A brief presentation of my Phd research that I used during the course "Analysis of temporary inhabitants in public spaces" in order to show concretely how a sociological research works
1. Ph.D thesis
Urbeur XXVII ciclo
Tutor: Matteo Colleoni (Università di Milano-Bicocca)
Co-tutor: Luc Gwiazdzinski (Université de Grenoble)
Course Analysis of Temporary Inhabitants in the Public Spaces – Prof. Citroni – 4 cfu
3. End of the compact city; sprawl
Temporal de-
synchronization
Car-dependency; Inadequate
transit supply
Mobility and accessibility related social exclusion
Social relevance
Nowadays, generally, urban opportunities (work; goods; services; encounters; social ties; etc.) are
not located in the proximity of households’ residences.
Movement is necessary in order to connect in space and time the different daily-life domains (work;
consumption; leisure, etc.).
Increasing importance of mobility, especially auto-mobility, in managing daily life.
The ability to move as a resource for social inclusion Issue of mobility related social exclusion
The process by which people are prevented from participating in the economic, political and social
life of the community because of reduced accessibility to opportunities, services and social networks,
due in whole or in part to insufficient mobility in a society and environment built around the
assumption of high mobility (Kenyon et al. 2002: 210–211)
4. Scientific relevance
Debate around the «poor»’s mobility:
Exclusion due to immobility and lack of mobility skills Move to cope (Le Breton 2005)
Policy programs that aim to encourage the mobility of people who are in a precarious
situation (Lucas 2004; 2006)
VS
Mobility injunction that characterises contemporary advanced capitalistic societies (Fol
2009)
Sociological approach allows to overcome some shortcomings associated to
the current engineering dominant perspective in transport and urban planning
Accessibility is analyzed in terms of transportation network performance (e.g. improve access =
travel time savings) BUT
The issue is not how to travel more easily or rapidly from one location to another, but how to
access better jobs and opportunities within a daily time constraint.
Furthermore, it is not sufficient that an opportunity is available to access to it. Other social
determinants have a role.
5. Personal relevance
Research interests in urban studies and mobility, especially in
understanding the effects of space-time transformations in terms of
social exclusion;
Precarious worker, urban being, highly-mobile, without car, engaged
in bicycle grassroots movement, who has experienced
inaccessibility due to transport related problems;
Ethical outlook: social justice;
VALUE-FREE SOCIAL SCIENCES / VALUE RELEVANCE (Weber)
Sociologists should observe value neutrality while conducting social research […] He should
not make evaluative judgment about empirical evidence […] He should make his own values
open and clear and refrain from advocating particular values […]
BUT
In order to carry out social research viewpoints are needed which form the basis of hypothesis
which enables the social scientists to collect empirical data […] Thus a sociologist has to be
value frank and should make the values which have got incorporated in the choice of the topic
of the research of the formulation of hypothesis clear and explicit at the very outset in the
research
(SociologyGuide.com 2015)
6. Research aim
Analysing from a sociological point of view the mobility and the
accessibility to urban opportunities of a sample of individuals in a
precarious situation,
In order to understand the role of mobility and accessibility in the
processes of social vulnerabilization in contemporary cities and to
identify the main factors linked to inaccessibility and to access
constraints
Do they refer to urban structure characteristics or to individuals
properties, such as the lack of mobility skills and attitudes?
8. Social exclusion
(Castel 1995; Paugam 1996;
Madanipour et al. 1998; SEU
2003; Byrne 2005)
Urban structure
matters
(Næss 2006; Indovina 2009)
Time matters
(Harvey 1989; Gwiazdzinski
2003; Colleoni 2004; Rosa
2010)
Mobility studies - 1
(Dupuy 1999; Urry 2004; Currie
et al. 2009)
Mobility studies - 2
(Kaufmann 2002; Orfeuil 2004;
Cass et al. 2005; Le Breton
2005; Urry 2007; Fol 2009)
Time-geography &
Activity space
(Hägerstrand 1970; Dijst &
Kwan 2005;)
Accessibility
studies
(Farrington & Farrington 2005;
Farrington 2007; Fol & Gallez
2013)
Employment/Social
Precarity
(Castel 1995; Gallie & Paugam
2000; Paugam 2006)
Theory building: searching for new insights
9. Daily mobility, accessibility, social exclusion
Social Exclusion (In)accessibility
Spatial-temporal
dimension
«a process, which causes
individuals or groups, who
are geographically
resident in a society, not
to participate in the
normal activities of
citizens in that society»
(Hine & Mitchell 2001: 12)
«The ability of people to
reach and engage in
opportunities and
activities» (Farrington &
Farrington 2005: 2)
Land use
component
Transport
component
Temporal
component
Individual
component
LeisureEmployment
Social ties
Welfare
Shopping
10. Opportunities
(pull factors)Access
Social obligations
(push factors)
Potential mobility
Competences
Cognitive
appropriation
Resources
- Options;
- Conditions;
- Aptitude;
- Knowledge;
- Skills;
- Organizational; - Physical;
- Financial;
- Organizational;
- Temporal;
- Relational;
- Socialization;
- Habit;
- Signification;
Actual mobility
The individual characteristics: resources,
competences and socio-cognitive appropriation
Source: my adaptation from Orfeuil 2004: 14
23. Car-dependent jobs
« … I must start a stage for 2 weeks and my brother is going to lend me his car
because I need it to reach the stage place, it isn’t far, but it’s the time: I have to be
there at 5am… » (unemployed)
«…The automobile is the main cause because they have never offer me a job at
the desk […] but they proposed me jobs as an external consulent and I need the
car for these positions…» (unemployed)
« …I spend 320 euros per month. It’s a lot, but without a car what can we do?...»
(worker)
Exclusion related to the
no-availability of car
Forced car ownership
24. Precarious but mobile
“…Four years ago I was working for the same firm […] they begun to moving me and
I did half an hour in a place and one hour in another place, then I moved again… For
doing it I had to use the car, also if the places weren’t far from each other but I had to
be fast […] It was a nightmare, all the charges for the gasoline, the parking were at my
expense…” (cleaning service)
« …The work conditions they promised me were not true [...] financially the rental car
was at my expense, and no compensation or reimbursed km... Today, it costs more to
me working for people like that than what I receive [...] It is a job very expensive... »
(salesperson)
“…I refused a job proposal outside Varese also because they do not refund the hour
and a half to come back to Milan […] I consider it as work-time but they do not pay
it!…” (social worker)
Flexibility Employability
25. Precarity implies being mobile
The respondents are not immobile, without the necessary mobility
competences for the inclusion in the job market
They have precarious resources with they adapt themselves to a
precarious situation
Their coping strategies to face precarity often involve mobility and the
disposal of many competences
Survival circuit - Assistance circuit : spatial and temporal points of
reference where find the resources to satisfy needs
26. Comparison between Milan and Lyon
A differentiated protection: different mobility and access “rights”
Lyon more policies than Milan
BUT in both cities tension with the actual mobility and access needs of people
“…il faut être vraiment dans la misère…” (rappresentante di vini)
“…poi ho dovuto aprire la partita IVA per accettare un lavoro e quindi non ho potuto fare
domanda in quanto lavoratore indipendente…” (educatrice e psicologa)
« ..J’ai plus droit, non, même en tant que chercheur d’emploi j’ai plus droit. Oui, avant
faisant partie du PLIE, oui, mais là non… » (disoccupata)
“…si, l’anno scorso ho ottenuto l’abbonamento ATM, ma quest’anno avendolo già preso
non posso presentare la domanda perché, naturalmente, preferiscono a darlo a chi non ne
ha beneficiato…” (disoccupato)
27. a) Protected from the risks related to (in)accessibility;
b) Mobiles with a precarious access related to work;
c) Mobiles of precarity;
a) No or soft effect;
b) Indirect effect;
c) Direct effect (single domain or activity);
Profiles
Relationships
Mobility, accessibility and social exclusion
28. References
Byrne, D., 2005. Social Exclusion 2nd ed., Berkshire: McGraw-Hill International.
Cass, N., Shove, E. & Urry, J., 2005. Social exclusion, mobility and access. The Sociological review, 53(3), pagg.539–555.
Castel, R., 1995. Les métamorphoses de la question sociale: une chronique du salariat, Librairie Fayard.
Currie, G. et al., 2009. Investigating links between transport disadvantage, social exclusion and well-being in Melbourne—
Preliminary results. Transport Policy, 16(3), pagg.97–105.
Dijst, M.J. & Kwan, M.P., 2005. Accessibility and quality of life: time-geographic perspectives. , pagg.109–126.
Dupuy, G., 1999. La dépendance automobile: Symptômes, analyses, diagnostic, traitements, Anthropos.
Farrington, J. & Farrington, C., 2005. Rural accessibility, social inclusion and social justice: towards conceptualisation. Journal of
Transport Geography, 13(1), pagg.1–12.
Fol, S., 2009. La mobilité des pauvres: pratiques d’habitants et politiques publiques, Paris: Belin.
Gallie, D. & Paugam, S., 2000. Employment Precarity, Unemployment, and Social Exclusion, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hägerstrand, T., 1970. What about people in regional science? Papers in Regional Science, 24(1), pagg.6–21.
Hine, J. & Mitchell, F., 2001. Better for Everyone? Travel Experiences and Transport Exclusion. Urban Studies, 38(2), pagg.319–
332.
Indovina, F. a c di., 2009. Dalla città diffusa all’arcipelago metropolitano, Milano: Franco Angeli.
Kaufmann, V., 2002. Re-thinking mobility: contemporary sociology, Farnham: Ashgate Pub Ltd.
Kenyon, S., Lyons, G. & Rafferty, J., 2002. Transport and social exclusion: investigating the possibility of promoting inclusion
through virtual mobility. Journal of Transport Geography, 10(3), pagg.207–219.
Le Breton, É., 2005. Bouger pour s’ en sortir: mobilité quotidienne et intégration sociale, Paris: Armand Colin.
Lucas, K. et al., 2006. Moving from welfare to work: the role of transport, London: FIA Foundation for the Automobile and Society.
Lucas, K., 2004. Transport and Social Exclusion: A survey of the Group of Seven Nations, London: FIA Foundation for the
Automobile and Society.
Madanipour, A., Cars, G. & Allen, J. a c di., 1998. Social exclusion in European cities: processes, experiences, and responses,
London - Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Næss, P., 2006. Urban structure matters, Routledge.
Orfeuil, J.-P. a c di., 2004. Transports, pauvretés, exclusions: Pouvoir bouger pour s’en sortir, Éd. de l’Aube.
Paugam, S., 1996. L’exclusion, l’état des savoirs, Editions de La Découverte.
Schönfelder, S. & Axhausen, K.W., 2003. Activity spaces: measures of social exclusion? Transport Policy, 10(4), pagg.273–286.
SEU, 2003. Making the connections: Final Report on Transport and social exclusion, London: Social Exclusion Unit - Office of the
Deputy Prime Minister.
Urry, J., 2007. Mobilities, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Urry, J., 2004. The ‘system’of automobility. Theory, Culture & Society, 21(4-5), pagg.25–39.
Editor's Notes
My dissertation was about “title”
From the title, the topics I have dealt with are clear:
In particular, I have studied the mobility of vulnerable groups who live in different European cities, in order to understand their access to the city, that is, following the definition gave by Farrington, «the ability of individuals to reach and engage in opportunities and activities».
Opportunities means services, goods, activities, social networks, and so on and so forth, that are able to satisfy the individuals’ needs.
The overall aim of the presentation is pointing out how a sociological research works…
Better, I would like to show you how my research worked.
So I guess it is useful to begin deepening the reasons that justify the choice of this topic.
I remember prof. Citroni said that the work of sociologist is not to intervene and I agree with this….
Maybe, you too may agree on the un-usefulness of my research at the end of my presentation… We will see…
If our work is not to directly intervene, plan, etc., I think it’s important that our work has 3 types of relevance: a scientific relevance, a societal relevance and a personal relevance.
For instance these relevances may influence the possibilities to find funding and a public interested in our work….
From a social point of view, since the mid-90s the topic gains importance in the public debate,
because the urban transformations associated to the processes you can see in the top of the slide make accessibility a difficult task.
Indeed, (slide)
From a scientific point of view, the notion of accessibility has a long history: for instance it has been introduced in urban and regional economy in the 1903 but it was not linked to the issue of social vulnerability/social exclusion, but it has been used as a principle for explaining the differential rent.
However, in urban and transport planning accessibility has a relation with the issue of social inequalities.
Indeed, accessibility means how easily a place could be reach and it is linked to the equal distribution of amenities and services in the territory and to the performance of public transit system.
But this attention to socio-spatial inequalities and to the social dimension of access is defined in a narrow sense.
To put it simple, usually in this perspective the problem is to provide services and to guarantee a faster access through the use of transportation means.
So, a sociological approach to accessibility may allow to overcome some shortcomings associated to the current approach to urban accessibility in transport and urban planning.
For instance, nowadays, accessibility is analysed in terms of transportation network performance (slide)
So the first scientific relevance is associated to the will of insert a sociological perspective in accessibility studies. I am not the first researcher to do so. This is a stream of research developed since the 2000s mainly in UK and France.
The second scientific relevance is associated to a debate around the mobility of “poor” people
So, now I have an issue to analyse, I have a goal,
But how can I do the research?
Which information I need? Which methods may I use? Who should I interview? Where?
In my case, I found the answers to these questions through building an analytical framework, a theory of accessibility.
In order to build my theory,
I reviewed the theoretical, empirical and methodological contributions coming from different disciplines and streams of research.
In the slide you can see some references that help me to frame the research.
I’m not going to develop in depth this step, but…
…The results of the literature review are shown in this slide.
First, I could be able to define precisely some concepts,
Second, I identified the relevant activities in a perspective of social inclusion/exclusion (slide)
Third, I found out that 4 main factors influence accessibility:
So, if land use, that is the distribution of activities and residences, are important as well as the organization of the mobility system, for instance the location of public transport stops, its frequency and speed as well as its cost and the places I may reach with it.
There other two factors the influence accessibility:
On the one side a temporal component which refers to the opening times of the service, to the daily time constraints, for instance the temporal availability for doing activities it’s different for an a single mother with young children doing 2 jobs compared to the situation of a young adult who does not have to take care of an household…
Last but not least, the ability to reach opportunities depends on an individual component, that is to the needs and projects of people, and to the resources and skills available to them in ordet to satisfy and develop these needs and projects.
I insert this slide to stress that access does not mean just the movement from a point A to a point B.
Indeed, the ability to reach opportunities depends on (slide and examples)
…
So, having defined this framework, how is it possible to operationalize this complexity?
Which kind of information I need to collect in order to answer to my research questions?
With which instruments?
I resolved these issues in the step of research design.
I’m not going in depth because I don’t have time.
Briefly, I chose to interview, with a questionnaire and an in-depth interview, a sample of 50 precarious workers and unemployed, who live in areas which differ for the level of access, that is for the availability of opportunities.
Furthermore, I chose to identify the areas where searching for respondents by measuring with the geographic information systems the distribution of opportunities by using open data about the location of different services.
It is important to stress that the choice of methods has been influenced by several limits.
The nature of the information I needed, the availability of data and of people: indeed, not all unemployed and precarious workers are glad to share more than 1 hour with a researcher, they have more important problems to resolve than helping academic research.
With this respect, it is necessary to employ methods adapted to the topics and to the population we want to study.
So, what I found?
First, here the 2 case-studies
As you see, they are 2 comparable cases, for example for the density of the population. And metropoli di Milano and metropole de Lyon are new administrative territorial entities which have the same functions in the 2 countries
The comparability of cases is an important point to stress. Indeed, I cant compare a large urban areas as Milan with a small town. The phenomena are indeed quantitative and qualitative different. It’s like to add apples with pears.
Employment is the domain where people have more problems of access and mobility.
And the reason of this problem are mostly related to the car dependency that characterizes some jobs, which are located in space and times only reachable by car.
But the availability of car does not resolve all problems. Indeed, in my sample there are cases of forced car ownership, that is people have the car but its use exposes them to other vulnerability, for instance because they cannot afford the automobile costs.