There are a number of problems with the Big Bang theory. It ought to be pointed out, at this point, that it is not only creationists who have problems with the Big Bang theory. The theory is not universally accepted. For example, the physicist Eric Lerner has described himself as a Big Bang heretic, and has written a book and a website on the subject.
One very large problem with the theory is its inability to determine where the singularity came from.
Christians often feel intimidated when talking to others about creation--not because they doubt creation but because most of academia doubts it. Feel that way no longer! The chapter discusses, in simple language, the logic behind creation and the irrational thought those who doubt creatoin must accept live with.
Christians often feel intimidated when talking to others about creation--not because they doubt creation but because most of academia doubts it. Feel that way no longer! The chapter discusses, in simple language, the logic behind creation and the irrational thought those who doubt creatoin must accept live with.
Contents
The Big Bang Theory
The Big Bang Phase
Expanding Universe
Testing Big Bang Model
Dark matter & Dark energy
Evidence of dark matter
After time period of Big Bang
Life cycle of star
Summary: Big Bang theory is the most widely accepted cosmological model. It has been widely claimed that it is well supported by evidence. However it is found that it is only a convenient explanation for several observations but the assumptions underlying Big Bang theory are neither supported by independent evidence nor meet the test of plausibility. Big Bang theory and observations explained by it are the only evidence in support of assumptions underlying Big Bang theory. Moreover alternative explanations to the same observations do exist but they have not been duly considered so far.
Author: Dr Mahesh C. Jain is a practicing medical doctor has written the book “Encounter of Science with Philosophy – A synthetic view”. The book begins with first chapter devoted to scientifically valid concept of God and then explains cosmic phenomena right from origin of nature and universe up to origin of life and evolution of man. The book includes several chapters devoted to auxiliary concepts and social sciences as corollaries to the concept of God. Consciousness is one of the aspects of and had to precede origin of universe. This is the only book which deals with origin of nature and universe from null or Zero or nothing.
Visit:http:// www.sciencengod.com
http://www.sciencengod.com/clipboard.htm
Contents
The Big Bang Theory
The Big Bang Phase
Expanding Universe
Testing Big Bang Model
Dark matter & Dark energy
Evidence of dark matter
After time period of Big Bang
Life cycle of star
Summary: Big Bang theory is the most widely accepted cosmological model. It has been widely claimed that it is well supported by evidence. However it is found that it is only a convenient explanation for several observations but the assumptions underlying Big Bang theory are neither supported by independent evidence nor meet the test of plausibility. Big Bang theory and observations explained by it are the only evidence in support of assumptions underlying Big Bang theory. Moreover alternative explanations to the same observations do exist but they have not been duly considered so far.
Author: Dr Mahesh C. Jain is a practicing medical doctor has written the book “Encounter of Science with Philosophy – A synthetic view”. The book begins with first chapter devoted to scientifically valid concept of God and then explains cosmic phenomena right from origin of nature and universe up to origin of life and evolution of man. The book includes several chapters devoted to auxiliary concepts and social sciences as corollaries to the concept of God. Consciousness is one of the aspects of and had to precede origin of universe. This is the only book which deals with origin of nature and universe from null or Zero or nothing.
Visit:http:// www.sciencengod.com
http://www.sciencengod.com/clipboard.htm
“Nothing” at the Cosmic Beginning?
Is the creation of something from “nothing” (creatio ex nihilo) biblical?
Priest George Lemaitre, using Einstein’s general relativity, predicted the “beginning” was a miniscule, hot big bang. Radio astronomers have measured the cool fossil radiation from this hot “beginning.”
MIT Prof. Guth’s inflationary cosmology refined with Lemaitre’s prediction. Guth’s answer to “what was there at the beginning” is “the laws of physics.” “In the beginning was the word, or logos (John 1.1).”
Valentijnsdag is een dag waarop geliefden elkaar extra aandacht geven met bijvoorbeeld cadeautjes, bloemen of kaarten. Valentijnsdag wordt gevierd op 14 februari. Maar de oorsprong is zeer duister.
De Bijbel vertelt ons dat er een liefhebbende en medelevende God is, die onze wereld heeft geschapen. Vanwege de grote liefde van God voor jou, nam Jezus gewillig het loon van de zonde op Zich opdat jij gelukkig kan zijn.
2 Timoteus3:16 zegt: Elk van God ingegeven schriftwoordis ook nuttig om te onderrichten, te weerleggen, te verbeteren en op te voeden in de gerechtigheid. Leer welke voordelen het onderzoeken van Gods woord meer heeft.
Onderzoekt de Geschriften want deze zijn het die van Mij getuigen, zei Jezus. Een Christen die het woord niet onderzoekt, is gedoemd ten onder te gaan.
De Bijbel praat over een dag waarop alle mensen geoordeeld zullen worden door God. Hoe en wanneer vindt dit oordeel plaats en wat zal de rol van de kinderen Gods daarin zijn?
In 1979, the US public health service called smoking "the largest single preventable cause of illness and premature death in the United States." Tobacco is the only legal product in the US that, when used correctly, kills one out of every four of those who use it. Tobacco is responsible for the death of over 450,000 Americans per year—more than all who die from AIDS, illicit drugs, fires, car crashes, and homicides combined.
Daniel risked death by choosing to reject the king’s food and drink, but he determined to be true to God and obey the dietary requirements set out in His law.
In Matthew 24:24, Jesus tells us that in the end times, Satan's deceptions will be rampant in an attempt to deceive everyone—even God's elect people. One way Satan tries to deceive us is to counterfeit God's wonder-working power.
An apparition of Mary appearing in the sky. Note the picture had to be put on it
An apparition of Mary appearing in the sky. Note the picture had to be put... read more.
Enlarge picture
View picture gallery
In the last century, signs and wonders have appeared more and more in connection with the Catholic Church.
Throughout the centuries of Rome's existence, the popes have regularly claimed to be divine. As the supposed successor of Peter, the Pope claims infallibility, the position of God on Earth, and ability to judge and excommunicate angels.
The Catholic Council of Trent in 1545 declared this:
We define that the Holy Apostolic See and the Roman Pontiff hold primacy over the whole world.
2012! Dit is het jaar waarvan sommigen zeggen dat de wereld zal vergaan. Zogenaamde profetieen van de Hopi bevolking en de Maya kalender zouden het einde van de wereld aanduiden. Wetenschappers maken zich ook enorme zorgen over het klimaat.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
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1The Big Bang Theory
THE BIG BANG THEORY
Author: Paul Taylor
Publish date: Jan 5, 2012
Summary: Creation Science Evangelism writer Paul Taylor discusses the Big Bang theory.
We would not normally consider it necessary to explain how a theory works that we don’t
even believe in. However, there are a lot of misunderstandings about the Big Bang theory.
This includes misunderstandings amongst fellow creationists, who therefore sometimes end
up opposing ideas that the Big Bang theorists don’t even believe in.
This article is therefore an attempt to understand a little of what the theory is about, and why,
as creationists, we do not accept it. Please note that this is a beginner-level article. Many Big
Bang theorists may therefore complain that I have simplified some concepts. However, I have
only done so in the same way as a secular High School textbook writer might do.
How did it start?
The originators—George Lemaitre, a Belgium, struck on the basic idea in 1927; and George
Gamow, R.A. Alpher, and R. Herman devised the basic Big Bang model in 1948. At first, the
theory was not widely accepted by astrophysicists. It was not the only cosmological theory.
Sir Fred Hoyle had a rival theory, called the Steady State theory, in which he claimed that
new material must constantly be made in the universe to fill in the gaps, as the existing
material expands. It was Hoyle who originally coined the term Big Bang, in a radio broadcast
in 1949. He intended the term to be an insult, but it is now widely used by supporters of the
theory.
The Big Bang Theory
According to the Big Bang theory, all matter and all space was originally part of an
infinitesimally small point called the Singularity. The theory says nothing about where that
singularity came from. It is assumed to have come about by a random quantum event.
This is what Brad Lemley said about quantum events.
To the average person it might seem obvious that nothing can happen in nothing. But to a
quantum physicist, nothing is, in fact, something.i
If this seems a somewhat unusual statement, try this next statement.
Quantum theory also holds that a vacuum, like atoms, is subject to quantum uncertainties.
This means that things can materialise out of the vacuum, although they tend to vanish back
into it quickly...this phenomenon has never been observed directly...ii
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2The Big Bang Theory
If I might be so bold as to translate this into English, he seems to be saying “things appear
from nothing and then disappear back into nothing. And nobody has ever seen any of that
happen!”
The astronomer Heather Cowper put it this way, in a children’s book called The Big Bang.
Our Universe probably came into existence not only from nothing, but from nowhere.iii
This does not appear like a scientific argument, but more like a doctrine of religious faith. “In
the beginning, there was nothing. And that nothing exploded.”
The most common misconception about the Big Bang theory is the idea that it teaches that
matter exploded and spread out into empty space. This is not what the theory teaches, and it is
important as creationists that we do not misrepresent what secular scientists believe.
The theory actually teaches that space itself was also small. This is difficult to get our heads
around, but it is worth trying, for reasons that will become clear. Thus, at the point of
singularity, they believe that there was still matter everywhere in the Universe—it is simply
that they believe the Universe itself to have been very small.
It is therefore space itself that stretched to its present size. The matter in the universe did not
move through space during the stretching. It is what we might euphemistically call the fabric
of space that stretched.
It is worth getting our heads around the problem, because the stretching of space is actually
Biblical.
Isaiah 42:5 and 45:12 both state that God stretched out the heavens like a curtain. Of course,
this does not mean that we agree that the Universe started out as a singularity. However, it is
completely possible that God created the Universe smaller than it is today, and this concept is
the basis for creationist cosmologies based on Gravitational Time Dilation, and discussed in
our technical article on “Starlight Issues”.
Problems with the Big Bang
There are a number of problems with the Big Bang theory. It ought to be pointed out, at this
point, that it is not only creationists who have problems with the Big Bang theory. The theory
is not universally accepted. For example, the physicist Eric Lerner has described himself as a
Big Bang heretic, and has written a book and a website on the subject.iv
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3The Big Bang Theory
One very large problem with the theory is its inability to determine where the singularity
came from. Theoretical astrophysicists (obviously working without any experimentation)
have divided cosmological history, by their theory, into a number of epochs, when conditions
were different.
[Epochs of the Big Bang theory....]
These epochs are shown in the diagram above. The first four epochs are labelled as 10-43s,
10-32s, 10-6s and 3min. Even under their own theory, they cannot work out what happened
prior to the first 10-43s. Of course, all their calculations on such issues are theoretical, not
experimental, so they do not qualify as observational science. This is notwithstanding the
CERN experiments, which I am certain will find some results before the end of 2011. There
are two reasons why they will find results. The first is that billions of Euros of cash have been
pumped into CERN, and the funding ends in December 2011, so the cynic in me thinks that is
good enough reason to get results. The second is that this experiment, unusually, has an actual
end in sight. The experimenters already know what conclusion they wish to verify, so
whatever results they achieve will be shown to verify the conclusion they require.
For a supposedly random event, the calculations around the Big Bang theory give too good a
result. Dr. Robert Matthews, who is actually an unbeliever, said this:
Why, for instance is our Universe and its laws just right for the existence of life? Some argue
that it is because it was specially made for us by a benevolent creator.v
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4The Big Bang Theory
There is not enough antimatter in the universe. This is a big problem for the theorists. The
original Big Bang would have produced equal amounts of positive matter (matter) and
negative matter (antimatter). But only small amounts of antimatter exist. There should be as
much antimatter as matter—if the Big Bang was true.
Since matter and antimatter are equivalent in all respects but that of electromagnetic charge
oppositeness, any force [the Big Bang] that would create one should have to create the other,
and the universe should be made of equal quantities of each. This is a dilemma. Theory tells
us there should be antimatter out there, and observation refuses to back it up.vi
In fact, there isn’t enough matter of any sort for their calculations. For this reason, the concept
of dark matter has been postulated. Dark matter is matter that cannot be detected, but it must
be there, otherwise their calculations do not work! They have a similar problem with not
enough energy in the Universe, so they have developed the idea of dark energy.
We used to have answers like this when I was in High School, and we called them “fiddle
factors”! What these concepts show is that the Big Bang theory is not a really satisfactory
theory, but, at the moment, it is the best they have got. It therefore resembles the car I had in
my college days, which was held together by string and duct tape.
Even secular astrophysicists have realized the problems associated with dark matter and
energy. The Israeli astrophysicist, Moshe Carmeli, has developed a 5-dimensional cosmology,
based on Einstein’s principles, and called Cosmological Special Relativity. Carmeli’s theory
is mentioned in our article on Starlight Issues, because it has been adapted by John Hartnett of
CMI to make a creationist cosmology based on time dilation.
The final problem worth mentioning with the Big Bang theory is the so-called Horizon
Problem. Many Big Bangers talk about the concept of Cosmic Microwave Background
(CMB) radiation. They often state that CMB verifies the Big Bang. In fact, it does not. The
uniform nature of CMB is actually impossible to explain under current Big Bang estimates for
the age of the Universe. There is more detail on this in our technical article on Starlight
Issues.
Conclusion
It is hope that this brief look at the Big Bang theory will help creationists not to misrepresent
the theory. For example, creationists should not be asking “how can something explode into
nothingness”. The Big Bang theory is not really a theory about an explosion. That name was
given to the theory by an early opponent of the theory.
Nevertheless, we have seen that there are many justifiable accusations to level at the Big Bang
theory, such as its reliance on “fiddle factors”, like dark matter. We have also seen that the
Big Bang theory is not a monolithic theory. There is a substantial minority of atheistic, secular
scientists who do not accept it, either.
Most of all, we do not accept the Big Bang theory because it is unBiblical. It suggests that the
Earth has no special place, whereas the Bible tells us that it does (Isaiah 45:12). Despite the
heavens being vast and beautiful, they were nevertheless created for our benefit (Genesis
1:14) and, most importantly, to give glory to God Psalm 19:1).
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5The Big Bang Theory
Further Study
TAKING BACK ASTRONOMY, by Dr. Jason Lisle (Master Books)
THE ASTRONOMY BOOK, by Dr. Jonathan Henry (Master books)
i. Brad Lemley, "Guth’s Grand Guess," DISCOVER volume 23 (April 2002): 35.
ii. Ibid: 38.
iii. Heather Couper & Nigel Henbest, BIG BANG (DK Publishing, 1997): 9.
iv. http://bigbangneverhappened.org.
v. R. Matthews, University of Aston, in “The Cosmos Next Door,” FOCUS (2003).
vi. Isaac Asimov, ASIMOV’S NEW GUIDE TO SCIENCE: 343.