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The cell 1
The document discusses the structure and components of the cell. It describes that cells are the basic unit of life and contain organelles that allow them to carry out essential functions. The key organelles discussed are the nucleus, which contains DNA; mitochondria, which produce energy; and the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes, which are involved in protein production and modification. It also mentions the cell membrane and cell wall as outer boundaries of the cell.
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The cell 1
- 1. The Cell Prepared By: Dr.Ashraf Y. Shamia Al-Azhar University –Gaza Dr.Haydar Abd El-Shafi Faculty of Dentistry
- 2. • Anatomy atthe microscopic level (microanatomy) • Cells---tissues---organs---organ systems • 1015 cells in the human body • 200+ cell types in the body
- 3. • All organismsare composed of one or more cells. • Cells are the smallest living units of all living organisms. • Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell.
- 4. • Robert Hooke– first to see and identify cork “cells.”
- 6. • single circularmolecule of DNA in prokaryotes • double helix located in nucleus in eukaryotes – nuclear envelope (double membrane • Cytoplasm fills cell interior – • sugars, amino acids, • proteins - organelles • Plasma membrane encloses • the cell – phospholipid bilayer
- 7. • Nucleus –large membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell’s genetic information. • Prokaryotes – cells that do not contain nuclei. (Bacteria) • Eukaryotes – cells that contain nuclei. (All other organisms)
- 9. • Most cellsare relatively small because as size increases, volume increases much more rapidly. – longer diffusion time
- 10. 1.Inside the Nucleus 2.Ribosomes. 3.EndoplasmicReticulum (ER) 4.Golgi Apparatus. 5.Lysosomes. 6. Vacuoles 7.Mitochondria. 8.Chloroplast. 9.Cytoskeleton. 10.Cell Boundaries. 11.Cell Membrane.
- 11. • Nuclear Envelope– membrane that surrounds the nucleus. • Chromatin – consists of DNA wrapped around proteins. “Ball of string” • Chromosomes – condensed string-like structure that forms from DNA just before the cell divides. • Nucleolus – structure within the nucleus that makes ribosome's.
- 12.
- 13. • Ribosomes –made of RNA and protein. Make Proteins!
- 14.
- 15. • Endoplasmic reticulum– internal membrane system of the cell. – Lipids, proteins, and other products are made here. – Rough ER – has ribosomes – Smooth ER – no ribosomes
- 16.
- 17. • Golgi Apparatus– modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
- 18.
- 19. • Lysosomes –small organelles filled with enzymes. – Digest molecules to be used by the cell.
- 20. • Vacuoles –store materials.
- 21.
- 22. • Mitochondria –organelle that converts chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. – “Powerhouse of the Cell!”
- 23.
- 24. • Chloroplasts –organelles that capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy. (Photosynthesis) – Found only in plants. 7-2
- 25.
- 26. • Cytoskeleton –helps cell to maintain shape, move, and move organelles. • Centrioles – help organize cell division. Not found in plants. 7-2
- 27.
- 28. • Cell membrane– thin, flexible membrane that surrounds the cell. • Cell walls – rigid layer around the membrane found only in bacteria, fungi and plants.
- 29. • Controls whatenters/leaves cell, provides support/protection. • Lipid Bilayer – double-layered sheet of phospholipids. Two layers!