the provision of essential care package for
health.
3.4.2 Time spent doing volunteer work
Majority of volunteers spend at least 3 days in a week offering services, two to three hours per day, giving a mean of
8 hours per week, which is equivalent to 1 working day.
The amount of time spent per week varied with type of services with health related volunteers spending relatively
more time in their activities per week than the volunteers dealing with food, income and education. Therefore the
volunteers spend an average of 1 working day per week. The contribution of volunteer services has been recognized
by a number of researchers, (UNDP 1994), and would be an important contribution towards the MDGs. Which this
research has not accurately estimate the contribution.
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3.4.3Length of service by category of volunteer
More than half of the volunteers (55.7%) had been in volunteer service for a period of 5 or more years. Many of
them 10% and 25.7% had served for 10 and 20 or more years respectively. The study demonstrates that a large
number of volunteers have provided dedicated service for many years, and hence have made meaningful contribution
towards the MDGs, over the years, particularly so in resource constrained settings.
Conclusions
Volunteerism is a way of life, present in all societies. In resource poor settings, it is one way of achieving health and
development goals. This study has shown that volunteers have contributed greatly in MDG relevant services in
Rangul and Pap Onditi locations.
Volunteerism involves reciprocity. This study has demonstrated that those individuals who offer volunteer services
are likely to benefit from the same. It has shown that women of reproductive age volunteer in large numbers, yet they
and their children are also the majority among beneficiaries of volunteer services.
Volunteers make substantial contribution to efforts, and budget towards the MDG relevant services, and are vital if
MDGs are to be achieved.
Due to the budgetary strains and human resource crisis, volunteerism presents an alternative of providing services. It
should become a way of life for every citizen, as it is the only way governments could progress towards the MDGs.
Men volunteer too, but they tend to do so in their late 50s while women are active in their youthful child bearing age.
The study further demonstrates that most volunteers have other sources of income, such as salaried spouses.
In terms of output, volunteers spend an average of 8 hours in a week serving the community. Volunteers contribute
in MDG1 eradication of poverty, MDG 2 achieving of universal primary education, MDG 4 and 5 reduce IMR and
improve Maternal Health, MDG 6 combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases.
Recommendations
Policy Makers
1. Volunteers are needed in the efforts towards MDGs, but they need to be supported and motivated through training,
supervision and recognition in order to retain them in the volunteer workforce, to avoid high attrition of volunteers in
provision of services.
2. Volunteerism is not without costs, the direct costs of volunteering such as transport, equipment and materials they
need to carry out their tasks need to be reimbursed by the support agencies or the State.
3. Categories of volunteers by age and gender should be identified and engaged according to services required to be
in line with the motivating factors identified in this study. The youth, women in reproductive age, and elderly men
seem to be motivated differently and also tend to engage in different volunteer tasks. Assignment of tasks according
to gender and age may improve volunteer performance.
Community members
4. Recognizing that the majority of the households benefit from volunteer services, community based structures such
as villages, religious congregations and social groups should deliberately organize themselves to provide and receive
volunteer services, since reciprocity is the driving principle.
References
1. Davis Smith, J. 1998b, ‘Making a difference: Can governments influence volunteering’ Voluntary Action 1(1)
pp7-20
2. Dekker, P. and Halman, (eds) 2003, The values of volunteering: Cross-cultural perspectives Kluwer Academic
/Plenum Publishers, New York
3. Ellis, A. Hindley, A. Macmillan, R. Scott, D. and Sevante, D. 2004, No overall control: Experiencing community
development in rural Britain The University of Manchester, Manchester
4.Smith ,J. 1998a, The 1997 National Survey of Volunteering Institute for Volunteering Research, London
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ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol 2, No.5, 2012
5. United Nations Development Program. 2003a. Human development report 2003.
New York: Oxford University Press for the UNDP.
6. World Bank. 2000. World development report 1999/2000. Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank Research
Notes 1985. 6 (1).
7. World Health Organization.2000. Global strategy for health for all by the year 2000. Geneva. Beverlyn Marion
Ochieng, MCHD, Lecturer Faculty of Tropical Institute of Community health and Development, Great Lakes
University of Kisumu,
8. Kaseje Dan Clement Owino. (MD, MPH, PhD) Director, Center for Research Excellence, senior lecturer faculty
of Tropical Institute of Community Health and Development. Great Lakes University of Kisumu,
9. Wafula Charles Ouma, Lecturer, faculty of Tropical Institute of Community Health and Development, Great
Lakes University of Kisumu.
Tables and Figures
Table 1; Distribution of volunteers by sex and type of service
Type of service Agric Income Education MCH HIV/AIDS
offered and food & Malaria
Females n 35 17 44 100 75
% 43.8 39.5 50.6 69.9 65.8
Males n 45 26 43 43 39
% 56.3 60.5 49.4 30.1 34.2
Total N 80 43 87 143 114
% 100 100 100 100 100
P value 0.004 0.065 0.000 0.000 0.000
Table 2: Hours spent per week by category of service
Hours spent Food Income Education MCH HIV/AIDS,
per week production & Malaria
N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%)
<1-4 13 (28.9) 6(13.3) 12(26.7) 17(37.8) 20(44.4)
5-8 19(28.8) 14(21.2) 23(34.8) 42(63.6) 24(36.4)
9-16 26(28.6) 10(11.0) 23(25.3) 43(47.3) 44(48.4)
17-24 10(28.9) 5(21.7) 11(47.8) 14(60.9) 10(43.5)
25 + 12(33.3) 8(22.2) 18(50.0) 27(75.0) 16(43.5)
TOTAL 80(30.7) 43(16.5) 87(33.3) 143(47) 114(43.7)
Means hrs 2.86 2.88 3.00 2.94 2.81
p – value .405 .497 .031 .010 .641
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Table 3: Length of service by category of service
Length of service Food Income Education MCH HIV/AIDS,
in years production & Malaria
<1 – 4 n 22 16 18 46 39
% 8.4 6.1 6.9 17.6 14.9
5 – 10 n 26 9 29 43 27
% 10.0 3.4 11.1 16.5 10.3
>10 n 32 18.0 40 18 48
% 12.2 14.1 15.3 20.8 18.4
Total N 80 43 87 143 114
% 30.7 16.5 33.3 54.8 43.7
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