This study tries to reveal the role of microcredit in enhancing women empowerment in south-west
region of Bangladesh, especially in Batiaghata Upazila of Khulna District. The sample size is 80 which has
been selected randomly, and, is comprising of equal number of microcredit taker and non-microcredit taker
women of Batiaghata Upazila which has been selected randomly, engaged in poultry farming. Cumulative
Empowerment Index (CEI) is constructed and multiple linear regression model is used to find out women
empowerment status. By using CEI, the study has found that the microcredit taker women are economically
more empowered than the non-microcredit taker women. By using multiple linear regression model, the study
also finds that, contribution to household income, monthly investment, and new addition to asset ownership of
the respondents have statistically significant effect on women empowerment. But status regarding microcredit
taking gives statistically insignificant result. Above all, based on the empirical result, it can be concluded that
status regarding microcredit has a positive effect on economic empowerment of women in the study area.
Impact of Microcredit on Socio-Cultural Status of Members of Wshgs; A Study i...iosrjce
Odisha is a mineral rich state in India but the economy of the state mainly dependents on
agricultural. Majority of the population belongs to rural areas; therefore rural sector is the main source of
economic development and manpower in the state. The western part of the state is rich with industrialization
whereas the eastern part of the state is rich with highly futile lands. In eastern part one of the costal district is
Jagatsinghpur. Development of rural areas is essential for the enhancement of overall economy and for the
betterment of rural communities. The aim of the present study was to find the impact of microcredit on sociocultural
status of the WSHG members in rural areas of district Jagatsinghpur. The universe for the present
study was all WSHG of the said district. The Sample of 187 respondents was selected from the targeted
population using the simple random sampling technique. A survey was conducted to carry out the study in which
a close ended structured questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to draw the results
from the study. Through descriptive analysis, the study clearly demonstrated that microcredit has played a
positive role in improving the socio cultural status of members of WSHGs. In this regard the study observed that
microcredit played the positive role in changing and improving the women empowerment in the state.
Microfinance in Bangladesh and the Myth of Women Empowerment Manoj Bhusal
The aim of the study was to describe the impact of microfinance in empowering the women of northern Bangladesh. The study also aimed at assessing the effectiveness and outreach of NGOs and Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in addressing the financial needs of the poor. A comparative study of long-term and short-term beneficiaries was carried out in order to evaluate the degree of social participation and political awareness. Increment in choices and opportunities was taken as the major indicator of empowerment.
The study was supported by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Finn Church Aid, and Rangpur Dinajpur Rural Service (RDRS) Bangladesh. The study followed the qualitative research methodologies. A non-participant observation, semi-structured focus group interviews and four family case studies were carried out during the study. A non-participant observation was chosen as an important methodology and several RDRS branch offices and weekly microfinance group meetings were observed throughout the study period.
Five short-term and five long-term beneficiaries of RDRS microfinance were selected and they were posed different questions on social economic and political domains, and a set of questionnaires was used for this purpose. Four family case studies were also carried out for an in-depth study of economic empowerment and changing gender relations. Data triangulation was used to ensure validity and reliability.
The findings suggest, though the long-term microfinance beneficiaries enjoyed slightly improved chances of social mobility and possessed an added value of self-worth, there was not any significant improvement in securing an enhanced economic base, and at the same time, the longstanding issues of gender disparity and powerlessness remained unchallenged. Thus, the link between minimalist microfinance and women empowerment is not as strong as it is normally perceived.
In addition, the minimalist microfinance seems to have many limitations and, thus, cannot contribute effectively to empowerment of the poor. If the focus of the MFI is on poverty eradication and empowerment, not merely on providing financial services to the poor, the report recommends, instead of a minimalist microfinance, a holistic microfinance with vigorous educational and skill-training opportunities should be devised and implemented. It would certainly be wise to look for new models of microfinance where the poor are not necessarily entrepreneurs, but active stakeholders. Such an example has also been included in the report.
Keywords: women empowerment, microfinance, Bangladesh, poverty, empowerment measurement, gender equity, qualitative study
Identification of the effects of micro-credits on different aspects of the li...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
- The document discusses a study on the impact of poverty alleviation programs on skill development of tribal women households in Telangana State, India.
- It analyzes data collected from 130 tribal women on their awareness and utilization of poverty alleviation programs, and the impact on women's empowerment and satisfaction levels.
- The results showed that age group had an impact on tribal women's empowerment. Literacy rates increased and poverty declined with the implementation of government poverty alleviation and skill development programs in the state.
Economic Contribution of Women in Self Help Groups: Village Level Evidence fr...iosrjce
Women in Self Help Groups (SHGs) have made their mark in the rural economy in a quite nontraditional
way. This paper examines the economic contribution of SHG women drawing on a field survey
conducted in 20 villages by canvassing a structured schedule among 150 sample respondents of two blocks of
Balasore district in Odisha, India. The findings show that women in SHG’s have made a significantly positive
contribution to employment, income, expenditure and saving at the household level. An increase in the demand
for SHG products is required for improving productivity of women and enhancing their economic contribution
in a sustainable way. A reorientation in policy is suggested for generating awareness, upgrading skills and
expanding markets in order to augment their contribution and raise their empowerment level for the benefit of
the households as well as for transforming the rural economy in a big way.
IMPACT ANALYSIS OF WELFARE SCHEMES OF WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT: WITH REFERENCE TO ...IAEME Publication
Empowerment of women essentially mean improving the social, political and
economic status of women, especially the traditional underprivileged one. It means
creating an environment where women are free from any kind of physical, mental
abuse, exploitation, and prejudice that they are the most vulnerable section in the
society. Recognising the importance of women in the economic growth of the nation,
the Government of India along with State Governments has been taking several efforts
since post-independence period to uplift women from their conditions in general.
Attempts were made by the Government to address the issues through employment,
empowerment, labour force participation, education, gender equality and
entrepreneurship. The focus of Government is progressively shifting towards
promoting women entrepreneurship to motivate women to participate in the economic
activities. The study examines the perspective of women who are getting benefitted
through various government schemes implemented in assistance with nongovernmental organizations. The impact observed is in terms of such as - financial
assistance, training facilities, infrastructure and its awareness, motivation,
confidence, increase in the rate of women opting for entrepreneurship. Studies have
shown that such initiatives are boosting self-confidence, increasing the purchasing
power and decision making power, leading to their empowerment. It, therefore,
addresses the economic, socio-cultural, inter-personal, psychological, political and
legal domains of empowerment. The study has been conducted in three selected
village of Maharashtra. Data was collected from various NGO, Women entrepreneurs
and women beneficiaries associated with various Self-Help Group’s (SHG’s) in the
Kanave, Shahapur (Dist. Thane) and Vengaon, Karjat (Dist. Raigad) regions. The
Mixed method approach has been adopted for analysis of this research. Primary data
was collected from personal interviews with well-structured questionnaires and focus
group discussions in both the areas.
This document discusses a study comparing the effects of two rural credit programs - Grameen Bank and BRAC - on women's empowerment in Bangladesh. The study found that both programs significantly increased women's empowerment across eight dimensions, including mobility, economic security, and involvement in household decisions. Grameen Bank, which focused exclusively on providing credit to women, had a stronger effect on increasing women's economic contributions and overall empowerment. The disciplined, ritualistic approach used by both programs, but particularly Grameen Bank, helped strengthen women's control over assets and experience in the public sphere.
The Women Empowerment Cell was established at a Government Degree College for Women in Sangareddy, Telangana, India to empower female students and promote gender equality. The cell aims to strengthen communities by building women's capacity through seminars, workshops, and advisory services. Over several years, the cell has conducted various initiatives like a tailoring certification course, legal awareness programs, and seminars on topics like gender rights, domestic violence, and sexual harassment. Student feedback indicates that these programs have effectively improved their confidence, awareness of women's issues, and capacities.
Impact of Microcredit on Socio-Cultural Status of Members of Wshgs; A Study i...iosrjce
Odisha is a mineral rich state in India but the economy of the state mainly dependents on
agricultural. Majority of the population belongs to rural areas; therefore rural sector is the main source of
economic development and manpower in the state. The western part of the state is rich with industrialization
whereas the eastern part of the state is rich with highly futile lands. In eastern part one of the costal district is
Jagatsinghpur. Development of rural areas is essential for the enhancement of overall economy and for the
betterment of rural communities. The aim of the present study was to find the impact of microcredit on sociocultural
status of the WSHG members in rural areas of district Jagatsinghpur. The universe for the present
study was all WSHG of the said district. The Sample of 187 respondents was selected from the targeted
population using the simple random sampling technique. A survey was conducted to carry out the study in which
a close ended structured questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to draw the results
from the study. Through descriptive analysis, the study clearly demonstrated that microcredit has played a
positive role in improving the socio cultural status of members of WSHGs. In this regard the study observed that
microcredit played the positive role in changing and improving the women empowerment in the state.
Microfinance in Bangladesh and the Myth of Women Empowerment Manoj Bhusal
The aim of the study was to describe the impact of microfinance in empowering the women of northern Bangladesh. The study also aimed at assessing the effectiveness and outreach of NGOs and Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in addressing the financial needs of the poor. A comparative study of long-term and short-term beneficiaries was carried out in order to evaluate the degree of social participation and political awareness. Increment in choices and opportunities was taken as the major indicator of empowerment.
The study was supported by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Finn Church Aid, and Rangpur Dinajpur Rural Service (RDRS) Bangladesh. The study followed the qualitative research methodologies. A non-participant observation, semi-structured focus group interviews and four family case studies were carried out during the study. A non-participant observation was chosen as an important methodology and several RDRS branch offices and weekly microfinance group meetings were observed throughout the study period.
Five short-term and five long-term beneficiaries of RDRS microfinance were selected and they were posed different questions on social economic and political domains, and a set of questionnaires was used for this purpose. Four family case studies were also carried out for an in-depth study of economic empowerment and changing gender relations. Data triangulation was used to ensure validity and reliability.
The findings suggest, though the long-term microfinance beneficiaries enjoyed slightly improved chances of social mobility and possessed an added value of self-worth, there was not any significant improvement in securing an enhanced economic base, and at the same time, the longstanding issues of gender disparity and powerlessness remained unchallenged. Thus, the link between minimalist microfinance and women empowerment is not as strong as it is normally perceived.
In addition, the minimalist microfinance seems to have many limitations and, thus, cannot contribute effectively to empowerment of the poor. If the focus of the MFI is on poverty eradication and empowerment, not merely on providing financial services to the poor, the report recommends, instead of a minimalist microfinance, a holistic microfinance with vigorous educational and skill-training opportunities should be devised and implemented. It would certainly be wise to look for new models of microfinance where the poor are not necessarily entrepreneurs, but active stakeholders. Such an example has also been included in the report.
Keywords: women empowerment, microfinance, Bangladesh, poverty, empowerment measurement, gender equity, qualitative study
Identification of the effects of micro-credits on different aspects of the li...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
- The document discusses a study on the impact of poverty alleviation programs on skill development of tribal women households in Telangana State, India.
- It analyzes data collected from 130 tribal women on their awareness and utilization of poverty alleviation programs, and the impact on women's empowerment and satisfaction levels.
- The results showed that age group had an impact on tribal women's empowerment. Literacy rates increased and poverty declined with the implementation of government poverty alleviation and skill development programs in the state.
Economic Contribution of Women in Self Help Groups: Village Level Evidence fr...iosrjce
Women in Self Help Groups (SHGs) have made their mark in the rural economy in a quite nontraditional
way. This paper examines the economic contribution of SHG women drawing on a field survey
conducted in 20 villages by canvassing a structured schedule among 150 sample respondents of two blocks of
Balasore district in Odisha, India. The findings show that women in SHG’s have made a significantly positive
contribution to employment, income, expenditure and saving at the household level. An increase in the demand
for SHG products is required for improving productivity of women and enhancing their economic contribution
in a sustainable way. A reorientation in policy is suggested for generating awareness, upgrading skills and
expanding markets in order to augment their contribution and raise their empowerment level for the benefit of
the households as well as for transforming the rural economy in a big way.
IMPACT ANALYSIS OF WELFARE SCHEMES OF WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT: WITH REFERENCE TO ...IAEME Publication
Empowerment of women essentially mean improving the social, political and
economic status of women, especially the traditional underprivileged one. It means
creating an environment where women are free from any kind of physical, mental
abuse, exploitation, and prejudice that they are the most vulnerable section in the
society. Recognising the importance of women in the economic growth of the nation,
the Government of India along with State Governments has been taking several efforts
since post-independence period to uplift women from their conditions in general.
Attempts were made by the Government to address the issues through employment,
empowerment, labour force participation, education, gender equality and
entrepreneurship. The focus of Government is progressively shifting towards
promoting women entrepreneurship to motivate women to participate in the economic
activities. The study examines the perspective of women who are getting benefitted
through various government schemes implemented in assistance with nongovernmental organizations. The impact observed is in terms of such as - financial
assistance, training facilities, infrastructure and its awareness, motivation,
confidence, increase in the rate of women opting for entrepreneurship. Studies have
shown that such initiatives are boosting self-confidence, increasing the purchasing
power and decision making power, leading to their empowerment. It, therefore,
addresses the economic, socio-cultural, inter-personal, psychological, political and
legal domains of empowerment. The study has been conducted in three selected
village of Maharashtra. Data was collected from various NGO, Women entrepreneurs
and women beneficiaries associated with various Self-Help Group’s (SHG’s) in the
Kanave, Shahapur (Dist. Thane) and Vengaon, Karjat (Dist. Raigad) regions. The
Mixed method approach has been adopted for analysis of this research. Primary data
was collected from personal interviews with well-structured questionnaires and focus
group discussions in both the areas.
This document discusses a study comparing the effects of two rural credit programs - Grameen Bank and BRAC - on women's empowerment in Bangladesh. The study found that both programs significantly increased women's empowerment across eight dimensions, including mobility, economic security, and involvement in household decisions. Grameen Bank, which focused exclusively on providing credit to women, had a stronger effect on increasing women's economic contributions and overall empowerment. The disciplined, ritualistic approach used by both programs, but particularly Grameen Bank, helped strengthen women's control over assets and experience in the public sphere.
The Women Empowerment Cell was established at a Government Degree College for Women in Sangareddy, Telangana, India to empower female students and promote gender equality. The cell aims to strengthen communities by building women's capacity through seminars, workshops, and advisory services. Over several years, the cell has conducted various initiatives like a tailoring certification course, legal awareness programs, and seminars on topics like gender rights, domestic violence, and sexual harassment. Student feedback indicates that these programs have effectively improved their confidence, awareness of women's issues, and capacities.
Contribution of women empowerment towards the development in Rwanda: Case of ...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the contribution of women's empowerment to development in Rwanda through the case of the Duhaguruke Kora cooperative. The study found that economic activities empower women by allowing them to contribute financially through incomes from jobs, paying for children's education, healthcare, and taxes. However, women still face challenges like high fertility rates, gender inequality, low education, and unreliable men that affect loan management. The study recommends increasing women's education and participation in associations as well as equitable family relationships to further empower women.
Role of Corporate in promoting women empowerment through SHGJayanta Chakraborti
Corporates have played a key role in promoting women empowerment through self-help groups (SHGs) in several ways: (1) Hindustan Unilever launched Project Shakti to distribute products and provide livelihood opportunities to over 70,000 women entrepreneurs; (2) ITC supports marginal women farmers and forms waste management groups to provide sustainable livelihoods; (3) ICICI Bank aims to empower over 2 million women through SHG loans totaling $2.5 billion. When aligned with business goals or as part of corporate social responsibility, SHGs have allowed corporates to boost women's economic participation and decision-making power in their families and communities.
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
India ranks 134th out of 182 countries on the Human Development Index, with over 170 million rural and 49.6 million urban people living in severe poverty. The Ashraya program was introduced in 2003 in Kerala to help destitute families access basic necessities and opportunities to become self-reliant. A study of 70 Ashraya beneficiary families in Ernakulam District found that 75% lived in rural areas, with 48% below the poverty line, 38% earning less than 1000 rupees per month, and only 30% self-employed.
- The document discusses economic empowerment of women through self-help groups (SHGs) in Kolli Hills, Tamil Nadu. It analyzes profiles of tribal women respondents and their participation and awareness of SHG functions.
- The study found that most respondents were between 36-45 years old, had primary education, were married, lived in nuclear families with less than 4 members. Experience in SHGs and leadership positions were associated with higher socioeconomic status.
- Awareness of SHG activities was also linked to greater socioeconomic empowerment. The study concludes that while SHGs can empower tribal women, more work is needed to systematically involve all tribal women in Kolli Hills through SHGs.
this ppt tells about womens empowerment,anccient women and struggles and also today womens life and their struggles.
and also about the womens who are makes india to be an proud country
how to we stop that crimes
organitation for women empowerment
My contact address
Dr Shahnaj Parveen
Professor
Department of Agricultural Extension Education
Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU)
Mymensingh-2202
Bangladesh
Mobile: ++88-01715 340215
Email: shahnaj1969@gmail.com
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
Self Help Groups (SHGs) have been a successful scheme for empowering women in India by providing self-employment opportunities, entrepreneurial development, and economic independence that leads to greater control over decision making and a more equal status in society. SHGs serve as a source of inspiration and microcredit for rural women to start entrepreneurial activities. While microfinance programs aim to empower women through financial viability and opportunities, challenges remain such as low literacy, employment, crime, and political participation that SHGs and self-employment can help address.
Present Situation of Women Empowerment in Bangladeshinventionjournals
The total development of Bangladesh will undoubtedly be hampered if the empowerment status of women, constituting about fifty percent of the country’s population will not be increased or remains as low as it nowadays. In this study an attempt has been made to analyze and determine the nature and extent of women’s empowerment and factors influencing it in Bangladesh using the data of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2007. The findings reveal that the overall mean values of Economic Decision Making Index (EDMI) are 0.661, 0.697, and 0.669 and the overall mean values of Household Decision Making Index (HDMI) are 0.604, 0.646, and 0.613 for rural, urban and combined group respectively. It is observed that lowest age group has lowest mean values of EDMI and HDMI for all three (rural, urban and combined) groups. The mean EDMI is the highest when respondents age at marriage is <14 for both rural and urban areas and for combined groups. It is found that household head has negative significant effect on both EDMI and HDMI. Women living in urban area, involved with income generating activities are more empowered than their counterpart. The mean value of EDMI is larger than that of HDMI which indicates that women are less empowered in household decision making purpose than economic decision making. Between the two dimensions of empowerment, obviously urban women are relatively more empowered than that of rural women.
women empowerment is a process of giving rights to women. if women are involve in decision making role in tourism is called women empowerment in tourism.
This document discusses issues related to the status of women in India and provides suggestions to improve women's empowerment. It outlines that women historically had equal status but that has declined. It identifies problems like gender disparities, lack of education and healthcare access for women, dowry practices, and violence against women. It recommends empowering women economically through microcredit, supporting their role in agriculture and industry, and ensuring social empowerment through education, health, nutrition, housing, and ending violence against women. The goal is to advance women's development and equality through these legal, economic and social reforms.
An empirical analysis of women empowerment within muslim community in murshid...Alexander Decker
This document presents an empirical analysis of women's empowerment within the Muslim community in Murshidabad District, West Bengal, India. It analyzes data from a survey of 150 married Muslim women between 18-49 years old. A Cumulative Empowerment Index (CEI) was constructed using 22 indicators covering economic resources, household decision making, mobility, and political awareness. Nine explanatory variables were also selected as potential determinants of the CEI. A multiple regression analysis found that accessing media, family structure, family headship, household income, paid work, and duration of marriage had statistically significant impacts on women's empowerment as measured by the CEI in the study area. The study concludes that involvement of government and N
1. The document discusses rural women empowerment in India and measures to strengthen their economic opportunities and development.
2. It notes that historically, women have had lower status than men and lacked rights to inherit property, education, credit, and decision making. Empowerment programs alone are not enough to improve women's quality of life.
3. The document proposes several measures to promote rural women's empowerment through self-employment opportunities and generating additional income, including identifying suitable income-generating activities, training to develop entrepreneurial skills, encouraging part-time work, and establishing support services.
This document discusses empowering women through self-help groups and the role of distance education. It begins by outlining the concept and models of self-help groups as instruments of economic empowerment. It then discusses the progress of the SHG bank linkage model in India, noting that over 717,000 SHGs have been linked to banks. The document concludes that while microfinancing through SHGs has empowered women economically, lack of education can be a barrier, and governments should link distance education opportunities to SHG membership to further empowerment.
The document discusses women empowerment in India. It begins by noting the historical treatment of women as homemakers and obstacles that need to be overcome. It then defines empowerment and provides demographic data on India's population and literacy rates. It discusses various levels of empowerment including welfare, access, conscientization, mobilization, and control. Steps taken by the government and non-profits are outlined to promote education, end evils like child marriage and dowry, allow women to work, and increase political participation. Overall it argues that while progress has been made, more work is still needed for true gender equality and empowerment.
Women Empowerment through SHGs in India and Andhra Pradeshpaperpublications3
Abstract: The self-help group is functioning very effective dimension role at creating rural livelihood at sustain, the savings and bank linkages are eliminating poverty and creating the effective social functions by participating women at village level committees as a member at each and every village level committees. The self help group members are very active part of an economical status, through Banks they are getting the loan, and loan amount is utilizing for purposeful fields and at their children education, economic activity. And it creates self-reliance, self-esteem, self-production, joint responsibility, self-determination by mobilizing internal indigenous resources of the person the group. In this paper attempt to women empowerment through SHGs in India and Andhra Pradesh.
The study has been summarized in the form of a presentation so that others can understand its relevance. It is really important to look for ways to empower women through creative and innovative entrepreneurial ventures.
This was an interesting lecture given in Sri Lanka. One of the main problems with leadership is the lack of empowerment - leaders are taken for granted and there is very little effort from organizations to enable them in such a way they are ready to face all challenges.
We wanted to translate the concepts in empowerment theory into every day language in order to communicate clearly with people who are carrying out the YES curriculum.
The theory has three primary components: intrapersonal empowerment, interpersonal empowerment, and behavioral empowerment. We express these as: “feeling”, “connecting” and “doing”. Feeling refers to the beliefs and perceptions that you have about yourself. Connecting refers to your relationships with others and with the surrounding environment. Doing refers to the actions that you take that affect your surroundings and yourself.
Each of these aspects of empowerment can be measured by several psychological constructs. These are reflected in our model by simple statements, such as “I am good at leading groups” (leadership efficacy), “I know adults who can help me solve problems” (adult resources), and “I participate in neighborhood activities” (community engagement).
When YES group leaders connect the curriculum with its underlying concepts they can do a better job of communicating the intent of each activity to participating youth.
Westgeest (2011) employee empowerment and its relation tAffan Aijaz
The document discusses employee empowerment and its relationship to affective commitment. It provides background on the current work environment and the shift to a knowledge economy. Empowerment and its dimensions of impact, competence, meaning and self-determination are described. Affective commitment refers to an employee's identification with an organization. The study aims to investigate the relationships between empowerment, its dimensions, and affective commitment, as well as the moderating roles of job engagement and trust in management.
The document discusses empowering leadership and empowered followers. It states that controlling leaders tend to limit employees' potential by categorizing them and establishing a bureaucratic hierarchy, while transformative leaders build confidence and release unlimited potential by helping individuals realize their abilities and contributions. Empowering leaders influence through context, create an atmosphere of inclusion, give power without taking it back, support empowerment, communicate clearly, and equip people for success. Empowered followers practice open communication, work well in teams, listen to wisdom, tolerate ambiguity, encourage themselves, and accept responsibility. An empowering organizational structure is decentralized, shares information widely, uses contingent rewards, accomplishes work through teams, and is strategically aligned.
Contribution of women empowerment towards the development in Rwanda: Case of ...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the contribution of women's empowerment to development in Rwanda through the case of the Duhaguruke Kora cooperative. The study found that economic activities empower women by allowing them to contribute financially through incomes from jobs, paying for children's education, healthcare, and taxes. However, women still face challenges like high fertility rates, gender inequality, low education, and unreliable men that affect loan management. The study recommends increasing women's education and participation in associations as well as equitable family relationships to further empower women.
Role of Corporate in promoting women empowerment through SHGJayanta Chakraborti
Corporates have played a key role in promoting women empowerment through self-help groups (SHGs) in several ways: (1) Hindustan Unilever launched Project Shakti to distribute products and provide livelihood opportunities to over 70,000 women entrepreneurs; (2) ITC supports marginal women farmers and forms waste management groups to provide sustainable livelihoods; (3) ICICI Bank aims to empower over 2 million women through SHG loans totaling $2.5 billion. When aligned with business goals or as part of corporate social responsibility, SHGs have allowed corporates to boost women's economic participation and decision-making power in their families and communities.
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
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NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
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We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
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Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
India ranks 134th out of 182 countries on the Human Development Index, with over 170 million rural and 49.6 million urban people living in severe poverty. The Ashraya program was introduced in 2003 in Kerala to help destitute families access basic necessities and opportunities to become self-reliant. A study of 70 Ashraya beneficiary families in Ernakulam District found that 75% lived in rural areas, with 48% below the poverty line, 38% earning less than 1000 rupees per month, and only 30% self-employed.
- The document discusses economic empowerment of women through self-help groups (SHGs) in Kolli Hills, Tamil Nadu. It analyzes profiles of tribal women respondents and their participation and awareness of SHG functions.
- The study found that most respondents were between 36-45 years old, had primary education, were married, lived in nuclear families with less than 4 members. Experience in SHGs and leadership positions were associated with higher socioeconomic status.
- Awareness of SHG activities was also linked to greater socioeconomic empowerment. The study concludes that while SHGs can empower tribal women, more work is needed to systematically involve all tribal women in Kolli Hills through SHGs.
this ppt tells about womens empowerment,anccient women and struggles and also today womens life and their struggles.
and also about the womens who are makes india to be an proud country
how to we stop that crimes
organitation for women empowerment
My contact address
Dr Shahnaj Parveen
Professor
Department of Agricultural Extension Education
Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU)
Mymensingh-2202
Bangladesh
Mobile: ++88-01715 340215
Email: shahnaj1969@gmail.com
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
Self Help Groups (SHGs) have been a successful scheme for empowering women in India by providing self-employment opportunities, entrepreneurial development, and economic independence that leads to greater control over decision making and a more equal status in society. SHGs serve as a source of inspiration and microcredit for rural women to start entrepreneurial activities. While microfinance programs aim to empower women through financial viability and opportunities, challenges remain such as low literacy, employment, crime, and political participation that SHGs and self-employment can help address.
Present Situation of Women Empowerment in Bangladeshinventionjournals
The total development of Bangladesh will undoubtedly be hampered if the empowerment status of women, constituting about fifty percent of the country’s population will not be increased or remains as low as it nowadays. In this study an attempt has been made to analyze and determine the nature and extent of women’s empowerment and factors influencing it in Bangladesh using the data of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2007. The findings reveal that the overall mean values of Economic Decision Making Index (EDMI) are 0.661, 0.697, and 0.669 and the overall mean values of Household Decision Making Index (HDMI) are 0.604, 0.646, and 0.613 for rural, urban and combined group respectively. It is observed that lowest age group has lowest mean values of EDMI and HDMI for all three (rural, urban and combined) groups. The mean EDMI is the highest when respondents age at marriage is <14 for both rural and urban areas and for combined groups. It is found that household head has negative significant effect on both EDMI and HDMI. Women living in urban area, involved with income generating activities are more empowered than their counterpart. The mean value of EDMI is larger than that of HDMI which indicates that women are less empowered in household decision making purpose than economic decision making. Between the two dimensions of empowerment, obviously urban women are relatively more empowered than that of rural women.
women empowerment is a process of giving rights to women. if women are involve in decision making role in tourism is called women empowerment in tourism.
This document discusses issues related to the status of women in India and provides suggestions to improve women's empowerment. It outlines that women historically had equal status but that has declined. It identifies problems like gender disparities, lack of education and healthcare access for women, dowry practices, and violence against women. It recommends empowering women economically through microcredit, supporting their role in agriculture and industry, and ensuring social empowerment through education, health, nutrition, housing, and ending violence against women. The goal is to advance women's development and equality through these legal, economic and social reforms.
An empirical analysis of women empowerment within muslim community in murshid...Alexander Decker
This document presents an empirical analysis of women's empowerment within the Muslim community in Murshidabad District, West Bengal, India. It analyzes data from a survey of 150 married Muslim women between 18-49 years old. A Cumulative Empowerment Index (CEI) was constructed using 22 indicators covering economic resources, household decision making, mobility, and political awareness. Nine explanatory variables were also selected as potential determinants of the CEI. A multiple regression analysis found that accessing media, family structure, family headship, household income, paid work, and duration of marriage had statistically significant impacts on women's empowerment as measured by the CEI in the study area. The study concludes that involvement of government and N
1. The document discusses rural women empowerment in India and measures to strengthen their economic opportunities and development.
2. It notes that historically, women have had lower status than men and lacked rights to inherit property, education, credit, and decision making. Empowerment programs alone are not enough to improve women's quality of life.
3. The document proposes several measures to promote rural women's empowerment through self-employment opportunities and generating additional income, including identifying suitable income-generating activities, training to develop entrepreneurial skills, encouraging part-time work, and establishing support services.
This document discusses empowering women through self-help groups and the role of distance education. It begins by outlining the concept and models of self-help groups as instruments of economic empowerment. It then discusses the progress of the SHG bank linkage model in India, noting that over 717,000 SHGs have been linked to banks. The document concludes that while microfinancing through SHGs has empowered women economically, lack of education can be a barrier, and governments should link distance education opportunities to SHG membership to further empowerment.
The document discusses women empowerment in India. It begins by noting the historical treatment of women as homemakers and obstacles that need to be overcome. It then defines empowerment and provides demographic data on India's population and literacy rates. It discusses various levels of empowerment including welfare, access, conscientization, mobilization, and control. Steps taken by the government and non-profits are outlined to promote education, end evils like child marriage and dowry, allow women to work, and increase political participation. Overall it argues that while progress has been made, more work is still needed for true gender equality and empowerment.
Women Empowerment through SHGs in India and Andhra Pradeshpaperpublications3
Abstract: The self-help group is functioning very effective dimension role at creating rural livelihood at sustain, the savings and bank linkages are eliminating poverty and creating the effective social functions by participating women at village level committees as a member at each and every village level committees. The self help group members are very active part of an economical status, through Banks they are getting the loan, and loan amount is utilizing for purposeful fields and at their children education, economic activity. And it creates self-reliance, self-esteem, self-production, joint responsibility, self-determination by mobilizing internal indigenous resources of the person the group. In this paper attempt to women empowerment through SHGs in India and Andhra Pradesh.
The study has been summarized in the form of a presentation so that others can understand its relevance. It is really important to look for ways to empower women through creative and innovative entrepreneurial ventures.
This was an interesting lecture given in Sri Lanka. One of the main problems with leadership is the lack of empowerment - leaders are taken for granted and there is very little effort from organizations to enable them in such a way they are ready to face all challenges.
We wanted to translate the concepts in empowerment theory into every day language in order to communicate clearly with people who are carrying out the YES curriculum.
The theory has three primary components: intrapersonal empowerment, interpersonal empowerment, and behavioral empowerment. We express these as: “feeling”, “connecting” and “doing”. Feeling refers to the beliefs and perceptions that you have about yourself. Connecting refers to your relationships with others and with the surrounding environment. Doing refers to the actions that you take that affect your surroundings and yourself.
Each of these aspects of empowerment can be measured by several psychological constructs. These are reflected in our model by simple statements, such as “I am good at leading groups” (leadership efficacy), “I know adults who can help me solve problems” (adult resources), and “I participate in neighborhood activities” (community engagement).
When YES group leaders connect the curriculum with its underlying concepts they can do a better job of communicating the intent of each activity to participating youth.
Westgeest (2011) employee empowerment and its relation tAffan Aijaz
The document discusses employee empowerment and its relationship to affective commitment. It provides background on the current work environment and the shift to a knowledge economy. Empowerment and its dimensions of impact, competence, meaning and self-determination are described. Affective commitment refers to an employee's identification with an organization. The study aims to investigate the relationships between empowerment, its dimensions, and affective commitment, as well as the moderating roles of job engagement and trust in management.
The document discusses empowering leadership and empowered followers. It states that controlling leaders tend to limit employees' potential by categorizing them and establishing a bureaucratic hierarchy, while transformative leaders build confidence and release unlimited potential by helping individuals realize their abilities and contributions. Empowering leaders influence through context, create an atmosphere of inclusion, give power without taking it back, support empowerment, communicate clearly, and equip people for success. Empowered followers practice open communication, work well in teams, listen to wisdom, tolerate ambiguity, encourage themselves, and accept responsibility. An empowering organizational structure is decentralized, shares information widely, uses contingent rewards, accomplishes work through teams, and is strategically aligned.
The ready made garment industry in Bangladesh started contributing significantly to the economy in the late 1970s and has since grown at a rate of around 22% per year. It now accounts for 13% of Bangladesh's GDP and employs over 1.5 million workers, most of whom are women. While the industry has brought economic opportunities, it faces challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, high raw material costs, and political instability that could threaten its continued growth.
Youth empowerment: The Power of Mindset Markus Ravier
The presentation teaches Peer Facilitators to how empower the youth. Inspiring and motivating them to make a difference in serving others without hesitations and profit.
A Multivariate Model of Micro Credit and Rural Women Entrepreneurship Develo...Dr. Nazrul Islam
In Bangladesh, micro credit programs have positive socioeconomic impact on the rural women borrowers. However, it is perceived that the micro credit programs help the rural women borrowers to survive only and do not help them to develop entrepreneurial capabilities. Hence, this paper aims at identifying the factors related to the development of entrepreneurship among the rural women borrowers through micro credit programs. A multivariate analysis technique like Factor Analysis was conducted to identify the entrepreneurship development related factors. Structural equation modeling was used to develop a model of micro credit program and the development of rural women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. Results show that the financial management skills and the group identity of the women borrowers have significant relationship with the development of rural women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. The experience from the parent’s family of the borrowers and the option limit may also lead to the rural women borrowers to be entrepreneurial.
Micro Credit and Rural Women Entrepreneurship Development in Bangladesh: A Mu...Dr. Nazrul Islam
Micro credit programs have positive socioeconomic impact on rural women borrowers of Bangladesh. But it is also opined by the different corners that the micro credit programs do not help the borrowers to develop entrepreneurial capabilities except surviving. Thus, this paper aims at identifying the factors related to the development of entrepreneurship among the rural women through micro credit programs of the micro credit providers. A multivariate analysis technique such as, Factor Analysis was conducted to identify the factors related to entrepreneurship development. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to identify the relationship between micro credit program and the development of rural women entrepreneurship in Bangladesh. Results show that the financial management skills are the most important factor that has significant relationship with the development of rural women entrepreneurship. Results also show that the group identities of the women borrowers have significant relationship with the rural entrepreneurship development in Bangladesh. Borrowers experience from the parents’ families and the limitation of option also lead to the development of entrepreneurship among the rural women borrowers of Bangladesh.
11.the role of micro credit and micro finance institutions (mf is)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the role of microcredit and microfinance institutions (MFIs) in poverty alleviation in Bangladesh. Some key points:
- Microcredit has significantly impacted the lives of millions of poor people, especially women, by providing access to loans for income-generating activities. This has helped reduce poverty.
- Major MFIs in Bangladesh studied include Grameen Bank, BRAC, ASA, and Proshika. Studies of the impact of microcredit from these MFIs found positive results, including increased income, savings, education rates, and reduced infant mortality.
- The study analyzes survey data collected from microcredit beneficiaries in a rural area of Bangladesh to
Micro finance &women empowerment astudy of stree shakti programmes in bellary...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper on microfinance and women's empowerment through the Stree Shakti program in Bellary District, Karnataka, India. The paper aims to study the nature, evolution, and economic performance of self-help groups (SHGs) under the program. It provides background on women's empowerment efforts and the development of microfinance models in India. It also outlines the objectives and methodology of the research, which examines secondary data and the researcher's observations to analyze and make suggestions to improve the working of SHGs in the district.
The following objectives are covered by our study:
To study profile of Ghashful.
To examine the loan procurement, repayment, supervision process etc.
To find out why Micro Finance as a very successful program for rural and urban poor to their poverty alleviation.
To see actual condition of loanees before and after borrowing of money from Ghashful.
To find out the contribution of Ghashful towards alleviating poverty.
To identify the irregularities and put recommendation to overcome the problems.
Empowering women through microcredit a case study of tameer microfinance bank...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the impact of microcredit on women's empowerment in Bahawalpur, Pakistan. The study collected data from 94 women who received microloans from Tameer Microfinance Bank. It analyzed four dimensions of empowerment: economic, personal, family, and political. The results showed that microcredit had a positive relationship with women's empowerment across all dimensions. Economic empowerment saw the strongest influence from microcredit. The study concluded that microcredit can empower women by increasing their control over resources and participation in household decision-making.
Microfinance for Women Empowerment through SHGs A Reviewijtsrd
In India, the emergence of liberalization and globalization in early 1990’s aggravated the problem of women workers in unorganized sectors from bad to worse as most of the women who were engaged in various self employment activities have lost their livelihood. Despite in substantial contribution of women to both household and national economy, their work is considered just an extension of household domain and remains non monetized. In India, Microfinance scene is dominated by Self Help Group SHGs as an effective mechanism for providing financial services to the “Unreached Poor”, and also in strengthening their collective self help capacities leading to their empowerment. Rapid progress in SHG formation has now turned into an empowerment movement among women across the country. Micro finance is necessary to overcome exploitation, create confidence for economic self reliance of the rural poor, particularly among rural women. Although no -‘magic bullet’, they are potentially a very significant contribution to gender equality and womens empowerment. Through their contribution to women’s ability to earn an income, these programmes have potential to initiate a series of -‘virtuous spirals’ of economic empowerment, and wider social and political empowerment. The results from these self help groups SHGs are promising and have become a focus of intense examination as it is proving to be an effective method of poverty reduction and economic empowerment. Mainly on the basis of secondary data analysis, this paper attempts to highlight the role of Microfinance and SHGs in the empowerment of women in India. Dr. Rajendra Prasad G R "Microfinance for Women Empowerment through SHGs - A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52110.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/general-management/52110/microfinance-for-women-empowerment-through-shgs--a-review/dr-rajendra-prasad-g-r
Role of Self Help Groups in Rural Development-A Studyijtsrd
Rural development is a very dynamic process which includes in improving the socio-economic, political, environmental, and well-being of the poor people living in rural areas. In India more than 70 percent people living in rural areas, the concept of rural development assume great significance. The Molakalmuru taluk is one of the most backward taluk in Chitradurga district these areas have been facing so many problems like unemployment, poverty, lack of skills, illiteracy, and basic infrastructure health care common trend here. The present study is focused on the Socio-Economic status of Self-Help Group on rural development, and to study impact of Self-Help Group on rural development in Molakalmuru taluk. The present paper it is based on primary and secondary sources of information. Nagesha B | Ajeya G"Role of Self Help Groups in Rural Development-A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14329.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/development-economics/14329/role-of-self-help-groups-in-rural-development-a-study/nagesha-b
“Emergence and Activities of Self-Help Group (SHG)-A Great Effort and Impleme...iosrjce
The budding social consciousness from corner to corner of the globe has brought a number of issues
to the fore among which gender impartiality and empowerment of women are very noteworthy. Discrimination
against women in the form of male-female segregation reflects the core of the gender-biased structure. The
education is the biggest therapeutic power and the rise in the levels of education which nourishes progressive
stance and the beginning of industrialization and modernization have effected a sea change in the attitudes and
thinking prototype of the citizens. The empowerment is not fundamentally political single-handedly in fact;
political empowerment will not be successful in the deficiency of economic, socio-cultural and environmental
empowerment. Women empowerment is a progression in which women confront the presented norms and
culture, to efficiently encourage their well being. The involvement of women in Self Help Groups (SHGs) made a
momentous impact on their empowerment both in social and economical aspects. This study addresses women
empowerment as well as rural development through self help groups of Khejuri CD Blocks in Purba Medinipur
district of West Bengal. The information requisite for the study has been collected from both the primary and
secondary sources. A multistage random sampling method has been followed. Average and percentage analysis
was accepted out to draw significant interpretation of the results. Factor analysis was used to measure the
relationship between the observed variables. The outcome of the study revealed that the SHGs have had greater
impact on both economic and social aspects of the beneficiaries.
Impact of microcredit in the context of BangladeshA H
This document discusses the impact of microcredit in Bangladesh. It states that Bangladesh pioneered microcredit programs and they have significantly reduced poverty and improved socioeconomic conditions, especially in rural areas. Microcredit has empowered women, increased employment opportunities, and raised incomes and living standards. However, microcredit is now facing challenges in Bangladesh and some argue it has lost effectiveness. The document examines both the positive impacts and current challenges of microcredit in the context of Bangladesh.
Role of Self-Help Groups in Empowering Rural Women: A case study on selected ...iosrjce
Micro finance is emerging as a powerful tool for poverty alleviation in India. This approach has
recognition in India after the launch of SHGs and Bank linkage programme by NABARD in the year 1992.
According to United Nations, micro finance institutions are the basic provider of small savings, micro credit
and other basic financial services to poor and marginalised section like women. Despite substantial
contributions of women to both household and national economy, their contributions are not recognised in the
society. Rapid progress in SHGs and Bank linkage model has now turned into an empowerment movement
among women in the country. From various empirical studies, it is found that micro finance through SHGs and
Bank linkage model has enabled the members of SHGs to improve their socio-economic status. It also improves
family savings, decision making process, self confidence among women section of our society. Micro finance is
also necessary to overcome social exploitation and create confidence for self reliance among rural women and
poor section of our society. Apart from the informal financial institutions, the formal and semi formal sectors
also are taking much interest in providing micro finance to rural women in Assam. These financial institutions
not only provide small savings and micro credit to women but bringing them together in organised banking
sector. This paper highlights that micro finance through SHGs has a positive role in income, savings and
investment of women in Rani Block of Kamrup District of Assam
This document provides an overview of a study comparing the microfinance programs of Grameen Bank and ASA in Bangladesh. The study was conducted through surveys of beneficiaries and officials in 3 upazilas in Comilla District. It finds that both organizations provide important financial services to low-income clients, helping reduce poverty and empower women. However, the study aims to identify differences in socioeconomic impacts between the programs and factors influencing participation. It also seeks to recommend improvements to better protect vulnerable clients. The document reviews previous literature on microfinance and poverty reduction and outlines the methodology and background of the study area.
Impact of shg bank linkage programme on women shgs empowerment with reference...prj_publication
This document summarizes a study on the impact of India's Self Help Group Bank Linkage Program (SBLP) on empowering women's self-help groups from 2007-2012. Some key findings:
- The number of savings-linked women's SHGs increased from 32.7 million to 62.9 million from 2007-2012, accounting for around 80% of total SHGs.
- Loans disbursed to women's SHGs grew from Rs. 5,677 crores to Rs. 14,132 crores over this period, representing around 85% of total loans.
- Loans outstanding for women's SHGs increased from Rs. 10,137 crores to Rs. 30,
Impact of shg bank linkage programme on women shgs empowerment with reference...prjpublications
This document summarizes a study on the impact of India's Self Help Group Bank Linkage Program (SBLP) on women's self-help groups (SHGs) and empowerment. Some key findings:
- Between 2007-2012, the number of SHGs with bank savings increased 91.33% to over 79 million SHGs, while loans disbursed grew 151.65% to over $16.5 billion.
- Women-led SHGs dominated the program, comprising over 79% of all SHGs. Savings, loans disbursed, and loans outstanding for women SHGs all increased substantially between 2007-2012.
- The study found SBLP has been largely successful in
The Role of Microcredit to Change the Socio-Economic Status and Economic Empo...IJSRED
This document summarizes a study on the role of microcredit in improving the socio-economic status and empowerment of women in northern Bangladesh. The study examined 247 female microcredit borrowers across 3 districts. It found that receiving microcredit significantly increased women's family income, expenditures, savings, and ownership of assets. It also observed attitudinal and behavioral changes in women, such as increased participation in household decision-making. The study concluded that microcredit is an effective tool for reducing poverty and economically empowering women in northern Bangladesh.
Micro-finance: Critical Views on Poverty Alleviation and Changing Gender Rela...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Microfinance and it's role in women empowerment Sarita Ghidode
1. The document summarizes a doctoral seminar on microfinance and its role in women's empowerment. It discusses concepts of microfinance, models used in India, and its role in empowering women economically, socially, and through skills and education.
2. Research studies on microfinance's impact on women are reviewed, finding that access to loans and savings increased income, confidence, decision-making power, and social interactions. One study found significant impact on empowerment for all age groups.
3. Suggestions are made to improve access, such as tailored programs, quality oversight, and engagement to promote balanced growth.
The Microfinance Initiatives for Poverty Alleviation: Rhetoric and Reality in...Muhammad Sayeedul Haque
This dissertation examines the effectiveness of microfinance programs in alleviating poverty in Bangladesh. The study analyzes data collected from 600 active microfinance members, 150 former members, and 100 non-members across four districts in Bangladesh. It evaluates the impact of microcredit on poverty reduction, assesses interest rates and borrower graduation, and examines women's empowerment and participation in Islamic microfinance programs. The conceptual framework proposes that microfinance interventions can alleviate poverty through financial and social intermediation, but programs may face challenges such as loan misuse or insufficient loans that hinder poverty reduction.
The document provides an overview of microcredit and financial institutions, focusing on BRAC's microfinance program in Bangladesh and Uganda. It proposes expanding BRAC's Empowerment and Livelihoods for Adolescent Girls (ELA) program in Uganda to provide microloans, financial literacy training, and vocational skills training to 30,000 adolescent girls. Research on the existing ELA program in Uganda found increases in savings, contraceptive use, and income-generating activities along with decreases in pregnancy rates and unwilling sexual intercourse. However, critiques note that microfinance programs often rely on repeated donations to cover costs and that few achieve full financial sustainability without subsidies.
Similar to Economic Empowerment of Women through Microcredit in South-west Region of Bangladesh (20)
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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Economic Empowerment of Women through Microcredit in South-west Region of Bangladesh
1. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF)
e-ISSN: 2321-5933, p-ISSN: 2321-5925.Volume 6, Issue 2. Ver. I (Mar.-Apr. 2015), PP 32-39
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/5933-06213239 www.iosrjournals.org 32 | Page
Economic Empowerment of Women through Microcredit in
South-west Region of Bangladesh
S. M. Reazul Alam1
, Dr. Fauzia Hamid2
, Apurba Roy3
1
(Masters Graduate, Economics Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh)
2
(Professor, Economics Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh)
3
(Research Student, Economics Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh)
Abstract: This study tries to reveal the role of microcredit in enhancing women empowerment in south-west
region of Bangladesh, especially in Batiaghata Upazila of Khulna District. The sample size is 80 which has
been selected randomly, and, is comprising of equal number of microcredit taker and non-microcredit taker
women of Batiaghata Upazila which has been selected randomly, engaged in poultry farming. Cumulative
Empowerment Index (CEI) is constructed and multiple linear regression model is used to find out women
empowerment status. By using CEI, the study has found that the microcredit taker women are economically
more empowered than the non-microcredit taker women. By using multiple linear regression model, the study
also finds that, contribution to household income, monthly investment, and new addition to asset ownership of
the respondents have statistically significant effect on women empowerment. But status regarding microcredit
taking gives statistically insignificant result. Above all, based on the empirical result, it can be concluded that
status regarding microcredit has a positive effect on economic empowerment of women in the study area.
Keywords: Microcredit, Economic empowerment of women, Cumulative Empowerment Index
I. Introduction
Bangladesh is one of the high density populated countries in the world. At present about 31% of the
total population live below the poverty line in the country, where, proportion of rural poor is higher than urban
poor [1]. Women constitute almost half of the total population and more than 80% of them live in rural areas. In
Bangladesh, women have lower socioeconomic and political status compared with their male counterpart.
Besides, they have to face various socio-cultural and religious barriers to engage in income generating activities
[2]. In addition, in Bangladesh, women hold a very weak position, both at household and society level; and,
discrimination, and domestic violence against women are widespread [3].
The role of microfinance is remarkable in many gender and development related issues due to its direct
relationship with both alleviation of poverty and empowerment of women [4]. Microcredit program is one kind
of unique microfinance technique used to enhance income generating activities [3]. Theoretically, it is the
extension of very small loans to impoverished borrowers who typically lack collateral and a verifiable credit
history. It is designed not only to support entrepreneurship and alleviate poverty, but also in many cases to
empower women and uplift entire community by extension [5].Therefore, rise of the Microcredit Institution in
the global context is identified as an important phenomenon which has implication for the development
prospects of the poor.
Literally, empowerment means to make someone powerful; that is, facilitating the weak to attain
strength, and enabling someone to confront injustice and oppression. It is a process of making the powerless to
acquire and control over power through awareness and capacity building, participating in decision making,
acquiring information, attaining confidence, etc.[4]. Empowerment of women is an essential precondition for
alleviation of poverty and upholding of human rights, in particular at the individual level, as it helps to build a
base for social change. Due to microcredit provision by the Grameen Bank, not only have the Bangladeshi
women gained higher status in society, but also the economy of the country has benefited from inclusion of so
many additional people and businesses. But, whether all these changes brought about by microcredit are changes
for betterment, and whether improvement in the status of women’s right can be attributed to the advancement of
microcredit still remain a point of contention [6].
Microcredit service is considered a key development tool, particularly for women who are the target of
most microcredit programs [7]. Not only female borrowers do have better repayment record but also return to
their investment seem to better reach all the household members, especially in terms of improving children
health and their school enrollment [8]. Improvement of women’s self‐esteem as well as her family status is also
found to have been taken forward through microcredit [9][10].
Malhotra and Schuler (2005) conducted a work considering the most commonly used indicators for
measuring women’s empowerment. They found that the most universally used indicators are decision making
power and access to resources [11]. Another study conducted by Malhotra et al. (2002) found that the degree of
2. Economic Empowerment of Women through Microcredit in South-west Region of Bangladesh
DOI: 10.9790/5933-06213239 www.iosrjournals.org 33 | Page
decision-making power is generally measured by looking into women’s decisions regarding financing, resource,
allocation, spending, social and domestic matters, and child-related issues. Women’s access to resources also
indicates their empowerment. It is generally measured by considering women’s access to and control over cash,
household income and assets, unearned income, welfare receipts, household budget and participation in paid
employment. The third frequently used indicator of empowerment is that of women’s mobility and freedom of
movement [12].
Economic empowerment of women in Bangladesh is a crucial factor for the development of the
country. For this reason, both NGOs and GOs have taken different entrepreneurial program for development of
rural poor women. They aim to do so through creating social awareness, improving education and health status,
and alleviating poverty [13]. This is because, lack of, education, land ownership, proper knowledge and training
create problems to become empowered due to weak ability to utilize the taken credit in rural areas of
Bangladesh [14]. In investigating how microcredit empowers women in Bangladesh, Pitt et al. (2003) find that,
women’s participation in microcredit programs helps to increase women’s empowerment by taking a greater
role in household decision making, having greater access to financial and economic resources, having greater
social network, and having greater freedom of mobility [15]. In addition, microcredit program participation has
only a limited direct effect in increasing women’s access to choice-enhancing resources, but has a much stronger
effect in increasing women’s ability to exercise their right in intra-household processes. Consequently, program
participation is able to increase women’s welfare and possibility to reduce male bias in welfare outcomes,
particularly in poor households [16].
Using a cumulative empowerment index (CEI) of six empowerment indicators, Parveen and
Leonhäuser (2005) find that the majority of rural women in Bangladesh have a very low to moderate (82%)
level of empowerment. Besides, multiple regression analysis shows that there are strong positive effects of
formal and non-formal education, information media exposure and spatial mobility on women's CEI, while
traditional socio-cultural norms have a strong negative effect [17].
As women are nearly half of the population in Bangladesh, they are crucial human resource of the
country. They lack sufficient employment opportunity, power of taking decision, ownership of wealth, health
facility and enough nutrition. The scenario is more acute in rural areas. The main goal of microcredit program is
to alleviate poverty and provide better living to the poor people. Most of the clients of microcredit are women;
who, through taking microcredit, engage in different sectors; which, thereby, lead them to change their
economic condition. Many women are becoming self employed and providing extra income to their family by
engaging in various income generating activities. This study, therefore, tries to find out the role of microcredit
on economic empowerment of women in the south-west region of Bangladesh.
II. Methodology
2.1 Study area selection and data collection
This study is both qualitative and quantitative research in nature. In order to accomplish the objective
of the study, study area has been selected using multistage sampling technique. In the first stage, Khulna District
has been selected from the south-west region of Bangladesh. Then, Batiaghata Upazila has been selected
purposively from the nine upazilas of Khulna District. Batiaghata Upazila has seven unions. For the purpose of
the study, Jalma Union has been randomly selected from these unions. Jalma Union has 31 villages; from these,
Jharvanga and Chakrakhali have been randomly selected as the study area for this research work.
For conducting the research both primary and secondary data have been collected. Primary data for the
study have been collected through field investigation and field survey; whereas, secondary data have been
gathered from published documents such as journals, reports, thesis papers and other internet documents on
micro credit related issues.
2.2 Sampling technique and data collection
Firstly, microcredit providing organizations, namely, ASA, Grameen Bank, Palli Daridro Bimocon
Foundation (PDBF), and BRDB, which provide credit to the poultry farmers in the study area, have been
selected for this study. Next, women engaged in poultry farming have been selected, which, comprise of both
microcredit takers and non-takers. Then, random sampling technique has been applied to select the sample in the
study area namely, Jharvanga and Chakrakhali villages. Here, population related to microcredit taking is 125;
wherefrom, 40 respondents have been randomly selected. On the other hand, population related to non-
microcredit taking is approximately 100; wherefrom, 40 respondents have been randomly selected. Thus, total
sample size of the study is 80; the distribution of sample is being shown in Table 1.
3. Economic Empowerment of Women through Microcredit in South-west Region of Bangladesh
DOI: 10.9790/5933-06213239 www.iosrjournals.org 34 | Page
Table No. 1: Sample size distribution
Name of village Category of sample Frequency
Jharvanga
Women taking micro credit 20
Women not taking micro credit 20
Chakrakhali
Women taking micro credit 20
Women not taking micro credit 20
Total 80
Source: Researchers’ compilation based on field survey (2014)
Data have been collected in various ways for study purpose. These are personal interview method,
focus group discussion, and observation method. Interview method and FGD method have been used to collect
various information and data from the women. For this reason, questionnaire has been prepared, pre-tested, and
finalized after eliminating the errors encountered in the pre-testing stage. Observation method has been applied
to conduct overall survey for obtaining some relevant and necessary data.
2.3 Data analysis
After collecting, data has been sorted, filtered and placed in tabular form to present the same in an
organized manner to make them more illustrative and explanatory. Statistical tools used for the study comprise
of mean, index, regression, t-test and other calculations. Computer package like Microsoft office and statistical
software such as SPSS v17, STATA v 12.1 have been used to analyze the data. Some of the approaches used for
data processing and analyzing are hereby described.
2.3.1 Priority index (P.I)
The respondents are asked to prioritize the limitations of microcredit with five point scale. The formula
of P.I is given below:
P.I = ∑Sifi/n [where, (0 ≤ P.I ≤1)]-----------------------------------------------------------------------------(1)
Where, P.I = Priority index
Si = Scale value of ith
priority
fi = Frequency of ith
priority
n = Total number of observations
Table No. 2: Priority index (P.I)
Priority by type Scale value of priority
1st
priority S=1.00
2nd
priority S=0.75
3rd
priority S=0.50
4th
priority S=0.25
5th
priority S=0.00
Source: Researchers’ compilation
The limitations of microcredit used to construct priority index according to the responses of the sample
are as follows, high interest rate, small loan size, unfavorable repayment system, problematic system of group
dynamics, and lack of skill.
2.3.2 Cumulative empowerment index (CEI)
A cumulative empowerment index (CEI) is developed by adding the obtained scores regarding seven
economic empowerment indicators. These indicators combine both quantitative and qualitative data to get a
complete idea of women empowerment. The quantitative part correspond to five categories e.g., 1 = very low
and 5 = very high. Each indicator is assigned a quantitative rank from 1 to 5 according to the total score for each
empowerment indicator received from its sub-indicators based on the field survey.
The qualitative dimension is formed to rank the key seven indicators from total scores assigned by
some focus group participants where 7 represent ‘very important’ and 1 represents ‘least important’. The rank
order is made based on total scores attaining from ranking of the individual indicator in focus group. Maxwell
(1996) followed this procedure to measure food insecurity by developing a cumulative food security index.
Parveen and Leonhäuser (2005) also followed the same process to measure women empowerment by
developing a cumulative empowerment index. The CEI for the purpose of present study is constructed based on
the cumulative food security index of Maxwell (1996) and the cumulative empowerment index of Parveen and
Leonhäuser (2005).
4. Economic Empowerment of Women through Microcredit in South-west Region of Bangladesh
DOI: 10.9790/5933-06213239 www.iosrjournals.org 35 | Page
Table No. 3: Indicators of measuring economic empowerment of women
Indicators Point
Scale
Measurement unit Indicators Point
Scale
Measurement unit
a. Contribution
to household
income
1 In the range 1-20%
e. Access to
resources
iii. Training
1 Training at household level
2 In the range 21-40% 2 Training at community level
3 In the range 41-60% 3 Training from NGO
4 In the range 61-80% 4 Training from two or more than two NGOs
5 In the range 81-100% 5 Training from GO
b. Monthly
savings
1 BDT 1-500
e. Access to
resources
iv. Production
tools
1 Using one tool
2 BDT 501-1000 2 Using two tools
3 BDT 1001-1500 3 Using three tools
4 BDT 1501-2000 4 Using four tools
5 BDT 2001-2500 5 Using five or more tools
c. Monthly
investment
1 BDT 1-500 e. Access to
resources
v. Selling of
produced
products
1 Selling of 1-20% of produced product
2 BDT 501-1000 2 Selling of 21-40% of produced product
3 BDT 1001-1500 3 Selling of 41-60% of produced product
4 BDT 1501-2000 4 Selling of 61-80% of produced product
5 BDT 1501-2000 5 Selling of 81-100% of produced product
d. New addition
to asset
ownership of the
respondent
1 BDT 1-5000
f. Capacity
building to cope
with household
shocks
1 Collecting money at high interest rate
2 BDT 5001-10000 2 Collecting money at low interest rate
3 BDT 10001-15000 3 Collecting money from relatives/neighbors/friends
4 BDT 15001-20000 4 Collecting money from family members
5 BDT 20001-25000 5 Collecting money by own finance
e. Access to
resources
i. Nutritious
food
1 One meal a day
g. Frequency of
participation in
socio economic
activities
1 No participation
2 Two meals a day 2 Rare participation
3 Three meals a day 3 Occasional participation
4 Four meals a day 4 Sometimes participation
5 Five meals a day 5 Frequent participation
e. Access to
resources
ii. Information
1 Production related information from 1 source
2 Production related information from 2 sources
3 Production related information from 3 sources
4 Production related information from 4 sources
5 Production related information from 5 sources
Source: Researchers’ compilation
Based on the above indicators, economic empowerment of women has been measured by constructing
cumulative empowerment index (CEI) as given below.
Table No. 4: Cumulative empowerment index (CEI)
Indicators Quantitative rank Qualitative rank * CEI range (28-140)
Contribution to household income 1 to 5 7 (1-5)×7= 7-35
Monthly savings 1 to 5 6 (1-5)×6= 6-30
Monthly investment 1 to 5 5 (1-5)×5= 5-25
New addition to asset ownership of the respondent 1 to 5 4 (1-5)×4= 4-20
Access to resources 1 to 5 3 (1-5)×3= 3-15
Capacity building to cope with household shocks 1 to 5 2 (1-5)×2= 2-10
Participation in socio economic activities 1 to 5 1 (1-5)×1= 1-5
Source: Researchers’ compilation based on field survey (2014)
* Rank order was made based on total scores attained from ranking of the respondents. From this study,
the scores came out as 7 = 546, 6 = 474, 5 = 388, 4 = 295, 3 = 260, 2 = 185, 1 = 92.
CEI thus calculated varies from 28 to 140; in which 28 denotes the lowest level of empowerment and
140 denotes the highest level of empowerment. The CEI range is further divided into five categories and labeled
as very low empowerment (28-50), low empowerment (51-72), medium empowerment (73-94), high
empowerment (95-117) and very high empowerment (118-140) for better understanding the level of
empowerment possessed by the respondents.
2.3.3 Regression analysis
A multiple linear regression model has been used to estimate the effect of independent variables on
dependent variable (women empowerment or CEI). Here, we have considered four explanatory variables, viz.,
contribution to household income, monthly saving, monthly investment, new addition to asset ownership, and a
dummy variable to estimate the effect of microcredit taking on women empowerment.
5. Economic Empowerment of Women through Microcredit in South-west Region of Bangladesh
DOI: 10.9790/5933-06213239 www.iosrjournals.org 36 | Page
CEI = β0 + β1Inc + β2Sav + β3Inv + β4 Asst + β5D + µi -------------------------------------------------------(2)
Where,
CEI = Cumulative Empowerment Index
Inc = Contribution to household income (in percentage)
Sav = Monthly saving (in BDT)
Inv = Monthly investment (in BDT)
Asst = New addition to asset ownership of the respondents (in BDT)
D = Dummy variable (microcredit taker = 1 and non-microcredit taker = 0)
β0 = Intercept term
β1, β2, β3, β4, β5 = Regression co-efficient
µ = Stochastic disturbance term
III. Results and Discussion
3.1 Descriptive statistics
This section discusses present status of the two categories (microcredit take and non-microcredit taker)
of respondents through using some socioeconomic variables namely, monthly consumption expenditure,
monthly savings, monthly investment and status of asset ownership, etc.
Table No. 5: Summary statistics
Variables Status of
microcredit
Obs. Mean Std. dev. Min Max Mean
difference
t-value
Monthly
consumption
expenditure
Microcredit taker 40 14300.00 3039.90 8000.00 20000.00
-212.50 -0.344Microcredit non-
taker
40 14512.50 2448.15 10000.00 20000.00
Monthly savings
Microcredit taker 40 1397.50 521.57 500.00 2500.00
280.00*
2.86Microcredit non-
taker
40 1117.50 333.31 500.00 2000.00
Monthly
investment
Microcredit taker 40 1167.50 413.48 500.00
2500.00
227.50*
2.78
Microcredit non-
taker
40 940.00 309.71 500.00 2000.00
Asset ownership
status
Microcredit taker 40 13875.00 5316.58 5000.00 25000.00
3250.00*
3.20
Microcredit non-
taker
40 10625.00 3585.49 5000.00 18000.00
Source: Researchers’ compilation based on field survey (2014)
[Note: * = significant at 1% level, Obs. = Observation, Std. dev. = Standard Deviation, Min = Minimum, Max =
Maximum]
From the above Table 5, it is evident that mean monthly consumption expenditure of the microcredit
takers is BDT 14300 with a standard deviation of 3039.90. On the other hand, average monthly consumption
expenditure of the non-microcredit takers is BDT 14512.50 with a standard deviation of 2448.15. Mean
difference among the two groups in terms of monthly expenditure is negative and it is not statistically
significant. In case of, monthly saving, microcredit takers enjoy larger mean saving than the non-microcredit
takers. In the above Table 5, we see that mean difference of monthly saving among the two groups is BDT 280.
The estimated t-value is 2.86, which indicates that the mean difference is statistically significant at 1% level.
Besides, we observe that mean monthly investment and asset ownership of microcredit takers are more than
non-microcredit takers in the study area, and the differences between the two groups in these respects are
statistically significant at 1% level.
3.2 Ranking of limitations of microcredit with priority index (P.I)
There are some limitations of microcredit as indicated by the recipients. These limitations are identified
on the basis of construction of priority index.
Table No. 6: Ranking of limitations of microcredit with priority index (P.I)
Identified
problems
1st
Priority
(S=1.0)
2nd
Priority
(S=0.75)
3rd
Priority
(S=0.50)
4th
Priority
(S=0.25)
5th
Priority
(S=0.00)
∑fi P.I Rank
order
f1 f2 f3 f4 f5
High interest rate 31 2 2 3 2 40 0.86 1
Small loan size 6 28 4 1 1 40 0.73 2
6. Economic Empowerment of Women through Microcredit in South-west Region of Bangladesh
DOI: 10.9790/5933-06213239 www.iosrjournals.org 37 | Page
Source: Researchers’ compilation based on field survey (2014)
From the above Table 6, it is evident that, high interest rate is ranked as the most acute limitation of
microcredit. Next one is small loan size which is ranked 2. Unfavorable repayment system is ranked 3.
Problematic system of group dynamics and lack of skill are two other major limitations which are identified by
the respondents. These two problems are ranked 4 and 5 respectively.
3.3 Measurement of economic empowerment of women
The economic empowerment of women in the study area is measured by the Cumulative
Empowerment Index (CEI) constructed with seven indicators, such as, contribution to household income,
monthly savings, monthly investment, new addition to asset ownership of the respondents, access to resource,
capacity building to cope with household shocks, and participation in socio economic activities.
3.3.1 Extent of women empowerment
The distribution of total respondents (both taking microcredit and not taking microcredit) - on the basis
of CEI is represented in Table 7 and descriptive statistics regarding this result are shown in Table 8.
From the Table 7, we see among 40 microcredit taking women, 2.5% possess very low level of
empowerment, whereas, 5% possesses very high level of empowerment. About 20% women have low
empowerment, 47.5% women enjoy medium empowerment and 25% have high empowerment. The results also
show that, about 22.5% of women possess very low to low level of empowerment and 70% of the women enjoy
medium empowerment and its below categories. Moreover, 30% have high to very high level of empowerment.
Table No. 7: Distribution of sample on the basis of CEI
Category Score Microcredit taker Microcredit non-taker Total respondents
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Very low
empowerment
28-50 1 2.5 4 10 5 6.25
Low
empowerment
51-72 8 20 18 45 26 32.50
Medium
empowerment
73-94 19 47.5 15 37.5 34 42.50
High
empowerment
95-117 10 25 3 7.5 13 16.25
Very high
empowerment
118-140 2 5 - - 2 2.5
Total 40 100 40 100 80 100
Source: Researchers’ compilation based on field survey (2014)
On the other hand, from the same Table 7, we see that, among 40 non-microcredit taking women, 10%
possess very low level of empowerment; whereas, no one possesses very high level of empowerment. About
45% women have low empowerment, 37.5% women enjoy medium empowerment and 7.5% have high
empowerment. The results also show that, about 55% women enjoy very low to low level of empowerment and
92.5% of the respondents possess medium empowerment and its below categories.
However, Table 7 exhibits the comparative study of the economic empowerment of women on the
basis of CEI analysis. It has been seen that microcredit taker women are enjoying more empowerment than
those who do not take microcredit. Among the first group, 2.5% possess very low empowerment; whereas,
about 10% of women belonging to the second group enjoy the same. About 20% of microcredit taking women
have low empowerment; on the other hand, this figure is 45% for those who fall under non-microcredit taker.
Beside, 47.5% women taking microcredit enjoy medium empowerment status, whereas, 37.5% of non-
microcredit taking women possess the same status. In addition, high empowerment status is enjoyed by 25% of
microcredit taking women and only 7.5% of the non-microcredit taking women belong to that category. Finally,
about 5% of the women possess very high empowerment status, which level of employment status is enjoyed by
none in the latter group.
Unfavorable repayment
system
2 8 26 4 0 40 0.55 3
Problematic system of
group dynamics
1 2 5 23 9 40 0.27 4
Lack of skill 0 0 3 9 28 40 0.09 5
7. Economic Empowerment of Women through Microcredit in South-west Region of Bangladesh
DOI: 10.9790/5933-06213239 www.iosrjournals.org 38 | Page
Table No. 8: Descriptive statistics of total respondents on the basis of CEI
Variable Status of
microcredit
Obs. Mean Std. dev. Min Max Mean
difference
t-value
Mean CEI
Microcredit taker 40 87.10 18.08 47 124
15.85*
4.20Microcredit non-
taker
40 71.25 15.55 44 105
Source: Researchers’ compilation based on field survey (2014)
The above Table 8 shows that in case of microcredit taker, mean CEI score is 87.10, the standard
deviation is 18.08. On the other hand, for microcredit non-taker, mean CEI score is 71.25 with a standard
deviation of 15.55. The maximum CEI score is 124 and the minimum is 44 for all respondents. The estimated t-
value is 4.20, stating that mean difference among the two groups is statistically significant at 1% level.
Therefore, it is clear that, on an average the credit-taker women enjoy higher level of employment in
comparison to non-taker women.
3.3.2 Regression results
In this section, results of the multiple regression models have been presented to examine the effects of
four key explanatory variables on CEI as proxy of economic empowerment of women in the study area. The
estimated results have been described in the table below.
Table No. 9: Determinants of women empowerment in the study area
Variables Symbol Parameters Coefficients Standard error t-ratios
Constant - β0 10.37 2.169 4.78*
Contribution to household income Inc β1 0.56 0.042 13.36*
Monthly saving Sav β2 0.011 0.002 5.39*
Monthly investment Inv β3 0.012 0.002 5.07 *
Asset ownership Asst β4 0.0009 0.0001 6.68*
Status regarding microcredit taking D Β5 0.70 1.116 0.63
R-squared = 0.94, Number of observation = 80, Mean VIF = 2.42
Source: Researchers’ compilation based on field survey (2014)
[Note: * = significant at 1% level]
The estimated regression result shown in Table 9 hold up the proposition that, economic empowerment
of women depends on the aforesaid variables. The model finds that by using CEI as dependent variable in
regression analysis, the explanatory variables are highly significant. Findings show that with 1 unit increase in
contribution to household expenditure, monthly saving, monthly investment, and new addition to asset
ownership of the respondents, value of CEI correspondingly changes 0.56 units, 0.011 units, 0.012 units, and
0.0009 units positively. Moreover, the R2
value is 0.94 that means the explanatory variables can explain 94
percent of the variation of the explained variable. Here, the estimated result of microcredit status shows positive
impact on CEI although this is not found to be statistically significant. Estimated values of standard error of this
model are also very low. Finally, there exists low multicollinearity among the explanatory variables as the mean
variance inflation factor (VIF) is only 1.51.
IV. Concluding Remarks
Empirical research and discussion of the results hold up the proposition that women empowerment
depends on the aforementioned variables. The women who take microcredit and who do not take microcredit
contribute to their household income. But, the microcredit taker women had greater control over resources than
non-microcredit taking women. Moreover, microcredit taking women enjoy relatively higher level of economic
empowerment than those of non-microcredit takers. The results obtained by calculating cumulative
empowerment index indicate that microcredit taking women have more flexibility in terms of taking decision on
household consumption, investment, saving, earning money, access to assets and resources, participation in
socioeconomic activities, etc., as compared with women who do not receive microcredit. Regression results
suggest that contribution to household income, monthly saving, monthly investment, and new addition to asset
ownership have positive and statistically significant influence on economic empowerment in the study area. So,
based on the empirical result, it can be concluded that microcredit taking has a positive effect on economic
empowerment of women.
8. Economic Empowerment of Women through Microcredit in South-west Region of Bangladesh
DOI: 10.9790/5933-06213239 www.iosrjournals.org 39 | Page
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