The South may have lost the Civil War, but they won the culture war. The South was able to convince many of the Lost Cause myth, that somehow the Southern causes was a noble cause, that the Civil War was not fought over the issue of slavery, that the Civil War was fought over state’s rights, and that Southerners were benevolent masters whose slaves accepted their lot in life happily. Furthermore, the history of Reconstruction where blacks gained civil liberties and voting rights equal to whites was seen as a dark time in American history, that blacks showed themselves to be totally incapable of citizenship, utterly incapable to hold public office, manipulated by corrupt Yankee carpetbaggers and traitorous Southern scalawags.
One of the first historians to challenge this view was WEB Dubois. His history, Black Reconstruction, argued that blacks were able to make great strides during Reconstruction, and that Reconstruction was a bright, promising era for democracy. Although Reconstruction faced daunting problems, great strides were made in race relations, education, public health, and in establishing fair and just governments across the South, in spite of the rising racial violence caused by the KKK and similar groups, often aided by Southern sheriffs. These gains were reversed by the Redemptionists after the end of Reconstruction, robbing the blacks of their voting rights, allowing the South to build the Jim Crow system of racial violence and discrimination and subjugation that would last until the Civil Rights era.
Please view our blog on WEB Dubois:
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/refuting-the-lost-cause-black-reconstruction-by-web-dubois/
Please support our channel, purchase from Amazon, we receive affiliate commission:
Black Reconstruction in America, 1860-1880, by WEB Dubois
https://amzn.to/3rZHpH0
Please support our efforts, be a patron, at:
https://www.patreon.com/seekingvirtueandwisdom
Patrons can participate in online Zoom discussions of draft presentations we prepare for future YouTube videos.
A PowerPoint by past Project Librarian Tom McMurdo, on how using historic newspapers on Chronicling America can show different perspectives on a historic event.
Booker T Washington’s autobiography, Up From Slavery, offers an interesting glimpse in what it was like to be born a slave, live through the tumultuous Civil War era, and as a young man to experience the consequences blacks faced with the end of Reconstruction when the Ku Klux Klan night-riders enslaved the former black slaves anew through terror by lynching them, burning their bodies and their farm and their churches, suppressing them and denying them justice, even denying them the ability to defend themselves in daylight through the courts.
Booker T Washington gives us a fascinating look into another world in another time, he goes from being an illiterate slave to running a major college, fund raising and socializing with the most powerful and wealth businessmen and philanthropists of his day.
Please also read our other blogs on civil rights and the Civil War and Reconstruction, which also include the videos from Yale lecture series mentioned in the video. These blogs have the links for the Yale lectures and also class notes and transcripts:
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/category/civil-rights/
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/category/civil-war-and-reconstruction/
We also refer to writings of Epictetus, who was a former slave of a former slave, in this video:
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/epictetus-discourses-blog-1/
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/epictetus-discourses-blog-2/
And the blogs for both Epictetus and Rufus:
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/category/epictetus-and-rufus/
Please support our channel when purchasing these books from Amazon:
Booker T. Washington's Up From Slavery and The Life of Frederick Douglass
https://amzn.to/3ja2ITo
Woman slain in queer love brawl” african american womessuserfa5723
This article examines newspaper coverage from the 1920s of violence between African American women involved in same-sex relationships. It uses these accounts to shed light on the social networks and everyday lives of queer black women in northern cities like New York and Chicago during this era. While the black press portrayed these "lady lovers" in a negative and sensationalized manner, their stories revealed that these women faced many of the same challenges as other working-class African American migrants, including low-paying jobs, overcrowded housing, and racial segregation. The article aims to make these invisible queer women's experiences more visible through analysis of press depictions of their acts of violence amidst defacting norms.
Frederick Douglass was born into slavery in 1818 in Maryland. He taught himself to read and write and became a prominent abolitionist, author, editor and diplomat. Some of his notable accomplishments included publishing the North Star newspaper, escaping to the North where he advocated for abolition, and serving as an advisor to President Lincoln during the Civil War. He spent his life campaigning for the rights of African Americans and was a renowned orator and reformer.
This document provides historical context about slavery in the United States through a timeline and descriptions of key events and people. It also summarizes Frederick Douglass' life journey from slavery to becoming an influential abolitionist and reformer. The timeline outlines the introduction and growth of slavery in the US from 1619 to its official end in 1865. Frederick Douglass' narrative is then summarized, including his escape from slavery, life in the north, publications advocating abolition, and later roles in civil rights and politics.
This document provides a detailed summary of the Cremation of Care ceremony, a ritual performed at the annual encampment of the Bohemian Grove in Northern California. The ritual involves a procession led by hooded figures carrying an effigy of "Dull Care" to be burned. Several speeches are given attempting to burn Care, but he refuses, saying he cannot be destroyed. The ceremony's climax comes when the Owl, symbol of the Bohemian Grove, declares that only the "flame of fellowship" can overcome Care.
This document provides context about the time periods depicted in the play "Vanities" including:
1) The play follows three friends from 1963 to 1974 as they navigate womanhood and societal changes.
2) Scene one is set in 1963 when women were typically housewives and the country was prosperous before JFK's assassination.
3) Scene two jumps to 1968 with the friends in college as the Vietnam War escalates and civil rights and women's movements grow.
4) Scene three is in 1974 post-Watergate when women begin entering politics and culture changes with the rise of political satire and status symbols.
The South may have lost the Civil War, but they won the culture war. The South was able to convince many of the Lost Cause myth, that somehow the Southern causes was a noble cause, that the Civil War was not fought over the issue of slavery, that the Civil War was fought over state’s rights, and that Southerners were benevolent masters whose slaves accepted their lot in life happily. Furthermore, the history of Reconstruction where blacks gained civil liberties and voting rights equal to whites was seen as a dark time in American history, that blacks showed themselves to be totally incapable of citizenship, utterly incapable to hold public office, manipulated by corrupt Yankee carpetbaggers and traitorous Southern scalawags.
One of the first historians to challenge this view was WEB Dubois. His history, Black Reconstruction, argued that blacks were able to make great strides during Reconstruction, and that Reconstruction was a bright, promising era for democracy. Although Reconstruction faced daunting problems, great strides were made in race relations, education, public health, and in establishing fair and just governments across the South, in spite of the rising racial violence caused by the KKK and similar groups, often aided by Southern sheriffs. These gains were reversed by the Redemptionists after the end of Reconstruction, robbing the blacks of their voting rights, allowing the South to build the Jim Crow system of racial violence and discrimination and subjugation that would last until the Civil Rights era.
Please view our blog on WEB Dubois:
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/refuting-the-lost-cause-black-reconstruction-by-web-dubois/
Please support our channel, purchase from Amazon, we receive affiliate commission:
Black Reconstruction in America, 1860-1880, by WEB Dubois
https://amzn.to/3rZHpH0
Please support our efforts, be a patron, at:
https://www.patreon.com/seekingvirtueandwisdom
Patrons can participate in online Zoom discussions of draft presentations we prepare for future YouTube videos.
A PowerPoint by past Project Librarian Tom McMurdo, on how using historic newspapers on Chronicling America can show different perspectives on a historic event.
Booker T Washington’s autobiography, Up From Slavery, offers an interesting glimpse in what it was like to be born a slave, live through the tumultuous Civil War era, and as a young man to experience the consequences blacks faced with the end of Reconstruction when the Ku Klux Klan night-riders enslaved the former black slaves anew through terror by lynching them, burning their bodies and their farm and their churches, suppressing them and denying them justice, even denying them the ability to defend themselves in daylight through the courts.
Booker T Washington gives us a fascinating look into another world in another time, he goes from being an illiterate slave to running a major college, fund raising and socializing with the most powerful and wealth businessmen and philanthropists of his day.
Please also read our other blogs on civil rights and the Civil War and Reconstruction, which also include the videos from Yale lecture series mentioned in the video. These blogs have the links for the Yale lectures and also class notes and transcripts:
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/category/civil-rights/
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/category/civil-war-and-reconstruction/
We also refer to writings of Epictetus, who was a former slave of a former slave, in this video:
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/epictetus-discourses-blog-1/
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/epictetus-discourses-blog-2/
And the blogs for both Epictetus and Rufus:
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/category/epictetus-and-rufus/
Please support our channel when purchasing these books from Amazon:
Booker T. Washington's Up From Slavery and The Life of Frederick Douglass
https://amzn.to/3ja2ITo
Woman slain in queer love brawl” african american womessuserfa5723
This article examines newspaper coverage from the 1920s of violence between African American women involved in same-sex relationships. It uses these accounts to shed light on the social networks and everyday lives of queer black women in northern cities like New York and Chicago during this era. While the black press portrayed these "lady lovers" in a negative and sensationalized manner, their stories revealed that these women faced many of the same challenges as other working-class African American migrants, including low-paying jobs, overcrowded housing, and racial segregation. The article aims to make these invisible queer women's experiences more visible through analysis of press depictions of their acts of violence amidst defacting norms.
Frederick Douglass was born into slavery in 1818 in Maryland. He taught himself to read and write and became a prominent abolitionist, author, editor and diplomat. Some of his notable accomplishments included publishing the North Star newspaper, escaping to the North where he advocated for abolition, and serving as an advisor to President Lincoln during the Civil War. He spent his life campaigning for the rights of African Americans and was a renowned orator and reformer.
This document provides historical context about slavery in the United States through a timeline and descriptions of key events and people. It also summarizes Frederick Douglass' life journey from slavery to becoming an influential abolitionist and reformer. The timeline outlines the introduction and growth of slavery in the US from 1619 to its official end in 1865. Frederick Douglass' narrative is then summarized, including his escape from slavery, life in the north, publications advocating abolition, and later roles in civil rights and politics.
This document provides a detailed summary of the Cremation of Care ceremony, a ritual performed at the annual encampment of the Bohemian Grove in Northern California. The ritual involves a procession led by hooded figures carrying an effigy of "Dull Care" to be burned. Several speeches are given attempting to burn Care, but he refuses, saying he cannot be destroyed. The ceremony's climax comes when the Owl, symbol of the Bohemian Grove, declares that only the "flame of fellowship" can overcome Care.
This document provides context about the time periods depicted in the play "Vanities" including:
1) The play follows three friends from 1963 to 1974 as they navigate womanhood and societal changes.
2) Scene one is set in 1963 when women were typically housewives and the country was prosperous before JFK's assassination.
3) Scene two jumps to 1968 with the friends in college as the Vietnam War escalates and civil rights and women's movements grow.
4) Scene three is in 1974 post-Watergate when women begin entering politics and culture changes with the rise of political satire and status symbols.
Bohemian grove special spy magazine (november-1989)bueno buono good
Henry Kissinger was secretly recorded during a phone call from a bank of pay phones near the Bohemian Grove, where he and other powerful men like Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush attend a secretive two-week retreat each summer. The author gained access by stealth and spent a week observing the rituals and speeches at the exclusive camp, mingling with members like Kissinger, former secretaries of state, press barons, and business leaders. Security was lax and the author was never questioned, despite violating rules against cameras and not signing registers.
Mark weber the civil war concentration camps - journal of historical review...RareBooksnRecords
The document summarizes conditions in Civil War prisoner of war camps in the North and South. It describes how overcrowding, lack of supplies and sanitation led to rampant disease and high death rates in camps on both sides, with some Union camps like Elmira and Confederate camps like Andersonville having mortality rates over 25%. It also discusses how wartime propaganda on both sides portrayed the other as deliberately mistreating and murdering prisoners, even though shortages due to the war effort actually caused most suffering, and notes parallels to propaganda about POW camps in World War II.
Both concerned parents and activists who have no children have been flooding school board meetings across the country yelling and threatening each other over critical race theory.
The question is, should we be teaching our children American History starting with our Founding Fathers and the American Revolution when we won our liberty from the British in 1776, or should we teach our children that our country was originally built on the unpaid labor and bones of slaves since the first slaves were shipped over in 1619 with the first colonists?
Many historians view the 1830’s when the abolitionist movement was born in America, not 1619, and not 1776, as the key period in American history that truly started the long drive towards civil rights for blacks, starting with the abolition of slavery, then the emancipation of slaves at the end of the Civil War, and the granting and restoration of civil rights in America.
We will also discuss:
• The slave autobiography of Frederick Douglass.
• The stories about the murder and lynching of blacks in the book, The 1619 Project.
• The first lynching documented by the brave black journalist, Ida B Wells.
The YouTube video, after 12/17/2021: https://youtu.be/JRdnB0lqN5o
Please support our channel, if you wish to purchase these Amazon books we receive a small affiliate commission:
The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story, by Nikole Hannah-Jones, The New York Times Magazine
https://amzn.to/3H1XqmY
Beloved, by Toni Morrison
https://amzn.to/31tFe5d
This document provides information about authors and readings for Week 1. It introduces Benjamin Franklin, known for his many accomplishments including writing the Declaration of Independence and "The Way to Wealth" about achieving success through hard work. It also discusses Washington Irving's "Rip Van Winkle" about a man who sleeps through the American Revolution and views the new society. Finally, it summarizes Nathaniel Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown" which challenges Puritan beliefs and Willa Cather's "Neighbour Rosicky" about a Czech immigrant finding meaning through land ownership in Nebraska.
Digital ghetto cashless society pose threats even beyond orwell jewish journa...CashlessSociety
One of the biggest threats facing the U.S. today is the “algorithm ghetto, the digital ghetto, the electronic ghetto,” Chicago journalist and Jewish historian Edwin Black told a group of Flint residents Friday while on a statewide tour as part of Holocaust Remembrance Day, April 12.
The document discusses lynching in America from the 1880s to the 1930s. It provides photos and notes from the book "Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America" which documents lynching during this era. The photos show lynchings that occurred in various states and include images of murdered victims as well as crowds gathered at lynching events.
John Edward Bruce was an influential African American journalist, writer, and activist born into slavery in 1856. He went on to found multiple newspapers and magazines, writing extensively to advocate for racial equality and black nationalism. Throughout his career, Bruce was a vocal critic of politicians and leaders who did not support full civil rights for African Americans. He also became a prominent supporter of Marcus Garvey's Back to Africa movement in his later years. Bruce helped establish several historical and intellectual societies before passing away in 1924.
The document discusses the historical exclusion and persecution of the LGBTQ community from the American Dream. It describes how English laws from the 17th century punished homosexuality with death and how these laws were duplicated in colonial America. While some states started replacing death with imprisonment in the late 18th century, many still viewed LGBTQ people as "evil" or mentally ill through the mid-20th century. The document outlines some of the key milestones in the recognition of LGBTQ rights in America over the past few decades but notes there is still progress to be made towards full inclusion and equality.
Lynching was a horrific practice in America that involved torturing and killing African Americans in public spectacles watched by thousands of white people. Victims were burned alive, mutilated, and had their bodies displayed or made into souvenirs. Lynchings often involved accusing African Americans of minor offenses or none at all. One document details specific lynchings that occurred across various American cities and states in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A survivor of lynching went on to found a museum documenting the injustices and racial violence against African Americans.
We will explore many ways teachers can try to discuss both sides of civil rights, and the academic and common definitions of Critical Race Theory, including the definition by Fox News.
Both concerned parents and activists who have no children have been flooding school board meetings across the country yelling and threatening each other over critical race theory and how our teachers teach our children American History. What should we teach our students about slavery, abolition, the Civil War and Reconstruction, the Jim Crow Redemptionist era and the Civil Rights movement? Do we teach our white children that Black Lives Really Do Matter?
We will also discuss:
• Brief history of the anti-lynching bill that failed to pass during World War II.
• The Lost Cause Southern Mythology of the Civil War and Reconstruction.
• The competing views of civil rights history by the Dunning School and WEB Dubois in his book, Black Reconstruction.
• Racial tropes documented by the movie, Birth of a Nation.
• Types of slaves in the ancient and modern world, and in the movie, Gone With the Wind.
• The tension between the conciliatory and accommodating approach of Booker T Washington and the more aggressive activist approach of WEB Dubois.
• Thomas Sowell’s observations of Booker T Washington and WEB Dubois.
• History of American Evangelicals and Civil Rights.
• Practically speaking, Critical Race Theory is about the eternally competing approaches of Booker T Washington and WEB Dubois.
See our YouTube video after 12/15/2021: https://youtu.be/lAa_jqL3S7I
Please support our channel, if you wish to purchase these Amazon books we receive a small affiliate commission:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877, by Eric Foner
https://amzn.to/3EO6WIH
No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II, by Doris Kearns Goodwin
https://amzn.to/3opqQnY
Black Reconstruction in America, 1860-1880, by WEB Dubois
https://amzn.to/3rZHpH0
The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story, by Nikole Hannah-Jones, The New York Times Magazine
https://amzn.to/3H1XqmY
The document provides background information on slavery, the Civil War, Jim Crow laws, the Civil Rights movement, key events like the Montgomery Bus Boycott and Scottsboro Trials, as well as traits of southern belles and gentlemen. It also discusses Harper Lee and her novel To Kill a Mockingbird. The Civil War started due to disagreements over abolishing slavery between northern and southern states. Jim Crow laws separated blacks and whites and gave legal advantages to whites over blacks in areas like education and jobs. The Civil Rights movement fought for racial equality and events like the bus boycott and Scottsboro Trials involved racial discrimination against blacks.
- The document discusses the history of white slavery in early America, which was far more prevalent than black slavery but has been largely ignored in mainstream narratives and education.
- It notes that hundreds of thousands of white Europeans were enslaved and faced extremely difficult conditions, though their slavery is often mischaracterized as indentured servitude with implications it was less severe than black slavery.
- The document seeks to counter the "liberal lies" taught in schools about black slavery being a unique victimhood, and argues the authentic history of white slavery needs to be recognized to correct the narrative of universal white guilt.
The document provides an overview of authors and readings for Week 3 of a course on exclusion from the American Dream. It introduces Native American authors Tecumseh, Zitkala-Sa, and Sherman Alexie, and their works address themes of post-colonial literature like resistance to colonization and distortion of indigenous cultures. African American authors discussed include Harriet Jacobs, Frederick Douglass, Richard Wright, and Ralph Ellison. Their works commonly explore themes of oppression, racism, and lack of control over one's destiny.
Analyzing primary and secondary sources of slaverypjkelly
This document provides an overview of various aspects of slavery in America, including field work, domestic work, runaway slaves, passive resistance, religion, slave auctions, family, and children. It lists relevant primary and secondary sources for each aspect of slave life. The primary sources are first-hand accounts from slaves and eyewitnesses during the time period, while the secondary sources were written later by people not present at the events. The document serves as a reference guide for sources related to different experiences of slaves in America.
The double lives of spies in the civil war power pointAlyssa Fabia
Rose O'Neal Greenhow and Elizabeth Van Lew both spied for opposing sides during the American Civil War while living in the enemy capital. Rose spied for the Confederacy in Washington D.C., passing messages through her spy ring. She was eventually caught and imprisoned. Elizabeth Van Lew spied for the Union from Richmond, using her home to hide escaping Union soldiers and pass them messages and supplies despite the danger. Both women lived double lives and took great risks to aid their respective causes during the war.
The summary provides an overview of lynching in America between 1882-1968:
- Over 4,700 lynchings occurred, with over 90% of the victims being black and 73% occurring in the Southern states. Lynchings were often public spectacles where white mobs tortured and killed victims for minor infractions or unsubstantiated accusations.
- Lynchings were justified by communities as a way to swiftly punish criminals when the criminal justice system failed. However, the mob mentality often led to lynchings for little to no reason.
- Organizations like the NAACP fought to pass federal anti-lynching legislation from the 1920s-1930s, but faced strong opposition from Southern senators. Though presidents acknowledged
This document discusses the history of conflict in Northern Ireland, known as "The Troubles". It references quotes from politicians, paramilitary leaders, and others involved in the conflict. It discusses issues like collusion between security forces and paramilitary groups, sectarian violence between Protestant and Catholic communities, and the challenges faced in achieving peace in the region.
A Fletcher man was charged with three counts of breaking and entering and larceny after breaking into the same house three times and stealing jewelry worth $15,300. An Asheville man was charged with attempted jail escape, identity theft, and robbery after robbing a man, stealing his identity, and trying to escape from jail. A former death row inmate who was wrongly convicted and spent 14 years on death row will speak at Brevard College about his experience and exoneration.
Legalizing Prostitution Essay. PDF Conclusion to: Legalizing Prostitution bookBridget Zhao
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The Life of an Idea The Significance of Frederick JacksoMoseStaton39
The Life of an Idea: The Significance of Frederick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis
Author(s): Martin Ridge
Source: Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Vol. 41, No. 1 (Winter, 1991), pp. 2-13
Published by: Montana Historical Society
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The Life
Frederick Jackson Turner, (aJlson, VIis.
in his office in the
Political Sciencrie and History. about 1892
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This content downloaded from 192.149.109.224 on Mon, 23 Oct 2017 05:18:47 UTC
All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
of an Idea
The Significance of Frederick
Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis
by Martin Ridge
One of the favorite discussion topics among
American historians is the question: what piece
of American historical writing has been most
influential in American life? Although the
subject seems almost trivial, given serious
thought it is a challenge. There are, after all,
only a handful of historians whose work has
reached beyond the "Halls of Ivy" and even
fewer who seem to have had an impact on
American culture. Such a group would include
Charles A. Beard, Alfred Chandler, Oscar
Handlin, Richard Hofstadter, Perry Miller,
Samuel Eliot Morison, Francis Parkman,
Arthur Schlesinger, Frederick Jackson
Turner, and C. Vann Woodward, to name only
the more prominent.
From the works of these authors, Frederick
Jackson Turner's brief essay, "The Signifi-
cance of the Frontier in American History," is
the most logical choice for the most influential
piece of historical writing. Turner's essay oc-
cupies a unique place in American history as
well as in American historiography.1 There is
a valid reason for this. It, more than any other
piece of historical scholarship, most affected
the American's self and institutional percep-
tions. "The Significance of the Frontier in
American History" is, in fact, a masterpiece.
A masterpiece is not merely an outstanding
work or something that identifies its creator
as a master craftsman in the field. A master-
piece should change the way a public sees,
feels, or thinks about reality. It should ...
Bohemian grove special spy magazine (november-1989)bueno buono good
Henry Kissinger was secretly recorded during a phone call from a bank of pay phones near the Bohemian Grove, where he and other powerful men like Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush attend a secretive two-week retreat each summer. The author gained access by stealth and spent a week observing the rituals and speeches at the exclusive camp, mingling with members like Kissinger, former secretaries of state, press barons, and business leaders. Security was lax and the author was never questioned, despite violating rules against cameras and not signing registers.
Mark weber the civil war concentration camps - journal of historical review...RareBooksnRecords
The document summarizes conditions in Civil War prisoner of war camps in the North and South. It describes how overcrowding, lack of supplies and sanitation led to rampant disease and high death rates in camps on both sides, with some Union camps like Elmira and Confederate camps like Andersonville having mortality rates over 25%. It also discusses how wartime propaganda on both sides portrayed the other as deliberately mistreating and murdering prisoners, even though shortages due to the war effort actually caused most suffering, and notes parallels to propaganda about POW camps in World War II.
Both concerned parents and activists who have no children have been flooding school board meetings across the country yelling and threatening each other over critical race theory.
The question is, should we be teaching our children American History starting with our Founding Fathers and the American Revolution when we won our liberty from the British in 1776, or should we teach our children that our country was originally built on the unpaid labor and bones of slaves since the first slaves were shipped over in 1619 with the first colonists?
Many historians view the 1830’s when the abolitionist movement was born in America, not 1619, and not 1776, as the key period in American history that truly started the long drive towards civil rights for blacks, starting with the abolition of slavery, then the emancipation of slaves at the end of the Civil War, and the granting and restoration of civil rights in America.
We will also discuss:
• The slave autobiography of Frederick Douglass.
• The stories about the murder and lynching of blacks in the book, The 1619 Project.
• The first lynching documented by the brave black journalist, Ida B Wells.
The YouTube video, after 12/17/2021: https://youtu.be/JRdnB0lqN5o
Please support our channel, if you wish to purchase these Amazon books we receive a small affiliate commission:
The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story, by Nikole Hannah-Jones, The New York Times Magazine
https://amzn.to/3H1XqmY
Beloved, by Toni Morrison
https://amzn.to/31tFe5d
This document provides information about authors and readings for Week 1. It introduces Benjamin Franklin, known for his many accomplishments including writing the Declaration of Independence and "The Way to Wealth" about achieving success through hard work. It also discusses Washington Irving's "Rip Van Winkle" about a man who sleeps through the American Revolution and views the new society. Finally, it summarizes Nathaniel Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown" which challenges Puritan beliefs and Willa Cather's "Neighbour Rosicky" about a Czech immigrant finding meaning through land ownership in Nebraska.
Digital ghetto cashless society pose threats even beyond orwell jewish journa...CashlessSociety
One of the biggest threats facing the U.S. today is the “algorithm ghetto, the digital ghetto, the electronic ghetto,” Chicago journalist and Jewish historian Edwin Black told a group of Flint residents Friday while on a statewide tour as part of Holocaust Remembrance Day, April 12.
The document discusses lynching in America from the 1880s to the 1930s. It provides photos and notes from the book "Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America" which documents lynching during this era. The photos show lynchings that occurred in various states and include images of murdered victims as well as crowds gathered at lynching events.
John Edward Bruce was an influential African American journalist, writer, and activist born into slavery in 1856. He went on to found multiple newspapers and magazines, writing extensively to advocate for racial equality and black nationalism. Throughout his career, Bruce was a vocal critic of politicians and leaders who did not support full civil rights for African Americans. He also became a prominent supporter of Marcus Garvey's Back to Africa movement in his later years. Bruce helped establish several historical and intellectual societies before passing away in 1924.
The document discusses the historical exclusion and persecution of the LGBTQ community from the American Dream. It describes how English laws from the 17th century punished homosexuality with death and how these laws were duplicated in colonial America. While some states started replacing death with imprisonment in the late 18th century, many still viewed LGBTQ people as "evil" or mentally ill through the mid-20th century. The document outlines some of the key milestones in the recognition of LGBTQ rights in America over the past few decades but notes there is still progress to be made towards full inclusion and equality.
Lynching was a horrific practice in America that involved torturing and killing African Americans in public spectacles watched by thousands of white people. Victims were burned alive, mutilated, and had their bodies displayed or made into souvenirs. Lynchings often involved accusing African Americans of minor offenses or none at all. One document details specific lynchings that occurred across various American cities and states in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A survivor of lynching went on to found a museum documenting the injustices and racial violence against African Americans.
We will explore many ways teachers can try to discuss both sides of civil rights, and the academic and common definitions of Critical Race Theory, including the definition by Fox News.
Both concerned parents and activists who have no children have been flooding school board meetings across the country yelling and threatening each other over critical race theory and how our teachers teach our children American History. What should we teach our students about slavery, abolition, the Civil War and Reconstruction, the Jim Crow Redemptionist era and the Civil Rights movement? Do we teach our white children that Black Lives Really Do Matter?
We will also discuss:
• Brief history of the anti-lynching bill that failed to pass during World War II.
• The Lost Cause Southern Mythology of the Civil War and Reconstruction.
• The competing views of civil rights history by the Dunning School and WEB Dubois in his book, Black Reconstruction.
• Racial tropes documented by the movie, Birth of a Nation.
• Types of slaves in the ancient and modern world, and in the movie, Gone With the Wind.
• The tension between the conciliatory and accommodating approach of Booker T Washington and the more aggressive activist approach of WEB Dubois.
• Thomas Sowell’s observations of Booker T Washington and WEB Dubois.
• History of American Evangelicals and Civil Rights.
• Practically speaking, Critical Race Theory is about the eternally competing approaches of Booker T Washington and WEB Dubois.
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The document provides background information on slavery, the Civil War, Jim Crow laws, the Civil Rights movement, key events like the Montgomery Bus Boycott and Scottsboro Trials, as well as traits of southern belles and gentlemen. It also discusses Harper Lee and her novel To Kill a Mockingbird. The Civil War started due to disagreements over abolishing slavery between northern and southern states. Jim Crow laws separated blacks and whites and gave legal advantages to whites over blacks in areas like education and jobs. The Civil Rights movement fought for racial equality and events like the bus boycott and Scottsboro Trials involved racial discrimination against blacks.
- The document discusses the history of white slavery in early America, which was far more prevalent than black slavery but has been largely ignored in mainstream narratives and education.
- It notes that hundreds of thousands of white Europeans were enslaved and faced extremely difficult conditions, though their slavery is often mischaracterized as indentured servitude with implications it was less severe than black slavery.
- The document seeks to counter the "liberal lies" taught in schools about black slavery being a unique victimhood, and argues the authentic history of white slavery needs to be recognized to correct the narrative of universal white guilt.
The document provides an overview of authors and readings for Week 3 of a course on exclusion from the American Dream. It introduces Native American authors Tecumseh, Zitkala-Sa, and Sherman Alexie, and their works address themes of post-colonial literature like resistance to colonization and distortion of indigenous cultures. African American authors discussed include Harriet Jacobs, Frederick Douglass, Richard Wright, and Ralph Ellison. Their works commonly explore themes of oppression, racism, and lack of control over one's destiny.
Analyzing primary and secondary sources of slaverypjkelly
This document provides an overview of various aspects of slavery in America, including field work, domestic work, runaway slaves, passive resistance, religion, slave auctions, family, and children. It lists relevant primary and secondary sources for each aspect of slave life. The primary sources are first-hand accounts from slaves and eyewitnesses during the time period, while the secondary sources were written later by people not present at the events. The document serves as a reference guide for sources related to different experiences of slaves in America.
The double lives of spies in the civil war power pointAlyssa Fabia
Rose O'Neal Greenhow and Elizabeth Van Lew both spied for opposing sides during the American Civil War while living in the enemy capital. Rose spied for the Confederacy in Washington D.C., passing messages through her spy ring. She was eventually caught and imprisoned. Elizabeth Van Lew spied for the Union from Richmond, using her home to hide escaping Union soldiers and pass them messages and supplies despite the danger. Both women lived double lives and took great risks to aid their respective causes during the war.
The summary provides an overview of lynching in America between 1882-1968:
- Over 4,700 lynchings occurred, with over 90% of the victims being black and 73% occurring in the Southern states. Lynchings were often public spectacles where white mobs tortured and killed victims for minor infractions or unsubstantiated accusations.
- Lynchings were justified by communities as a way to swiftly punish criminals when the criminal justice system failed. However, the mob mentality often led to lynchings for little to no reason.
- Organizations like the NAACP fought to pass federal anti-lynching legislation from the 1920s-1930s, but faced strong opposition from Southern senators. Though presidents acknowledged
This document discusses the history of conflict in Northern Ireland, known as "The Troubles". It references quotes from politicians, paramilitary leaders, and others involved in the conflict. It discusses issues like collusion between security forces and paramilitary groups, sectarian violence between Protestant and Catholic communities, and the challenges faced in achieving peace in the region.
A Fletcher man was charged with three counts of breaking and entering and larceny after breaking into the same house three times and stealing jewelry worth $15,300. An Asheville man was charged with attempted jail escape, identity theft, and robbery after robbing a man, stealing his identity, and trying to escape from jail. A former death row inmate who was wrongly convicted and spent 14 years on death row will speak at Brevard College about his experience and exoneration.
Legalizing Prostitution Essay. PDF Conclusion to: Legalizing Prostitution bookBridget Zhao
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The Life of an Idea The Significance of Frederick JacksoMoseStaton39
The Life of an Idea: The Significance of Frederick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis
Author(s): Martin Ridge
Source: Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Vol. 41, No. 1 (Winter, 1991), pp. 2-13
Published by: Montana Historical Society
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The Life
Frederick Jackson Turner, (aJlson, VIis.
in his office in the
Political Sciencrie and History. about 1892
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of an Idea
The Significance of Frederick
Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis
by Martin Ridge
One of the favorite discussion topics among
American historians is the question: what piece
of American historical writing has been most
influential in American life? Although the
subject seems almost trivial, given serious
thought it is a challenge. There are, after all,
only a handful of historians whose work has
reached beyond the "Halls of Ivy" and even
fewer who seem to have had an impact on
American culture. Such a group would include
Charles A. Beard, Alfred Chandler, Oscar
Handlin, Richard Hofstadter, Perry Miller,
Samuel Eliot Morison, Francis Parkman,
Arthur Schlesinger, Frederick Jackson
Turner, and C. Vann Woodward, to name only
the more prominent.
From the works of these authors, Frederick
Jackson Turner's brief essay, "The Signifi-
cance of the Frontier in American History," is
the most logical choice for the most influential
piece of historical writing. Turner's essay oc-
cupies a unique place in American history as
well as in American historiography.1 There is
a valid reason for this. It, more than any other
piece of historical scholarship, most affected
the American's self and institutional percep-
tions. "The Significance of the Frontier in
American History" is, in fact, a masterpiece.
A masterpiece is not merely an outstanding
work or something that identifies its creator
as a master craftsman in the field. A master-
piece should change the way a public sees,
feels, or thinks about reality. It should ...
Thomas Jefferson was an American statesman, founding father, and third president of the United States. He attended the College of William and Mary where he was tutored by Enlightenment thinkers. Jefferson owned the estate of Monticello and had a large library that later became the foundation of the Library of Congress. Although he authored the Declaration of Independence proclaiming the equality of all men, Jefferson was a slave owner who likely fathered children with one of the slaves, Sally Hemings.
This document provides an overview of American modernism between 1910-1945. It discusses how modernism in literature emerged in response to industrialization and the rise of big business in the late 19th/early 20th century. Major modernist authors like T.S. Eliot and Ezra Pound rejected cultural traditions and sought new influences. The 1913 Armory Show in New York introduced Americans to modern art like Picasso and Kandinsky. Modernist works were fragmented and difficult to access initially. World War I furthered the disillusionment of the modern era through new technologies of destruction.
The document provides information about the Underground Railroad and key figures that helped slaves escape to freedom. It discusses how the Underground Railroad was a network of people, mostly black but some white, who helped slaves travel northward at night to the next safe house using natural landmarks to guide their way. Important conductors included Harriet Tubman who made 19 trips rescuing over 300 slaves, and Henry "Box" Brown who famously shipped himself in a box to freedom. Black History Month originated from Negro History Week founded by Carter G. Woodson in 1926 to educate people about black history and contributions.
Essay Of Mice And Men. A Review of Of Mice and Men - GCSE English - Marked by...Rocio Garcia
Of Mice and Men Essay - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. School essay: Of mice and men essay introduction. Of Mice and Men: Character Analysis, Five-Paragraph Essay | TpT. Of Mice and Men Essay Writing by SimonDarcy - Teaching Resources - Tes. Of Mice and Men Essay Assignment. Of Mice And Men Lennie Essays. Of Mice and Men Notes for Essay Topics by Deana's House of English Arts. Of Mice and Men Essay. Mice and Men Essay Prompts. Summary On Of Mice And Men - Tranny Body Perfect. Of mice and men george and lennie friendship essay. Of Mice And Men - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Essay of mice and men | John Steinbeck | Hero. Of Mice and Men. - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Example intro and Body for Of Mice and Men Essay. The theme of loneliness in his novel 'Of Mice and Men' Essay - Free .... of mice and men essay | John Steinbeck | Books. Of mice and men - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Essay - of Mice and Men Is A Book About Desperation and Despair. Of Mice and Men - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Of Mice and Men Essay | English (Advanced) - Year 11 HSC | Thinkswap. Of Mice and Men essay | Teaching Resources. Of Mice and Men Essay Question - Document in GCSE English Literature. A Review of 'Of Mice and Men' - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Of mice and men essay. - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Of Mice and Men Essay - Journey | English (Standard) - Year 11 HSC .... A* Of Mice and Men exemplar essay | Teaching Resources. Of Mice And Men - Critical Essay - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Of Mice and Men: Literary Essay Essay Of Mice And Men
This document provides context for analyzing Thomas Dixon Jr.'s trilogy The Ku Klux Klan through the lens of romance and the Lost Cause myth. It discusses the Reconstruction era setting of Dixon's novels, the origins and religious aspects of the Lost Cause myth, and how romance as a genre is well-suited to convey mythical ideals through its use of imagination and dichotomies of good and evil. The analysis will focus on how Dixon used elements of the Lost Cause like religion, the Civil War narrative, relationships to land, and violence, combined with the rhetorical devices of romance, to validate white southern supremacy in his works.
Mark Twain final presentation Professor Owens English CompEduardo Oyola
Mark Twain held complex and sometimes contradictory views on race that evolved over time and are reflected in his writings. Many of his early works incorporated racial slurs and stereotypical depictions of African Americans and Native Americans. However, his views became more progressive later in life after traveling the world and witnessing the effects of imperialism. While Twain was against slavery and racism, some of his depictions of minorities were criticized even in his own time as promoting harmful stereotypes.
2997 becoming modern, 1885–1915 mainly english boabhi353063
This document discusses the development of identities and culture in Canada between 1885-1915. It describes how Canadians had strong identities tied to their ethnic origins such as French Canadian, Acadian, or British. Fraternal organizations like the Orange Order and Freemasons grew in popularity as they provided social support and entertainment. The document highlights three developments in Canadian fiction during this period: the emergence of the social novel, the rise of humorist Stephen Leacock, and several Canadian authors becoming international bestsellers including Lucy Maud Montgomery's Anne of Green Gables.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
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2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Accounting for Restricted Grants When and How To Record Properly
The case of slave john anderson
1. This article was downloaded by: [Bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal]
On: 11 August 2014, At: 13:37
Publisher: Routledge
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered
office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Slavery & Abolition: A Journal of Slave
and Post-Slave Studies
Publication details, including instructions for authors and
subscription information:
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fsla20
Making Waves on the Black Atlantic:
The Case of John Anderson
Jeannine Marie Delombard
Published online: 21 May 2012.
To cite this article: Jeannine Marie Delombard (2012) Making Waves on the Black Atlantic: The
Case of John Anderson, Slavery & Abolition: A Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies, 33:2,
191-204, DOI: 10.1080/0144039X.2012.669898
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144039X.2012.669898
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2. Making Waves on the Black Atlantic:
The Case of John Anderson
Jeannine Marie Delombard
The once celebrated, now neglected case of John Anderson reveals a rare moment of con-
flict between two modes of black publicity in Anglo-American law and letters on the eve of
emancipation. As a fugitive from justice as well as from service, Anderson marked a dis-
ruption in the legal–literary continuum linking the colonial gallows tradition to the ante-
bellum slave narrative. Eluding the due process that affirmed the criminous slave’s legal
personhood, Anderson ultimately could not perform the civic eligibility modelled by
other internationally famous former fugitives such as Frederick Douglass and William
Wells Brown.
In December 1862, a month before Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation marked the
beginning of the end of the abolitionist slave narrative, Bromley-by-Bow manufacturer
Harper Twelvetrees was compiling one of the final works in the genre, The Story of the
Life of John Anderson, the Fugitive Slave (1863). Published in London by William
Tweedie, which had brought out Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom; or, the
Escape of William and Ellen Craft from Slavery (1860), the volume offers in its endpa-
pers other ‘Works on Slavery’ from the same house. Above smaller notices for the
Reverend W.M. Mitchell’s Underground Railroad (1860) and two works devoted to
John Brown’s attack on Harpers Ferry is a prominent advertisement for The Deeper
Wrong (1862). Omitting the English edition’s more familiar subtitle, Incidents in the
Life of a Slave Girl, Written by Herself, the advertisement identified Harriet Jacobs,
the unnamed (but widely known) ‘authoress’ of this ‘autobiography of a slave girl’,
as a member of the Boston congregation of the Reverend J. Sella Martin, another
famous fugitive.1
By the time the advertisement appeared in the Life of John Anderson,
Martin had been appointed pastor to the Free Christian Church founded by Twelve-
trees for the benefit of his chemical factory labourers in their south-eastern London
suburb.2
The overlapping connections did not end there: William Craft, who, with
his wife Ellen, served on the executive committee of Frederick W. Chesson’s
Slavery & Abolition
Vol. 33, No. 2, June 2012, pp. 191–204
Jeannine Marie DeLombard is Associate Professor of English, University of Toronto, 104 Manning Avenue,
Toronto, M6J 2K5, Canada. Email: j.delombard@utoronto.ca
ISSN 0144-039X print/1743-9523 online/12/020191–14
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0144039X.2012.669898 # 2012 Taylor & Francis
Downloadedby[Bibliothèquesdel'UniversitédeMontréal]at13:3711August2014
3. Garrisonian London Emancipation Committee (LEC), had joined Chesson on the
John Anderson Committee chaired by Twelvetrees.3
For his part, Chesson, whom
Jacobs had met while seeking an English publisher in 1858, was instrumental to her
narrative’s eventual foreign publication, conveying the well-travelled stereotype
plates to Tweedie in January 1862. (The delay proved politically and commercially
advantageous: largely overlooked in the build-up to war in the United States,
Jacobs’narrativewasinitsEnglishedition,widelyandextensively reviewedinmainstream
periodicals, ‘ma[king] a significant contribution to the abolitionists’ efforts to win public
support in their effort to stop Great Britain from recognizing the Confederacy’.)4
An important behind-the-scenes player in Incidents’ transatlantic publication, Chesson
would play a far more conspicuous, if mysterious, role in Anderson’s Story.5
Three years earlier and an ocean away, Anderson had been introduced to Jacobs’ and
Martin’s Boston abolitionist milieu as one of ‘Two Negro Murderers Arrested in
Canada’.6
Apprehended with (a different) John Brown, alleged murderer of ‘Indian
Sue’, Anderson was reportedly ‘charged with the murder of Seneca T.P. Biggs [sic],
of Fayette, Howard county, Missouri’.7
On 28 September 1853, Seneca Digges had
sought to seize the fugitive, then known as Jack Burton, in the third day of his
escape. Aided by his own slaves, the farmer acted in accordance with state laws author-
ising white Missourians to apprehend runaways. Resisting, Burton stabbed Digges,
who died two weeks later. A little over a month later, Burton crossed into Windsor,
Canada West. Having eluded an early recapture attempt, Burton, now known as
John Anderson, spent six quiet years in his new country before being arrested in
1860 pending extradition to the United States for the Missouri killing.8
Throughout the fall and winter of 1860–1861, Anderson’s case attracted Anglo-
North American attention as Canadian authorities struggled to ascertain whether
the Fugitive Offenders Act of 1849, passed under the 1842 Webster–Ashburton
Treaty, required them to comply with the extradition request. Given that the case con-
tinued to unfold in the opening months of the Civil War, it received remarkably per-
sistent, detailed coverage in both the mainstream and the abolitionist press in Britain,
Canada and (to a lesser extent) the United States. That publicity only increased when,
in June 1861, after nine months of Canadian incarceration, the now famous fugitive
crossed the ocean for a whirlwind English lecture tour. In another 18 months,
however, John Anderson would vanish from the Anglo-American stage altogether,
departing from Liverpool on 26 December 1862 in the Royal African mail steamer
Armenia to Liberia – and into relative obscurity.9
Occurring beyond US borders, the Anderson case has not attracted the same degree
of popular and critical attention as the legal crises involving self-emancipated slaves
Shadrach Minkins, Anthony Burns, Jane Johnson and Margaret Garner.10
The
slender historical scholarship on the case demonstrates how the multiple dislocations
of enslaved people prompted seemingly settled communities to interrogate the terms
and meanings of civic belonging – for white citizens as much as for outsiders of
colour.11
In telling and retelling the tale of one desperate fugitive, Canadians,
Britons and Americans confronted their own unstable positions among constantly
shifting scales of local, national and international affiliation. At the same time, this
192 Jeannine Marie DeLombard
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4. work has revealed the generative effects of such disruptive encounters: while provin-
cial, state, national and imperial authorities probed the case’s political and legal rami-
fications, editors and activists in well-established transatlantic reform networks used
print to resist new pressures from Anglo-American commercial and industrial alli-
ances strengthened by the impending Civil War.
As the historical scholarship documents but does not analyse, Anderson’s story
offers a revealing glimpse of the tensions within the transatlantic anti-slavery move-
ment regarding the selection and promotion of representative fugitive slaves as aboli-
tionist spokespersons. One of the key players in the case from the outset was John
Scoble, who resigned from his full-time position as British and Foreign Anti-Slavery
Society (BFASS) secretary in 1852 to direct Upper Canada’s Dawn Institute, a settle-
ment for US fugitive slaves. Under Scoble’s leadership, the BFASS had fine-tuned
‘the review procedure’, by which it vetted visiting black orators and authors; thanks
in no small part to the reach of its Anti-Slavery Reporter, the BFASS ‘became the
major clearinghouse for black abolitionists’ by the mid 1840s.12
Scoble’s transatlantic
network ensured that Anderson’s case received intense public and government scru-
tiny – and, ultimately, intervention – from the mother country. (US abolitionism
was represented by border-crossing appearances from Free Soiler Gerrit Smith –
which may explain the perfunctory coverage of the case in William Lloyd Garrison’s
Liberator and the British, Garrisonian Anti-Slavery Advocate.)13
Indeed, the BFASS’s
role was sufficiently prominent that, at the conclusion of the legal proceedings, the
society repeatedly felt compelled to distance itself from Anderson’s English tour, spon-
sored by Chesson’s rival LEC. ‘The arrival of John Anderson in England demands at
our hands a declaration’, stated the July 1861 issue of the Anti-Slavery Reporter, ‘that
the Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society are in no way responsible
for his coming’.14
Two months earlier, the journal had expressed concern that,
although ‘a free man . . . at liberty to roam whithersoever it please him’, Anderson,
being ‘without means of existence if he quitted Canada’, threatened to ‘be a charge
upon public or private benevolence’ in England.15
Implicitly responding to Canadian
reports that ‘the cry here is . . . [that] Anderson is not a murderer but a Hero’, the Repor-
ter cautioned against ‘the imprudence in converting such men into “heroes of an
hour”’.16
‘John Anderson has acquired notoriety; not because he killed a man in endea-
vouring to effect his own escape from Slavery’, the journal insisted,
but because, in his person, the public law of the civilized world was outraged, when a
demand was made for his extradition, for the purpose of remanding him back into
Slavery, or to make him an example to others of his race aspiring to freedom.17
Having firmly maintained that the society ‘can be no party to [Anderson’s] being
brought to this country to be lionized’, the Reporter asserted unequivocally upon his
arrival the following month that his departure from Canada under LEC auspices
was ‘a great mistake’.18
‘Those who have taken him by the hand’, the BFASS organ pet-
tishly surmised, ‘can only hope to obtain help for him by converting him into an object
of morbid curiosity, while the damage done to the anti-slavery cause by such an exhi-
bition may be extreme’.19
Extending ‘the warmest thanks to the Committee of the
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5. British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society’ for nobly ‘resist[ing] a foul wrong attempted
to be perpetrated on a subject of the British Crown’, Twelvetrees’ Story appeared
to eschew such factional discord.20
(As we shall see, however, the Story’s abrupt
conclusion suggests the LEC-dominated John Anderson Committee came to share
its colleagues’ concerns about the dangers attending such an ‘exhibition’.)
Murderer. Hero. Outraged legal person. Lionised fugitive. Object of morbid curios-
ity. Anderson posed a conundrum for an ‘[a]ntislavery print culture . . . invested in the
manufacture of acceptable forms of slave agency’.21
The problem was not simply that
Anderson embodied the violent resistance which nearly all whites feared – and many
abolitionists still, at the outbreak of war, rejected. It was also that Anderson’s unique
position as both international slave celebrity and notorious ‘negro murderer’ placed
him at the awkward point of intersection of two established modes of black publicity
in Anglo-American law and letters. If, as a celebrated ‘American Fugitive in Europe’
with a ‘True Tale of Slavery’ to tell (and sell), Anderson resembled Frederick Douglass,
William Wells Brown and John S. Jacobs in modelling a cosmopolitan black citizen-
ship, he had already attained the less idealised, if equally exemplary, form of civic
inclusion that had been accorded to criminals of African descent in early American
law and print culture over the past two centuries.22
Like the abolitionist slave narrative
and the travelogue – their more respectable literary counterparts – the ephemeral
confessions attributed to African American felons ushered the black print subject
out of the chattel status to which s/he was ascribed by slave sale advertisements and
runaway notices, towards legal personhood, civil standing and civic belonging.23
Standing at the crossroads of these two traditions in black life-writing, Anderson
reveals the rhetorical, political and legal challenges facing those who would deploy
print publicity, and personal narrative in particular, to persuade the Anglo-North
American readers that, in Frederick Douglass’s words, ‘a slave’ could indeed be
‘made a man’.24
Print, property, personhood
Coming at the end of over a century of literature devoted to tracing the impress of
American law on the African American self, The Story of the Life of John Anderson is
something of an anticlimax. From the colonial period through emancipation, when
enslaved people (and especially men) of African descent entered print as individua-
lised subjects, their first-person narratives were often occasioned by, or responsive to,
their encounters with the law, usually the criminal justice system.25
Portrayals of the
black condemned reach back to Puritan minster Cotton Mather’s Warnings from the
Dead (1693). But the tradition commenced in earnest when Mather appended a jail-
house interview with condemned wife-murderer Joseph Hanno to his Tremenda . . .
A Sermon Delivered unto a Great Assembly, in which Was Present, a Miserable African,
Just Going to be Executed for a most Inhumane and Uncommon Murder (1721).
Seventy-six years later, in the Address of Abraham Johnstone, a Black Man (1797),
the hanging of another former slave provided the occasion to link questionable
legal procedure in capital cases like his with the new nation’s unacknowledged
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6. history of slavery, racism and genocide. The year 1831, which began with Garrison’s
publication of the Liberator, closed with the printing of Thomas R. Gray’s Confessions
of Nat Turner, which the Virginia lawyer turned pamphleteer presented as integral to
the notorious slave insurgent’s conviction and execution. Hanno, Johnstone and
Turner were among the roughly 60 black condemned criminals – including a signifi-
cant number of ‘slave-born men’ – who figured prominently in early America’s
thriving gallows literature tradition.26
Published in conjunction with execution
day rituals, these black criminal confessions were largely superseded in the 1840s
and the 1850s by the more politicised, and now canonical, slave narrative perfected
by African American abolitionist authors such as Douglass, Brown, Craft and the
Jacobses.
It would be a mistake, however, to dismiss the black gallows tradition as a mere pre-
history to the more ideologically satisfying and artistically authentic slave narrative.
For, by exposing the contradictions inherent in the legal fiction of the slave’s mixed
character, the popular broadsides and pamphlets laid the groundwork for antebellum
literary efforts to fashion a black civic persona in print. In Federalist 54, Publius
explains slaves’ ‘mixed character of persons and of property’ in order to defend the
tacit incorporation of the doctrine into the US Constitution’s already notorious
three-fifths clause. He acknowledges that:
in being compelled to labor, not for himself, but for a master; in being vendible by
one master to another master; and in being subject at all times to be restrained in his
liberty and chastised in his body, by the capricious will of another – the slave may
appear to be degraded from the human rank, and classed with those irrational
animals which fall under the legal denomination of property.
He goes on to add that:
in being punishable himself for all violence committed against others – the slave is no
less evidently regarded by the law as a member of the society, not as a part of the
irrational creation; as a moral person, not as a mere article of property.27
As Publius’s usage indicates, however much the denial of slaves’ personhood in civil
law contexts made them appear to be degraded from human rank, few Americans
seriously questioned slaves’ humanity. For as the gallows tradition illustrates, Ameri-
cans arrested, tried, hanged and prayed for slave and other black felons for almost 200
years precisely because they recognised, on the one hand, their capacity to reason (with
mens rea swiftly becoming the key legal ingredient for criminal culpability) and, on the
other, their candidacy for heaven. The legal regime of slavery denied not the humanity,
but the personhood of those people designated as property. Crime ephemera’s indis-
pensible contribution to the political project of the antebellum slave narrative, then,
was to present a plausible black legal personality to the reading public. Ever since
Locke opened his Second Treatise of Government (1689) by glossing ‘political power’
as the ‘right of making laws with penalties of death . . . and of employing the force
of the community in the execution of such laws’, philosophers (Immanuel Kant) as
well as legal expositors (William Blackstone and James Wilson) had found a kind of
perverse affirmation of political membership in legally sanctioned punishment.28
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7. Under this contractarian logic and the legal fiction of the slave’s mixed character, crim-
inal prosecution of the enslaved implied a tacit, retroactive – albeit purely punitive –
acknowledgment of their prior inclusion in the polity. However mediated, ventrilo-
quised or downright fictive, these black condemned voices entered the civic realm
of print culture and effectively expanded the black malefactor’s acknowledged person-
hood beyond law’s penal purposes. Speaking in the first person, the criminous slave in
print did more than distinguish himself from the chattels he often confessed to steal-
ing; he attained, through his entry into the public sphere, a civic presence that trans-
cended criminality.
Having joined the republic of letters as a recognised legal person and responsible
member of the polity, the black print subject was well positioned to demonstrate
African American capacity for a more expansive, civil form of civic membership. In
the 1840s and 1850s, Britain provided a well-lit transatlantic stage on which to
mount such performances of black civic eligibility, especially after the publication of
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s international best-seller, Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852). Caught
up in ‘Tom-mania’, Britain yielded generous audiences, funds and publishing oppor-
tunities to visiting black speakers and writers.29
Conveyed across the ocean by ever
more efficient print technologies, verbal and visual images of African American
authors and orators being feˆted by British aristocracy vividly illustrated the injustice
of the same people being denied liberty, to say nothing of citizenship, in the nation
of their birth. Black celebrities performed cosmopolitan citizenship abroad in order
to demand political inclusion at home.30
At a time when cartoonist Edward Clay’s
widely reprinted caricatures of buffoonish, social-climbing negroes were coming to
life in blackface minstrel shows throughout the United States, the well-publicised
European reception of African American travellers’ shows of black civility countered
dehumanising images of racial inferiority and civil incapacity.
Before they could perform African American civic worth to transatlantic audiences,
however, fugitives had first to make public their own demeaning, profoundly anti-civil
experiences of slavery. Like Douglass narrating the horrific whipping of his Aunt
Hester, each gained fame by relating his or her personal history as a ‘witness’ to and
a ‘participant’ in slavery’s ‘horrible exhibition[s]’ and ‘terrible spectacle[s]’ – typically
enacted within the slave household upon (and sometimes by) parents, children or sib-
lings.31
To achieve celebrity on such terms was to relinquish the privacy widely under-
stood to distinguish the ideal American home from the slave cabins portrayed by
Stowe – hearths extinguished by violence, sexual exploitation and sale.32
Recounting
the painful details of their personal lives, former slaves sought to marshal public
opinion in order to transform the larger African American collective from objects
of private property (slaves) into members of the polis (citizens). The danger, as the
Anti-Slavery Reporter so candidly observed of John Anderson, was that by making
an ‘exhibition’ of the fugitive, such lionising would prevent him from embodying
‘in his person, the public law of the civilized world’ as ‘outraged’ by ‘Slavery’, reducing
him instead to ‘an object of morbid curiosity’. Rather than personifying the metamor-
phosis of chattel into citizen, the fugitive black celebrity risked being transformed into
a new kind of property, this time public rather than private.33
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8. Citizen Anderson?
What makes the legal and print controversy over John Anderson so fascinating is that
it offers one example of how the rhetorical decriminalisation of the black print subject
could go wrong. For, rather than the proto-citizen of the classic antebellum slave nar-
rative, print portrayals of Anderson yielded a subject whose very exemption from legal
culpability rendered him a denationalised, silent and, finally, invisible nonentity.
Having circumvented the prosecution by which criminous slaves had attained official
recognition of their personhood – and through which their print avatars had entered
the public sphere – Anderson not only surrendered the criminality that rendered such
legal personhood legible on US soil, but also, finally, his hard-won membership in the
British polity and Anglo-American culture.
At the heart of the case was the Webster–Ashburton Treaty. Intended to resolve
boundary and other Anglo-American disputes lingering since the 1783 Treaty of
Paris, the 1842 document was ‘A Treaty to Settle and Define the Boundaries between
the Territories of the United States and the Possessions of Her Britannic Majesty in
North America, for the Final Suppression of the African Slave Trade, and for the
Giving Up of Criminals Fugitive from Justice, in Certain Cases’. The question was
whether or not to construe the case of John Anderson as one of the extradition
cases included in that ambiguous final clause. At issue was the proviso of the ‘infamous
Article 10’ that extradition
shall only be done upon such evidence of criminality as, according to the laws of the
place where the fugitive or person so charged, shall be found, would justify his
apprehension and commitment for trial, if the crime or offense had there been
committed.34
From the beginning, abolitionists had feared the treaty would necessitate accommo-
dation of slavery by providing a pretext for mass rendition of fugitive slaves.35
The
verbal reassurances they had extracted from various government authorities availed
little when the Anderson case placed pressure on the letter of the law.
Posing ‘the grave question whether a slave, who has no civil rights whatever, can
possibly be held to have civil responsibilities’, the extradition request highlighted the
same contradiction between contractarian political philosophy and the legal fiction
of slave character dramatised by the black gallows literature tradition.36
In the
British context, the case offered a new test to the precedent set by Somerset
v. Stewart (1772) that, in effect, ‘[n]atural law rejected slavery, English common law
prohibited it, and only positive local law supported it’.37
Viewed in such a light, any
act committed by a fugitive slave to accomplish an escape from involuntary servitude
would appear justifiable self-defence. It was along these lines that Anderson’s lawyer,
Samuel Black Freeman, presented his case before the Court of the Queen’s Bench in
Toronto. For their part, Crown counsel Henry Eccles and Robert Harrison maintained
that Anderson should be returned to Missouri in order to ascertain whether Digges
had had legal authority to arrest him – an argument to which a majority of the
court acceded (Justice Archibald McLean dissenting).
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9. When Canada’s provincial Court of the Queen’s Bench decided to deliver up Ander-
son, affirming the apparent criminality of his act under the terms of the treaty, the
Court of the Queen’s Bench in Westminster (England) intervened by granting a writ
of habeas corpus. Far from being resolved, the international crisis within North
America now acquired a newly urgent transatlantic, imperial dimension.38
In order
to avoid what was suddenly a looming contest over Anglo-Canadian imperial
relations, the (Canadian) provincial Court of Common Pleas expeditiously issued
its own writ of habeas corpus invalidating the commitment due to the insufficiency
of the warrant.39
Insist though it might that the ruling was based on ‘a thoroughly sub-
stantial objection; not a mere technicality’, the court nevertheless avoided challenging
the fiction of slave character, conceding a reluctance to
adopt as a principle of our law, that because a man is a slave in a country where
Slavery is legalized, he is legally incapable of committing a crime, that he is not
to be deemed a ‘person’ who may be charged with an offence.40
The dispute over which legal system had jurisdiction over the quondam slave killer –
Missouri, the United States, Canada West and/or England – effectively liberated the
man once known as Jack Burton from American slavery and Canadian incarceration.
But just as the First Emancipation had not conferred full citizenship upon newly lib-
erated African Americans in the early national North – any more than the Emancipa-
tion Proclamation or the Thirteenth Amendment would for those in the post-
Reconstruction South – civic inclusion would not, ultimately, attend freedom for
John Anderson.
At first, through its intervention, the English court seemed not only to protect
Anderson from both criminal prosecution and re-enslavement, but to offer him pre-
cisely the civil standing denied him in his native land. Noting that ‘these writs of
habeas corpus have been and are to be issued into all the dominions of the crown of
England, when it is suggested that one of the Queen’s subjects is illegally imprisoned’,
Lord Chief Justice Cockburn effectively took up the line of reasoning advocated by
abolitionist Granville Sharp in his lay brief for the series of slave cases that culminated
in Somerset v. Stewart.41
Anderson’s legal designation as ‘British subject’ received sym-
bolic affirmation when, upon his arrival, he was publicly presented with ‘a small bottle
containing some of the free soil of England, on which was inscribed, “John Anderson’s
Certificate of Freedom, presented at Exeter Hall, London, July 2nd, 1861”’, before
being ‘introduced . . . to the meeting, as “Citizen Anderson”’.42
‘Citizen Anderson’ thus seemed to model an alternative approach to civic belonging.
Escaping not only slavery but criminal prosecution in the United States, Anderson was
spared the sort of backdoor entry into the public sphere accorded to criminous slaves
from Joseph Hanno to Nat Turner. And, legally designated ‘one of the Queen’s sub-
jects’, Anderson gained a degree of official recognition rarely accorded to the many
famous fugitives who merely performed a shadowy black citizenship manque´ on the
international stage.
Significantly, however, the international press continued to portray the ex-bondman
not as ‘Citizen Anderson’, but in the ‘mixed character’ of the American slave – capable
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10. of criminal agency, certainly; requiring protection from victimisation by others, most
likely; but civilly competent to participate in the polity as an autonomous, self-pos-
sessed individual? Definitely not. Read alongside these mainstream press accounts
(and allowing for the sluggish transatlantic news cycle), the Anti-Slavery Reporter’s
consternation about Anderson being ‘convert[ed] . . . into an object of morbid curios-
ity’ now seems less admonitory than descriptive. Reporting on what should have been
Anderson’s ‘liberating sojourn’ to Liverpool, these newspaper items have the odd rhe-
torical effect of returning the Missouri runaway to his prior non-agential, thing-like
status.43
‘Anderson, the fugitive slave’, Chicago’s Christian Advocate and Journal
announced in its ‘Foreign Intelligence’ column, ‘cannot be taken from Canada to
England at present, inasmuch as he cannot be conveyed through American territory,
and no other route will be opened before spring’ – going on to report, without any
editorial break, that ‘[s]everal American vessels have been registered at Liverpool
under the British flag, in order to enable them to carry salt to South Carolina and
return with cotton without capture’.44
‘[B]eing regarded as a British subject’45
may
have protected Anderson from extradition and prosecution as a ‘negro murderer’,
but it could not prevent him from being viewed as yet another valuable, but essentially
inert, southern commodity to be imported, by hook or by crook, from North Amer-
ican shores to an eagerly waiting British market.46
Print portrayals of Anderson by his British sponsors similarly affirm the extent to
which, like northern blacks after the First Emancipation, the former slave was per-
ceived as ‘freed’ rather than ‘free’, as ‘acted upon, not acting’ in the context of civil
society.47
Nowhere is this tendency more evident than in Harper Twelvetrees’
cryptic account of the events leading up to Anderson’s removal from both the aboli-
tionist lecture circuit and the very English soil to which he had been invited to lay
claim only a year and a half previously. Speaking at ‘a farewell meeting’ held upon
‘the departure of Anderson for the Republic of Liberia’, Twelvetrees noted that:
‘Since the meeting at Exeter Hall . . . no pains or exertion had been spared by the
[John Anderson] committee to promote his welfare and forward his interests’.48
‘Their task had not been an easy one’, Twelvetrees pointedly observed, prompting
the first of several cheers, for ‘[i]t had been a matter of considerable anxiety to
decide upon the best course to adopt for enabling Anderson to gain his livelihood,
and become an industrious, respected and useful citizen’. As Twelvetrees explained:
Anderson was, day by day, receiving temporary offers from speculators of various
classes; and had it not been for the influence and control of the committee, he
would have fallen a prey to designing men, who would have bargained with him
for using the sorrowful incidents of his life for trading upon the sympathies of
the public. (Hear.) If the committee had done nothing else, there was cause for grati-
tude that they had been enabled to preserve Anderson from contributing to the grat-
ification of sightseers, and leading a worse than useless life. (Hear, hear.) . . . it was
deemed advisable to withdraw Anderson from public life, and decline all invitations
for him to attend public meetings . . . in order to withdraw him from the excitement
occasioned by his residence in the metropolis, Anderson was placed under the care
of Mr. John Pool, of the British Training Institution, Corby . . . As Anderson’s period
of instruction drew near to its close, the anxiety of the committee was again
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11. awakened as to his future employment and mode of life; and in this emergency they
accepted the kind offer of the services of Mr. F.W. Chesson, who . . . [arranged for] a
grant of land, and a free passage to that important and thriving negro Republic
[Liberia].49
Like subsequent speakers at the ‘Farewell Soire´e’ who would imagine Anderson
‘becom[ing] a useful citizen of the Republic’ (Ibid., 152) of Liberia, Twelvetrees’ com-
ments – and the Anderson Committee’s actions – suggest the applicability to Britain
of David Kazanjian’s insight regarding colonisationist discourse’s logic of deferral.
Acknowledging African American civic potential, colonisationist rhetoric maintained
that the fulfilment of black citizenship could only occur at some future date, outside
the polity.50
Even more telling here, however, is how the extensive use of the passive
voice, combined with the attribution of agency almost exclusively to the committee
rather than its subject, belies ‘Citizen Anderson’s’ civil competence. Indeed, Ander-
son’s capacity for self-directed action would appear to have ended – not begun –
with his status as a fugitive slave killer and his arrival on English soil.
And, in fact, it was not long after Anderson’s symbolic induction into ‘the rights,
privileges, and immunities’ of a British subject that his newfound identity had been
called into question in virtually every corner of the empire.51
Published in Edinburgh,
Dublin, Melbourne and Cape Town, the London-based Law Magazine reprinted an
article from the Upper Canada Law Journal disputing Anderson’s status. The writer
noted that:
the right to the writ [of habeas corpus] by a person in a colony is grounded on the
fact that the person in custody is a British subject, and the affidavit which stated that
Anderson was a British subject domiciled in Toronto was positively untrue.
The writer also pointed out that ‘he was a foreigner domiciled in Upper Canada, but
not a British subject’, thus denying Anderson the very civic belonging Sharp had
sought to extend to James Somerset nearly a century earlier.52
However authoritative, this simultaneous rejection of Anderson’s membership in
the British political community and assertion of his alienness as ‘a foreigner’ could
retract neither the legal nor the public recognition accorded him since his arrest.
Yet, read in light of Anderson’s contemporaneous struggles with his English sponsors
over proprietorship of his story and his celebrity, his ultimate removal (banishment?)
to Liberia and his concurrent disappearance from the Anglo-American public stage, it
is difficult not to see a correlation between the statelessness to which he was consigned
in the aftermath of the legal proceedings and his failure to retain the civic presence he
had briefly achieved as a fugitive from both US slavery and dubious American justice.
Away from the public scrutiny that had made his life so difficult for the past decade,
John Anderson may well have found his trip to Liberia a ‘liberating sojourn’. But it
bears noting that his fate uncannily fulfilled the desire expressed by the New York
Albion: ‘We hope indeed, that once in England, we may lose sight of Mr. John Ander-
son, who has occupied so much of our valued contemporaries’ space’.53
Tellingly, when
a couple of weeks later the Albion reiterated the hope ‘that we have heard the last of
Anderson’, it did so in an article titled ‘Men and Things in Canada’.54
However
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12. temporarily and punitively, condemned black criminals from Joseph Hanno to Nat
Turner were distinguished from ‘things’ by criminal proceedings that established
their culpable legal personhood as ‘men’. Unlike these American slaves, Anderson,
thanks to the intervention of first Canadian and then English abolitionists, eluded
(in the eyes of some observers) ‘the hands of justice, thereby, cheating the gallows of
its prey’.55
But if his release did not have the feared effect of ‘setting him free to
extend his Bowie-knife practice to Canadians’, neither did it, ultimately, prevent the
formerly enslaved black man from becoming as silent and invisible as many white
Americans could only wish that more outspoken, ubiquitous counterparts like Freder-
ick Douglass, William Wells Brown and Harriet Jacobs would be.56
Notes
[1] Harper Twelvetrees, ed., The Story of the Life of John Anderson, the Fugitive Slave (London:
William Tweedie, 1863).
[2] C. Peter Ripley, ed., The Black Abolitionist Papers, vol. 1, The British Isles, 1830–1865 (Chapel
Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), 535n3.
[3] Ibid., 480. Founded by Chesson in 1859, rededicating itself to the cause of the freedpeople in
the United States, the LEC renamed itself the London Emancipation Society in November 1862.
[4] Jean Fagan Yellin, ‘Incidents Abroad: Harriet Jacobs and the Transatlantic Movement’, in
Women’s Rights and Transatlantic Antislavery in the Era of Emancipation, ed. Kathryn Kish
Sklar and James Brewer Stewart (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), 167.
[5] Jean Fagan Yellin, Harriet Jacobs: A Life (New York: Basic Civitas Books, 2004), 139, 151–153.
[6] ‘Two Negro Murderers Arrested in Canada’, Liberator, 21 September 1860, [151].
[7] The other man was subsequently released due to lack of evidence. The Liberator erroneously
describes the 28 September 1853 killing as taking place in 1854. See Patrick Brode, The
Odyssey of John Anderson (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989), 38, 9.
[8] Efforts had been made to capture Anderson over the winter of 1853–54; he was arrested in
March 1860 and released, before being arrested again on 1 September 1860, after which he
was shuttled from the Simcoe, Norfolk County jail, to the Brantford jail in Brant County, to
the Toronto jail, then back to Brantford. Although previously the extradition request had
been tendered by the Missouri governor, on ‘2 October 1860 the United States Department
of State formally asked the British ambassador in Washington, Lord Lyons, for Anderson’s
extradition’ (Brode, Odyssey, 37).
[9] ‘Monthly Summary’, Anti-Slavery Reporter, 1 January 1863, 2.
[10] Gary Collison, Shadrach Minkins: From Fugitive Slave to Citizen (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uni-
versity Press, 1997); Albert J. Von Frank, The Trials of Anthony Burns: Freedom and Slavery in Emer-
son’s Boston (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998); Steven Weisenburger, Modern
Medea: A Family Story of Slavery and Child-Murder from the Old South (New York: Hill and
Wang, 1999); Nat Brandt and Yanna Kroyt Brandt, In the Shadow of the Civil War: Passmore Wil-
liamson and the Rescue of Jane Johnson (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2007). The
modern novels inspired by the Johnson and Garner cases, respectively, include Lorene Cary’s The
Price of a Child (1996) and Toni Morrison’s Beloved (1987).
[11] Brode, Odyssey; R.C. Reinders, ‘Anglo-Canadian Abolitionism: The John Anderson Case,
1860–1861’, Renaissance and Modern Studies 19, no. 1 (1975): 72–97; Robert C. Reinders,
‘The John Anderson Case, 1860–61: A Study in Anglo-Canadian Imperial Relations’, Canadian
Historical Review 56, no. 4 (1975): 393–415; Paul Finkelman, “Internal Extradition and Fugi-
tive Slaves: The John Anderson Case,” Brooklyn Journal of International Law 18, no 3 (1992):
765–810.
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13. [12] Ripley, Black Abolitionist Papers, 12.
[13] Brode, Odyssey, 53, 102.
[14] ‘John Anderson’, Anti-Slavery Reporter, 1 July 1861, 164.
[15] ‘The Fugitive Slave, John Anderson’, Anti-Slavery Reporter, 1 May 1861, 109.
[16] Thomas Henning to Louis Chamerovzow, 17 December 1860, c32/42, Anti-Slavery Papers,
Rhodes House, Oxford, quoted in Reinders, ‘John Anderson’, 399; ‘Fugitive Slave’, 109.
Thomas Henning was the secretary of the Toronto Anti-Slavery Society; Chamerovzow suc-
ceeded Scoble as BFASS secretary and Anti-Slavery Reporter editor.
[17] ‘Fugitive Slave’, 109.
[18] Ibid., 110; ‘John Anderson’, 164.
[19] ‘John Anderson’, 164.
[20] Twelvetrees, Story, v–vi.
[21] Edlie L. Wong, Neither Fugitive nor Free: Atlantic Slavery, Freedom Suits, and the Legal Culture of
Travel (New York: New York University Press, 2009), 93.
[22] William Wells Brown, The American Fugitive in Europe: Sketches of Places and People Abroad
(Boston, 1855); John S. Jacobs, ‘A True Tale of Slavery’, Leisure Hour, 7, 14, 21 and 28 February
1861. Ubiquitous scholarly and abolitionist references to ‘stealing oneself’ notwithstanding,
legal historian Thomas D. Morris finds that ‘no statute ever defined running away itself as
an act of theft’ due to ‘the conceptual problem’ posed by ‘the intention of the act’: because run-
aways’ intent was not to steal themselves for profit but to ‘transform their position from prop-
erty to persons’ or some other motive, such as avoiding punishment or reuniting with family,
such prohibited acts were a form of disobedience. Thomas D. Morris, Southern Slavery and the
Law, 1619–1860 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 341. With the excep-
tion of accused felons like Anderson, fugitive slaves were, in the language of the Constitution,
fugitives merely from service, not justice.
[23] See Jeannine Marie DeLombard, In the Shadow of the Gallows: Race, Crime, and American Civic
Identity (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012).
[24] Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, in Autobio-
graphies, ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (New York: Library of America, 1994), 60.
[25] Richard Slotkin, ‘Narratives of Negro Crime in New England, 1675–1800’, American Quarterly
25, no. 1 (1973): 3–31; Frances Smith Foster, Witnessing Slavery: The Development of Ante-
Bellum Slave Narratives (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1979), 36–39; William L. Andrews, To
Tell a Free Story: The First Century of Afro-American Autobiography, 1760–1865 (Urbana: Uni-
versity of Illinois Press, 1986), 33–44; Ann Fabian, The Unvarnished Truth: Personal Narratives
in Nineteenth-Century America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 49–116.
[26] Andrews, Free Story, 41. See Slotkin, ‘Narratives’; Ronald A. Bosco, “Early American Gallows
Literature: An Annotated Checklist,” Resources for American Literary Study 8 (1978): 81–107;
Daniel A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace: New England Crime Literature and the
Origins of American Popular Culture, 1674–1860 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993);
and DeLombard, Shadow of the Gallows.
[27] James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (1788; New York:
Penguin, 1988), 332.
[28] John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government, ed. Thomas P. Peardon (1689; Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997), 4.
[29] Sarah Meer, Uncle Tom Mania: Slavery, Minstrelsy, and Transatlantic Culture in the 1850s
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2005).
[30] Elisa Tamarkin, Anglophilia: Deference, Devotion, and Antebellum America (Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 2007), 178–246.
[31] Douglass, Narrative, 18.
[32] Milette Shamir, Inexpressible Privacy: The Interior Life of Antebellum American Literature (Phi-
ladelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), 97–146.
202 Jeannine Marie DeLombard
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14. [33] Among the many works on the abolitionist print commoditisation of formerly enslaved African
Americans, see Augusta Rohrbach, Truth Stranger Than Fiction: Race, Realism, and the US Lit-
erary Marketplace (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002); Paul Gilmore, The Genuine Article:
Race, Mass Culture, and American Literary Manhood (Durham: Duke University Press,
2001). But see, also, Michael A. Chaney, Fugitive Vision: Slave Image and Black Identity in
Antebellum Narrative (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008).
[34] Quoted in Reinders, ‘John Anderson’, 395. ‘ARTICLE X. It is agreed that the United States and
Her Britannic Majesty shall, upon mutual requisitions by them, or their Ministers, Officers,
or authorities, respectively made, deliver up to justice, all persons who, being charged with
the crime of murder, or assault with intent to commit murder, or Piracy, or arson, or
robbery, or Forgery, or the utterance of forged paper, committed within the jurisdiction of
either, shall seek an asylum, or shall be found, within the territories of the other: Provided,
that this shall only be done upon such evidence of criminality as, according to the laws of the
place where the fugitive or person so charged, shall be found, would justify his apprehension
and commitment for trial, if the crime or offense had there been committed: And the respect-
ive Judges and other Magistrates of the two Governments, shall have power, jurisdiction, and
authority, upon complaint made under oath, to issue a warrant for the apprehension of the
fugitive or person so charged, that he may be brought before such Judges or other Magis-
trates, respectively, to the end that the evidence of criminality may be heard and considered;
and if, on such hearing, the evidence be deemed sufficient to sustain the charge it shall be the
duty of the examining Judge or Magistrate, to certify the same to the proper Executive Auth-
ority, that a warrant may issue for the surrender of such fugitive. The expense of such appre-
hension and delivery shall be borne and defrayed by the Party who makes the requisition, and
receives the fugitive’. Yale University Law School, The Avalon Project, British–American
Diplomacy: The Webster–Ashburton Treaty, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/br-
1842.asp.
[35] Reinders, ‘John Anderson’, 395–396.
[36] ‘The Case of John Anderson’, Anti-Slavery Reporter, 1 June 1861, 133.
[37] Steven M. Wise, Though the Heavens May Fall: The Landmark Trial That Led to the End of
Human Slavery (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2005), 200.
[38] Acknowledging ‘that it may be said to be inconsistent with that high degree of colonial inde-
pendence, both in legislation and judicature, which has been carried into effect in modern
times’, Lord Chief Justice Cockburn found that ‘nothing short of a legislative enactment,
expressly depriving us of this jurisdiction, ought to prevent our carrying it into effect when
called upon to do so for the protection of personal liberty’. ‘Anderson’s Case’, Monthly Law
Reporter 23, no. 11 (1861): 654.
[39] For contemporary analysis of the legal issues at stake, see ‘Anderson’s Case’; ‘Juridical Society –
Anderson’s Case’, Jurist 7, no. 1 (23 February 1861): 73–74; Thomas Tapping, ‘The Case of
Anderson, the Fugitive Slave: The Application for the Writ of Habeas Corpus and Judgment
Considered’, Law Magazine and Law Review 11 (1861): 42–73, which included as a sort of
an appendix, “an able paper, which in many points corroborates” Tapping’s article, ‘The
English Writ of Habeas Corpus’, reprinted from Upper Canada Law Journal and Municipal
and Local Courts’ Gazette 7 (March 1861): 53–59.
[40] ‘Case of John Anderson’, 135, 134.
[41] Quoted in Tapping, ‘Case’, 45. Somerset’s lawyers did not adopt Sharp’s argument. See Gran-
ville Sharp, A Representation of the Injustice and Dangerous Tendency of Tolerating Slavery; or of
Admitting the Least Claim of Private Property in the Persons of Men, in England (London, 1769),
156, and An Appendix to the Representation (London, 1772), 4, 19–20.
[42] Twelvetrees, Story, 113.
[43] Alan J. Rice and Martin Crawford, eds., Liberating Sojourn: Frederick Douglass and Transatlantic
Reform (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1999).
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15. [44] ‘Foreign Intelligence’, Christian Advocate and Journal, 14 February 1861, 53. For similar juxta-
positions, see ‘Foreign News’, Christian Recorder, 16 February 1861, n. pag.; ‘The Cotton Fright
in England’, ‘What England Thinks of the Blockade of Southern Ports’ and ‘The Canada Fugi-
tive Slave Case’, New York Herald, 29 January 1861, 2. For a speech in Parliament similarly
linking Anderson with southern cotton imports, see ‘Foreign Miscellany: The American Revo-
lution, English Opinion’, Independent [New York], 14 February 1861, 6.
[45] Friends’ Review, 2 February 1861, 351.
[46] While not addressing such portrayals, Brode’s account is sensitive throughout to the ways in
which Anderson was exploited, even commodified, by his supporters. See Brode, Odyssey,
65, 71, 76, 100, 107.
[47] Joanne Pope Melish, Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and ‘Race’ in New England,
1780–1860 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), 81.
[48] Twelvetrees, Story, 147–48.
[49] Ibid., 148–150.
[50] David Kazanjian, The Colonizing Trick: National Culture and Imperial Citizenship in Early
America (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003).
[51] Twelvetrees, Story, 113.
[52] ‘English Writ’, 71.
[53] ‘Extradition Cases: Canadian and British Law Courts’, Albion, 2 February 1861, 55.
[54] ‘Men and Things in Canada’, Albion, 23 February 1861, 91.
[55] Hamilton Daily Spectator, 14 December 1860, quoted in Brode, Odyssey, 26.
[56] Ibid.
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