The column flotation technique has many advantages such as:
Production of cleaner concentrate.
Lower energy consumption.
Lower capital costs.
Small space.
Wash Water & Froth depth.
Removal of organosulfur from Jordanian Oil Shaletheijes
Environmental worries have led the necessity to remove organosulfur-containing compounds from shale oil. The Jordanian oil shale have been retorted, to produce shale oil. The total organosulfur content in the produced shale oil was found to be 10.634%. Adsorption technique was tested to find out the effective in removing organosulfur from the produced shale oil to keep up with the environmental regulation if shale oil can be used in the future as an energy alternative. The adsorption technique depend mainly on varying parameters. Among the varying adsorption parameters were, the ratio of zeolite to shale oil, particle size, height of column and flow rate. The total organosulfur reduction by applying adsorption techniques was slightly influenced by low zeolite particle size (75 μm)followed by zeolite/shale oil ratio (4:1). The corresponding reduction values of total organoorganosulfur are 10.03% and 10.48% respectively. Meanwhile, the factors flow rate and column height were less significant. As a result, different removal techniques should be considered to ensure producing environmental friendly shale oil
Data mining, prediction, correlation, regression, correlation analysis, regre...IJERA Editor
The present work deals with the evaluation of some viscosity index improving additives. Three esters were
prepared by esterification of acrylic acid with alcohols having different alkyl chain length. The structures of the
prepared compounds were confirmed by Infra Red Spectroscopy. Three polymeric compounds were prepared by
free radical polymerization of the different acrylates with vinyl acetate. The molecular weights of the prepared
compounds were determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography. The prepared copolymers were evaluated as
viscosity index improvers for lube oil and the rheological properties of lube oil were studied. It was found that
the efficiency of the prepared additives as viscosity index improvers increases with increasing the molecular
weight and concentration of the prepared copolymers and it was found that the apparent viscosity decreases with
an increase in temperature.
Removal of organosulfur from Jordanian Oil Shaletheijes
Environmental worries have led the necessity to remove organosulfur-containing compounds from shale oil. The Jordanian oil shale have been retorted, to produce shale oil. The total organosulfur content in the produced shale oil was found to be 10.634%. Adsorption technique was tested to find out the effective in removing organosulfur from the produced shale oil to keep up with the environmental regulation if shale oil can be used in the future as an energy alternative. The adsorption technique depend mainly on varying parameters. Among the varying adsorption parameters were, the ratio of zeolite to shale oil, particle size, height of column and flow rate. The total organosulfur reduction by applying adsorption techniques was slightly influenced by low zeolite particle size (75 μm)followed by zeolite/shale oil ratio (4:1). The corresponding reduction values of total organoorganosulfur are 10.03% and 10.48% respectively. Meanwhile, the factors flow rate and column height were less significant. As a result, different removal techniques should be considered to ensure producing environmental friendly shale oil
Data mining, prediction, correlation, regression, correlation analysis, regre...IJERA Editor
The present work deals with the evaluation of some viscosity index improving additives. Three esters were
prepared by esterification of acrylic acid with alcohols having different alkyl chain length. The structures of the
prepared compounds were confirmed by Infra Red Spectroscopy. Three polymeric compounds were prepared by
free radical polymerization of the different acrylates with vinyl acetate. The molecular weights of the prepared
compounds were determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography. The prepared copolymers were evaluated as
viscosity index improvers for lube oil and the rheological properties of lube oil were studied. It was found that
the efficiency of the prepared additives as viscosity index improvers increases with increasing the molecular
weight and concentration of the prepared copolymers and it was found that the apparent viscosity decreases with
an increase in temperature.
Heavy Oil recovery traditionally starts with depletion drive and (natural) waterdrive with very low recoveries as a result. As EOR technique, steam injection has been matured since the 1950s using CSS (cyclic steam stimulation), steam drive or steam flooding, and SAGD (steam assisted gravity drainage). The high energy cost of heating up the oil bearing formation to steam temperature and the associated high CO2 footprint make steam based technology less attractive today and many companies in the industry have been actively trying to find alternatives or improvements. As a result there are now many more energy efficient recovery technologies that can unlock heavy oil resources compared with only a decade ago. This presentation will discuss breakthrough alternatives to steam based recovery as well as incremental improvement options to steam injection techniques. The key message is the importance to consider these techniques because steam injection is costly and has a high CO2 footprint
Johan van Dorp holds an MSc in Experimental Physics from Utrecht University and joined Shell in 1981. He has served on several international assignments, mainly in petroleum and reservoir engineering roles. He recently led the extra heavy-oil research team at the Shell Technology Centre in Calgary, focusing on improved in-situ heavy-oil recovery technologies. Van Dorp also was Shell Group Principal Technical Expert in Thermal EOR and has been involved with most thermal projects in Shell throughout the world, including in California, Oman, the Netherlands, and Canada. He retired from Shell after more than 35 years in Oct 2016. Van Dorp (co-)authored 13 SPE papers on diverse subjects.
his paper presents the Microbial Prospection for Oil and Gas (MPOG) method, which uses microbiological techniques to explore for oil and gas. These techniques are based on the principle that light hydrocarbons from oil and gas fields escape to the earth’s surface, and this increased hydrocarbon supply above the fields creates conditions favorable for the development of highly specialized bacterial populations that feed on the hydrocarbons. This leads to significant increases in the microbial cell numbers and cell activity of these specialized microbes. By developing methods to establish the separate activities of methane-oxidizing bacteria (a gas indicator) and those bacteria that oxidize only ethane and higher hydrocarbons (oil indicators), it is possible to differentiate between oil fields with and without a free gas cap, and gas fields.In unexplored areas, MPOG represents a cost-effective method for preliminary exploration work. In mature areas, the method is helpful for ranking seismically defined geologic structures by indicating possible infill locations, as a contribution to reservoir characterization. No geologic or seismic data are required to carry out microbial prospection. In areas that have not yet been investigated geophysically, this technique can be applied as wildcat prospection. The sampling points are laid over the surface to be investigated, in the form of a map grid. The biochemical activity of the HCO represents the cumulative parameters. These are calculated by
• quantifying the consumption of added hydrocarbons (methane and/or propane and butane) using gas chromatography and pressure measurements • determining the biological CO2 formation rate
Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) represents the use of microorganisms
to extract the remaining oil from reservoirs. This technique has the potential
to be cost-efficient in the extraction of oil remained trapped in capillary pores of
the formation rock or in areas not swept by the classical or modern enhanced oil
recovery (EOR) methods, such as combustion, steams, miscible displacement, caustic
surfactant-polymers flooding, etc. Thus, MEOR was developed as an alternative
method for the secondary and tertiary extraction of oil from reservoirs,
it is a benficial slide who wants to know about the drilling fluids and the rhelogical aspects of the drilling fluids. the things are clear and very clear in this slide and this slide is very beneficial for the one who know basics of drilling fluids in a knowledgeable way
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Experimenting silica nanoparticles and smart water solution on an oil-wet rock and recording changes in interfacial tension and the contact angle which defines wettability.
Determining Changes in Interfacial Tension of Crude Oil using AlkalisIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- The current work is performed to determine the change of interfacial tension (IFT) of crude oil using alkaline salt. Ever since the discovery of crude oil it turned into one of the most important resource of the world, and since the availability of the crude oil is currently declining compared to that of its early period of production it is necessary to obtain the maximum output from the available source keeping this in mind the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques was introduced, the alkaline flooding is one of the chemical enhanced oil recovery techniques in which high pH alkaline chemicals are injected to the reservoir for recovering the residual oil, and it is one of the oldest EOR technique. This study is conducted to understand this change in IFT by using alkalis and to determine the best alkali salt.
Heavy Oil recovery traditionally starts with depletion drive and (natural) waterdrive with very low recoveries as a result. As EOR technique, steam injection has been matured since the 1950s using CSS (cyclic steam stimulation), steam drive or steam flooding, and SAGD (steam assisted gravity drainage). The high energy cost of heating up the oil bearing formation to steam temperature and the associated high CO2 footprint make steam based technology less attractive today and many companies in the industry have been actively trying to find alternatives or improvements. As a result there are now many more energy efficient recovery technologies that can unlock heavy oil resources compared with only a decade ago. This presentation will discuss breakthrough alternatives to steam based recovery as well as incremental improvement options to steam injection techniques. The key message is the importance to consider these techniques because steam injection is costly and has a high CO2 footprint
Johan van Dorp holds an MSc in Experimental Physics from Utrecht University and joined Shell in 1981. He has served on several international assignments, mainly in petroleum and reservoir engineering roles. He recently led the extra heavy-oil research team at the Shell Technology Centre in Calgary, focusing on improved in-situ heavy-oil recovery technologies. Van Dorp also was Shell Group Principal Technical Expert in Thermal EOR and has been involved with most thermal projects in Shell throughout the world, including in California, Oman, the Netherlands, and Canada. He retired from Shell after more than 35 years in Oct 2016. Van Dorp (co-)authored 13 SPE papers on diverse subjects.
his paper presents the Microbial Prospection for Oil and Gas (MPOG) method, which uses microbiological techniques to explore for oil and gas. These techniques are based on the principle that light hydrocarbons from oil and gas fields escape to the earth’s surface, and this increased hydrocarbon supply above the fields creates conditions favorable for the development of highly specialized bacterial populations that feed on the hydrocarbons. This leads to significant increases in the microbial cell numbers and cell activity of these specialized microbes. By developing methods to establish the separate activities of methane-oxidizing bacteria (a gas indicator) and those bacteria that oxidize only ethane and higher hydrocarbons (oil indicators), it is possible to differentiate between oil fields with and without a free gas cap, and gas fields.In unexplored areas, MPOG represents a cost-effective method for preliminary exploration work. In mature areas, the method is helpful for ranking seismically defined geologic structures by indicating possible infill locations, as a contribution to reservoir characterization. No geologic or seismic data are required to carry out microbial prospection. In areas that have not yet been investigated geophysically, this technique can be applied as wildcat prospection. The sampling points are laid over the surface to be investigated, in the form of a map grid. The biochemical activity of the HCO represents the cumulative parameters. These are calculated by
• quantifying the consumption of added hydrocarbons (methane and/or propane and butane) using gas chromatography and pressure measurements • determining the biological CO2 formation rate
Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) represents the use of microorganisms
to extract the remaining oil from reservoirs. This technique has the potential
to be cost-efficient in the extraction of oil remained trapped in capillary pores of
the formation rock or in areas not swept by the classical or modern enhanced oil
recovery (EOR) methods, such as combustion, steams, miscible displacement, caustic
surfactant-polymers flooding, etc. Thus, MEOR was developed as an alternative
method for the secondary and tertiary extraction of oil from reservoirs,
it is a benficial slide who wants to know about the drilling fluids and the rhelogical aspects of the drilling fluids. the things are clear and very clear in this slide and this slide is very beneficial for the one who know basics of drilling fluids in a knowledgeable way
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Experimenting silica nanoparticles and smart water solution on an oil-wet rock and recording changes in interfacial tension and the contact angle which defines wettability.
Determining Changes in Interfacial Tension of Crude Oil using AlkalisIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- The current work is performed to determine the change of interfacial tension (IFT) of crude oil using alkaline salt. Ever since the discovery of crude oil it turned into one of the most important resource of the world, and since the availability of the crude oil is currently declining compared to that of its early period of production it is necessary to obtain the maximum output from the available source keeping this in mind the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques was introduced, the alkaline flooding is one of the chemical enhanced oil recovery techniques in which high pH alkaline chemicals are injected to the reservoir for recovering the residual oil, and it is one of the oldest EOR technique. This study is conducted to understand this change in IFT by using alkalis and to determine the best alkali salt.
Phenomena such as fluorescence, phosphorescence must use special teqniques to detect it
Detector must be sensitive
The spectroscopic nature of luminescent radiation using mono chromatic together with a photomultiplier to detection
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
The column flotation technique and falcon concentrator
1. Presented by
Ahmed Ragab
Some Physicochemical Studies
on Egyptian Oil Shale Separation
Minerals Beneficiation Department
Minerals Processing Division
CMRDI
2. Prof. Dr. Ahmed Yehia Prof. Dr. Suzan S. Ibrahim
Professor of Mineral Processing Professor of Mineral
Processing
CMRDI
CMRDI
Under the Supervision of
Prof. Dr. Fouad El-hosieny
Professor of Physical Chemistry
Ain shams Univ.
Prof. Mohamed Abdel Dayem
Head of Mineral Beneficiation Dept.
CMRDI
3. OUTLINE
I. Aim of Work.
II. Introduction.
III. Experimental Work.
IV. Results and Discussion.
V. Conclusions.
5. Because of tightening energy supply, Egypt
looking for alternative oil sources.
A significant source for oil is oil shale .
Developing substantial technologies for the oil
shale industry is an important mission.
AIM OF WORK
7. • It is a sedimentary rock containing
organic matter called KEROGEN that
yields substantial amounts of oil and gas
upon destructive distillation.
• The main gangue minerals present in oil
shale are kaolin, quartz, siderite, apatite,
anhydrite and calcite.
WHAT IS OIL SHALE?
12. • Gebel Duwi, Wadi El-nakhil , Gebel Ahns (8922 million ton).
• Abu Tundub, Hamadat (5487 million ton).
• Abu Shgela (555 million ton).
Oil Shale in Red Sea Region-Egypt
13. UPGRADING TECHNIQUES
THE APPLIED TECHNIQES
GRAVITY TECHNIQUE
Using
Falcon Concentrator
FLOTATION TECHNIQUE
Using
Conventional and column cells
16. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ORE SAMPLE
XRF Elemental analysis,
XRD Phase Analysis,
Thermal Analysis,
FTIR Analysis,
Petrography and Microscopic Investigation,
Grindability and Work Index Measurements.
17. XRF ANALYSIS OF OIL SHALE SAMPLE
Chemical analysis of the sample was determined using X-ray
fluorescence. The sample has a high content of calcium oxide,
sulfur, silica, alumina and iron oxide
Constituent Wt., %
SiO2 18.89
CaO 20.84
Al2O3 4.02
Fe2O3 3.48
P2O5 3.08
SO3 7.48
L.O.I 42.2
Total 99.99
Ignition loss at 1000C = 42.2% due to organic matter and
inorganic carbonates.
XRF ANALYSIS OF THE ORE SAMPLE
18. The non-clay minerals present in the oil shale sample include;
quartz, siderite, apatite, anhydrite and calcite. The clay mineral is
mainly represented by kaolinite.
X-RAY DIFFRACTION PHASE ANALYSIS (XRD)
20. The FTIR spectrum showed that the sample is rich in carbon and oxygen.
It contains characteristic peaks and bands for OH, aliphatic CH, CH2, CH3, carboxyl
and carbonyl groups.
Finally, it contains aromatic matrix.
FTIR SPECTRUM OF OIL SHALE SAMPLE
21. • The results indicated that the work index of oil
shale sample is 16.82 KW/ton.
• It means that the ore with a feed size (d80 = 80%)
less than 2200 µm (2.2 mm) will consume about
16.82 KW/ton to be grind to (d80) less than 80
µm (0.08 mm).
GRINDABILITY AND WORK INDEX
MEASUREMENTS
23. I. Evaluation of Extracted Pure Kerogen
FTIR spectrum of the extracted kerogen showed that, sample contains aromatic
matrix was found due to high organic matter content.
FTIR spectrum of the extracted kerogen
PHYSICOCHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS
PHYSICOCHEMICAL FUNDAMENTAL
MEASUREMENTS
24. PHYSICOCHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS
Zero point of charge (ZPC) of pure kerogen is 1.2.
Zero point of charge was increased to 1.3 and 1.4 with kerosene and pine
oil treatment.
Treatment of kerogen with kerosene or pine oil was slightly increased as
shown but it was more effective with pine oil!!.
II- Zeta-Potential Measurements
PHYSICOCHEMICAL FUNDAMENTAL
MEASUREMENTS
(CONT.)
25. pH
Contact angle
Kerogen +
kerosene
Kerogen + Pine oil Kerogen only
Exp. 136° 113° 93
Ref. -- -- 96° - 100°
This table shows that the higher contact angle was obtained in case of
treating kerogen with kerosene more than in case of treating with pine oil.
III- Contact Angle Measurements
PHYSICOCHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS
PHYSICOCHEMICAL FUNDAMENTAL
MEASUREMENTS
(CONT.)
26. The sample was crushed using pilot 56 "Denver
Jaw crusher” to less than 3.3 mm. Then it was
divided into representative samples of about 50 kg
each.
Then it is ground to less than 50 µm by “Rod Mill”
then by “Attrition Mill ” to less than 20 µm.
SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR PROCESSING
27. Falcon concentrator is an enhanced
gravity separator which uses a
spinning bowel design to generate a
force up to 300 G's and more.
The Falcon is designed to separate
and concentrate relatively fine
particles, according to differences in
specific gravity.
FALCON CONCENTRATOR
30. The column flotation technique has many advantages such as:
• Production of cleaner concentrate.
• Lower energy consumption.
• Lower capital costs.
• Small space.
• Wash Water & Froth depth.
The water stream applied at the top of the column for washing the
entrained non-floatable bubble-particle aggregate. The concentrate
grade can be controlled by the amount of the wash water employed.
Advantages of column flotation
COLUMN FLOTATION TECHNIQUE
36. .
The floatability of the pure kerogen increased with increasing kerosene or pine oil concentration.
The addition of kerosene has much greater effect than that of pine oil.
These results meet the data obtained by zeta-potential and contact angle measurements which showed
the better action of kerosene on the pure kerogen especially increasing the contact angle.
FLOATABILITY OF PURE KEROGEN
FLOATABILITY OF KEROGEN AS A FUNCTION OF COLLECTOR CONCENTRATION
37. FLOATABILITY OF KEROGEN AS A FUNCTION OF PH IN PRESENCE
OF KEROSENE OR PINE OIL AS COLLECTOR.
The floatability of kerogen was increased by increasing pH up to 9.
The maximum floatability was achieved at pH 9 - 10 for pine oil while the maximum floatability was
achieved at pH 9.5 for kerosene.
The maximum recovery of kerogen was 70% and 95% for pine oil and kerosene,
FLOATABILITY OF KEROGEN
39. CONVENTIONAL FLOTATION
Particle size 50 m
Cell volume 1 Liter
Frother type MIBC or Pine oil
Collector type Pine oil or Kerosene
Flotation speed 900 rpm
Conditioning speed 2000 rpm
Conditioning time 10 min
Flotation time 3 min
Experimental conditions for flotation tests
45. CONVENTIONAL FLOTATION
The optimum Conditions of conventional flotation are:
5kg kerosene as a collector and 9kg of MIBC as a frother at pH 9
for one ton ore.
Under these conditions kerogen grade of 38% with recovery of
88.5% was obtained from oil shale sample of 28%.
48. COLUMN FLOTATION
The pulp density has a significant impact on the recovery and grade .
The grade of kerogen increased with increasing solid % up to 15%.
Superficial wash water velocity (cm/s) and solids (%) with kerosene
50. COLUMN FLOTATION
Froth depth and superficial air flow velocity with
Kerosene
The recovery of kerogen increased with increasing froth depth up to 40 cm.
57%
46%
52. COLUMN FLOTATION
Solid concentration and Collector Dosage
Kerosene
The recovery of kerogen was decreased sharply with increasing collector
dosage even at lower solids concentration (% 5 solids) and at higher solids
concentration (% 15 solids).
56. .
An Egyptian oil shale ore sample from the Eastern Desert was
directed to investigation to increase its kerogen content.
The associated minerals were quartz, pyrite and phosphate.
The frother type and dose, and the pulp pH were playing effective
roles in enhancing the kerogen flotation efficiency.
By using 5g/kg kerosene as a collector and 9g/kg of MIBC as a
frother at pH 9, a kerogen product assaying 38% with recovery of
88.5% was obtained from an original oil shale ore sample
containing 28% using the conventional flotation technique.
CONCLUSIONS
57. CONCLUSIONS
The results were analyzed using specialized computer programs in
both techniques.
A fine concentrate kerogen product assaying 38.4% kerogen with
85.4 % recovery was produced at 70 Hz (equivalent to G-force 243)
and water pressure of 2 Psi from a feed sample containing 30 %
kerogen using Falcon Cocentrator.
A final concentrate kerogen product containing 55% kerogen with
a recovery 73% was obtained from a starting feeding material
containing 29 % kerogen using Column Flotation Technique.
58. CONCLUSIONS
Results showed that the grinding of the oil shale ore sample,
under investigation, to less than 20 m is a must to produce a
kerogen product with satisfied grade and recovery either by the
enhanced gravity technique using the Falcon Concentrator or via
the column flotation technique.