Colonialism involves the conquest and domination of one state over another, primarily carried out by European powers over non-European countries in two phases. The first phase from the 1500s to late 1700s saw Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands establish vast colonial empires through settlement in places like North America, Latin America, Africa, and Asia or exploitation of territories like India. The second phase in the 19th century was driven by the need for markets and resources to fuel industrializing European nations and the United States.

1. COLONIALISM
Paola Pezzaioli

2. WHAT IS COLONIALISM
COLONIALISM is a policy of conquest and
domination of one state over another.The
protagonist of this type of policy was above
all Europe towards non-European
countries.

3. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF COLONIALISM
➤ SETTLEMENT COLONIALISM: it is one in which a certain number of inhabitants
of the colonizing country found colonies in another country, settle there and give
rise to a new civilization.This is the case of Australia and North America, colonized
by the British and southern Africa colonized by the Dutch. (the United States
originated from the English colonization of North America)
➤ EXPLOITATION COLONIALISM: it is one in which a territory is conquered and
exploited; a small number of inhabitants of the colonizing country who make up the
ruling class (governor, officials, soldiers ....) move there.This is the case of India, a
colony of England. An important consequence of exploitative colonialism has been
underdevelopment: in fact, the currently underdeveloped countries have all been
subjected to exploitative colonialism, while those where there has been a settlement
colonialism are part of the developed countries.

4. COLONIAL PHASES
colonialism took place in two phases:
➤ 1st PHASE: from the beginning of the
1500s, after the discovery of America,
until the second half of the 1700s.
➤ 2nd PHASE: sec. XIX

5. 1ST PHASE:
after the discovery of America and exploration trips around the world, the conquests
began by European countries in other continents.The first colonial powers were SPAIN
and PORTUGAL which conquered vast colonial empires in Latin America. SPAIN: from
Mexico to Chile in South America and the Philippines in Asia PORTUGAL: Brazil, Angola
and Mozambique in Africa and commercial airports in Asia.Then there was ENGLAND
which colonized the Atlantic coasts of North America (1620), FRANCE which controlled
parts of North America's ports in India, and finally HOLLAND which had occupied
Insulindia and part of Southern Africa. In this phase, commercial exploitation by shipping
companies generally preceded the military and political conquest of the territories.

6. 2ND PHASE:
the cause of this phase of colonialism is the Industrial Revolution, (=
birth and development of industry) which took place in England at the
end of the 1700s and then also in other European countries and later
also in the USA: the reason is that industries needed markets in which
to export the products of their industries and raw materials, such as
gold and diamonds that were abundant in non-European countries and
plants such as rubber, cotton, sugar cane, tea, coffee, cocoa that grew
only in tropical climates and therefore were not found in Europe.

7. Mappa del mondo colonialismo