A participatory methodology for urban diagnosis and formulation of proposals from a human rights-based approach

1. The “Compass” of
Urban and Housing
Planning
A participatory methodology for
urban diagnosis and formulation
of proposals from a human
rights-based approach

2. 1. Introduction: Evolution of the
urban-housing policies
2. The “Compass”: Approach and
methodology
3. Application to case studies.
4. The “Participlán”
5. Exercise
Index

3. 1. Introduction: Evolution of policies
Phases and dates. Focus Main tools used Key documents
Modernization and urban
growth. 1960- 1970
Physical planning. Public
housing
Integral plan. Construction.
Erradication
Redistribution with growth.
Middle 1970-1980
States support site and
services for self
construction.
Subsidies for land and
housing. States
acknowledge informality.
Vancouver (1976).
Shelters and poverty
(WB, 1980)
The enabling approach
1980-1990.
Facilitate peoples efforts,
private sector and
markets.
Public-private partnership.
Participation, land
management & finances
Urban Policy (WB,
1991). Cities and
poverty. Agenda 21
Sustainable uran
development 1990-2014
Holístic planning. Balance
among efficiency, equity
and sustenability
As above, but with major
emphasis on environmental
management & poverty
aleviation
Sustainable
development of human
settlements. Agenda 21
(UNCHS, 1994, c)
Hábitat II: 1996 “Adequate housing for all”
and “Sustenaible
Development”
Integration of previous
improvement policies
Agenda hábitat (1996)
Global report on human
settlements (1996)
Milenium goals: 2000 Milenium objectives 8,
goal 18 and 11
Project Milenium
Development.
Milenium Declaration
UN (2000)
Ishtambul + 5: 2001 Agenda Hábitat review Renewal commitments
agenda hábitat. The right to
the city
Declaration cities in the
new milenium (2001).
Global reports (05/10)
source: Adapted from “The enabling approach”, UN Habitat 2006

4. Plots, housing and informality

5. Migrations, urban expansion and plans
1) Regional development: Territorial planning (POT).
2) Urban development (3 times existing cities): Guided expansion
3) Renewal existing city: Compact or guided development city
Green belt
Informal settlements
4) Micro-planning: slum upgrading projects

6. A)
Centralized
national
(top-down).
B) Urban
(public-private
partnership)
C) Based on
the slum
(participative,
focus on informal
settlements
networking)
D) Mix of the
three
approaches
(national, urban
and slum
simultaneously)
Intervention approaches

7. 1. What is the Compass?
• Tool to measure the level of
fullfilment of human rights in
marginal neighborhoods through
the direct participation of neighbors
and public officials.
• Strategy to carry out expeditive
diagnosis represented graphically
problems and alternatives for
solutions.
• Facilite the agreement around
priorities to intervene
complementing works with urban
regulations and social organization.

8. Potential users
• Neighours: Providing them a tool
for agreement and self
organization
• Public officials: Facilitating them
updated and systematic (provided
by people contrasted to census
and estadistically sound data) to
orientate public policies.
• Académics and specialized
organizations: Facilitate the
comparative study of
neighborhood and cities

9. Methodology
La “Compass” consists in
crossing 3 key factors:
-Social organization,
-Work and services
-Regulations
The three factors explain the
reasons behind the
fulfillment or not of rights
expressed graphically as
the “north” of the
compass.
Hum[n rights
fulfillm_nt|
Puli] Work
[n^ s_rvi]_s|
So]i[l
org[niz[tion
R_gul[tory fr[m_work

10. Key definitions
• Rights: Level of fulfilment of human rights
measured by five factors: Land and
housing, infrastructure, equipament (or
social services), accesibility (o mobility)
and sustainability (or local development).
• Social organization: Level of
organization of the society for human right
fulfilment respect the same key factors.
• Public work and services: What is in
process to fulfill human rights ( public
and private) respect the same key factors
• Regulatory framework: Regulations of
land use, density, service standards,
maintenance producción, with legal status
and community practices, respect the
same key factors.

11. 1. Right to land and housing
1.1. Land and housing tenure security
1.2. Not overcrowding (more than 2 persons per room)
1.3. Housing built with permanent materials
1.4. Housing with its own toilete or sanitation services
1.5. Adequate housing selling and renting available at affordable prices
2) Infraestructure
2.1. Available drinkable water supply
2.2. Available latrines or sewage services without contamination
2.3. Available drainage preventing flooding
2.4. Available power connection (electricity and gas)
2.5 Available telecomunication, Internet, etc services.
3) Accesibility
3.1. Available adequate green areas well mantained
3.2. Available pre-escolar, primary and secondary schools
3.3. Available hospitals and health center for primary and secondary atention
3.4. Availability coverage of policial service, temples y and civil defence
3.5. Available services of public lighting and public cleaning
4) Equipamients
4.1. Available sidewalk, and pavements allowing vehicular movements.
4.2. Available bridges and traffic stop ensuring street safety
4.3. Available public transport (trains, metro, etc) to cover long distances
4.4. Available services of buses, taxis, motorbike and bikes to cover short distances
4.5 Availability of ambulances, firebrigades, police and civil defence reacting on time in
case of accidents
5) Sustainability
5.1. Food security
5.2. Availability of work, social security and income generation oportunities
5.3. Capacity to save expressed as income porcentahe per household and its reinvertion in
habitat priorities
4. Tolerance and aceptancy of multiple communities with different cultures and incomes
5. Initives available to reduce disaster risks
The variables

12. Methodological steps
I. Neighborhood
delimitation
II. Identification of sub-zones
III. Analysis of segregation
and fragmentation
IV. Hipothesis of
causes: Works and
regulations
V. Estimation of rights
and social
organization
VIII. Neighborhood
pact
VI. Summary of VII. Action plan
diagnosis

13. Neighborhood characterization
Major state intervention:
A lot of public work and
regulations, but low social
organization. It needs to
encourage social
organization to advance
and maintain human rights
Strenght social organization:
With low public work and
regulations, achieve high
fulfilment of human rights
through self organization. It
needs to consolidate its
organization and support to
carry out public works and
regulatory frameworks
Equilibrium: It presents
simmilar levels of human
rights, public works and
regulatory framework
reflected in a medium
level of human rights
fulfilment
Not equilibrated: It
presents different levels of
fulfilment, like concentration
of public works without
adequate regulatory
framework, facilitating
transference of land value
to other sectors.

14. I. Fundacional:
Economic
plots
regulated by
the state
Progressive
fulfillment of
minimum
human
rights
II. Self
construction on
plots and self
management to
provide water,
sewage and
pavements .
Increasing
fulfillment of rights
and social work
III. Direct
intervention of the
state. Construction
of social housing and
infraestructures
Fulfilment of human
rights and social
organization
IV. Irruption and expansion of
informality. . Reduction in fulfilment of
human rights and emerging new forms of
social organization
V. Exploring informality
regularization
Advance fulfilling rights and
social organization
VI. Strategies to capture
land value
(taxes and incentives)
Advance fulfilling rights and
organization
VII. Re-Inclusion of the
sector into the city
Fulfilling of rights

15. Historical evolution of neighborhoods
Fundacional: the
neighborhood is
subdivided in plots and
the people with their own
effort build their houses
and basic water and
sanitation services. Very
basic human rights
Neighborhood development:
The people by self organization
or cordinating with the
municipality built sanitation
networks, pavement, etc. .
Increasing fulfilment of human
rights, although still limited by
social organization
State intervention
Building social housing,
carrying out all
infrastructures. Almost
absolute fulfillment of
human rights with
institutcionalized social
organization.
Irruption and expantion of
informality: More poor setle in
the area making insufficient all
services, and creates new
forms of social organization. It
is frecuent in this phase the
conflict among different
enighbors (formal and informal)
Withdrawal in human rights
fulfillement.

16. 3. Case studies from Buenos Aires
Los Pinos, Escobar
Padre Varela, Luján San Carlos, Moreno Villa Zagala, Soldati, CABA

17. Villa Soldati, CABA
Alta heterogeneidad socio-habitacional
Fuerte intervención del estado en la
forma de obras publicas (60), menor
regulación (40), muy baja
organización social (30),
Resultado medio de cumplimiento de
derechos (60).
Derechos
100
80
60
40
20
0
Obra
Org. Social
1) Suelo y vivienda
2) Infraestructura
3) Equipamientos
4) Accesibilidad
5) Sustentabilidad
Sub-total
Total
Regulaciones
Categoría Ciudad de Buenos Aires
Soldati Resto
Cantidad de radios censales 18 126
Cantidad de hogares 6.513 51.454
Cantidad de viviendas 6.266 49.286
Cantidad de personas 23.937 156.156
Superficie (Km2) 1,36 21,66
Superficie (Hectáreas) 136 2.166
Densidades (Hogares /Vivienda) 1,04 1,04
Densidades (Personas/ Hogares) 3,68 3,03
Densidades (Personas/Viviendas) 3,82 3,17
Densidades (Viviendas / Ha) 53 24
Densidades (Personas / Ha) 176 72

18. Historia del proceso histórico de urbanización

19. 3. Villa Zagala (entre San Martín y Vicente López)
Área de recepción de población
erradicada
Fuerte inversión en vivienda, pero escasa
en otras obras publicas como cloacas
(40).
Nivel de regulación bajo, priorizando el
uso industrial (40).
Organización social baja (40),
fragmentada entre distintos grupos
socio-habitacionales.
Escaso cumplimiento de derechos (40)
Derechos
100
80
60
40
20
0
Obra
Org. Social
Regulaciones
Categoría Pdo de San Martín-
Vte López
Villa
Zagala Resto
Cantidad de hogares 2.773 247.003
Cantidad de viviendas 2.652 240.399
Cantidad de personas 11.449 665.740
Superficie (Hectáreas) 38 9.023
Densidades (Hogares /Vivienda) 1,05 1,03
Densidades (Personas/ Hogares) 4,13 2,70
Densidades (Personas/Viviendas) 4,32 2,77
Densidades (Viviendas / Ha) 69 27
Densidades (Personas / Ha) 300 74
1) Suelo y vivienda
2) Infraestructura
3) Equipamientos
4) Accesibilidad
5) Sustentabilidad
Sub-total
Total

20. Historia del proceso histórico de urbanización

21. Barrio San Carlos,
Moreno
Derechos
100
80
60
40
20
0
Obra
Org. Social
Regulaciones
Categoría Moreno
San
Carlos Resto
Cantidad de hogares 2.510 109.948
Cantidad de viviendas 2.413 106.179
Cantidad de personas 9.583 370.920
Superficie (Hectáreas) 700 31.800
Densidades (Hogares /Vivienda) 1,04 1,04
Densidades (Personas/ Hogares) 3,82 3,37
Densidades (Personas/Viviendas) 3,97 3,49
Densidades (Viviendas / Ha) 17 2
Densidades (Personas / Ha) 15 20
Bajo nivel de realización de obras (30)
Bajo pero Incipiente nivel de organización social
(36),
Bajo nivel de regulación (20)
Escaso cumplimiento de derechos (30).

22. Historia del proceso histórico de urbanización

23. 5. Barrio Padre Varela, Lujan
Derechos
100
80
60
40
20
0
Obra
Org. Social
1) Suelo y vivienda
2) Infraestructura
3) Equipamientos
4) Accesibilidad
5) Sustentabilidad
Sub-total
Total
Regulaciones
Nivel incipiente de organización social
(30),
Limitada realización de obras publicas,
(22),
Bajo nivel de regulación urbana (20),
Bajo nivel de cumplimento de derechos
(17).
Categoría Luján
Varela Resto
Cantidad de hogares 1.201 30.517
Cantidad de viviendas 1.159 29.780
Cantidad de personas 4.268 89.724
Superficie (Hectáreas) 1.067 14.954
Densidades (Hogares /Vivienda) 1,04 1,02
Densidades (Personas/ Hogares) 3,55 2,94
Densidades (Personas/Viviendas) 3,68 3,01
Densidades (Viviendas / Ha) 4 6
Densidades (Personas / Ha) 66 7

24. 6. El caso del barrio “Los Pinos” (Escobar)
Derechos
100
80
60
40
20
0
Obra
Org. Social
1) Suelo y vivienda
2) Infraestructura
3) Equipamientos
4) Accesibilidad
5) Sustentabilidad
Sub-total
Total
Regulaciones
Enorme organización social (80),
Cumplimiento medio de derechos (50),
Incipiente realización de obras (40) (realizada por auto gestión)
Muy bajo nivel de regulación (10) barrio informal, no tiene
asegurada la tenencia del suelo.
-Superficie de asentamiento: 59960 m2 aprox. = 5,996 ha.
-Cantidad de familias: 250.
- Líneas de colectivo: 2 (1000 m)
-Tren interurbano: 1 (1000 m)
-Distancia a centro urbano: 5000m
-Distancia a avenida: 1000m
-Educación primaria: 1000 m
-Educación sec. : 1000m
-Densidad actual : 180 hab/hec. aprox. Densidad por
ordenanza 411_79: 130 hab/hec.
-Clínicas privadas: 2 Hospitales públicos: 1 en
construcción a 30 cuadras aprox.

26. 4. El participlan

27. The “stair” of participation (Arnstein, 1971)
1. Therapy
0. Manipulation
7. Citizen control
6. Power delegation
5. Association
3. Consultation
2. Information
4. Propitiation

28. 5. Exercise
• Simmulate the
methodological steps
presented in the four case
studies.
• Calculate the fulfillement of
human rights in the case
studies considering the three
axis proposed by the
“compass” and its reflection in
the axis “north” expressed in
the resulting graphic
• Explore possible
alternatives for action of
assess on going actions and
its possible alternatives.
• Consider the method
applicability to other cases.