This document summarizes a research article that examines the cognitive use of prior knowledge in architectural design. It makes three key points:
1. Previous research has shown that designers rely heavily on their prior knowledge in the form of types, precedents, and cultural schemas stored in their long-term memory to help define ill-structured design problems and generate initial solution concepts. This prior knowledge serves as important cognitive reference points.
2. There are two main types of prior knowledge - declarative and procedural. Cultural schemas in particular organize shared knowledge within a society and guide perception and thinking. Types are an example of cultural schemas in architecture.
3. In the design process, prior knowledge is stored and organized in cognitive schemas.
The Drawing Board VS Computer GenerationMohd Syahmi
This document discusses the use of thumbnail sketches in the graphic design process. It explores the traditional role of thumbnail sketches in idea development versus approaches using computers and existing online images. The document reports on a survey of graphic design students that found they now rely more on computer-generated ideas than traditional thumbnail sketches in their design process. It calls for graphic design education, especially in developing countries, to review pedagogy around idea development to reflect emerging trends from increased use of information and communication technologies.
Interface Design - an overview on recent findings in HCI research and examples of interfaces created by WebFoo Interface Division.
This slideshow was presented by our Creative Director, Mihai Varga, at a guest lecture at Surrey University in March 2014.
This document provides a preliminary description of research conducted at an ISD company. It discusses how failures in information systems often result from poor communication between developers and users during requirements gathering. The research question examines whether a focus on dialogue could help capture the essential elements of the user context and improve understanding between parties. Two design methodologies, Contextual Design and RUP, are compared in terms of how they facilitate communication and support participatory design principles through various representations. The concept of dialogue is explored as a means to build shared understanding over the entire development process. The anticipated results suggest dialogue could help direct energy to more purposeful system development that better meets user needs.
This document discusses intelligent solutions in buildings and their impact on architectural and structural design. It defines intelligence and describes intelligent buildings as those that require little to no conventional energy for heating, cooling, and other functions. The document outlines various types of intelligent solutions, including sustainable design, green architecture, and minimizing costs. It presents the objectives of researching how integrated design and construction solutions can reduce energy and resource usage while limiting environmental impacts. The methodology includes a literature review and distributing a questionnaire to engineers in Sudan to understand knowledge of and willingness to implement intelligent solutions. Key findings from the questionnaire are that intelligent concepts are not well understood and require greater attention from authorities alongside more study and practical experience before implementation.
The presentation of our Journal First (J1ST) paper entitled "Conceptualisation, measurement, and application of semantic transparency in visual notations" on MODELS 2021: ACM/IEEE 24th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MODELS)
The document discusses the challenges of visualizing complex systems and presents an ongoing project called SystemViz that aims to address these challenges. It notes that complex systems are difficult for humans to understand without visual aids due to limits in working memory. The project involves taking stock of existing visualization methods, identifying concepts that are not easily depicted, and exploring recurring visualization problems. The overall goal is to develop guidelines and tools to help design effective visualizations for understanding complex systems.
The Drawing Board VS Computer GenerationMohd Syahmi
This document discusses the use of thumbnail sketches in the graphic design process. It explores the traditional role of thumbnail sketches in idea development versus approaches using computers and existing online images. The document reports on a survey of graphic design students that found they now rely more on computer-generated ideas than traditional thumbnail sketches in their design process. It calls for graphic design education, especially in developing countries, to review pedagogy around idea development to reflect emerging trends from increased use of information and communication technologies.
Interface Design - an overview on recent findings in HCI research and examples of interfaces created by WebFoo Interface Division.
This slideshow was presented by our Creative Director, Mihai Varga, at a guest lecture at Surrey University in March 2014.
This document provides a preliminary description of research conducted at an ISD company. It discusses how failures in information systems often result from poor communication between developers and users during requirements gathering. The research question examines whether a focus on dialogue could help capture the essential elements of the user context and improve understanding between parties. Two design methodologies, Contextual Design and RUP, are compared in terms of how they facilitate communication and support participatory design principles through various representations. The concept of dialogue is explored as a means to build shared understanding over the entire development process. The anticipated results suggest dialogue could help direct energy to more purposeful system development that better meets user needs.
This document discusses intelligent solutions in buildings and their impact on architectural and structural design. It defines intelligence and describes intelligent buildings as those that require little to no conventional energy for heating, cooling, and other functions. The document outlines various types of intelligent solutions, including sustainable design, green architecture, and minimizing costs. It presents the objectives of researching how integrated design and construction solutions can reduce energy and resource usage while limiting environmental impacts. The methodology includes a literature review and distributing a questionnaire to engineers in Sudan to understand knowledge of and willingness to implement intelligent solutions. Key findings from the questionnaire are that intelligent concepts are not well understood and require greater attention from authorities alongside more study and practical experience before implementation.
The presentation of our Journal First (J1ST) paper entitled "Conceptualisation, measurement, and application of semantic transparency in visual notations" on MODELS 2021: ACM/IEEE 24th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MODELS)
The document discusses the challenges of visualizing complex systems and presents an ongoing project called SystemViz that aims to address these challenges. It notes that complex systems are difficult for humans to understand without visual aids due to limits in working memory. The project involves taking stock of existing visualization methods, identifying concepts that are not easily depicted, and exploring recurring visualization problems. The overall goal is to develop guidelines and tools to help design effective visualizations for understanding complex systems.
Design students should be able to design living environments and products according to diverse users’ needs, problems and expectations. The aim of this research is to explore the role of empathy as a design learning tool in interior architecture education. Moreover, the intention is to determine and analyze the reflections after the role-playing technique is experienced. This study is conducted with the graduate design students and three tasks were assigned to them. In the first task, the students took visually impaired people’s role and acted in real life activities in a café. Then, they expressed their role-playing reflections and design reflections through semi-structured interviews. Lastly, Verbal Protocol Analysis is used in determining and categorizing the relevant affective and cognitive empathic expressions that were recorded. Color and light, orientation, safety and accessibility were mostly expressed as design issues in reflections. Furthermore, findings indicated that cognitive empathic expressions were widely used than affective expressions.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2019), 3(3), 15-26.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2019.v3n3-2
Architects and Engineers Differences A comparison between problem solving pe...Jessica Navarro
This document compares problem solving performances between architects and engineers when using analogies during the ideation phase of design. It conducted a study where master's and PhD students in engineering and architecture were given a design problem and could choose between two analogy sources (an eye or a tree) for inspiration. The results found that the analogy chosen affected the abstraction level used differently between disciplines. Engineers were more affected in their problem space behavior by the analogy choice, while it mainly affected architects' problem space monitoring. Overall, architects benefited more from analogy for problem solving. The document provides background on analogy, problem solving, and how analogy can influence the design process.
This document provides summaries of several articles related to art and design education:
1) It discusses theories of art studio pedagogy and how educational theories can be extracted from current teaching practices to inform new theories.
2) It examines how art schools can be spaces for managed risk-taking and how neo-liberal policies have limited creative agency.
3) It explores how design processes can be used as modes of academic inquiry to generate knowledge about design practices, research areas, and societal issues.
A survey of design philosophies, models, methods and systemsMárcio Guimarães
This review paper summarizes design philosophies, models, methods and systems proposed over the last four decades. It discusses definitions of design, focusing on key elements like needs, requirements, solutions, and constraints. Design is defined as transforming human needs into performance specifications and functions, then mapping them into design solutions using creativity and knowledge within set constraints. The paper also outlines different viewpoints on design theory and methodology, describing design as an exploratory, investigative, creative, rational, and decision-making process.
The document discusses developing a new curriculum module that teaches design students about biomimicry. Biomimicry is an approach to design that is inspired by nature. The module will be interdisciplinary, involving graphic, industrial, and surface design students. It will use biomimicry as both the topic of study and the process for designing. The module aims to teach students sustainable design approaches and empower them to innovate responsibly. It will go through three phases: learning the biomimicry methodology, applying it to short exercises, and working on a collaborative project using biomimicry. The goal is to help students design solutions that are locally attuned and environmentally friendly.
“World creation” How might we educate the citizens of the future to be thoug...Stine Ejsing-Duun
Education that focus on facts and grades does not nurture creativity and problem-solving skills. If the new generations are expected to tackle real-world problems, we need to be able to learn from practice and use theory, but also to produce new insights in the realm of the unknown. When venturing into untrodden ground, tackling emerging problems abductive reasoning as a type of reasoning that is behind introducing new ideas. However, while inductive and deductive reasoning is highly appreciated, abductive reasoning is a way of thinking often not supported in (higher) education.
Through an investigation of abductive reasoning, design as inquiry, and design thinking as approaches to pedagogy and learning, this presentation shows possibilities for nurturing creativity and critical thinking. In my talk, I will use examples from different parts of the educational system. It relates to game-based learning, design thinking and design practice.
Case Law Analysis - Intellectual PropertyIn this unit, you will .docxcowinhelen
This document provides guidance for a case law analysis assignment on intellectual property. It outlines the purpose of the assignment, which is to have students read and analyze a real court decision on intellectual property law. Students are instructed to summarize the key details of the case, including the parties involved, background, specific legal disagreement, and the court's ruling. They are also asked to evaluate concepts like dissenting opinions and whether they agree with the decision. The analysis should be no more than two pages and follow APA style guidelines.
Building the Narrative Cloud: Reflection and Distributed Cognition in a Desig...Omar Sosa-Tzec
This document describes a narrative-based pedagogical approach for teaching human-computer interaction design (HCI/d) in a studio-based course. It proposes using oral and multimedia stories to convey "content-independent concepts" that can promote reflection among students. These stories would become part of a "narrative cloud" that represents the distributed cognition occurring in the classroom as concepts are shared. The goal is to help students develop a "computer imagination" and understand technology's potential to benefit humans.
This document describes a narrative-based pedagogical approach for teaching human-computer interaction design (HCI/d) in a studio-based course. It proposes using oral and multimedia stories to convey "content-independent concepts" that can support reflection among students. These stories would become part of a "narrative cloud" that represents the distributed cognition occurring in the classroom as concepts are shared. The goal is to help students develop a "computer imagination" and understand technology's potential to benefit humans.
The document discusses various definitions and concepts related to design from experts in the field. It explores the key elements of design including line, shape, direction, size, texture, color, and value. It also examines principles of design such as balance, gradation, repetition, contrast, harmony, dominance, and unity. Finally, it outlines the typical process designers follow, including defining the problem, collecting information, brainstorming/analyzing, developing solutions, getting feedback, and improving the design.
Concept mapping is a graphical tool used to organize and structure knowledge. A concept map uses boxes and circles to represent concepts, which are connected with labeled arrows in a downward-branching hierarchical structure. The relationships between concepts are described in linking phrases. Concept maps were developed to enhance meaningful learning, particularly in sciences, by revealing connections between individual ideas and showing how they form a larger whole.
The application of design thinking methodology on research practices a mind m...Joana Cerejo
The difficult task of innovation is a key facet of Research & Development institutions. Innovation is also closely related with processes oriented to achieve solutions in design. We propose to research new emerging design methods and provide an overview of design thinking tools that can be applied in an early stage of the R&D research process in order to produce meaningful results. This research presents a set of experimental guidelines and an analysis method for the application of these tools. The establishment of coherent guidelines for the design thinking process is a very complex task, due to its interdisciplinary requirements, that convey many diverse mindsets. The main focus of this study is creating an analysis toolkit that enables non-specialist and specialist users to perform high-quality design production.
This article discusses the importance of art education curriculum, pedagogy, and theory in developing students' design skills. It notes that design influences people and is a major business and economic contributor. Good designers apply elements and principles of art to create unique, functional products. The article evaluates three key aspects of art education lessons: lesson planning, examples, and written plans. Lesson planning introduces concepts, examples provide visualization, and written plans define objectives and assessments. Following these three aspects helps teachers improve students' skills in problem-solving and creating works that benefit communities. The article emphasizes that art education is important for developing students' design abilities to meet modern demands.
An Investigation of the State of Creativity and Critical Thinking in Engineer...Erin Taylor
This study investigated the state of creativity and critical thinking in engineering undergraduates. The researchers administered tests of creativity (Test for Creative Thinking-Drawing Production) and critical thinking (Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal) to freshman and senior engineering students. The results showed that freshman students scored significantly higher in creativity than senior students, suggesting a decline in creativity over the course of the engineering program. However, senior students did not score significantly higher in critical thinking than freshman students. When compared to normative data, senior engineering students underperformed in critical thinking compared to other senior college students. These findings indicate that engineering programs may be reducing both the creativity and critical thinking of students.
My chosen subject is focused primarily on understanding the Participatory Design process and methodology and how aspects of it can be applied in a graphic design context. Therefore outlined below is an annotated bibliography that presents several relevant text on this subject.
1. The document discusses how design thinking, a human-centered innovation methodology, can help build creative competence among students. It has been implemented in programs at Stanford University and a design consultancy called IDEO.
2. The article then provides an overview of design thinking, outlining its key elements of understanding user needs, observation, idea generation, prototyping, and testing. It also discusses how IDEO has successfully applied this approach to develop innovative products and solve complex problems.
3. Finally, the author proposes using design thinking to bring more creativity to traditional distance learning programs through new research projects that infuse this methodology. This could help address concerns that current education is limiting students' natural creative abilities.
This document provides an overview of design-based research (DBR) as a methodology for educational research. It discusses several key characteristics of DBR, including that it aims to develop theory through iterative design, implementation, and analysis of educational interventions in authentic contexts. The document also outlines typical stages in a DBR process, including developing potential solutions based on existing principles and innovations, implementing those solutions through iterative testing and refinement, and reflecting on how to further develop theories, principles, and solutions.
Online Learning Design for Diversity and Inclusion Shalin Hai-Jew
Social inclusion and respect for diversity are some of the most important democratic values that inform learning design. The educational research literature offers methods for how to design teaching and learning for people in all (many of?) their complex dimensions:
demographics;
cultures [including worldviews, beliefs, values, practices, and others];
languages;
learning preferences;
differing perceptions and information processing, and others,
… so that all are included and supported and welcomed. Widely known approaches include accessibility mitigations, universal design practices, multi-cultural adaptations, and others. This presentation provides a light overview of suggested practices and how these are applied to practical instructional designs of online learning with modern technological enablements.
The Impact of Transit-Oriented Development on Fast-Urbanizing Cities: Applied analytical study on Greater Cairo Region
* 1 MS.c. Mohamed Kafrawy Image result for research orcid , 2 Professor Dr. Sahar Attia Image result for research orcid , 3 Professor Dr. Heba Allah Khalil Image result for research orcid
1, 2 &3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
1 E-mail: en.kafrawy@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: saharattia16@eng.cu.edu.eg , 3 E-mail: hebatallah.khalil@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 16 May 2021
Revised: 25 August 2021
Accepted: 27 August 2021
Available online: 8 September 2021
Keywords:
Transit-oriented Development;
Fast-Urbanizing cities;
Sustainable transportation;
Sustainable development;
Greater Cairo region.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Transportation has always been the backbone of development. Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been theorized, piloted and expanded increasingly in the past few decades. In this regard, this paper investigates the relationship between urban development, the transportation process, and the required implementation guidelines within fast-urbanizing cities, such as Cairo. After reviewing different related sustainable development theories, the study investigates pioneering case studies that have applied TOD and provided adequate implementation frameworks. The authors then extract and compare a set of required policies. The current Egyptian development paradigm is then discussed in relation to these enabling policies, focusing on Greater Cairo Region, Egypt. The authors debate previous development plans, progress, and newly proposed ones, focusing on the transportation process as the means for development. The study concludes with a set of required guidelines to ensure the integration of transportation with land-use planning, thus ensuring a more prosperous and inclusive urban development.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 83-95.
Developing Design Criteria for Sustainable Urban Parks
* Dr. Didem Dizdaroğlu Image result for research orcid
Department of Urban Design and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Art, Design, and Architecture, Bilkent University, Turkey
E-mail: dizdaroglu@bilkent.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 28 February 2021
Revised: 15 August 2021
Accepted: 19 August 2021
Available online: 30 August 2021
Keywords:
Sustainable Cities;
Urban Parks;
Green Spaces;
COVID-19;
Sustainable Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
This study investigates how urban parks can contribute to helping cities become more sustainable through developing a set of criteria for the sustainable design of urban parks. Today, there is no example around the world where all the proposed sustainable design criteria are applied together in a specific urban park. In this context, this study aims to make a novel contribution by systematically reviewing the literature on the sustainable design of urban parks. In the light of research findings, this study contributes to the implementation of a comprehensive sustainable park design practice in our cities in the future. These design criteria may further serve as performance indicators to offer information and know-how to local authorities, practitioners, communities, and other actors in this field to help them assess their success levels and progress over time.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 69-81.
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Design students should be able to design living environments and products according to diverse users’ needs, problems and expectations. The aim of this research is to explore the role of empathy as a design learning tool in interior architecture education. Moreover, the intention is to determine and analyze the reflections after the role-playing technique is experienced. This study is conducted with the graduate design students and three tasks were assigned to them. In the first task, the students took visually impaired people’s role and acted in real life activities in a café. Then, they expressed their role-playing reflections and design reflections through semi-structured interviews. Lastly, Verbal Protocol Analysis is used in determining and categorizing the relevant affective and cognitive empathic expressions that were recorded. Color and light, orientation, safety and accessibility were mostly expressed as design issues in reflections. Furthermore, findings indicated that cognitive empathic expressions were widely used than affective expressions.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2019), 3(3), 15-26.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2019.v3n3-2
Architects and Engineers Differences A comparison between problem solving pe...Jessica Navarro
This document compares problem solving performances between architects and engineers when using analogies during the ideation phase of design. It conducted a study where master's and PhD students in engineering and architecture were given a design problem and could choose between two analogy sources (an eye or a tree) for inspiration. The results found that the analogy chosen affected the abstraction level used differently between disciplines. Engineers were more affected in their problem space behavior by the analogy choice, while it mainly affected architects' problem space monitoring. Overall, architects benefited more from analogy for problem solving. The document provides background on analogy, problem solving, and how analogy can influence the design process.
This document provides summaries of several articles related to art and design education:
1) It discusses theories of art studio pedagogy and how educational theories can be extracted from current teaching practices to inform new theories.
2) It examines how art schools can be spaces for managed risk-taking and how neo-liberal policies have limited creative agency.
3) It explores how design processes can be used as modes of academic inquiry to generate knowledge about design practices, research areas, and societal issues.
A survey of design philosophies, models, methods and systemsMárcio Guimarães
This review paper summarizes design philosophies, models, methods and systems proposed over the last four decades. It discusses definitions of design, focusing on key elements like needs, requirements, solutions, and constraints. Design is defined as transforming human needs into performance specifications and functions, then mapping them into design solutions using creativity and knowledge within set constraints. The paper also outlines different viewpoints on design theory and methodology, describing design as an exploratory, investigative, creative, rational, and decision-making process.
The document discusses developing a new curriculum module that teaches design students about biomimicry. Biomimicry is an approach to design that is inspired by nature. The module will be interdisciplinary, involving graphic, industrial, and surface design students. It will use biomimicry as both the topic of study and the process for designing. The module aims to teach students sustainable design approaches and empower them to innovate responsibly. It will go through three phases: learning the biomimicry methodology, applying it to short exercises, and working on a collaborative project using biomimicry. The goal is to help students design solutions that are locally attuned and environmentally friendly.
“World creation” How might we educate the citizens of the future to be thoug...Stine Ejsing-Duun
Education that focus on facts and grades does not nurture creativity and problem-solving skills. If the new generations are expected to tackle real-world problems, we need to be able to learn from practice and use theory, but also to produce new insights in the realm of the unknown. When venturing into untrodden ground, tackling emerging problems abductive reasoning as a type of reasoning that is behind introducing new ideas. However, while inductive and deductive reasoning is highly appreciated, abductive reasoning is a way of thinking often not supported in (higher) education.
Through an investigation of abductive reasoning, design as inquiry, and design thinking as approaches to pedagogy and learning, this presentation shows possibilities for nurturing creativity and critical thinking. In my talk, I will use examples from different parts of the educational system. It relates to game-based learning, design thinking and design practice.
Case Law Analysis - Intellectual PropertyIn this unit, you will .docxcowinhelen
This document provides guidance for a case law analysis assignment on intellectual property. It outlines the purpose of the assignment, which is to have students read and analyze a real court decision on intellectual property law. Students are instructed to summarize the key details of the case, including the parties involved, background, specific legal disagreement, and the court's ruling. They are also asked to evaluate concepts like dissenting opinions and whether they agree with the decision. The analysis should be no more than two pages and follow APA style guidelines.
Building the Narrative Cloud: Reflection and Distributed Cognition in a Desig...Omar Sosa-Tzec
This document describes a narrative-based pedagogical approach for teaching human-computer interaction design (HCI/d) in a studio-based course. It proposes using oral and multimedia stories to convey "content-independent concepts" that can promote reflection among students. These stories would become part of a "narrative cloud" that represents the distributed cognition occurring in the classroom as concepts are shared. The goal is to help students develop a "computer imagination" and understand technology's potential to benefit humans.
This document describes a narrative-based pedagogical approach for teaching human-computer interaction design (HCI/d) in a studio-based course. It proposes using oral and multimedia stories to convey "content-independent concepts" that can support reflection among students. These stories would become part of a "narrative cloud" that represents the distributed cognition occurring in the classroom as concepts are shared. The goal is to help students develop a "computer imagination" and understand technology's potential to benefit humans.
The document discusses various definitions and concepts related to design from experts in the field. It explores the key elements of design including line, shape, direction, size, texture, color, and value. It also examines principles of design such as balance, gradation, repetition, contrast, harmony, dominance, and unity. Finally, it outlines the typical process designers follow, including defining the problem, collecting information, brainstorming/analyzing, developing solutions, getting feedback, and improving the design.
Concept mapping is a graphical tool used to organize and structure knowledge. A concept map uses boxes and circles to represent concepts, which are connected with labeled arrows in a downward-branching hierarchical structure. The relationships between concepts are described in linking phrases. Concept maps were developed to enhance meaningful learning, particularly in sciences, by revealing connections between individual ideas and showing how they form a larger whole.
The application of design thinking methodology on research practices a mind m...Joana Cerejo
The difficult task of innovation is a key facet of Research & Development institutions. Innovation is also closely related with processes oriented to achieve solutions in design. We propose to research new emerging design methods and provide an overview of design thinking tools that can be applied in an early stage of the R&D research process in order to produce meaningful results. This research presents a set of experimental guidelines and an analysis method for the application of these tools. The establishment of coherent guidelines for the design thinking process is a very complex task, due to its interdisciplinary requirements, that convey many diverse mindsets. The main focus of this study is creating an analysis toolkit that enables non-specialist and specialist users to perform high-quality design production.
This article discusses the importance of art education curriculum, pedagogy, and theory in developing students' design skills. It notes that design influences people and is a major business and economic contributor. Good designers apply elements and principles of art to create unique, functional products. The article evaluates three key aspects of art education lessons: lesson planning, examples, and written plans. Lesson planning introduces concepts, examples provide visualization, and written plans define objectives and assessments. Following these three aspects helps teachers improve students' skills in problem-solving and creating works that benefit communities. The article emphasizes that art education is important for developing students' design abilities to meet modern demands.
An Investigation of the State of Creativity and Critical Thinking in Engineer...Erin Taylor
This study investigated the state of creativity and critical thinking in engineering undergraduates. The researchers administered tests of creativity (Test for Creative Thinking-Drawing Production) and critical thinking (Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal) to freshman and senior engineering students. The results showed that freshman students scored significantly higher in creativity than senior students, suggesting a decline in creativity over the course of the engineering program. However, senior students did not score significantly higher in critical thinking than freshman students. When compared to normative data, senior engineering students underperformed in critical thinking compared to other senior college students. These findings indicate that engineering programs may be reducing both the creativity and critical thinking of students.
My chosen subject is focused primarily on understanding the Participatory Design process and methodology and how aspects of it can be applied in a graphic design context. Therefore outlined below is an annotated bibliography that presents several relevant text on this subject.
1. The document discusses how design thinking, a human-centered innovation methodology, can help build creative competence among students. It has been implemented in programs at Stanford University and a design consultancy called IDEO.
2. The article then provides an overview of design thinking, outlining its key elements of understanding user needs, observation, idea generation, prototyping, and testing. It also discusses how IDEO has successfully applied this approach to develop innovative products and solve complex problems.
3. Finally, the author proposes using design thinking to bring more creativity to traditional distance learning programs through new research projects that infuse this methodology. This could help address concerns that current education is limiting students' natural creative abilities.
This document provides an overview of design-based research (DBR) as a methodology for educational research. It discusses several key characteristics of DBR, including that it aims to develop theory through iterative design, implementation, and analysis of educational interventions in authentic contexts. The document also outlines typical stages in a DBR process, including developing potential solutions based on existing principles and innovations, implementing those solutions through iterative testing and refinement, and reflecting on how to further develop theories, principles, and solutions.
Online Learning Design for Diversity and Inclusion Shalin Hai-Jew
Social inclusion and respect for diversity are some of the most important democratic values that inform learning design. The educational research literature offers methods for how to design teaching and learning for people in all (many of?) their complex dimensions:
demographics;
cultures [including worldviews, beliefs, values, practices, and others];
languages;
learning preferences;
differing perceptions and information processing, and others,
… so that all are included and supported and welcomed. Widely known approaches include accessibility mitigations, universal design practices, multi-cultural adaptations, and others. This presentation provides a light overview of suggested practices and how these are applied to practical instructional designs of online learning with modern technological enablements.
Similar to The Cognitive Use of Prior Knowledge in Design Cognition: The Role of Types and Precedents in Architectural Design (20)
The Impact of Transit-Oriented Development on Fast-Urbanizing Cities: Applied analytical study on Greater Cairo Region
* 1 MS.c. Mohamed Kafrawy Image result for research orcid , 2 Professor Dr. Sahar Attia Image result for research orcid , 3 Professor Dr. Heba Allah Khalil Image result for research orcid
1, 2 &3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
1 E-mail: en.kafrawy@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: saharattia16@eng.cu.edu.eg , 3 E-mail: hebatallah.khalil@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 16 May 2021
Revised: 25 August 2021
Accepted: 27 August 2021
Available online: 8 September 2021
Keywords:
Transit-oriented Development;
Fast-Urbanizing cities;
Sustainable transportation;
Sustainable development;
Greater Cairo region.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Transportation has always been the backbone of development. Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been theorized, piloted and expanded increasingly in the past few decades. In this regard, this paper investigates the relationship between urban development, the transportation process, and the required implementation guidelines within fast-urbanizing cities, such as Cairo. After reviewing different related sustainable development theories, the study investigates pioneering case studies that have applied TOD and provided adequate implementation frameworks. The authors then extract and compare a set of required policies. The current Egyptian development paradigm is then discussed in relation to these enabling policies, focusing on Greater Cairo Region, Egypt. The authors debate previous development plans, progress, and newly proposed ones, focusing on the transportation process as the means for development. The study concludes with a set of required guidelines to ensure the integration of transportation with land-use planning, thus ensuring a more prosperous and inclusive urban development.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 83-95.
Developing Design Criteria for Sustainable Urban Parks
* Dr. Didem Dizdaroğlu Image result for research orcid
Department of Urban Design and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Art, Design, and Architecture, Bilkent University, Turkey
E-mail: dizdaroglu@bilkent.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 28 February 2021
Revised: 15 August 2021
Accepted: 19 August 2021
Available online: 30 August 2021
Keywords:
Sustainable Cities;
Urban Parks;
Green Spaces;
COVID-19;
Sustainable Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
This study investigates how urban parks can contribute to helping cities become more sustainable through developing a set of criteria for the sustainable design of urban parks. Today, there is no example around the world where all the proposed sustainable design criteria are applied together in a specific urban park. In this context, this study aims to make a novel contribution by systematically reviewing the literature on the sustainable design of urban parks. In the light of research findings, this study contributes to the implementation of a comprehensive sustainable park design practice in our cities in the future. These design criteria may further serve as performance indicators to offer information and know-how to local authorities, practitioners, communities, and other actors in this field to help them assess their success levels and progress over time.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 69-81.
The Role of “Scale” on the Acceleration of Social Interaction in Urban Spaces
1 * Dr. Kaveh Hajialiakbari Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Mohammad Zare Image result for research orcid ,
3 Mitra Karimi Image result for research orcid
1 Shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Architecture and urbanism, Tehran, Iran
2 & 3 University of Tehran, Faculty of Fine Arts, Tehran, Iran
1 E-mail: Kaveh.haa@gmail.com , 2 E-mail: zare.md@ut.ac.ir ,
3 E-mail: mitrakarimi@modares.ac.ir
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 8 March 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 8 August 2021
Available online: 18 August 2021
Keywords:
Urban Space;
Obsolescent Neighborhoods,
Social Interaction,
Evaluation Indicators,
Functional Scale.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Rehabilitation projects are interventions that can lead to the transformation of the socio-spatial structure of obsolescent neighborhoods. The main intention of such projects is the creation and/or improvement of social interactions after physical and functional interventions. Urban Renewal Organization of Tehran (UROT) is tasked with identification of target obsolescent neighborhoods, preparation of neighborhood development plans and implementation of rehabilitation projects to improve the quality of space and stimulate social interactions. In this paper, three urban spaces in different scales (“micro” for neighborhoods, “meso” for local and “macro” for trans-local scales), designed and implemented by UROT, were selected as a case study. By designing and filling a questionnaire and after analyzing research findings, the effect of the scale of the urban project on different activities was evaluated based on the Gehl model. Overall, in the expanded model based on the scale of space, an inverse ratio between the scale of space and both optional selective and social activities has been revealed.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 59-68.
Living Space Needs of Small Housing in the Post-Pandemic Era: Malaga as a case study
* Professor Dr. Carlos Rosa-Jiménez Image result for research orcid , B. Arch. Cristina Jaime-Segura Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Institute for Habitat, Tourism, Territory, Edificio Ada Byron, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, University of
Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
1 E-mail: cjrosa@uma.es , 2 E-mail: jscristina@uma.es
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 18 June 2021
Revised: 3 August 2021
Accepted: 10 August 2021
Available online: 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Architectural Design;
Lockdown;
Post-Covid City;
Remote Working;
Terraces;
Hygienism.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The COVID-19 lockdown period has highlighted the ability of housing to accommodate a comprehensive programme typical of the city and its public space. Housing units of under 60 m2 and in blocks of flats are the more vulnerable, as they have a higher percentage of non-community open spaces. That problem was analysed using a methodology based on psychological, urban planning and architectural indicators applied to two coastal cities in the Mediterranean area of southern Spain. The results highlight three aspects in this type of dwelling: the need to consider the orientation of the housing to improve the quality of indoor and outdoor space; the need in public housing policies for a greater number of rooms to facilitate remote working; and finally, the importance of functional terraces overlooking green areas.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 51-58.
Mathematical Model Applied to Green Building Concept for Sustainable Cities Under Climate Change
1 Professor Dr. Md. Haider Ali Biswas Image result for research orcid , 2* M.Sc. Pinky Rani DeyImage result for research orcid
3 Asst. Prof. Md. Sirajul Islam Image result for research orcid , 4 M.Sc. Sajib Mandal Image result for research orcid
1 Mathematics Discipline, Science Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
2, 3 & 4 Department of Mathematics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: mhabiswas@gmail.com , E-mail 2: pinkydey.math@gmail.com
E-mail 3: sirajulku@gmail.com , E-mail 4: sajibmandal1997@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 20 May 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 11 August 2021
Available online 16 August 2021
Keywords:
Green Building;
Sustainable Cities;
Climate Change;
Mathematical Model;
Numerical Simulations.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Recently the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is worldwide terrified anxiety to the public and scholars. Even this global problem is one of the great issues that continuously makes worrying the governments and environmentalists, but its solution findings are not out of the image at all. In this study, we have proposed and analysed a mathematical model for the solvable management of GHGs by sowing the seeds of green building dynamic systems. Moreover, in the model, the human community is used to enhance the production power of individuals of green buildings by absorbing the GHGs. The model is analysed by stability analysis at the equilibrium points: trivial and global equilibrium, and also by convincing the stability and instability of the system of equations. The behaviour of the propound model has been developed by numerical simulations which shows the rate of the fruitfulness of GHG components.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 36-50.
Sustainable Construction for Affordable Housing Program in Kabul
1 MSc. Mohammadullah Hakim Ebrahimi Image result for research orcid , 2* Professor Dr. Philippe Devillers Image result for research orcid
3 Professor Dr. Éric Garcia-Diaz Image result for research orcid
1 Construction Faculty, Kabul Polytechnic University, Afghanistan
2 LIFAM, École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Montpellier, France
3 LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, University of Montpellier, CNRS, France
E-mail 1: M.HEbrahimi@kpu.edu.af , E-mail 2: Philippe.devillers@montpellier.archi.fr
E-mail 3: eric.garcia-diaz@mines-ales.fr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 13 April 2021
Revised: 18 July 2021
Accepted: 6 August 2021
Available online 17 August 2021
Keywords:
Earth Construction;
Local Materials;
Sun-Dried Brick;
Compressive Earth Block;
Stabilization;
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Afghanistan has suffered from four decades of war, causing a massive migration of the rural population to the cities. Kabul was originally designed for 1,5 million people, whereas there are now 5 million in the city. The importation of modern western styles housing for rapid reconstruction reveals apparent cultural conflict and a significant environmental footprint. The new drive for sustainable reconstruction should consider the use of local materials combined with modern technologies. Earthen architecture underlies the embodiment of Afghan architecture. This research aims to revisit traditional Afghan earthen construction with the tools of industrial modernity. The three soils of the Kabul region are first characterized. Sun-dried mud brick and compressive earth block, with and without stabilization have been prepared and tested in the laboratory to develop the most suitable earth construction element which is cost-effective and easily available compared to imported modern products.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 23-35.
Sustainability of Tourism Development in the city of Ain-Sukhna, Egypt
* Professor Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Image result for research orcid
Faculty of Architecture, Galala University, Egypt
E-mail: ymahgoub@gu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 June 2021
Accepted 5 August 2021
Available online 14 August 2021
Keywords:
Coastal Tourism;
Sustainable Development;
Cultural Resource;
Ain-Sukhna;
Galala City.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Tourism is a major economic source for Egypt, due to its significant natural and cultural attractions. Yet, rapid development and construction of touristic facilities have a negative impact on the fragile natural and cultural heritage. This paper studies the recent touristic developments of the coastal stretch of Ain-Sukhna on the Red Sea coastal region of Galala Mountain, and their impact on the surrounding natural and cultural attractions. Coral reefs and rich marine life have made this stretch among the prime fishing and scuba diving destinations in the world. The area is also famous for its year-round sunny beaches and the spectacular coastal scenic drive where Galala Mountain reaches the Red Sea. Recently, development has started on the mountains following the construction of Galala Mountain Road. Galala City started with Galala University and several residential, touristic, and commercial facilities. This paper studies the pattern of development in the area during the past 40 years and assesses its impact on natural and cultural resources.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 13-22.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines heritage interpretation practices in Colombo, Sri Lanka and argues for a more inclusive approach. It discusses how current practices in Colombo prioritize potential market values by converting colonial buildings into luxury spaces, displacing communities and failing to engage diverse groups. This has degraded the city's liveability. The document calls for heritage interpretation that facilitates constructive dialogue about the past to change attitudes, strengthen social cohesion, and foster sustainable protection and development of the urban heritage.
Heritage Preservation as Strategy for Recomposing Conflict Territories
Prof. Dr. José Manuel Pagés Madrigal Image result for research orcid
Architecture & Urban Design, German University in Cairo, Egypt
E-mail: jose.madrigal@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 18 May 2021
Accepted 20 October 2021
Available online 29 October 2021
Keywords:
Conflict territories;
Heritage Preservation;
Cultural heritage;
Reconstruction;
Cyprus;
Kosovo.
ABSTRACT
Heritage admits diverse readings depending on different territorial spaces, contexts, and knowledge fields. The relation between Heritage and the social contexts is one of these knowledge areas. But Heritage accepts a dual perception as a cultural reflection. It may be considered either as the origins of the conflicts or the engine for recomposing disrupted territories. The paper proposes a reflection on the topics related to conflict territories and the roles currently played by Cultural Heritage. The recomposition of conflict territories is based on a continuous intercultural approach with important contributions from human rights, genders equality, intercultural dialogue perspectives and the fact of taking heritage as a territorial stabilization factor. The paper presents specific practical cases in the Eastern Mediterranean region where actions on Heritage religious elements collide with the national sovereign of the respective current countries. A comparative study among these different actions proves that the initial clashes can be progressively transformed into strategies able to become the future guideline for the resolution of heritage regional conflicts. These conflicts reflect two discourses: political (with strong links between national identity and religion) and scientific (with a clash between static concept and dynamic vision) where objects interact with the visitors.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 252-264.
Investigating Built Environment Indicators to Develop a Local Walkability Index
* 1 B.Sc. Menna Tarek Image result for research orcid , 2 Prof. Dr. Ghada Farouk Hassan Image result for research orcid
3 Prof. Dr. Abeer Elshater Image result for research orcid , 4 Dr. Mohamed Elfayoumi Image result for research orcid
1, 2, 3 and 4 Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo, Egypt.
E-mail 1: menna.tarek@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 2: Ghadafhassan@eng.asu.edu.eg
E-mail 3: abeer.elshater@eng.asu.edu.eg , E-mail 4: m_fayoumi@eng.asu.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 8 June 2021
Accepted 20 August 2021
Available online 29 August 2021
Keywords:
Local Walkability Index;
Pedestrian Walking Behaviour;
Urban Design;
Mixed-use Street,
Cairo.
ABSTRACT
Many studies have been conducted over the last 20 years to determine and measure factors that affect the walkability of city streets. Walkability is an essential factor in deciding whether a city is green or sustainable. This paper creates a comprehensive walkability index by analysing built environmental indicators that affect walkability. This research was conducted on mixed land use streets in Cairo, Egypt, combining the results from an online survey and a walkability assessment model developed by multi-criteria decision analysis techniques. The results were based on a three-pillar approach starting with the theoretical background to frame the walkability indicator, numerical assessment over the Egyptian cases using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) technique and a qualitative user perception survey. Our results confirm that determining to what extent Cairo’s streets are walkable is crucial to enhancing pedestrians’ perceptions of the walking environment. Furthermore, the results illustrated the essential factors within the built environment indicators that influence pedestrian walking behaviour.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 235-251.
Liveability Dimensions in New Town Developments: An Overview of Senri New Town and Purbachal New Town
* 1 M. Eng. Tahmina Rahman Image result for research orcid , 2 Dr. Md. Nawrose Fatemi Image result for research orcid
1 Division of Global Architecture, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
2 Department of Architecture, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: ar.tahminarahman@gmail.com , E-mail 2: nawrose@uap-bd.edu
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 April 2021
Accepted 10 August 2021
Available online 15 August 2021
Keywords:
Dimensions of Liveability;
New Town Development;
Satellite Townships;
Osaka;
Dhaka.
ABSTRACT
Since the 1960s, new town developments within large metropolises have been widely adopted to decongest the city centres, especially in Asian cities. This paper provides a brief account of the liveability dimensions of two new townships developed in large metropolitan areas: Senri New Town in Osaka and Purbachal New Town in Dhaka. The study primarily draws on master plans of the two developments to identify how the components of the plans reflect the physical, social, functional and safety dimensions of a proposed liveability framework. The methodology combines a review of masters plans with scholarly and grey literature on the two new town developments. The findings show while the social and functional dimensions are integrated with Senri New Town; Purbachal New Town, though more recent, appears to have missed opportunities for diversifying density, social mix and mass transit. The paper concludes that the comparative case, Senri-New Town provides insights on how public-private people participation can leverage citizen-centred design for more liveable residential living environments in developing cities.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 221-233.
Monitoring and Landscape Quantification of Uncontrolled Urbanisation in Oasis Regions: The Case of Adrar City in Algeria
* 1 Dr. Assoule Dechaicha Image result for research orcid , 2 Assist. Prof. Adel Daikh Image result for research orcid , 3 Prof. Dr. Djamel Alkama Image result for research orcid
1, 2 and 3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, 8 May 1945 University, Guelma, Algeria
E-mail 2: dechaicha.assoul@univ-guelma.dz , E-mail 1: alkama.djamel@univ-guelma.dz
E-mail 3: daikh.adel@univ-guelma.dz
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 March 2021
Accepted 25 July 2021
Available online 12 August 2021
Keywords:
Uncontrolled Urbanisation,
Satellite Images,
Landscape Metrics,
Palm groves,
Oasis Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, uncontrolled urbanisation is one of the major problems facing Algerian oasis regions. The monitoring and evaluation of its landscape transformations remain a key step for any oasis sustainability project. This study highlights the evolution of spatial growth in the city of Adrar in southern Algeria during the period 1986-2016 by establishing a Spatio-temporal mapping and landscape quantification. The methodological approach is based on a multi-temporal analysis of Landsat satellite images for 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2016, and the application of landscape metrics. The results show two opposite spatial trends: significant growth of built-up areas against an excessive loss of palm groves. The landscape metrics allowed the identification of a progressive fragmentation process characterising the palm groves. Thus, the findings of this study show the utility of satellite imagery and landscape metrics approach for monitoring urbanisation patterns and assessing their impacts on oasis ecosystems.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 209-219.
Community Participation in Decision Making Processes in Urban Planning: The Case of Kaunas
M.A. Laura Jankauskaitė-Jurevičienė Image result for research orcid, Dr. Aušra Mlinkauskienė Image result for research orcid
a and b Kaunas University of Technology, Civil engineering and architecture faculty, Kaunas, Lithuania
E mail 1: laura.jankauskaite-jureviciene@ktu.lt, Email 2: ausra.mlinkauskiene@ktu.lt
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 29 August 2020
Available online 18 September 2020
Keywords:
Community;
Urban planning;
Spatial planning;
Decision-making processes.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Participation in decision-making processes foreshadows enabling citizens, communities, non-governmental organizations and other interested parties to influence the formulation of policies and laws affecting them. The purpose of this study is not only to review Lithuanian legal documents but also to analyse recent processes in Kaunas city planning. Kaunas city is undergoing various urban processes, which do not always meet the needs of the community. This study presents an analysis of the forms of community involvement in the urban planning processes and survey data on the effectiveness of community involvement. The methodology requires using a sociological survey with representatives of the city community and a comparative analysis between legal obligations and actual urbanization process.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 197-208.
The Impacts of Urban Morphology on Housing Indoor Thermal Condition in Hoi An City, Vietnam
1 * M.A. Thien Huong Luu Image result for research orcid, 2 Dr. Juan-Carlos Rojas-Arias Image result for research orcid, 3 Dr. Dominique Laffly Image result for research orcid
1and 2 Laboratory of Research in Architecture (LRA), National School of Architecture of Toulouse, France
3 University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, France
E-mail 1: thien-huong.luu@toulouse.archi.fr , E-mail 2: juan-carlos.rojas-arias@toulouse.archi.fr ,
E-mail 3: dominique.laffly@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 20 July 2020
Accepted 25 August 2020
Available online 14 September 2020
Keywords:
Urban Morphology;
Indoor Thermal Condition; Ancient Town;
Vernacular House;
Modern Terraced House.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Assessing the impact of urban morphology on the indoor thermal condition of housing in a tourism city in central Vietnam — Hoi An City is the main objective of this study. The research process is carried out by a variety of methods including in situ surveys, measuring with temperature sensors, data analysis and map analysis. Four houses, located in two areas with different urban forms, were selected for measurement within one month to investigate the differences in housing indoor temperature. The impact of urban morphology on housing was thereafter determined. Temperature sensors were permanently installed in 4 houses; based on these empirical measurements and data collected, the paper addresses solutions to improve urban morphology and indoor thermal condition.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 183-196.
E-participatory Approaches in Urban Design
* 1 Araf Öykü Türken Image result for research orcid, 2 Assoc. Prof. Dr Engin Eyüp Eyuboğlu Image result for research orcid
1 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
2 Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Email 1: araf.turken@gmail.com, Email 2: eyuboglu@itu.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 June 2020
Accepted 20 Augustus 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
E-participation;
Public Participation;
Urban Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The phenomenon of planning involving citizen’s participation in planning literature has been from the second half of the 20th century. Indeed, different methods and techniques have been used in the process. However, participatory practices are time-consuming and negotiations are tiresome. Accordingly, the integration of developing digital technologies into participatory processes has been seen as a potential to reach large audiences and provide time-space independence. Within the scope of this research, a detailed literature review was done regarding e-participation, and ten (10) examples representing the upper levels at the ladder of participation were examined within the context of the project, participation, and socio-technical criteria. SWOT analyzes were structured by grouping similar applications, and current trends for the use of e-participation in urban design have been revealed. The analysis showed that citizens e participation- participation tend to allow citizen design or location-based interaction, playful interfaces and game elements which can be sources for encouragement.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 169-182.
Roles of Drop-in Centers in Street Children Interventions: Design Guidelines and Humanitarian Emergency Architecture Adaptations
* M.Sc. Ruba Azzam Image result for research orcid, Dr. Karim Kesseiba Image result for research orcid, Dr. Ahmed Abdelghaffar Image result for research orcid
Dr. Mennat-Allah El Husseiny Image result for research orcid
a, b, c and d Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering and Building Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Email 1: ruba-azzam90@hotmail.com , Email 2: karimkesseiba@gmail.com , Email 3: amaghaffar@gmail.com
Email 4: mennatallahelhusseiny@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 July 2020
Accepted 3 September 2020
Available online 8 September 2020
Keywords:
Street Children;
Drop-in centers;
Child-Rehabilitation centers;
Architecture for Humanitarian Emergencies;
Child Friendly Spaces (CFS).
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
For decades, numerous countries have been witnessing the Street Children phenomenon where millions of children worldwide are subjected to risks. Despite the crucial role of intermediate non-residential interventions - using drop-in centers- in protecting and rehabilitating street children, there is a paucity of research addressing the quality of design of these centers and how architecture might influence their operational process. Those observations invite investigating drop-in centers used in practice from a design perspective and question adapting architectural applications for humanitarian emergencies, focusing on “Child-Friendly Spaces”. The study aims to provide solutions for better quality design, facilitating operational challenges. The methodology undertakes the investigation through primary and secondary axes. This involves conducting literature and international precedents review and secondarily, an Egyptian contextual first-hand documentation and qualitative analysis of selected centers.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(2), 151-168.
This document provides a book review that summarizes the key ideas from the book "Smart City Citizenship". The review discusses 9 intertwined ideas presented in the book: 1) deconstructing extractivist data models, 2) unplugging from constant online connectivity, 3) deciphering alternative approaches to smart cities, 4) democratizing stakeholder representation, 5) moving beyond mechanistic replication of projects, 6) devolving data back to citizens, 7) commoning data and decision making, 8) protecting digital rights through data institutions, and 9) resetting approaches with citizens in control. The review analyzes case studies of different city-regions and their approaches to data governance.
Towards the Egyptian Charter for Conservation of Cultural Heritages
1 Associate Professor Dr. Corinna Rossi , 2 * Sara Rabie
1 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, Politecnico di Milano Cairo, Milan, Italy
2 Department of Architecture and Urban Design, Faculty of Architecture, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
1 E-mail: corinna.rossi@polimi.it , 2 E-mail: sarah.rabie@guc.edu.eg
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 5 April 2021
Accepted 15 June 2021
Available online 25 June 2021
Keywords:
Cultural Heritages;
Conservation;
History;
Value;
Authenticity;
Europe;
Egypt.
ABSTRACT
The notion of “Cultural heritage” is quite modern compared to other humanistic fields developed in the last century. Conservation as a science has emerged and took shape during international conventions and treaties in many places in Europe and developed various frameworks to recognize the heritage and its value but based on “Eurocentric bias” criteria. The fact of sharing universal values and common practices during the age of globalization had a significant impact on conservation actions in contexts utterly different from western societies and don’t share the same historical or cultural dimensions. Therefore, this study traces the history of the evolution of conservation in the west from two perspectives; the historical one and the developing methodologies, and the philosophies behind the main theories in conservation. Cultural heritage is a reflection of the identity of the society and its past; thus, this study outlines the development of conservation practices in Egypt within the international approaches in a chronological order to investigate the social response and the impact of the political and cultural influence of the cultural consciousness of the society and the conservation actions in the Egyptian context. Furthermore, to investigate the contribution of international charters in developing national policies in Egypt.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 101-111.
Enhancing Security in Affordable Housing: The Case of Prince Fawaz Project
Professor Dr. Maged Attia Image result for research orcid
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Planning, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
Email: mattia@kau.edu.sa
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 9 March 2021
Accepted 15 May 2021
Available online 30 May 2021
Keywords:
Environmental crime;
Enhancing security;
Crime rates;
Prince Fawaz project;
Saudi Arabia.
ABSTRACT
The present study argues that the urban form of affordable housing projects affects safety and security. The study examines the level of safety and security in the Prince Fawaz project proposing recommendations that enhance it. Theories and approaches concerned with the environmental crime are initially reviewed. Then, urban and architectural features as well as crime rates and patterns are documented. Also, trace and behaviour observations are carried out. The observations monitored urban features and behaviours associated with crime or fear of crime. Residents’ perception for security and fear of crime is extracted through a questionnaire. A Space Syntax is processed and linked with the questionnaire and observation outputs. Observations demonstrate a semblance of fear of crime which is supported by records of car and home theft. Although the questionnaire reflects a suitable level of security, it points to peripheral spaces and areas around mosques and shops as the less secure. However, enhancing security in the Prince Fawaz project requires urban interventions including controlling access to peripheral spaces, reviving areas detected to be unsafe, repositioning elements causing visual obstacles and enhancing appearance by vegetation and sustainable maintenance. Besides, reformulating the movement network so that an appropriate integration between residents and strangers is achieved. On the conceptual level, the study proves that none of the theories of environmental crime can act as a comprehensive approach; but each can partly work.
This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license
C:\Users\Hourakhsh\Desktop\CC_By_2020_licnece1.jpg
This article is published with open access at www.ijcua.com
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 85-100.
Urban Land-use and Traffic Congestion: Mapping the Interaction
1 * Ph.D. Candidate James Kanyepe Image result for research orcid, 2 Prof. Dr. Marian Tukuta Image result for research orcid, 3 Prof. Dr. Innocent Chirisa Image result for research orcid
1 and 2 Department of Supply Chain Management, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Zimbabwe
3 Department of Demography Settlement & Development, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
E-mail 1: jameskanyepe@gmail.com, E-mail 2: paidamoyo2016@gmail.com
E-mail 3: innocent.chirisa@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received 25 October 2020
Accepted 15 December 2020
Available online 19 December 2020
Keywords:
Land-Use;
Peak Hour;
Traffic Congestion;
Transport;
Travel Patterns;
Travel Behavior.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
The interaction between transport, land-uses and travel patterns produce diverse transportation problems in urban cities with traffic congestion as the most visible manifestation. Traffic congestion is a frequent phenomenon in most cities around the globe. This paper reviews the interaction between land-use traffic congestion through published literature. The objective of this study is to encourage and provide researchers with future research directions in land-use and traffic congestion. For this purpose, a systematic review was performed analysing 45 articles from the year 2010 to 2020 using a descriptive approach. Subsequently, the results of the study show that although the interaction between land-use and traffic congestion has gained currency in developed countries far less is known on this subject in developing parts of the world, though new evidence is steadily accumulating. Consequently, limitations of this work are presented, opportunities are identified for future lines of research. Finally, the conclusion confirms the need for further research addressing the methodological concerns.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2021), 5(1), 77-84.
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Dr. Zeynep Çiğdem UYSAL ÜREY 40
initial conditions, operations and goals are, at
best, loosely defined and exposed to
redefinition continuously. Design tasks in
general, be it engineering problems or space
planning tasks in architecture, are often
reckoned as ill-defined due to these
characteristics. The ill-defined design problems
are shown to lack certain characteristics of
well-defined problems, such as a well-
specified language for their representation,
the initial knowledge of the generative
manipulations to be applied on them, and a
clear formulation of the goal state. These
factors are found to be defined by their
solvers, in other words, the designers (Cross,
2001, p. 3).
Research has revealed that unlike the ordinary
problem solvers, the designers approach to ill-
defined design problems with a solution-
focused mindset, by means of constructing a
problem ‘frame’ to demarcate the limits of
the problem, propose a solution conjecture
for it, and understand the problem through
this solution (Cross, 2001, p. 3). Other than
searching for the optimal solution, as would a
problem solver handling a well-defined
problem, designers are compelled to
conceive a satisfactory solution for solving the
ill-defined design problem. Doing so, the
designers look for a match between the
problem and the solution, and perceive and
decipher the problem through these solution
perspectives. In order to get a working match
in this problem-solution pair, the designers are
found to employ primarily their prior
knowledge. As Nigel Cross (2006) explains it,
creative design does not always occur in this
sense as the proposition of an unanticipated
and unusual proposal, but often as the
making of a suitable proposal, which contains
novel features for a new design product. It is
believed on this basis that creative design
takes place via a ‘creative leap’ from the
design constraints to the solution proposal,
which is supported by the prior knowledge of
designers (Cross, 2006, p. 3, 44).
2. Cognitive Use of Prior Knowledge in
Architectural Design
As indicated above, the solution-oriented
mindset underlying design, builds essentially
on the prior knowledge of designers.
Described as “a particular structured
formulation of underlying types such as
concepts, prototypes and precedents”, prior
knowledge is widely recognized as an intrinsic
element of any creative design process
(Oxman, 1999, pp. 17-28). As McDermott
(1982) put it, given the understanding that
design is an ill-structured activity, and that the
set of constraints applicable to specific design
problems is often substantial, one can hope to
surmount these problems only when significant
volumes of domain specific knowledge can
be combined and fused together at every
stage of the problem solving process (p. 36). In
this context, ill-defined design problems
necessitate nothing but a large base of
appropriate prior knowledge for the formation
of their solutions.
As Jansson, Condoor & Brock (1992) study
shows, at the early phase of design, namely
the representation of the problem, the prior
knowledge of designers, in the form of
prototypes, types, or precedents, serves as a
cognitive point of reference to start the design
process. At the start of the design process, the
designers are considered to analyze existing
systems looking for analogies. They then
proceed to bring up a first solution concept
that acts as the starting point from which to
tackle the design problem they face with. In
this process, the designer focuses on the
smaller parts of the wider problem, by means
of sub problems, using a retrieval system that
continuously recalls prior knowledge from
his/her long-term memory. Since ill-defined
design problems require substantial amounts
of relevant prior knowledge, the retrieval
system employed on them operates as a
device to recognize the solution alternatives.
As the design problems are downsized to a
series of sub problems as such, these smaller
parts can be handled better as well-defined
problems (Fig. 1) (Simon, 1973, pp. 181-201).
Likewise, Bonnardel and Marmeche (2005)
suggest that the designer’s past experiences,
which are stored in terms of his/her prior
knowledge, are often the sources of
inspiration in the formation of new ideas (pp.
422-435). In this sense “designers
accommodate the known to the new” and
thus develop the new ideas through
integration with “what they already know”
(Oxman, 1990, p. 23). To Oxman (1990b),
design occurs in this sense as “a dynamic
process of adaptation and transformation of
the knowledge of prior experiences in order to
accommodate them to the contingencies of
the present” (1990b, pp. 17-28).
In this context creativity in design occurs as
“the sudden interlocking of two previously
unrelated, skills or matrices of thought”
(Koestler, 1964, p. 121), and emerges as a
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cognitive process entailing the “activation
and recombination of previous knowledge
elements in a new way in order to generate
new properties based on the previous ones”
(Bonnardel & Marmache, 2005, pp. 422-435).
Thus, the studies on design creativity show that
people depend mostly on past experiences,
types and precedents, even when they are
instructed to be as original and imaginative as
possible. In this perspective, the new ideas
that are developed are deemed creative
and original to the extent that they move
away from their initial sources of inspiration
(Bonnardel & Marmache, 2005, p. 422-435).
To quote from Suwa, Purcell & Gero (1998),
design can be seen on this basis as “a kind of
apprenticeship in which skills and expertise are
acquired after learning basic techniques,
assimilating domain specific and general
knowledge, and inspecting past good
examples” (p. 455). Today, it is widely
accepted that the design ability grows in
parallel with the extent of the acquired
domain knowledge and the problem solution
strategies that are operated on that
knowledge. The obvious implication of this
information is that, if designers or students of
design are provided with ever growing
databases consisting inter- or intra-disciplinary
sources, their success in producing creative
designs would only increase (Bonnardel &
Marmache, 2005, pp. 422-435). They would be
expected to produce better outcomes with
the provision of mental cues given in the form
of previous designs that show them the use of
design elements and how they can be
combined in individual settings (Malhotraa,
Thomas, Carroll & Millera, 1980, pp. 119-140).
Figure 1. A model for ill-structured problems (Simon, 1973).
2.1. Types of Prior Knowledge
According to the literature, there are
essentially two types of prior knowledge that
are employed in design: the declarative (or
the domain-specific) knowledge, and the
procedural knowledge (Goel, 2001).
Declarative knowledge refers to the general
knowledge about the ‘things’ that we learn
within our lifetime and it essentially consists of
the ‘facts’ that we know. Procedural
knowledge, on the other hand, involves the
procedures used for the processing of the
declarative (or the domain-specific)
knowledge (Goel, 2001, pp. 221-241). In the
context of performing a given task, the
declarative knowledge is often believed to go
through a transformation into a procedural
form (Chan, 1990, p. 62). As Purcell and Gero
(1991) put it, these types of prior knowledge
are acquired by means of either exposure to
incidental experiences, which characterize
everyday life, or as a result of intentional
learning, in which domain-specific
experiences and the strategies employed for
their transformation are instilled in the subjects
by means of education (p. 82).
Prior knowledge is also categorized as
personal or cultural in terms of its source. If
prior knowledge emerges exclusively on the
basis of the specific, personal experiences of
the individual who possesses it, it is considered
personal. On the other hand, if it is formed by
a multitude of phenomena shared by the
wider society, or at least a community, it is
deemed as cultural (Shore, 1996, pp. 56-65).
Architectural types for instance are the
cultural forms of this prior knowledge.
2.2. Prior Knowledge and Cognitive Schemas
in Design
The cognitive literature states that prior
knowledge is held by our minds by way of
those specific cognitive structures that are
called cognitive schemas. Described as the
conceptual structures that stand for our
knowledge of situations, events, objects and
actions (Wertsch, 1985, p. 154), they are
defined as the mental frameworks that we
make use of in the organization of our
knowledge. They are the conceptual
structures that organize and direct our
reception, storage, retrieval and production
of information (D’Andrade, 1992, p. 28).
Operating in long-term memory as organized
structures of knowledge, they guide
perception, enable comprehension and
direct thinking. By schema theory, what the
cognitive literature demonstrates us is the
importance of our prior knowledge in the
understanding of the forthcoming information
and in the formation of new knowledge
(Bruning, Schraw, Norby & Ronning, 2004, p. 6,
22, 23).
As the bearers of prior knowledge, cognitive
schemas are also categorized as personal or
cultural in terms of their source. Personal
cognitive schemas are formed through
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personal experiences and are specific to
individuals. Cultural schemas, on the other
hand, are attained through the individual’s
relationship with the cultural context and are
specifically defined as the “patterns of basic
schemas that make up the meaning system of
a cultural group” (Nisbett & Norenzayan, 2002,
p. 5, 6). They are shared by the members of
the society and they regulate their daily
experiences and the interpretation of these
experiences. As Holland & Quinn (1987)
explain, they are the “presupposed, taken-for-
granted models of the world that are widely
shared by the members of a society and that
play an enormous role in their understanding
of that world and their behavior in it” (p. 4). As
situated cognition theory states, people carry
their load of cultural information and operate
them through their cognition by way of their
cultural schemas, which exist as a subset
within their bigger collection of cognitive
schemas (Johnson, 1987, p. 19) (Oyserman,
Sorensen, Reber & Chen, 2009, p. 219).
Cognitive schemas are believed to
encompass both the knowledge itself
(declarative knowledge) and the information
on the actual operationalization of that
knowledge (procedural knowledge) (Chan,
1990, p. 62). In this sense, as means to carry
generic information, cognitive schemas
provide the most efficient and most widely
used type of information in the field of design.
They contain information about objects, their
constituents, and the relations between those
constituents (Purcell & Gero, 1991, p. 83).
Describing schemas in design as “the formal
constructs for capturing, acquiring and
representing types of knowledge structures in
design”, Oxman (2004) argues that schemas
constitute the essence of conceptual design
knowledge, which, in turn, is structured around
a number of conventions including typologies,
rules, or precedents (p. 70). Looking for a
relevant schema to organize our prior
knowledge around in line with the cause at
hand is considered as an essential part of the
creative design process (Oxman, 1990). In this
context, design creativity is seen as “the ability
to innovatively re-represent the schema or the
particular structural content of the
externalized representation” (Oxman, 1996, p.
333).
Therefore, prior knowledge in architecture
and design, attained through experience or
education, is held by way of the cognitive
schemas of the designer, in forms such as
types, prototypes or precedents (Lawson,
2004, p. 443). These schemas are used in the
design process for recognizing the design
situation, in the same way as the chess
masters recognize the situation in a chess
board by means of their experience. The
recognition process accelerates and
facilitates the design response, as it enables a
quicker analysis compared to an in-depth
analysis, and allows the designer to develop a
solution by employing a standard gambit
(Lawson, 2004, p. 448). The schemas are used
as the ‘cognitive reference points’, which
provide the first solution concepts that initiate
the design (Goldschmidt, 1998; Jansson,
Condoor & Brock, 1992). By providing the first
solution concepts and supplying the gambits
that are previously developed by the designer
to solve similar problems, schemas hook up
the design problem to its solution. The
‘gambits’ that are utilized on the existing
schemas, either to transform them or adapt
them to the cause, are described as the
‘repertoire of tricks’ or the applicable design
strategies, which are used by the
designer/architect to solve recognized
problems. They are essentially the techniques
used for the creation and transformation of
forms, and designers often exhibit variance in
terms of how they employ them (Lawson,
2004, p. 448).
Jansson et. al. (1992) defines three cognitive
processes that are active in this process of
using schemas (or prior knowledge) in
architectural design: identification, where
designers use types or prototypes for
categorizing, understanding and representing
design problems; synthesis, where they adapt
or transform types or prototypes so as to fulfill
the requirements associated with the
problem; and evaluation, where they assess
themselves with reference to those types or
prototypes. These processes are believed to
work in a consecutive and repetitive manner
towards the realization of a complete
architectural design (Jansson, Condoor &
Brock, 1992).
According to the literature, one needs a
certain level of maturity to practice design
well, as expertise in design is essentially a
culmination of design knowledge and
experience in the form of schemas. Lawson
(2004) indicates that, the educational period
of the designer helps him/her to develop a
knowledge of design solutions, in the form of
‘the pool of precedents’ or the ‘domain
specific knowledge’ (p. 456). The designers
who are considered experts are characterized
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by a vast pool of precedents and prior
knowledge, which are stored as solution
schemas to be employed at different design
projects (Lawson, 2004, p. 456). For expert
designers, the schemas of precedents or types
do much more than just carrying the visual
information and geometry. They also convey
all the concepts related to that schema,
including but not limited to the materials,
functions, organization principles, and
significant instances of that schema (Lawson,
2004, p. 443). The schemas of expert designers
are observed to be greater in number, in
detail and in the extent of information that
they hold (Purcell & Gero, 1991, p. 83). Lawson
(2004) defines five stages, which the designer
has to undergo in his/her journey to gain
expertise in design:
1. Formation of a developing pool of
precedents
2. Attainment of design schemas
3. Development of certain guiding
principles (e.g. sustainable design)
4. Development of the skill of recognizing
the design situation without the need
of an in-depth analysis
5. Formation of design gambits or a
‘repertoire of tricks’ that are fused
within the schemas used for
recognizing the design situations
(Lawson, 2004, p. 456-457)
In this context, it is evident that the designers
ought to examine a considerable amount of
types and precedents in order to grow their
load of schemas, which would enable them
to “recognize underlying structures in design
situations” and allow them to “employ and
adapt gambits” that they acquired earlier
(Lawson, 2004).
3. Two Types of Domain Specific Prior
Knowledge in Architectural Design: Types and
Precedents
According to Oxman (1992), the prior
knowledge utilized in architectural design can
be categorized into two groups: the types and
the precedents. In this categorization, types
and precedents are different from each other
in terms of the form of reasoning that they
demand from the designer: the former
requires ‘refinement’ while the latter demands
‘adaptation’. Employed as two distinct
cognitive approaches to design, they are
related with typological (model based)
generic design and precedent-based (case-
based) adaptive design, respectively (Oxman,
1992, p. 117). The section below will provide a
glance at these two types of domain specific
prior knowledge, so as to evaluate their role in
architectural design.
3.1. Types
The formation of types, or the process of
typification, is an outcome of the process of
generalization or categorization. Oxman
(1990b) describes typification as “the
abstraction and classification of salient
aspects of precedents in terms of both
situations and solutions” (p. 17-28). One of the
most evident applications of this process is
formal typification, where classes of formal
types are produced as based on certain
known precedents. Typification also occurs in
the perception of the design problem, where
the designer tries to match the problem with a
similar solution type that he/she previously
encountered with. Regarding this process,
Oxman (1990b) goes as far as claiming that
“design knowledge is the knowledge of
typification through abstraction” (p. 17-28):
“We assume that all design
experience undergoes
processes of typification in
order to create indices for the
storage, and ultimately for the
retrieval, of design episodes;
and that the way in which this
occurs is a function of the form
of classification and existing
structure of the designer's
memory.” (Oxman, 1990, p.
24)
In this sense, typology operates as a form of
indexing and categorization in design. Oxman
(2001, 2004) describes typological knowledge
as “a set of generic representations which are
associated with specific problem types”
(Oxman, 2001, p. 278) and defines types as
the “conventionalized knowledge structures”
(Oxman, 2004, p. 70) that occur as an
important form of knowledge representation
for the studies of design cognition. Types are
considered as the characteristic forms of
domain specific architectural knowledge that
are attained by the designers through
education and personal experience (Oxman,
1996, p. 332). They contain a mass of prior
knowledge allowing the designer “to extract
generic schema from specific images”
(Oxman, 2001, p. 280), and consist of both the
‘generic representational schema’, as well as
the knowledge of the strategies to employ
when using this schema. In types, Oxman
(1990a) sees the formalizations of a high level
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of design knowledge encoded in generic
forms, and does not refrain from calling them
the general solution schemas, which act as
the sources of generic knowledge to be
manipulated in the process of design (Oxman,
1990, pp. 2-8).
In the light of the research on design
cognition, architectural types could be seen
as a part of our store of cultural schemas.
Being the cultural attributes that are shared by
a society, types behave like cultural schemas
on the cognitive level, assisting both the
interpretation of incoming architectural
information and also the production of new
designs (Oxman, 1990 pp. 2-8). Architectural
theory refers to type both as an abstract
conceptual form, as well as a cognitive
facility, which provides the background for
the systemic action of design that nestles
essentially on categorization (Habraken, 1985,
p. 40). As Moneo defines it, type could be
seen in this sense as:
“…the concept which
describes a group of objects
characterized by the same
formal structure. It is neither a
definite spatial diagram not
the average of a serial list. It is
fundamentally based on the
possibility of grouping objects
by certain inherent structural
similarities. It might even be
said that type means thinking
in groups.” (Moneo, 1978, p.
23)
The elimination process that sort out only the
common elements that belong to the group
in question makes type “a schema and a
collective product that is shared both by the
architects and the community they serve to”
(Petruccioli, 1998, p. 11). As Quatremere de
Quincy’s definition also shows, type is “neither
a concrete image of something that can be
copied directly, nor it is a definite form, but it is
a schema or the outline of a form, which acts
as the abstract structure used for spatial
articulation” (cited in Argan, 1996, p. 240,
244). In this line of thought, architectural type
can be understood as a ‘schema of spatial
articulation’, which is shaped, if not
formulated, as an answer to the ideological
and practical needs of a society (Argan, 1996,
p. 246). It functions as a non-linguistic cultural
schema, associated with a specific society,
and provides a visual image or a virtual model
of a culture (Shore, 1996, pp. 56-65). It
operates both in the interpretation of
architectural products, as the preliminary
schema of reference, and also in their
production, as the purveyor of thought
towards creative manipulations for new
designs.
According to Oxman (1990b), new designs
could be built upon prior design knowledge
and experiences, due to the fact that those
experiences are abstracted, encoded and
categorized in the form of types in long term
memory. With their abstract and generic
formation, types are capable of various new
design solutions and in this process, analogical
thinking stands out among other cognitive
processes with the lead part that it plays
(Oxman, 1990, p. 17-28).
Cognitive schemas are used both for the
representation of the typological knowledge
that they carry in the mind, and for its
processing for the purpose of coming up with
a generic design (Oxman, 2001, p. 278). In
Oxman’s jargon, the reasoning or processing
style employed in the context of utilizing types
in design is called as ‘refinement’. ‘Typological
refinement’ basically refers to the distinctive
thinking style employed in the formal
processing of typological knowledge in
design. The form of creativity emerging in this
process on the other hand, is called as
‘typological emergence’. Oxman duly
provides an example of this notion with an
illustration, showcasing type use in chair
design, as part of the extended process of
typological emergence (Fig. 2) (Oxman, 2001,
p. 278).
In refinement, the original state of a
generalized (generic) schema, which is the
architectural ‘type’, is successively
transformed into a specific design through a
top-down process. This underlying schema is
called ‘generic’ due to the fact that it consists
of only the most significant properties of the
class of designs it belongs to and the type of
design that refines this generic schema of
type is called as the generic or the typological
design (Oxman & Oxman, 1992, p. 119).
Oxman accordingly developed a model that
expresses the cognitive processing of generic
or typological design, entailing the
relationship between the design issue (the
specification of the problem), design concept
(the type of the solution) and design form (the
end result). As shown by this model, the design
process starts with deciding on a solution class
(type), followed by developing the first form of
generic representation of this class (level 1,
which is basically the first modification of the
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type), and finally culminating in the realization
of the solution form (Fig. 3-5) (Oxman, 1994,
pp. 141-146) (Oxman, 2001, p. 284). According
to Oxman (1990b), in design, types could
either be refined, by applying consecutive
alterations over them to create new designs
(appropriation), or could be adapted, by
making greater formal or functional
modifications over them to reach to new
designs (analogy). Yet, a third alternative is
also proposed to account for the cases where
the existing types are not suitable for the
situation and when completely new types are
generated by, once again, using existing
knowledge (innovation) (Oxman, 1990, pp. 17-
28). In this process, the design constraints
function as the source of transformations,
modifications or the generation.
Figure 2. The process of the creative transformation of
type through typological emergence. (Oxman, 2001, p.
279)
Figure 3. The steps of design thinking in generic or
typological design (Oxman, 2001, p. 285)
Figure 4. The refinement of a generic schema (type) in
design (typological design). (Oxman, 1992, p. 122)
Figure 5. An example to the refinement process. (Oxman,
1992, p. 123)
3.2. Precedents
The other significant type of domain specific
knowledge available for the use of designers
in new design contexts is the knowledge of
design precedents (Oxman, 1996, p. 332).
Within the context of creative design,
designers evidently use cases or the
knowledge of applicable prior designs to
solve the recent problems they face with
(Akin, 2002, p. 2). In their quest for new design
ideas, designers look through numerous
precedents to form applicable connections
with the problem and this activity is often
credited with enabling the appearance of
new and previously unforeseen ideas for the
designer (Oxman, 1994, p. 141, 142).
Precedent is described as “the design case
knowledge, which includes the particular
conceptual contribution to design, which
makes a case memorable as a precedent”
(Oxman, 1994, pp. 141-142). To put it another
way, precedents are the “specific designs or
buildings, which are exemplary in some sense
so that what architects and students glean
from these examples, can support their own
designs” (Akin, 2002, p. 3). In simpler terms,
they are the earlier solutions to particular
design problems. They are essentially different
from types due to the fact that they are the
specified design representations, instead of
being the abstract schemas (Fig. 6) (Oxman,
2001, p. 284).
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Figure 6. Precedents, functional types, high level
typological concepts. (Oxman, 1990b, p. 23)
People are believed to benefit from
precedents by mining the information they
contain through analysis and abstraction.
According to Akin, the conceptual
abstractions acquired from precedents
enable the designers to crossover the chasm
between the conceptual and the physical
design environment (Akin, 2002). This appears
as the main reason behind the fact that
solving problems in design requires not only
the “problem solving skills and strategies” but
also a large “body of knowledge”, which
allow the application of these skills to specific
problems (Akin, 2002). Precedents are found
to be helpful in this sense due to the fact that
they contain and display both the processes
and the products of design within themselves.
In this framework, it is not surprising to see that
the studies on design education portray the
knowledge of design precedents, and the
concepts that are attained through them, as
one of the most important sources of
knowledge in design education (Oxman,
2004, p. 71).
Precedent knowledge is employed in design
by means of ‘case-based reasoning’. This
reasoning type essentially refers to the use
and application of past experiences and
examples for the understanding, analysis and
solution of current problems. It is the process of
choosing relevant ideas from prior problems
for application to the current ones. According
to Kolodner (1992), in case-based reasoning,
the problem solver recalls a previous case that
resembles the current one, or that is similar to it
in certain aspects, and utilizes the solution to
that past case to solve the case at hand (pp.
3-4). In this process, the reasoner may go with
adapting the old solutions to meet the
demands of the new problems in order to
solve them and this becomes the common
practice of ‘problem solving type of case
based reasoning’ as embraced by the
designers. Or the reasoner may engage with
the previous cases to explain, interpret and
critique a current case, thus taking the route
of ‘interpretive type of case-based reasoning’,
as lawyers often do (Kolodner, 1992, pp. 3-4).
‘Problem solving type of case based
reasoning’ is employed very frequently in
design. The process of choosing relevant ideas
from prior designs, which can be applied
effectively to the design problems at hand, is
called as precedent-based (or case-based)
design. What the precedents used in case-
based design do is to provide ‘a vocabulary
of design ideas’ and the process that is used
to transform these ideas to make them
applicable to current cases is called as
‘adaptation’ (Oxman, 2001, p. 284).
According to Oxman (1996), adaptation is
essentially the process of “fitting the old
solution to a new one, or evolving a new
design by modifying an existing solution
representation” (p. 334). It involves the re-use
of the prior representational content of an
existing design solution after a thought out
modification (Oxman, 1996, p. 334). The
precedents, which are deemed to be stored
in the form of cognitive schemas in the mind,
are processed through adaptation for the
formation of new design solutions (Fig. 9)
(Oxman, 2001, pp. 269-295).
As Kolodner (1992) suggests, case-based
reasoning in design offers a complete solution
for the design problem at hand and any
pieces of the previous solution which do not fit
the current problem can be adapted to it
later. Although the amount of adaptation and
the effort required to tailor the solution to the
current problem might be substantial, and at
times overwhelming, this method is almost
always preferable to starting from scratch,
which is often an intimidating task. It facilitates
the design by enabling the designer to avoid
numerous constraints and saving her from the
need to compartmentalize the problem into
multiple parts just to avoid the inherent
difficulty of handling a larger problem
(Kolodner, 1992, pp. 5-9). According to
Kolodner (1992), case-based reasoning occurs
in four steps (Fig. 8):
1. The accumulation of precedents or
experiences
2. Remembering prior experiences that
are similar to the current case at hand,
and interpreting the new case in the
light of these prior experiences through
comparison
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3. Adaptation of the prior experiences to
“fix up an old solution to meet the
demands of the new situation”
4. Evaluation and repair of the outcomes
Figure 7. Case-based reasoning cycle (Kolodner, 1992, p.
22)
4. Prior Knowledge in Design Education
The studies on prior knowledge evidently
affected the design education as well. In
1969, Laxton (1969) developed a model for
design education, which began by the
accumulation of the reservoir of knowledge
and experiences, followed by the
development of the ability to develop ideas,
and culminated by the acquisition of the skill
of critically evaluating the developed ideas so
as to interpret and transform them to meet the
requirements of new contexts. He stated that
design education at schools should entail, first
and foremost, the domain specific knowledge
of precedents, as the students cannot be
realistically expected to be creative without
accumulating a ‘reservoir of knowledge’ first,
which would serve them as a pedestal on
which to rise. According to Laxton (1969), the
ability to develop new ideas is essentially
contingent on this reservoir of knowledge to
be filled well. In Lawson’s (2004) view, this
model of design education was based
principally on the development of prior
knowledge and experience, rather than the
generation of new ideas by way of a tabula
rasa attitude, which was the dominant
perspective towards the design education in
the 20th century, valuing originality above all
(p. 454).
More recently, Akin called the method of
education with a marked emphasis on the
teaching of the precedents as “case-based
instruction” (Akin, 2002). Based mostly on the
analysis of precedents, this approach to
education is expected to demonstrate the
students the principles and strategies of
architectural design by means of cases. The
students are supposed to learn the design
heuristics with the help of the precedents that
they have examined. Even though this
approach is criticized with the claim that it
restricts the creative capacity of students, the
literature offers no concrete evidence to
prove the validity of this claim (Akin, 2002).
By far, the studio based education is currently
the most extensively employed method in
schools of design. This method essentially tries
to simulate the context of a professional
design office and to replicate the actual
phases of the design process, for instance the
esquisse phase or the jury system, that are
experienced in a design office (Oxman, 1999,
pp. 105-106). This education offers an
experience-based learning, where the student
engages in design activity under the
supervision of the instructor (Oxman, 2004, p.
110). The students are not offered a didactic
education focusing on abstract principles to
be applied to problems, but an experiential
one that depends on the hands on problem
solving experience gained by dealing with
specific design problems at hand (Akin, 2002,
p. 2).
According to Oxman, this system should be
enhanced methodologically to enable the
students to attain the domain knowledge of
design, by means of cognitive schemas such
as types or precedents, and the strategies of
design thinking such as analogy, refinement or
adaptation, which can then be used to
manipulate these cognitive schemas to
handle the specifics of the current problem
(Oxman, 2004, p. 110):
“It is our hypothesis that learning in
design is the acquisition of the
cognitive ability to manipulate the
representations of design
knowledge, to acquire basic
schema in design thinking, to
understand knowledge structures
and to be able to manipulate
characteristic strategies of design
thinking such as generic and
typological design, adaptive
design, analogical thinking and
creative exploration. That is, the
cognitive attributes of design
cognition and learning can
become the content of design
education.” (Oxman, 2004, p. 110)
Under the guidance of several cognitive
studies on design, Oxman identifies the
necessary constituents that a design
education should support the student with
(Oxman, 2001, p. 280):
10. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(3), 39-50/ 2019
Dr. Zeynep Çiğdem UYSAL ÜREY 48
1. Cognitive structures: The attainment of
the cognitive ability to represent
design knowledge via basic schemas
of design thinking, such as types and
precedents, and,
2. Cognitive strategies: The attainment of
strategies, such as refinement or
adaptation, to transform these basic
schemas in order to produce original
solutions.
It becomes evident by this point that an
effective design education should be based
on an amalgamation of two distinct
components: the domain knowledge (or
vocabulary) of design that the students should
learn by examining types and precedents;
and the strategies to be employed in the
design process that the students should
develop by hands on design exercises
(Oxman, 2004, p. 65). An educational
approach capable of providing these two
components is believed to bestow the student
with the ability of the ‘designerly way of
thinking’ (Cross, 2006).
5. Conclusion
The studies discussed so far demonstrate that
the designers’ prior knowledge has a crucial
impact in the initiation of the design process
and in the production of new designs.
Cognitive schemas that store this prior
knowledge within our minds appear as the
main actors in this process and they play a
formative part both in the interpretation of
incoming design information and also in the
production of new ones. Through this
schematic structure of our minds that is
essentially based on learned information, we
are intrinsically bound to our prior knowledge
for the scope of our design ability. The
comparative study of the literature on design
cognition and architectural theory further
demonstrates us that there is an effective
correlation between cultural schemas and
architectural types. It is observed that
architectural types function identically as
cultural schemas at the cognitive level, and
types and precedents have a generative
value for architectural design, by virtue of the
fact that they exist as the initial cognitive
schemas working at the start of the design
activity.
On these terms, studies on the cognitive use of
prior knowledge in design provide a
framework for us to conceive creativity
differently by viewing culture from the lens of
cultural-cognitive schemas, that of types and
precedents. Suggesting that creativity in
design essentially stems from familiar forms
and methods of production, studies reject the
idea that creativity is the ‘creation of
something out of nothing’. On the contrary,
they propose that creative production in
design is about the production of something
new through the refinement, adaptation,
recombination and transformation of existing
knowledge. Within this proposed perspective,
the role of the familiar, the known and the
existing, as embodied by types and
precedents, occurs as important as the novel,
the unknown, and the prospective, for the
realization of creative design.
Acknowledgement
This work makes partial use of some of the
theoretical discussions about the use of prior
knowledge in architectural design in my PhD
Dissertation (Uysal, Zeynep Çiğdem. (2012).
Architectural Type as a Cultural Schema and
Its Cognitive Use in Architectural Design: An
Analysis of the Aga Khan Award Winning
Dwellings in Turkey (1970-2008), Unpublished
PhD Dissertation, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh. Supervisor: Prof. Kristen
Schaffer) and on this account I would like to
express my sincere gratitude once again to
my advisor Prof. Kristen Schaffer and my
committee members Prof. Paul Tesar, Prof.
Meredith Davis, and Prof. Ronald Endicott.
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How to Cite this Article:
UYSAL ÜREY, Z.C. (2019). The Cognitive Use of Prior Knowledge
in Design Cognition: The Role of Types and Precedents in
Architectural Design. International Journal of Contemporary Urban
Affairs, 3(3), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2019.v3n3-4