Top of FormBy Karen A. RobertoCenter for Gerontology and Instit.docxjuliennehar
Top of Form
By: Karen A. RobertoCenter for Gerontology and Institute for Society, Culture and Environment, Virginia Tech;;
Acknowledgement:
Note: This article is one of nine in the special issue, “Aging in America: Perspectives From Psychological Science,” published in American Psychologist (May–June 2016). Karen A. Roberto and Deborah A. DiGilio provided scholarly lead for the special issue.
Since first identified in the mid-1970s as “granny bashing” (A. A. Baker, 1975), elder abuse has become a pressing concern throughout much of the world. Most recent estimates based on The National Elder Mistreatment Survey (Acierno, Hernandez-Tejada, Muzzy, & Steve, 2009) suggest that at least 10% of community-dwelling older adults in the United States, or approximately 4.3 million older persons, experience one or more forms of elder abuse annually (Kaplan & Pillemer, 2015). Prevalence rates among survey respondents were highest for self-reported financial abuse by a family member (5.2%), potential neglect by a caregiver (5.1%), and emotional abuse (4.5%). Substantially lower rates were found for self-reported physical abuse (1.6%) and sexual abuse (0.6%).
Researchers and practitioners alike consistently assert that a dramatic discrepancy exists between the actual prevalence of elder abuse and the number of elder abuse cases encountered by health and service providers as well as criminal justice authorities. Underestimation of elder abuse occurs because older victims do not discuss their situation with others and rarely report incidences to the authorities. For example, of the 4.5% of older adults in the national prevalence study who reported experiencing emotional abuse, 8% of the individuals reported the event to the police (Acierno et al., 2009). Reasons older adults give for not disclosing abuse include embarrassment (Kosberg, 2014), belief that they are responsible for what happened (Moon & Benton, 2000), worry that the perpetrator might harm them even more (Ziminski Pickering & Rempusheski, 2014), fear of being placed in a nursing home (Jackson & Hafemeister, 2014), not believing that help is available if they expose the abuse (DeLiema, Navarro, Enguidanos, & Wilber, 2015), acceptance of a long-standing abusive situation as one that must be tolerated (Teaster, Roberto, & Dugar, 2006), and not recognizing their situation as an abusive one (Dakin & Pearlmutter, 2009). Community members’ reluctance to recognize elder abuse as a problem and hesitance to get involved, particularly when options for intervention are perceived to be lacking, also contributes to the underreporting of elder abuse (Roberto, Teaster, McPherson, Mancini, & Savla, 2015).
Acknowledging this widespread and growing social issue, the 2015 White House Conference on Aging (2015) included elder abuse, neglect, and financial exploitation as one of its four priority topics. The purpose of this article is threefold: (a) to summarize current understanding of elder abuse including what cons ...
Perception of Child Abuse 2COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIO.docxherbertwilson5999
Perception of Child Abuse 2
COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIONALS’ PERCEPTION OF CHILD ABUSE IN CORRELATION TO STRESS
Introduction
Throughout the growth and development of society, child abuse and maltreatment has expanded into many different aspects; it occurs within socioeconomic levels, ethnic and cultural lines, all religions and all levels of education. Within the United States children are suffering from a hidden epidemic of child abuse and neglect. Every year 3.3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United States involving nearly 6 million children (a report can include multiple children). The United States has the worst record in the industrialized nation – losing five children every day due to abuse-related deaths (U.S. Department of HHS, 2011). The estimated cost of child abuse and neglect in the United States for 2008 is $124 billion (Fang, 2012). The Department of Children and Families (DCF) defines child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (Leeb, Paulozzi, Melanson, Simon, & Arias, 2008). There are four major categories of childhood abuse and maltreatment: physical abuse, psychological and emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect (Goldman, Salus, Wolcott, & Kennedy, 2003).
According to Brian H. Bornstein, Debra L. Kaplan, and Andrea R. Perry (2007), people have stereotypes about the circumstances and consequences of child abuse, and these expectancies can influence their judgments about individuals involved in abuse cases. Heim (2000) reported that participants with a history of abuse experience greater levels of perceived stress than participants without a history of abuse. They often perceive daily stressors more severely and longer in duration than their counterparts. It is also suggested that their history of abuse compromises these participants’ abilities to cope with stress, but the researchers noted that the data from their study is inconclusive, making it difficult for them to either support or refute this claim.
The perception of child abuse is very influential to students and upcoming professionals. Society’s definition and perception will guide current social work students into practice, which is a very important factor within the professional realm of social work.
Research Question
The purpose of this study is to examine college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and how it relates to stress. The independent variable is the college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and the dependent variable is how it relates to stress. The operational definition of perception remains closely allied to the continually developing behavioral theory of discrimination (Schoenfeld, 1962). The operational definition of child abuse is as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results.
Running head ASSIGNMENT 3-ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY .docxtoddr4
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 3-ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
ASSIGNMENT 3-ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 9
Assignment 3-Annotated Bibliography
Stephanie Rincon
Professor Terri Klosek
FP6525 | Psychology of the Victim
December 26,2018
Assignment 3-Annotated Bibliography
Introduction
The problem looked into by the paper includes domestic violence victimization. Domestic violence victimization is a serious offense that has for a long time disturbed families, individuals, and the social sectors (Van der Kolk, 2017). Since it touches on family, the most affected individuals comprise of women and children who undergo physical and mental abuse. Most of the known perpetrators of the crime include men who assault their partners. Domestic violence victimization focuses on individuals who are embroiled in a conflict involving a romantic relationship (Anderberg, Rainer, Wadsworth, & Wilson, 2015). Despite having the above factor as a general definition of domestic violence, one has to know that there are several features of domestic violence which are still being discovered while others remain unknown. The discussion looks into women and children as victims who are affected by the crime. It also looks at possible countermeasures to use in dealing with the problem.
Presenting Domestic Violence Victimization and Population (Women and Children)
The presentation occurs through the discussion of the following literature work:
Van der Kolk, B. (2017). Developmental Trauma Disorder: Toward a rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma histories. Psychiatric annals, 35(5), 401-408.
More than 85% of domestic violence victims are women (Van der Kolk, 2017). Those affected falls between the ages of 24 and 25 years. The population of victims includes intimate partners, people sharing a residence, and married couples. Domestic violence victimization affects individuals from diverse ethnicities, socioeconomic backgrounds, ethnicities, and sexual orientation. The connection for domestic violence victimization revolves around the magnitude of trauma it creates on the victims. Victims undergo psychological disturbance since they suffer from the shock that affects them for many years unless they receive the needed attention. Domestic violence victimization occurs on a physical level. It comprises of different abuses that may lead to injury, harm, and damage upon women. Sometimes women fall victims of aggravated physical abuses via deadly weapons used on them to injure them.
García-Moreno, C., Hegarty, K., d'Oliveira, A., Koziol-McLain, J., Colombini, M., & Feder, G. (2015). The health-systems response to violence against women. The Lancet, 385(9977),, 1567-1579.
It is important to note that domestic violence occurs on emotional and psy.
Running head DOMESTIC VIOLENCE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE2.docxsusanschei
Running head: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 2
Domestic violence
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
Course Title
Date
Domestic violence
Domestic violence at home can be defined to be an assortment of manhandle that happens in various homes, between relatives, couples individuals who are dating or even youngsters. The commonplace picture of abusive behavior at home includes a grown-up male culprit and a female casualty, this might be essentially between hitched couples or individuals who are dating. Domestic violence at home generally influences ladies and young ladies However, there are additionally ladies culprits of abusive behavior at home where men are casualties. Any savagery that is finished by any of the family or gathering part towards another could likewise qualify. Domestic violence occurs in various structures. Regular types of abusive behavior at home may incorporate Destruction of property, mental and psychological mistreatment, and physical and rape. It is unfortunate to the point that, culprits of abusive behavior at home may debilitate casualties or utilize verbal put downs and awful name, endeavor to publically mortify them, or play manipulative personality amusements. Abusive behavior at home may achieve a degree where abusers act enviously, and work to control casualties' by access to family and companions or business. The manhandle might be sufficiently extraordinary so the casualty loses a vocation in light of non-appearance or diminished profitability while at work, or is kept from working by any stretch of the imagination. In its most rough frame, aggressive behavior at home will include real physical and sexual brutality, abducting of kids, torment or murder of pets and sooner or later casualties are headed to suicide or submitting murder. Abusers who commit domestic violence do so to control their victim, and maintain that control by threatening the victim’s safety and that of people they love.
Literature review of domestic violence
Domestic Violence is a wonder influencing numerous social orders straightforwardly and in a roundabout way around the globe after research done in numerous years not a solitary definition portrays this marvel satisfactorily yet. Defining domestic violence can be very difficult, as it is a broad term used to describe a range of behaviours and has a multiplicity of meanings to different people in different contexts (Burton, 2008).
Domestic violence is as likely to be happening to a lawyer, a doctor, a teacher, or even a police officer (Gaz, 2012).
For centuries, domestic violence against ladies has been a continuous issue everywhere throughout the world. Numerous ladies are held around a man's control and are not permitted opportunity of their own. In specific nations, it is viewed as a typical thing for a spouse to control his significant other by not enabling them to do however they see fit. The spouse would instruct their wives, influence them to remain ...
Top of FormBy Karen A. RobertoCenter for Gerontology and Instit.docxjuliennehar
Top of Form
By: Karen A. RobertoCenter for Gerontology and Institute for Society, Culture and Environment, Virginia Tech;;
Acknowledgement:
Note: This article is one of nine in the special issue, “Aging in America: Perspectives From Psychological Science,” published in American Psychologist (May–June 2016). Karen A. Roberto and Deborah A. DiGilio provided scholarly lead for the special issue.
Since first identified in the mid-1970s as “granny bashing” (A. A. Baker, 1975), elder abuse has become a pressing concern throughout much of the world. Most recent estimates based on The National Elder Mistreatment Survey (Acierno, Hernandez-Tejada, Muzzy, & Steve, 2009) suggest that at least 10% of community-dwelling older adults in the United States, or approximately 4.3 million older persons, experience one or more forms of elder abuse annually (Kaplan & Pillemer, 2015). Prevalence rates among survey respondents were highest for self-reported financial abuse by a family member (5.2%), potential neglect by a caregiver (5.1%), and emotional abuse (4.5%). Substantially lower rates were found for self-reported physical abuse (1.6%) and sexual abuse (0.6%).
Researchers and practitioners alike consistently assert that a dramatic discrepancy exists between the actual prevalence of elder abuse and the number of elder abuse cases encountered by health and service providers as well as criminal justice authorities. Underestimation of elder abuse occurs because older victims do not discuss their situation with others and rarely report incidences to the authorities. For example, of the 4.5% of older adults in the national prevalence study who reported experiencing emotional abuse, 8% of the individuals reported the event to the police (Acierno et al., 2009). Reasons older adults give for not disclosing abuse include embarrassment (Kosberg, 2014), belief that they are responsible for what happened (Moon & Benton, 2000), worry that the perpetrator might harm them even more (Ziminski Pickering & Rempusheski, 2014), fear of being placed in a nursing home (Jackson & Hafemeister, 2014), not believing that help is available if they expose the abuse (DeLiema, Navarro, Enguidanos, & Wilber, 2015), acceptance of a long-standing abusive situation as one that must be tolerated (Teaster, Roberto, & Dugar, 2006), and not recognizing their situation as an abusive one (Dakin & Pearlmutter, 2009). Community members’ reluctance to recognize elder abuse as a problem and hesitance to get involved, particularly when options for intervention are perceived to be lacking, also contributes to the underreporting of elder abuse (Roberto, Teaster, McPherson, Mancini, & Savla, 2015).
Acknowledging this widespread and growing social issue, the 2015 White House Conference on Aging (2015) included elder abuse, neglect, and financial exploitation as one of its four priority topics. The purpose of this article is threefold: (a) to summarize current understanding of elder abuse including what cons ...
Perception of Child Abuse 2COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIO.docxherbertwilson5999
Perception of Child Abuse 2
COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIONALS’ PERCEPTION OF CHILD ABUSE IN CORRELATION TO STRESS
Introduction
Throughout the growth and development of society, child abuse and maltreatment has expanded into many different aspects; it occurs within socioeconomic levels, ethnic and cultural lines, all religions and all levels of education. Within the United States children are suffering from a hidden epidemic of child abuse and neglect. Every year 3.3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United States involving nearly 6 million children (a report can include multiple children). The United States has the worst record in the industrialized nation – losing five children every day due to abuse-related deaths (U.S. Department of HHS, 2011). The estimated cost of child abuse and neglect in the United States for 2008 is $124 billion (Fang, 2012). The Department of Children and Families (DCF) defines child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (Leeb, Paulozzi, Melanson, Simon, & Arias, 2008). There are four major categories of childhood abuse and maltreatment: physical abuse, psychological and emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect (Goldman, Salus, Wolcott, & Kennedy, 2003).
According to Brian H. Bornstein, Debra L. Kaplan, and Andrea R. Perry (2007), people have stereotypes about the circumstances and consequences of child abuse, and these expectancies can influence their judgments about individuals involved in abuse cases. Heim (2000) reported that participants with a history of abuse experience greater levels of perceived stress than participants without a history of abuse. They often perceive daily stressors more severely and longer in duration than their counterparts. It is also suggested that their history of abuse compromises these participants’ abilities to cope with stress, but the researchers noted that the data from their study is inconclusive, making it difficult for them to either support or refute this claim.
The perception of child abuse is very influential to students and upcoming professionals. Society’s definition and perception will guide current social work students into practice, which is a very important factor within the professional realm of social work.
Research Question
The purpose of this study is to examine college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and how it relates to stress. The independent variable is the college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and the dependent variable is how it relates to stress. The operational definition of perception remains closely allied to the continually developing behavioral theory of discrimination (Schoenfeld, 1962). The operational definition of child abuse is as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results.
Running head ASSIGNMENT 3-ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY .docxtoddr4
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 3-ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
ASSIGNMENT 3-ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 9
Assignment 3-Annotated Bibliography
Stephanie Rincon
Professor Terri Klosek
FP6525 | Psychology of the Victim
December 26,2018
Assignment 3-Annotated Bibliography
Introduction
The problem looked into by the paper includes domestic violence victimization. Domestic violence victimization is a serious offense that has for a long time disturbed families, individuals, and the social sectors (Van der Kolk, 2017). Since it touches on family, the most affected individuals comprise of women and children who undergo physical and mental abuse. Most of the known perpetrators of the crime include men who assault their partners. Domestic violence victimization focuses on individuals who are embroiled in a conflict involving a romantic relationship (Anderberg, Rainer, Wadsworth, & Wilson, 2015). Despite having the above factor as a general definition of domestic violence, one has to know that there are several features of domestic violence which are still being discovered while others remain unknown. The discussion looks into women and children as victims who are affected by the crime. It also looks at possible countermeasures to use in dealing with the problem.
Presenting Domestic Violence Victimization and Population (Women and Children)
The presentation occurs through the discussion of the following literature work:
Van der Kolk, B. (2017). Developmental Trauma Disorder: Toward a rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma histories. Psychiatric annals, 35(5), 401-408.
More than 85% of domestic violence victims are women (Van der Kolk, 2017). Those affected falls between the ages of 24 and 25 years. The population of victims includes intimate partners, people sharing a residence, and married couples. Domestic violence victimization affects individuals from diverse ethnicities, socioeconomic backgrounds, ethnicities, and sexual orientation. The connection for domestic violence victimization revolves around the magnitude of trauma it creates on the victims. Victims undergo psychological disturbance since they suffer from the shock that affects them for many years unless they receive the needed attention. Domestic violence victimization occurs on a physical level. It comprises of different abuses that may lead to injury, harm, and damage upon women. Sometimes women fall victims of aggravated physical abuses via deadly weapons used on them to injure them.
García-Moreno, C., Hegarty, K., d'Oliveira, A., Koziol-McLain, J., Colombini, M., & Feder, G. (2015). The health-systems response to violence against women. The Lancet, 385(9977),, 1567-1579.
It is important to note that domestic violence occurs on emotional and psy.
Running head DOMESTIC VIOLENCE DOMESTIC VIOLENCE2.docxsusanschei
Running head: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 2
Domestic violence
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
Course Title
Date
Domestic violence
Domestic violence at home can be defined to be an assortment of manhandle that happens in various homes, between relatives, couples individuals who are dating or even youngsters. The commonplace picture of abusive behavior at home includes a grown-up male culprit and a female casualty, this might be essentially between hitched couples or individuals who are dating. Domestic violence at home generally influences ladies and young ladies However, there are additionally ladies culprits of abusive behavior at home where men are casualties. Any savagery that is finished by any of the family or gathering part towards another could likewise qualify. Domestic violence occurs in various structures. Regular types of abusive behavior at home may incorporate Destruction of property, mental and psychological mistreatment, and physical and rape. It is unfortunate to the point that, culprits of abusive behavior at home may debilitate casualties or utilize verbal put downs and awful name, endeavor to publically mortify them, or play manipulative personality amusements. Abusive behavior at home may achieve a degree where abusers act enviously, and work to control casualties' by access to family and companions or business. The manhandle might be sufficiently extraordinary so the casualty loses a vocation in light of non-appearance or diminished profitability while at work, or is kept from working by any stretch of the imagination. In its most rough frame, aggressive behavior at home will include real physical and sexual brutality, abducting of kids, torment or murder of pets and sooner or later casualties are headed to suicide or submitting murder. Abusers who commit domestic violence do so to control their victim, and maintain that control by threatening the victim’s safety and that of people they love.
Literature review of domestic violence
Domestic Violence is a wonder influencing numerous social orders straightforwardly and in a roundabout way around the globe after research done in numerous years not a solitary definition portrays this marvel satisfactorily yet. Defining domestic violence can be very difficult, as it is a broad term used to describe a range of behaviours and has a multiplicity of meanings to different people in different contexts (Burton, 2008).
Domestic violence is as likely to be happening to a lawyer, a doctor, a teacher, or even a police officer (Gaz, 2012).
For centuries, domestic violence against ladies has been a continuous issue everywhere throughout the world. Numerous ladies are held around a man's control and are not permitted opportunity of their own. In specific nations, it is viewed as a typical thing for a spouse to control his significant other by not enabling them to do however they see fit. The spouse would instruct their wives, influence them to remain ...
Running Head JUVENILE PROSTITUTIONJUVENILE PROSTITUTION.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: JUVENILE PROSTITUTION
JUVENILE PROSTITUTION
Juvenile Prostitution
Human Development and Environments
Name
University Of xxxxxx
Abstract
Juvenile prostitution has disastrous effects to the mental, social, and physical development of a child. The paper explores the causes, effects, and prevention approaches that will eliminate juvenile prostitution. The research will use eco-developmental theory provides a premise for exploring the investigation on juvenile prostitution. Effort need to focus on broadening the prevention programs that are community based that helps to identify vulnerable children before they end up on the streets. The paper will provide stakeholders with an opportunity to understand the gravity of juvenile prostitution and develop appropriate interventions.
Background
In many conventions and tourist cities, child prostitution is rampant and growing at an alarming rate. According to the federal bureau of investigation, Atlanta tops among the cities with the highest number of children who engage in prostitution. There are concerted efforts of religious groups, lawmakers, and advocates for juvenile justice in the state. These efforts have not been fruitful since there is less focus on a lasting solution to the problem. Critics argue that efforts should be providing a sustainable program that will prevent vulnerable children from taking part in the vice. There has been a focus on increasing penalties for offenders without addressing the cause of the problem. Despite the stringent laws and penalties, the vice has continued to thrive. It is critical to note that efforts should be placed on developing treatment programs that help children who are sexually exploited. The efforts need to focus on broadening the prevention programs that are community-based that contribute to identify vulnerable children before they end up on the streets.
Introduction
Juvenile prostitution is an issue of concern in the society since it fuels human trafficking, kidnapping, serial rape, abuse of human rights, and exploitation. Most of these children are lured or abducted by traffickers who brand them or beaten into submission. Those that try to get away are either killed or tortured. Review of foster care is imperatives since many of these children are raped and abused in these placements. It is imperative to note that these children decide to run away since foster-care homes are inhabitable (Plumridge & Abel, 2001). It is imperative that the discourse should be placed on the role of child welfare systems since they have failed to identify children who are trafficked for sex. Even in their knowledge on the existence of these problems, the child welfare systems argue that the responsibility is outside their jurisdiction and purview. The argument is that the perpetrators of the vices are not caregivers or parents; thus, they shift the responsibility to law enforcement officers. Breggin (2008) says, “These children are not ...
Elder Abuse
Jamiah Riddick
Walden University
FPSY - 6206; Family Violence
Dr. Millimen
March 15th, 2021
Introduction
Elder abuse is the intentional action that infringes harm or develops a fatal risk of harm. It is as well the failure by the caregivers to meet the elder’s basic needs or to safeguard the elder from harm. There has been limited research that has been conducted on elder abuse (Daly, Merchant & Jogerst, 2016). This study will major on elder abuse as well as the different ways that can be used to handle elder abuse.
Methods
To identify the current status as well as quality of elder abuse study, a well-detailed research of health science literature was carried out and every article was graded. All literature searches were carried out from the inception of every index through March 10, 2014 (Daly, Merchant & Jogerst, 2016).
Results
The majority of the elderly have suffered from abuse. In a period of 10 months, 40 cases, 51% had been physically abused, 10% had hearing as well as visual impairment and 41% were physically abused (Daly, Merchant & Jogerst, 2016). The most common form of abuse among these individuals was physical, psychological as well as material abuse.
Discussion
Based on the study, elder abuse is a worldwide public health as well as human right issue and the abuse of old individuals are related to inappropriate health outcomes from minor injuries to disabilities, long-lasting psychological issues, suicide, and maximized risk of being hospitalized (Daly, Merchant & Jogerst, 2016). Elderly abuse can be handled through counseling, adult day care programs, educating people on how to recognize and report elder abuse, and listening to the older people and their caregivers to understand their challenges and give support.
Conclusion
The older adult population is increasing at a high rate in the U.S. in comparison to the younger people. many older individuals need care and are vulnerable to violence from their caregivers.
ReferencesDaly, J., Merchant, M., & Jogerst, G. (2016). Elder Abuse Research: A Systematic Review. J Elder Abuse Negl.,23(4), 348-365. doi: 10.1080/08946566.2011.608048
4
Problem Statement
Jamiah Riddick
Walden University
FPSY 6393; MS Psychology Capstone
Dr. Jackson
March 22, 2021
Lie detection is an important topic in psychology and law and it is among the areas that are used in psychology. It is not hard to identify the reason why it is essential to know if one is lying or telling the truth during police cases which involves court trials, criminal and intelligence interviews (Vicianova, 2015).
Telling lies as well as other types of deception are consistent characteristics of human social behavior. In order to enhance lie detection, psychologists as well as practitioners are required to come up with a way of detecting the lies. These tools tend to implement the whole possible solutions such as; a ...
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and risk-need-responsivity theory published v...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Breach of probation is one of the most common judicial offences for those with FASD.
Risk assessments are carried out daily. The risk assessment tools that forensic psychiatry uses have never been validated for those with FASD: their cognitive, memory, information, and executive function disabilities are rarely taken into account.
This paper suggests ways to promote natural justice for those with FASD
From Aging in Prisons to Caring Justice: A Solution Focused Approach for Corr...Tina Maschi
Article 10: From Aging in Prison to Caring Justice: A
Solution Focused Approach for Corrections and
Communities by Tina Maschi and colleagues published a special issue for the ICPA Journal: Innovation in Correctional HealthCare (Edition 12-2021)
Running head CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR1CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR8.docxjoellemurphey
Running head: CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 1
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 8
How to Respond to Criminal Behavior among the Youth
Student’s Name
Institution
Introduction
Criminal behavior has been a major area of focus to most psychologists. This is especially due to the age old debate between nature and being well nurtured. It is the main responsibility of most parents to know the genetic makeup of their children, for the sake of responsible parenting and also, in order to determine the outcome of their behaviors and norms they chose to embrace. Research has been conducted regarding this debate for quite a while, and has proven that both genes and the general environment have a big role to play when it comes to the criminality of an individual(Levine, 2003). The behaviors adopted by children and the youth should be put into consideration, considering that this is what has an impact on the safety of the society and the nation at large. Poor upbringing for the youth hasa great role to play especially in determining the kind of negative behaviors they chose to embrace later in their lives. This paper shows the findings in research on aspects of criminal justice and at the same time, a presentation of the varying opinions on how to respond to criminal behavior among the youth.
Crime during the transition to adulthood
Transition from childhood to adulthood is a complexperiod especially for the youth. In most cases, it becomes difficult for the youth to engage in various systems and they tend to be more conscious of their aging. Whereas most of the youth gradually transform from childhood to adult hood, this is the major stage in life which should be taken more seriously and in most cases, be prioritized in the society (Florez, 2008). Families should give the youth a chance to express their views on different aspects. Through survey data, it was identified that more than 732 youth are transitioning from out of home care to adulthood across for major states.
Based on research aspects, offences committed are attributed to the youth in various countries. Foster youth, just like their peers, tend to engage in less crime over a period of time. Those who lack mentorship are more exposed to criminal elements and tend to participate more in criminal behavior (Ashford, 2009). However, foster youth also remain more prone to arrest just like their peers. The transition from childhood to adulthood should be well handled to ensure that children are raised in lawful environments and at the same time, are provided with basic resources and counseling to help them in the future.
Causes of criminal behavior among the youth
The youth are affected by violence. This includes all children especially between the ages of 12 and 16, who are more exposed to violence and are twice as likely as adults to be victims of such situations. Homicide is known to be the third leading cause of loss of life for people between the ages of 15 and 25. The increase in rates of rape, vic ...
As a criminal justice human service practitioner, your primary obj.docxjesuslightbody
As a criminal justice human service practitioner, your primary objective depends on which element of the criminal justice system you belong to. For example, judicial branch practitioners interpret the law, law enforcement and security officers serve and protect, and correctional, probation, and parole officers provide care, custody, and control.
Write a 900-word report that discusses biological, psychological, or sociological causes of a violent crime of your choice. Address the following in your report:
· Describe your chosen violent crime.
· Discuss biological, psychological, or sociological causes of your chosen violent crime.
· If you are working as a human services practitioner in a law enforcement agency, discuss how you would utilize a biological, psychological, or sociological criminological theory to manage the offender.
· If you are working as a human services practitioner in the judicial system, discuss how you would utilize a biological, psychological, or sociological criminological theory to manage the offender.
· If you are working as a human services practitioner in a correctional facility, discuss how you would utilize a biological, psychological, or sociological criminological theory to manage the offender.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
BI never knew which way he would swing…:^ Exploring the Roles
of Substances in the Lives of System-Involved Intimate Partner
Violence Survivors
Jennifer E. O’Brien1
& Dania Ermentrout1 & Cynthia Fraga Rizo1 & Wen Li1 &
Rebecca J. Macy1 & Sarah Dababnah2
Published online: 8 July 2015
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract This article reports findings of a mixed-methods
study exploring the role that substances play in the lives of
service-mandated female survivors of intimate partner vio-
lence (IPV). The study sample consists of 22 women who
had completed a court- and/or child protective services
(CPS)-mandated IPV parenting program. Quantitative results
reveal moderate levels of current substance use and higher
levels of past substance use. Qualitative analyses yield three
key areas of participants’ perspectives of substances and vio-
lence: (a) role of participants’ substance use, including coping
and partner influence; (b) role of partner’s substance use, in-
cluding severity and substance preferences; and (c) relation-
ship between substance use and IPV, including effects on
safety and IPV frequency and severity. We find victimization
is a function of a partner’s—rather than a victim’s—substance
use. Future programming should focus on the overlapping risk
factors between substance use and IPV.
Keywords Substance use .Mandated . Court-involved .
Child welfare system-involved . Child protective services
involvement . Treatment-mandated
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public concern
because IPV directly affects nearly 1 million women each
year, and the effects of IPV have a wide ranging ripple-
effect on others within each woman’s life (Black et al.
The AssignmentRespond to at least two of your colleagu.docxtodd541
The Assignment
Respond
to at least
two
of your colleagues by providing at least two ways that their strategies may be expanded or improved.
Support your responses with evidence-based literature with at least two references in each colleague’s response with proper citation.
Colleagues Response # 1
Treating Childhood Abuse
The number of incidents that Child Protective Services (CPS) investigates annually in the United States is over two million alleged incidents of child abuse, 18 percent of physical abuse, 650,000 are confirmed to be physical violence, and neglect or abuse claims 1500 lives of children each year, with 80 percent being children under the age of four. Psychological and somatic symptoms, as well as psychological and medical diagnosis, including depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), chronic pain syndromes, chronic fatigue syndrome, and irritable bowel disorder, have been correlated with childhood violence.
From exposure to traumatic incidents in which they are victims of physical and sexual assault, domestic violence, motor vehicle accidents, serious medical disease, natural or human-created disasters, a large number of children and adolescents can experience PTSD (Sadock, Sadock, & Ruiz, 2017).
Assessing for Abuse
Identification and assessment of childhood abuse can be a complex process. It needs careful consideration of the situation involving alleged childhood abuse. A detailed interview is used in policies used to assess childhood abuse. In evaluating childhood violence evaluation, both physical examination and behavioral review should be assessed during the interview. A conducive environment should be created to enable the client to feel comfortable so as to be forthcoming with information. The client and the therapist should develop a good relationship. Prevention, early identification of violence with intervention restrict incidence, and avoid further development of trauma.
Trauma screening refers to a brief method, centered survey to evaluate if a person has undergone one or more traumatic events, has reactions to such events, has particular mental or behavioral health needs, and requires referral for a thorough trauma-informed mental health evaluation. Screening and screening questionnaires and clinical interviews are techniques that help in evaluating for violence. The questionnaires can help diagnose a high-risk parent or caregiver who can mistreat a child or teenager and can determine whether they are at risk of abuse, are sexually abused or have been abused in the past.
Media Exposure
Media visibility can be helpful, but it has several drawbacks as well. An advantage of the media is that it can serve as a place for people to interact and exchange thoughts about the risks of child violence and prevention. Social networking and the internet also encourage abuse-victim children to find resources to aid coping. Their emotional health will benefit fro.
CYBERBULLYING EXPERIENCES OF UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTSAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This paper explores the cyberbullying experiences among Criminology students at the
University of Mindanao. A simple random sampling method was used to distribute the study's online
questionnaire to the respondents and to survey the target population. This study has four hundred (400)
respondents, and the respondents are Criminology students at the University of Mindanao. The findings of this
study revealed that the level of cyberbullying experiences is sometimes manifested. On the other hand, the
cyberbullying experiences of the students indicate a moderate level, which indicates that the cyberbullying
experiences of the respondents are sometimes manifested. Also, the computations showed that among the
indicators presented, the highest mean is obtained in the psychological effect, which implies that there is a
significant effect of cyberbullying experiences of the respondents in terms of the Gender level of the
respondents. Therefore, respondents with a low level of cyberbullying experiences tend to have a moderate level
of cyberbullying experience. However, there is no significant effect in terms of age and year level of the
respondents according to the results regarding the psychological, emotional, and physical impact of
cyberbullying.
KEYWORDS :cyberbullying, emotional, experiences, psychological,physical effect, and simple random
sampling method.
The menu items at McDonalds in Moscow are slightly different thanTaunyaCoffman887
The menu items at McDonald's in Moscow are slightly different than those in the United States, as the Moscow menu features a number of local dishes not typically found in the US. For example, the Moscow menu includes such items as "Beef Stroganoff with Rice" and "Chicken Kiev." There are key ways McDonald's in Moscow differs from McDonald's in the United States.
Additionally, the decor and atmosphere of McDonald's restaurants in Moscow are often more sleek and modern than those in the US, and the service is generally faster. This is likely due, in part, to the fact that McDonald's restaurants in Moscow are typically newer than those in the US.
Finally, prices at McDonald's in Moscow are typically higher than in the US due to the higher cost of living in Russia. For example, a Big Mac in Moscow typically costs about 150 rubles, equivalent to about $2.50 US dollars.
Some key ways McDonald's varies from region to region include differences in price, menu items, and atmosphere. In Europe, McDonald's restaurants are often more expensive than the US, and the menu items may be slightly different. For example, the menu in France may include items such as Croque McDo and McFlurry Prestige. In Asia, meanwhile, McDonald's restaurants are typically cheaper than in the US, and the menu items may be more familiar to US customers (such as the McChicken sandwich). The atmosphere of McDonald's restaurants also varies from region to region. In the US, McDonald's restaurants are typically brightly lit and casual, while in Europe, they may be more subdued and formal.
There are many similarities between how McDonald's manages its brand globally and how it manages its brand locally. McDonald's strives to maintain a consistent brand image and message across all of its markets, whether through its advertising, restaurant design, or the quality of its food. At the same time, McDonald's also recognizes that each market is unique and tailors its approach accordingly.
For example, McDonald's has adapted its menu in China to include local favorites such as rice dishes. In contrast, India has created a separate vegetarian menu to cater to the large Hindu population. Ultimately, McDonald's goal is to provide a consistent brand experience for customers no matter where they are in the world. This global-yet-local approach has served McDonald's well over the years and has helped to make it one of the most recognizable and popular brands in the world.
There are several key differences between how a global organization in McDonald's industry manages its brand globally and how it manages its brand locally. First, when managing a brand globally, McDonald's industry must consider the needs and wants of customers in multiple markets, which can be diverse and changing. This requires a high level of understanding of customer behavior and needs and a flexible and adaptable marketing strategy.
Additionally, global brand management for McDonald's industry also requires a coordinated ...
UV3051 This technical note was prepared by ProfessorTaunyaCoffman887
UV3051
This technical note was prepared by Professor James G. Clawson. Copyright 1989 by the University of Virginia
Darden School Foundation, Charlottesville, VA. All rights reserved. To order copies, send an e-mail to
[email protected] No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a
spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise—without the permission of the Darden School Foundation. Rev. 12/99.
LEADERSHIP THEORIES
Leadership has been widely studied over a long period of time, yet it remains an elusive
phenomenon to understand and develop. This note offers an overview of some of the major
leadership theories. The theories are grouped according to the research approaches that
characterize them. The six categories are the trait, behavioral, power and influence, situational,
charismatic, and transformational approaches. Simple direct statements of the main assumptions
and conceptual points related to each theory comprise the bulk of the note.
Trait Approach
The trait approach—one of the earliest used to study leadership—emphasizes the
personal traits of leaders. The underlying assumption is that certain people possess innate
characteristics that make them better leaders than others.
The “Great Man” theory of leadership
Leaders are born, not made. Leadership ability arises from innate, internal traits. Some
people have them, and some don’t. It is our job to figure out what these characteristics are so we
can use them to identify potential leaders. No amount of training or coaching will make a leader
out of someone who does not possess these traits.
Stogdill’s leadership traits
Bass, Bernard M. Bass & Stogdill’s Handbook of Leadership. New York: The Free Press,
1981. This book summarizes more than 3,000 books and articles on leadership, spanning the
period from 1947 to 1980. Most attempts to pursue the “Great Man” avenue of research found
difficulty in identifying specific traits. Stogdill, however, was able to summarize some common
traits among effective leaders:
The leader is characterized by a strong drive for responsibility and task completion,
vigor and persistence in pursuit of goals, venturesomeness and originality in
problem solving, drive to exercise initiative in social situations, self-confidence and
sense of personal identity, willingness to accept consequences of decision and
For the exclusive use of P. Korlagunta, 2022.
This document is authorized for use only by Pramodh Korlagunta in MANA 5360-020-Fall 2022 taught by Cynthia St John, University of Texas at Arlington from Aug 2022 to Sep 2022.
UV3051
-2-
action, readiness to absorb interpersonal stress, willingness to tolerate frustration
and delay, ability to influence other persons’ behavior, and capacity to structure
social interaction systems to the purpose at hand.
“Great Man” theory ...
Running Head JUVENILE PROSTITUTIONJUVENILE PROSTITUTION.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: JUVENILE PROSTITUTION
JUVENILE PROSTITUTION
Juvenile Prostitution
Human Development and Environments
Name
University Of xxxxxx
Abstract
Juvenile prostitution has disastrous effects to the mental, social, and physical development of a child. The paper explores the causes, effects, and prevention approaches that will eliminate juvenile prostitution. The research will use eco-developmental theory provides a premise for exploring the investigation on juvenile prostitution. Effort need to focus on broadening the prevention programs that are community based that helps to identify vulnerable children before they end up on the streets. The paper will provide stakeholders with an opportunity to understand the gravity of juvenile prostitution and develop appropriate interventions.
Background
In many conventions and tourist cities, child prostitution is rampant and growing at an alarming rate. According to the federal bureau of investigation, Atlanta tops among the cities with the highest number of children who engage in prostitution. There are concerted efforts of religious groups, lawmakers, and advocates for juvenile justice in the state. These efforts have not been fruitful since there is less focus on a lasting solution to the problem. Critics argue that efforts should be providing a sustainable program that will prevent vulnerable children from taking part in the vice. There has been a focus on increasing penalties for offenders without addressing the cause of the problem. Despite the stringent laws and penalties, the vice has continued to thrive. It is critical to note that efforts should be placed on developing treatment programs that help children who are sexually exploited. The efforts need to focus on broadening the prevention programs that are community-based that contribute to identify vulnerable children before they end up on the streets.
Introduction
Juvenile prostitution is an issue of concern in the society since it fuels human trafficking, kidnapping, serial rape, abuse of human rights, and exploitation. Most of these children are lured or abducted by traffickers who brand them or beaten into submission. Those that try to get away are either killed or tortured. Review of foster care is imperatives since many of these children are raped and abused in these placements. It is imperative to note that these children decide to run away since foster-care homes are inhabitable (Plumridge & Abel, 2001). It is imperative that the discourse should be placed on the role of child welfare systems since they have failed to identify children who are trafficked for sex. Even in their knowledge on the existence of these problems, the child welfare systems argue that the responsibility is outside their jurisdiction and purview. The argument is that the perpetrators of the vices are not caregivers or parents; thus, they shift the responsibility to law enforcement officers. Breggin (2008) says, “These children are not ...
Elder Abuse
Jamiah Riddick
Walden University
FPSY - 6206; Family Violence
Dr. Millimen
March 15th, 2021
Introduction
Elder abuse is the intentional action that infringes harm or develops a fatal risk of harm. It is as well the failure by the caregivers to meet the elder’s basic needs or to safeguard the elder from harm. There has been limited research that has been conducted on elder abuse (Daly, Merchant & Jogerst, 2016). This study will major on elder abuse as well as the different ways that can be used to handle elder abuse.
Methods
To identify the current status as well as quality of elder abuse study, a well-detailed research of health science literature was carried out and every article was graded. All literature searches were carried out from the inception of every index through March 10, 2014 (Daly, Merchant & Jogerst, 2016).
Results
The majority of the elderly have suffered from abuse. In a period of 10 months, 40 cases, 51% had been physically abused, 10% had hearing as well as visual impairment and 41% were physically abused (Daly, Merchant & Jogerst, 2016). The most common form of abuse among these individuals was physical, psychological as well as material abuse.
Discussion
Based on the study, elder abuse is a worldwide public health as well as human right issue and the abuse of old individuals are related to inappropriate health outcomes from minor injuries to disabilities, long-lasting psychological issues, suicide, and maximized risk of being hospitalized (Daly, Merchant & Jogerst, 2016). Elderly abuse can be handled through counseling, adult day care programs, educating people on how to recognize and report elder abuse, and listening to the older people and their caregivers to understand their challenges and give support.
Conclusion
The older adult population is increasing at a high rate in the U.S. in comparison to the younger people. many older individuals need care and are vulnerable to violence from their caregivers.
ReferencesDaly, J., Merchant, M., & Jogerst, G. (2016). Elder Abuse Research: A Systematic Review. J Elder Abuse Negl.,23(4), 348-365. doi: 10.1080/08946566.2011.608048
4
Problem Statement
Jamiah Riddick
Walden University
FPSY 6393; MS Psychology Capstone
Dr. Jackson
March 22, 2021
Lie detection is an important topic in psychology and law and it is among the areas that are used in psychology. It is not hard to identify the reason why it is essential to know if one is lying or telling the truth during police cases which involves court trials, criminal and intelligence interviews (Vicianova, 2015).
Telling lies as well as other types of deception are consistent characteristics of human social behavior. In order to enhance lie detection, psychologists as well as practitioners are required to come up with a way of detecting the lies. These tools tend to implement the whole possible solutions such as; a ...
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and risk-need-responsivity theory published v...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Breach of probation is one of the most common judicial offences for those with FASD.
Risk assessments are carried out daily. The risk assessment tools that forensic psychiatry uses have never been validated for those with FASD: their cognitive, memory, information, and executive function disabilities are rarely taken into account.
This paper suggests ways to promote natural justice for those with FASD
From Aging in Prisons to Caring Justice: A Solution Focused Approach for Corr...Tina Maschi
Article 10: From Aging in Prison to Caring Justice: A
Solution Focused Approach for Corrections and
Communities by Tina Maschi and colleagues published a special issue for the ICPA Journal: Innovation in Correctional HealthCare (Edition 12-2021)
Running head CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR1CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR8.docxjoellemurphey
Running head: CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 1
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 8
How to Respond to Criminal Behavior among the Youth
Student’s Name
Institution
Introduction
Criminal behavior has been a major area of focus to most psychologists. This is especially due to the age old debate between nature and being well nurtured. It is the main responsibility of most parents to know the genetic makeup of their children, for the sake of responsible parenting and also, in order to determine the outcome of their behaviors and norms they chose to embrace. Research has been conducted regarding this debate for quite a while, and has proven that both genes and the general environment have a big role to play when it comes to the criminality of an individual(Levine, 2003). The behaviors adopted by children and the youth should be put into consideration, considering that this is what has an impact on the safety of the society and the nation at large. Poor upbringing for the youth hasa great role to play especially in determining the kind of negative behaviors they chose to embrace later in their lives. This paper shows the findings in research on aspects of criminal justice and at the same time, a presentation of the varying opinions on how to respond to criminal behavior among the youth.
Crime during the transition to adulthood
Transition from childhood to adulthood is a complexperiod especially for the youth. In most cases, it becomes difficult for the youth to engage in various systems and they tend to be more conscious of their aging. Whereas most of the youth gradually transform from childhood to adult hood, this is the major stage in life which should be taken more seriously and in most cases, be prioritized in the society (Florez, 2008). Families should give the youth a chance to express their views on different aspects. Through survey data, it was identified that more than 732 youth are transitioning from out of home care to adulthood across for major states.
Based on research aspects, offences committed are attributed to the youth in various countries. Foster youth, just like their peers, tend to engage in less crime over a period of time. Those who lack mentorship are more exposed to criminal elements and tend to participate more in criminal behavior (Ashford, 2009). However, foster youth also remain more prone to arrest just like their peers. The transition from childhood to adulthood should be well handled to ensure that children are raised in lawful environments and at the same time, are provided with basic resources and counseling to help them in the future.
Causes of criminal behavior among the youth
The youth are affected by violence. This includes all children especially between the ages of 12 and 16, who are more exposed to violence and are twice as likely as adults to be victims of such situations. Homicide is known to be the third leading cause of loss of life for people between the ages of 15 and 25. The increase in rates of rape, vic ...
As a criminal justice human service practitioner, your primary obj.docxjesuslightbody
As a criminal justice human service practitioner, your primary objective depends on which element of the criminal justice system you belong to. For example, judicial branch practitioners interpret the law, law enforcement and security officers serve and protect, and correctional, probation, and parole officers provide care, custody, and control.
Write a 900-word report that discusses biological, psychological, or sociological causes of a violent crime of your choice. Address the following in your report:
· Describe your chosen violent crime.
· Discuss biological, psychological, or sociological causes of your chosen violent crime.
· If you are working as a human services practitioner in a law enforcement agency, discuss how you would utilize a biological, psychological, or sociological criminological theory to manage the offender.
· If you are working as a human services practitioner in the judicial system, discuss how you would utilize a biological, psychological, or sociological criminological theory to manage the offender.
· If you are working as a human services practitioner in a correctional facility, discuss how you would utilize a biological, psychological, or sociological criminological theory to manage the offender.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
BI never knew which way he would swing…:^ Exploring the Roles
of Substances in the Lives of System-Involved Intimate Partner
Violence Survivors
Jennifer E. O’Brien1
& Dania Ermentrout1 & Cynthia Fraga Rizo1 & Wen Li1 &
Rebecca J. Macy1 & Sarah Dababnah2
Published online: 8 July 2015
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract This article reports findings of a mixed-methods
study exploring the role that substances play in the lives of
service-mandated female survivors of intimate partner vio-
lence (IPV). The study sample consists of 22 women who
had completed a court- and/or child protective services
(CPS)-mandated IPV parenting program. Quantitative results
reveal moderate levels of current substance use and higher
levels of past substance use. Qualitative analyses yield three
key areas of participants’ perspectives of substances and vio-
lence: (a) role of participants’ substance use, including coping
and partner influence; (b) role of partner’s substance use, in-
cluding severity and substance preferences; and (c) relation-
ship between substance use and IPV, including effects on
safety and IPV frequency and severity. We find victimization
is a function of a partner’s—rather than a victim’s—substance
use. Future programming should focus on the overlapping risk
factors between substance use and IPV.
Keywords Substance use .Mandated . Court-involved .
Child welfare system-involved . Child protective services
involvement . Treatment-mandated
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public concern
because IPV directly affects nearly 1 million women each
year, and the effects of IPV have a wide ranging ripple-
effect on others within each woman’s life (Black et al.
The AssignmentRespond to at least two of your colleagu.docxtodd541
The Assignment
Respond
to at least
two
of your colleagues by providing at least two ways that their strategies may be expanded or improved.
Support your responses with evidence-based literature with at least two references in each colleague’s response with proper citation.
Colleagues Response # 1
Treating Childhood Abuse
The number of incidents that Child Protective Services (CPS) investigates annually in the United States is over two million alleged incidents of child abuse, 18 percent of physical abuse, 650,000 are confirmed to be physical violence, and neglect or abuse claims 1500 lives of children each year, with 80 percent being children under the age of four. Psychological and somatic symptoms, as well as psychological and medical diagnosis, including depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), chronic pain syndromes, chronic fatigue syndrome, and irritable bowel disorder, have been correlated with childhood violence.
From exposure to traumatic incidents in which they are victims of physical and sexual assault, domestic violence, motor vehicle accidents, serious medical disease, natural or human-created disasters, a large number of children and adolescents can experience PTSD (Sadock, Sadock, & Ruiz, 2017).
Assessing for Abuse
Identification and assessment of childhood abuse can be a complex process. It needs careful consideration of the situation involving alleged childhood abuse. A detailed interview is used in policies used to assess childhood abuse. In evaluating childhood violence evaluation, both physical examination and behavioral review should be assessed during the interview. A conducive environment should be created to enable the client to feel comfortable so as to be forthcoming with information. The client and the therapist should develop a good relationship. Prevention, early identification of violence with intervention restrict incidence, and avoid further development of trauma.
Trauma screening refers to a brief method, centered survey to evaluate if a person has undergone one or more traumatic events, has reactions to such events, has particular mental or behavioral health needs, and requires referral for a thorough trauma-informed mental health evaluation. Screening and screening questionnaires and clinical interviews are techniques that help in evaluating for violence. The questionnaires can help diagnose a high-risk parent or caregiver who can mistreat a child or teenager and can determine whether they are at risk of abuse, are sexually abused or have been abused in the past.
Media Exposure
Media visibility can be helpful, but it has several drawbacks as well. An advantage of the media is that it can serve as a place for people to interact and exchange thoughts about the risks of child violence and prevention. Social networking and the internet also encourage abuse-victim children to find resources to aid coping. Their emotional health will benefit fro.
CYBERBULLYING EXPERIENCES OF UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTSAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This paper explores the cyberbullying experiences among Criminology students at the
University of Mindanao. A simple random sampling method was used to distribute the study's online
questionnaire to the respondents and to survey the target population. This study has four hundred (400)
respondents, and the respondents are Criminology students at the University of Mindanao. The findings of this
study revealed that the level of cyberbullying experiences is sometimes manifested. On the other hand, the
cyberbullying experiences of the students indicate a moderate level, which indicates that the cyberbullying
experiences of the respondents are sometimes manifested. Also, the computations showed that among the
indicators presented, the highest mean is obtained in the psychological effect, which implies that there is a
significant effect of cyberbullying experiences of the respondents in terms of the Gender level of the
respondents. Therefore, respondents with a low level of cyberbullying experiences tend to have a moderate level
of cyberbullying experience. However, there is no significant effect in terms of age and year level of the
respondents according to the results regarding the psychological, emotional, and physical impact of
cyberbullying.
KEYWORDS :cyberbullying, emotional, experiences, psychological,physical effect, and simple random
sampling method.
The menu items at McDonalds in Moscow are slightly different thanTaunyaCoffman887
The menu items at McDonald's in Moscow are slightly different than those in the United States, as the Moscow menu features a number of local dishes not typically found in the US. For example, the Moscow menu includes such items as "Beef Stroganoff with Rice" and "Chicken Kiev." There are key ways McDonald's in Moscow differs from McDonald's in the United States.
Additionally, the decor and atmosphere of McDonald's restaurants in Moscow are often more sleek and modern than those in the US, and the service is generally faster. This is likely due, in part, to the fact that McDonald's restaurants in Moscow are typically newer than those in the US.
Finally, prices at McDonald's in Moscow are typically higher than in the US due to the higher cost of living in Russia. For example, a Big Mac in Moscow typically costs about 150 rubles, equivalent to about $2.50 US dollars.
Some key ways McDonald's varies from region to region include differences in price, menu items, and atmosphere. In Europe, McDonald's restaurants are often more expensive than the US, and the menu items may be slightly different. For example, the menu in France may include items such as Croque McDo and McFlurry Prestige. In Asia, meanwhile, McDonald's restaurants are typically cheaper than in the US, and the menu items may be more familiar to US customers (such as the McChicken sandwich). The atmosphere of McDonald's restaurants also varies from region to region. In the US, McDonald's restaurants are typically brightly lit and casual, while in Europe, they may be more subdued and formal.
There are many similarities between how McDonald's manages its brand globally and how it manages its brand locally. McDonald's strives to maintain a consistent brand image and message across all of its markets, whether through its advertising, restaurant design, or the quality of its food. At the same time, McDonald's also recognizes that each market is unique and tailors its approach accordingly.
For example, McDonald's has adapted its menu in China to include local favorites such as rice dishes. In contrast, India has created a separate vegetarian menu to cater to the large Hindu population. Ultimately, McDonald's goal is to provide a consistent brand experience for customers no matter where they are in the world. This global-yet-local approach has served McDonald's well over the years and has helped to make it one of the most recognizable and popular brands in the world.
There are several key differences between how a global organization in McDonald's industry manages its brand globally and how it manages its brand locally. First, when managing a brand globally, McDonald's industry must consider the needs and wants of customers in multiple markets, which can be diverse and changing. This requires a high level of understanding of customer behavior and needs and a flexible and adaptable marketing strategy.
Additionally, global brand management for McDonald's industry also requires a coordinated ...
UV3051 This technical note was prepared by ProfessorTaunyaCoffman887
UV3051
This technical note was prepared by Professor James G. Clawson. Copyright 1989 by the University of Virginia
Darden School Foundation, Charlottesville, VA. All rights reserved. To order copies, send an e-mail to
[email protected] No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a
spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise—without the permission of the Darden School Foundation. Rev. 12/99.
LEADERSHIP THEORIES
Leadership has been widely studied over a long period of time, yet it remains an elusive
phenomenon to understand and develop. This note offers an overview of some of the major
leadership theories. The theories are grouped according to the research approaches that
characterize them. The six categories are the trait, behavioral, power and influence, situational,
charismatic, and transformational approaches. Simple direct statements of the main assumptions
and conceptual points related to each theory comprise the bulk of the note.
Trait Approach
The trait approach—one of the earliest used to study leadership—emphasizes the
personal traits of leaders. The underlying assumption is that certain people possess innate
characteristics that make them better leaders than others.
The “Great Man” theory of leadership
Leaders are born, not made. Leadership ability arises from innate, internal traits. Some
people have them, and some don’t. It is our job to figure out what these characteristics are so we
can use them to identify potential leaders. No amount of training or coaching will make a leader
out of someone who does not possess these traits.
Stogdill’s leadership traits
Bass, Bernard M. Bass & Stogdill’s Handbook of Leadership. New York: The Free Press,
1981. This book summarizes more than 3,000 books and articles on leadership, spanning the
period from 1947 to 1980. Most attempts to pursue the “Great Man” avenue of research found
difficulty in identifying specific traits. Stogdill, however, was able to summarize some common
traits among effective leaders:
The leader is characterized by a strong drive for responsibility and task completion,
vigor and persistence in pursuit of goals, venturesomeness and originality in
problem solving, drive to exercise initiative in social situations, self-confidence and
sense of personal identity, willingness to accept consequences of decision and
For the exclusive use of P. Korlagunta, 2022.
This document is authorized for use only by Pramodh Korlagunta in MANA 5360-020-Fall 2022 taught by Cynthia St John, University of Texas at Arlington from Aug 2022 to Sep 2022.
UV3051
-2-
action, readiness to absorb interpersonal stress, willingness to tolerate frustration
and delay, ability to influence other persons’ behavior, and capacity to structure
social interaction systems to the purpose at hand.
“Great Man” theory ...
ScenarioYour manager wants you to make a PowerPoint presentation TaunyaCoffman887
Scenario:Your manager wants you to make a PowerPoint presentation on how terrorist financed the 9/11 attacks to new members of an emergency managers taskforce.
Create a presentation of at least 5-7 slides in Microsoft PowerPoint, which includes the following:
· Explain the difference between money laundering and terrorist financing.
· Explain how terrorist raise money.
· Explain how terrorist groups move money.
· Explain how the United Sates is attempting to reduce terrorist financing.
· Use the Notes Section of each slide if needed to expand your thoughts.
Support your responses with examples and cite any sources in APA format.
Resources:
·
Homeland Security Journal Rubric
Criteria No
Submission:
O Points
Emerging (F
through D range)
12 points
Satisfactory (C
Range)
14 points
Proficient (B Range)
16 points
Exemplary (A Range)
20 points
Criterion
score
20/20
Thesis and Ideas:
Explores the
appropriate topic based
on chapters read in the
week and displays
college level thinking
Submits the correct
number of Journal
articles.
Student did
not submit
the
assignment
Work does not
meet assignment
expectations;
shows little or no
understanding of
assignment
concepts
Assignment
partially meets
expectations with
minimal depth;
demonstrates a
limited
understanding of
the assignment
concepts
Assignment meets
expectations with
all components
being addressed;
demonstrates the
ability to evaluate
and apply key
assignments
Assignment exceeds
expectations with
exceptional depth;
presents all
requirements of the
assignment;
demonstrates the
ability to evaluate,
apply and synthesize
key assignment
concepts
20/20
Criteria
No
Submission:
O Points
Emerging (F
through D range)
12 points
Satisfactory (C
Range)
14 points
Proficient B Range
16 points
Exemplary (A Range
20 points
Criterion
score
20/20
Comprehension:
Synthesizes
information and
communicates it
through student’s own
thoughts and words.
Student did
not submit
the
assignment
Work does not
meet assignment
expectations;
shows little or no
understanding of
assignment
concepts
Assignment
partially meets
expectations with
minimal depth;
demonstrates a
limited
understanding of
the assignment
concepts
Assignment meets
expectations with
all components
being addressed;
demonstrates the
ability to evaluate
and apply key
assignments
Assignment exceeds
expectations with
exceptional depth;
presents all
requirements of the
assignment;
demonstrates the
ability to evaluate,
apply and synthesize
key assignment
concepts
20/20
Criteria No
Submission:
O Points
Emerging (F
through D range)
12 points
Satisfactory (C
Range)
14 points
Proficient (B Range)
16 points
Exemplary (A Range)
20 points
20/20
Evidence critical and
analytical skills
Student did
not submit
the
assignment
Work does not
m ...
Research Proposal Final Submission Rubric Writing ComponenTaunyaCoffman887
Research Proposal Final Submission Rubric
Writing Components
CATEGORY Unacceptable
(0 points)
Revisions Required
(2.5 points)
Target
(5 points)
Are the focus and purpose clear
and ideas well supported?
Missing thesis; confusion about or
misunderstanding of topic; no sense of
purpose
Simplistic and unfocused ideas; limited
sense of purpose; support is provided, but is
not specific; support is only loosely relevant
to the main points
Developed thesis; represents sound
understanding of the assigned topic;
focused support is provided and is sound,
valid, and logical
Is the writing structured well
organized? Is correct
sentence structure and
proper mechanics utilized?
No paragraph structure; or single,
rambling paragraph; or series of isolated
paragraphs; Contains multiple and
serious errors of sentence structure: i.e.,
fragments, run-ons; unable to write
simple sentences; numerous errors in
spelling and capitalization; intrusive
and/or inaccurate punctuation;
communication is hindered
Organization structure is present, but
is confusing or disjointed; weak paragraph
structure; transitions are missing or
inappropriate; Formulaic sentence
patterns or overuse of simple
sentences; errors in sentence structure;
contains several punctuation, spelling,
and/or capitalization errors (up to 6);
errors may or may not interfere with
meaning
Clear organizational structure;
easily followed; includes transitions;
structured format; Effective and
varied sentences; errors (if present) due
to lack of careful proofreading; virtually
free of punctuation, spelling,
capitalization errors (no more than
3); errors do not interfere with
meaning
Are vocabulary and word
usage varied and
appropriate?
Vocabulary is unsophisticated; or subject
specific vocabulary or sophisticated
vocabulary used incorrectly
Proper, but simple vocabulary used;
subject specific vocabulary used
infrequently
Vocabulary is varied, specific and
appropriate; uses subject specific
vocabulary correctly
Is the source requirement
met and is APA format
followed?
Source requirements for the appropriate
level were not met; there are significant
format errors present; multiple (more
than 6) of APA formatting errors; in the
reference list and/or in-text citations
Meets minimum requirements for
degree level: Masters – A minimum of
10 sources were utilized; Fewer than
6 APA format errors are present in the
reference list in-text; citations; header;
headings; page numbers; etc.
Five (5) sources beyond minimum
requires were utilized; there are
virtually no APA format errors present in
either reference list in-text; citations;
header; headings; page numbers; etc.
Is proper evidence and support
of original work provided in
body of the review?
Safe Assign originality report indicates
match percentage of greater than 25
percent
Safe Assign originality report indicates
match percentage of 15 to 25 per ...
The response must be 250 words and use at least 2 scholarly citationTaunyaCoffman887
The response must be 250 words and use at least 2 scholarly citation(s) in APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years. Acceptable sources include texts, articles, presentations, the Bible, blogs, videos, etc.
Textbook: Raines, S. (2020). Conflict Management for Managers: Resolving Workplace, Client, and Policy Disputes (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN: 9781538119938
***ELLIOTT C.****
Conflict Management in Unionized Environments
Unions and management/labor in the workplace in the United States have shared a volatile relationship in the United States. Beginning in the 1830’s labor unions were established to protect workers from the abuses of management that were the norm throughout the 19thand 20th centuries—the ability to form alliances such as those found in labor unions allowed employees to voice their concerns in one concise voice. Many employees felt safety and wages precipitate conflicts between management employees and union representatives. Raines (2020) claims wrongful termination, unfair treatment, harassment, workplace safety concerns, discrimination, intra-team dispute, personality conflicts, and so forth (p. 194).
The Establishment of Labor Unions
Historically, the Unionized workplaces owe their lineage to the period following the Black Plague in Europe. The plague disseminated the labor force in Europe; in addition to the growing economic stagnation, a decrease in production increased to force the price of goods to rise, creating a demand for labor. Labor in this situation was able to demand a living wage and improved working conditions. In their need to produce, the ruling class members found themselves forced to provide the mandated salaries and improved work conditions. Both parties understood that one party needed to make money, and the other had a commodity in demand. Both parties understood that they needed each other to have a successful enterprise. The concept of a symbiotic relationship between labor and management would last for centuries.
During the Middle Ages, the fallout of the plague caused a significant portion of the European population to die, leaving the demand for individuals to work the fields. The shortage of work forced Surfs to work longer hours. The extended hours combined with the labor shortage, provided the conditions for re-bargaining between the lords and the surfs. The ability to negotiate from the position of strength served as the earliest form of collective bargaining implemented in labor negotiations.
Post-industrial American, Labor Unions, and the Great Depression
In the post-industrialized society, labor unions emerged as a tool for collective bargaining in the 1920s-1930s during the Great Depression, when unemployment in America reached 14%. During this period, America was transforming from a predominantly agricultural society to a mechanized industry leading to the need for a specialized labor force, the challenge of child l ...
Sample Discussion Board Post for Criminal Justice SubmittedTaunyaCoffman887
Sample Discussion Board Post for Criminal Justice
Submitted by Melissia Anderson
Effective writing is so important to criminal justice professionals for many reasons. According to
Wallace and Roberson (2009), it is estimated that we use 70% of our time communicating. This may be
accomplished either verbally or in writing. A verbal communication is considered less formal, while a
written statement is lasting and given more significance. Because written statements are permanent,
they are assessed as more significant. A report filed by a law enforcement agent can be used for the
prosecution or defense of a defendant in a court of law. Inaccuracies in a written report can result in the
failure to convict an individual of a crime. The legal ramifications of unclear or imprecise writing can be
substantial. An officer must be able to explain the reasons a report is written and filed. They must be
able to defend errors in their reports. Under oath, they will have to testify from the contents of the
report. Criminal justice professionals must be able to not only file written reports, but to draft narratives
that are comprehensible and logical for others to grasp (Wallace & Roberson, 2009).
Working in Pretrial Services I know that clarity is particularly essential. If our court officers do
not precisely note the judge’s terms or conditions of release, a defendant may inadvertently violate
their release. It could cost the individual their freedom. Many times, the judiciary may be vague when
defining terms of release. In this instance court communications must be sent to distinguish the original
intent from the judge. It wastes valuable time and court resources to clear up ambiguous conditions.
Plagiarism involves stealing another person’s ideas or works and using them as your own.
Sometimes this can be blatant, like copying sentences word for word without using quotation marks. In
other situations, it may be less obvious, such as paraphrasing content from another source but not citing
it. This; however, is still plagiarism because that content originated from someone else's ideas or
research, not your own. Plagiarism in this instance can be avoided by simply using an in-text citation at
the beginning or the end of the paraphrased content. It is always a good idea to cite a source rather
than chance an allegation of plagiarism (Keiser University, n.d.). Stealing from another can destroy the
credibility of any criminal justice professional. Because they represent the law and courts, law
enforcement agents need to be above reproach.
Word Count: 401
References
Keiser University. (n.d.). Plagiarism [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://keiseruniversity.org
Wallace, H., & Roberson, C. (2009). Written and interpersonal communication: Methods for law
enforcement (4th ed.). Pearson Education.
Homeland Security Discussion Rubric 5/10/2021
Response No Submission
O Points
Emerging (F through ...
Please note a system that you work with frequently that has a major TaunyaCoffman887
Please note a system that you work with frequently that has a major data component. Note the type of data, how the data is managed and maintained, and any other important factors regarding the data in the system.
300 words APA formatted reference (and APA in-text citation)
...
PAPER 1ABSTRACTThis paper takes a peak within the criminalTaunyaCoffman887
PAPER 1
ABSTRACT
This paper takes a peak within the criminal justice system, where organizational conflict is covered in this essay. The potential for organizational conflict to arise within the framework of the criminal justice system is the focus of the discussion in this article. This article presents a comprehensive overview and analysis of each of the five stages of conflict, beginning with the pre-conflict phase. An example scenario inside the correctional system explains the stages of conflict. This scenario involves officials working within the system. Three scenarios are examples of circumstances in which an immediate supervisor would not be able to settle a dispute between workers. These scenarios are examples of the circumstances in which an immediate supervisor would not be able to resolve a dispute.
Conflict is an inevitable part of working in any company. On the one hand, it fosters creative thinking and strengthens the ability to find solutions to problems. On the other hand, it might render problem-solving ineffective, intensify defensiveness and unhappiness among members, and cultivate a toxic working environment. Conflict is an ongoing process that may have various repercussions on various individuals.
Keywords: conflict
Problem Resolution
Conflict is described as a dynamic process in which two or more people engage in an organization to cause conflict that may or may not result in aggressive actions. Workers' emotional states, such as stress, hatred, or worry, may be produced by conflict in organizations. Additionally, management may investigate the conflict in organizations by looking at the conflict behavior, whether it be quiet resistance or overtly hostile or aggressive conduct. Two prisoners fighting each other in a fistfight exemplify violence within a jail. The correctional officials have to deescalate the situation to prevent the disagreement from leading to a dysfunctional organization. Maintaining consensus among everyone in a company is not always straightforward. Nevertheless, businesses may encourage conflict management abilities via training.
The Five Conflict Styles
The five styles of conflict management is conflict avoidance, accommodation, collaboration, compromise, and competition. Organizational and environmental variables both have an impact on the phases of conflict. Conflict in organizations must be understood by the parties involved beyond the current circumstance since all disputes are tied to one another and have a degree of continuity. In this instance, a fight breaks out between two prisoners who share a cell. Up to the point that the prisoners start fighting in their cells, the argument keeps getting worse.
Problem
The problem illustrated in this essay is the penal correction system, which is used to explain the stages of conflict. This scenario involves officials working within the system. Three scenarios are examples of circumstances in which an immediate supervisor co ...
NRNP/PRAC 6665 & 6675 Focused SOAP Psychiatric Evaluation Exemplar
INSTRUCTIONS ON HOW TO USE EXEMPLAR AND TEMPLATE—READ CAREFULLY
If you are struggling with the format or remembering what to include, follow the
Focused SOAP Note Evaluation Template
AND the Rubric
as your guide. It is also helpful to review the rubric in detail in order not to lose points unnecessarily because you missed something required. After reviewing full details of the rubric, you can use it as a guide.
In the
Subjective section, provide:
· Chief complaint
· History of present illness (HPI)
· Past psychiatric history
· Medication trials and current medications
· Psychotherapy or previous psychiatric diagnosis
· Pertinent substance use, family psychiatric/substance use, social, and medical history
· Allergies
· ROS
Read rating descriptions to see the grading standards!
In the
Objective section, provide:
· Physical exam documentation of systems pertinent to the chief complaint, HPI, and history
· Diagnostic results, including any labs, imaging, or other assessments needed to develop the differential diagnoses.
Read rating descriptions to see the grading standards!
In the
Assessment section, provide:
· Results of the mental status examination,
presented in paragraph form.
· At least three differentials with supporting evidence. List them from top priority to least priority. Compare the
DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for each differential diagnosis and explain what
DSM-5-TR criteria rules out the differential diagnosis to find an accurate diagnosis.
Explain the critical-thinking process that led you to the primary diagnosis you selected. Include pertinent positives and pertinent negatives for the specific patient case.
·
Read rating descriptions to see the grading standards!
Reflect on this case. Include: Discuss what you learned and what you might do differently. Also include in your reflection a discussion related to legal/ethical considerations (
demonstrate critical thinking beyond confidentiality and consent for treatment!), social determinates of health, health promotion and disease prevention taking into consideration patient factors (such as age, ethnic group, etc.), PMH, and other risk factors (e.g., socioeconomic, cultural background, etc.).
(The FOCUSED SOAP psychiatric evaluation is typically the
follow-up visit patient note. You will practice writing this type of note in this course. You will be focusing more on the symptoms from your differential diagnosis from the comprehensive psychiatric evaluation narrowing to your diagnostic impression. You will write up what symptoms are present and what symptoms are not present from illnesses to demonstrate you have indeed assessed for illnesses which could be impacting your patient. For example, an ...
PLEASE READ CAREFULLY- Please use APA (7th edition) formattingTaunyaCoffman887
PLEASE READ CAREFULLY
- Please use APA (7th edition) formatting
- All questions and each part of the question should be answered in detail (Go into depth)
- Response to questions must demonstrate understanding and application of concepts covered in class
- Responses MUST be organized (Should be logical and easy to follow)
- Use in-text citations and resources per discussion from the school materials
-
The use of course materials to support ideas is HIGHLY RECOMMENDED
“Need at minimum 1½”
Discussion:
Cite three ways that global HR differs from domestic HR, specifically in relation to Total Rewards. Give examples, and cite at least one source from the class.
272
11
Far from being the latest buzzword, employee experience is turning into the
key element of the future-proof workplace. It’s time to change the outdat-
ed twentieth-century mindset that dismisses employees as dispensable and
infinitely replaceable and instead recognize that business is all about people.
The employer–employee relationship has changed. While the employer
had the power in the last century, that balance is shifting in this century,
and potential employees are being choosier about which opportunities
they accept.
Just as user experience is driving the digital interface, and as customer sat-
isfaction programs morph into the customer experience, we need to refocus
our people strategies to improve the entire employee experience. Forward-
thinking organizations are broadening their focus from engagement and
culture to a holistic perspective that considers an individual’s experience
before, during, and after a career within the company.
It’s not an isolated phenomenon: The 2017 Global Human Capital Trends
report by Deloitte found the attention on employee experience is gaining
momentum. While organizational culture, engagement, and employee
brand proposition remain top priorities, employee experience ranks as a
major trend:
• 80 percent of executives rated employee experience very important
(42 percent) or important (38 percent), but only 22 percent reported
that their companies excelled at building a differentiated employee
experience.
• 59 percent of survey respondents reported that they were not ready or
only somewhat ready to address the employee experience challenge.
The Cornerstone of a
Global Employee
Engagement Strategy
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EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 9/19/2022 6:18 PM via UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND GLOBAL CAMPUS
AN: 2734783 ; WorldatWork, Dan Cafaro.; The WorldatWork Handbook of Total Rewards : A Comprehensive Guide to Compensation, Ben ...
Mass shootings – a short researchBackgroundA subset of nationaTaunyaCoffman887
Mass shootings – a short research
Background
A subset of national homicides that captures both the headlines and the attention of policy makers is that of mass shootings – in schools, workplaces, places of worship, grocery stores, and elsewhere.
Definitions are not always consistent, but a common definition (and the one used by the primary database for this project) of a
mass shooting is:
a multiple homicide incident in which
four or more victims are murdered with firearms — not including the offender(s) —
within one event, and at least some of the murders occurred
in a public location or locations in close geographical proximity (e.g., a workplace, school, restaurant, or other public settings), and the
murders are not attributable to any other underlying criminal activity or commonplace circumstance (armed robbery, criminal competition, insurance fraud, argument, or romantic triangle).
Following each mass shooting, there are inevitably calls for policy makers to “do something” whether it is to tighten gun control laws, improve mental health programs, provide armed security (perhaps including teachers) at schools, increase active shooter response training, redesign school or office buildings to be more secure, or something else.
Despite recurring calls to “do something,” few meaningful policies to stop these mass shootings have been broadly implemented, and one reason for this is that there does not appear to be a consensus on the root cause(s) of the problem: is it about gun control, or is it about mental health, or is it about armed security, or something else? Maybe it’s about all of these, but which ones are the dominant underlying factors?
Assignment
The purpose of this assignment is to introduce you to formulating hypotheses that can be resolved (typically by refuting them through the scientific method) using quantitative methods. You do not have to resolve the hypotheses that you formulate, but you should think about them deeply enough to imagine how you might ultimately use quantitative data to resolve them
·
Task: First, read the information at the following two web sites related to mass shootings that employ an interactive online database:
·
https://www.theviolenceproject.org/mass-shooter-database/
·
https://projects.voanews.com/mass-shootings/
·
Task: Use the interactive online database from these websites to formulate hypotheses about the “common denominators” of mass shootings. In other words, develop at least one (or more) hypothesis about the relationships between some of the potential variables related to mass shootings. These will likely be hypotheses that you think can be
refuted; therefore they are likely to be worded oppositely of what you think (or hope) is true. (I know this seems strange, but the sooner that you understand this, the better.)
· Suggestio ...
I - Update Annotated bibliographyto educate yourself aboutTaunyaCoffman887
I - Update Annotated bibliography
to educate yourself about qualifying elements/limits on positions
to expand the applicability of the issue to a broader audience/widen the scope
to find further evidence to support/prove your sub-claims
to find evidence to support your warrants
Due 9/19/2022 @ 2pm , 100 words. MLA FORMAT
II- Analyze classical Argument, Identify examples of your work that correspond to the following element.
-Claims
-Qualifiers
-Warrants
-Backing
-Rebuttal
200 words MLA FORMAT
Due 9/20/22
...
Discussion CultureYou are socialized within a culture the momenTaunyaCoffman887
Discussion: Culture
You are socialized within a culture the moment you are born, both through your family and your broader community interactions.
As humans develop and mature, they learn the unwritten rules of social behavior and interaction as they watch and participate in their social environment. An individual’s culture is often influenced by nationality, ethnicity, religion, socioeconomic status, and geographic location.
By recognizing you have a culture in the context of a larger culture, and that your distinct culture exists along with other distinct cultures, how could that help you see the nature, value, and strengths of those other cultures? In this Discussion, you consider similar questions.
To Prepare
· Consider the different aspects of culture such as: language, communication style, art, customs/traditions (e.g., holidays, weddings, funerals), values, stories, religion, food, social habits (e.g., eye contact, how close one stands, how one greets or says “good”), gender roles, clothing, music.
· Reflect on the first time you remember someone else displaying a different cultural characteristic than your own. Where were you? What did you notice? How did you respond?
· Read Standard 1.05 from the NASW Code of Ethics:
1.05 Cultural Awareness and Social Diversity
(a) Social workers should understand culture and its function in human behavior and society, recognizing the strengths that exist in all cultures.
(b) Social workers should have a knowledge base of their clients' cultures and be able to demonstrate competence in the provision of services that are sensitive to clients' cultures and to differences among people and cultural groups.
(c) Social workers should obtain education about and seek to understand the nature of social diversity and oppression with respect to race, ethnicity, national origin, color, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, age, marital status, political belief, religion, immigration status, and mental or physical ability.
(d) Social workers who provide electronic social work services should be aware of cultural and socioeconomic differences among clients and how they may use electronic technology. Social workers should assess cultural, environmental, economic, mental or physical ability, linguistic, and other issues that may affect the delivery or use of these services.
Discussion: Social Work Practice With Groups
Group work offers many benefits that cannot be achieved through individual therapy alone. The most obvious benefit is group member validation. The knowledge that you are not alone and are not the only person who has experienced that particular issue can foster a strong sense of hope.
However, groups also present challenges from different personalities and behaviors that disrupt group dynamics and function. As a social worker, you will need to take different roles to manage the challenges in order to create a safer space for clients to engage in their work.
In ...
Given the growth in telecommuting and other mobile work arrangemTaunyaCoffman887
Given the growth in telecommuting and other mobile work arrangements, how might offices physically change in the coming years? Will offices as we think of them today exist in the next ten years? Why or why not?
Provide an outside source that applies to the topic, along with additional information about the topic or the source (please cite properly in APA)
At least one scholarly source should be used in the initial discussion thread. Be sure to use information from your readings. Use proper citations and references in your post.
...
District management involves many important components (I.E., organiTaunyaCoffman887
District management involves many important components (I.E., organizational structures, a variety of communication strategies, budgeting and school facilities, human resource management, etc.). Based upon your reading and your personal observations, what aspects of district management do you believe are your strengths and what aspects do you feel you would want to develop further to be a successful superintendent of schools? Why?
...
Develop a 4-6 page holistic intervention plan design to improve thTaunyaCoffman887
Develop a 4-6 page holistic intervention plan design to improve the quality of outcomes for your target population and setting.
Reminder: these instructions are an outline. Your headings for these sections should be Intervention Plan Components and
not Part 1: Intervention Plan Components.
Part 1: Intervention Plan Components
· Define the major components of an intervention plan for a health promotion, quality improvement, prevention, education, or management need.
· Explain the impact of cultural needs and characteristics of a target population and setting on the development of intervention plan components.
Part 2: Theoretical Foundations
· Evaluate theoretical nursing models, strategies from other disciplines, and health care technologies relevant to an intervention plan.
· Justify the major components of an intervention by referencing relevant and contemporary evidence from the literature and best practices.
Part 3: Stakeholders, Policy, and Regulations
· Analyze the impact of stakeholder needs, health care policy, regulations, and governing bodies relevant to health care practice and specific components of an intervention plan.
Part 4: Ethical and Legal Implications
· Analyze relevant ethical and legal issues related to health care practice, organizational change, and specific components of an intervention plan.
Number of resources
: 5–10 resources. (You may use resources previously cited in your literature review to contribute to this number.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Almaiah, M. A. (2021). A new scheme for detecting malicious attacks in wireless sensor networks based on blockchain technology. In Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain for Future Cybersecurity Applications (pp. 217-234). Springer, Cham.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-74575-2_12
This article discusses a new scheme for detecting malicious attacks in wireless sensor networks based on blockchain technology. It describes how blockchain technology can be used to secure wireless sensor networks and how this scheme can be used to detect and prevent malicious attacks. The article will be useful for my paper as it provides a detailed description of how blockchain technology can be used to secure wireless sensor networks. I will therefore use this article in my paper to discuss the different security challenges that come with wireless sensor networks and how blockchain technology can be used to address these challenges.
Ji, X., Huang, K., Jin, L., Tang, H., Liu, C., Zhong, Z., ... & Yi, M. (2018). Overview of 5G security technology.
Science China Information Sciences,
61(8), 1-25.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11432-017-9426-4
This article provides an overview of 5G security technology. It discusses the challenges of 5G security and the various technologies that are being developed to address these challenges. The article ...
After studying the course materials located on Module 5 LectuTaunyaCoffman887
After studying the course materials located on
Module 5: Lecture Materials & Resources
page, answer the following:
Name some very important organs that are not vital organs.
List the functional description of all the normal vital organs, including today’s exceptions.
Is it possible to live without a vital organ? Why? Example?
Distinction between assisting or substituting vital organs. Bioethical analysis.
Do the following practices assist or substitute the vital organ? Why?
Dialysis
Respirator
Ventilator
Tracheotomy
CPR
Read and summarize ERD PART FIVE Introduction.
Unconscious state: Definition.
Clinical definitions of different states of unconsciousness: Compare and contrast
Benefit vs Burden: bioethical analysis.
Submission Instructions:
The homework is to be clear and concise and students will lose points for improper grammar, punctuation, and misspelling.
If references are used, please cite properly according to the current APA style.
...
1. Big data is a common topic when discussing structured and unsTaunyaCoffman887
1. Big data is a common topic when discussing structured and unstructured data in the healthcare systems. (Read the Article-Managing Unstructured Big Data in Healthcare System)
2. Submit to this assignment a description of how unstructured data can be challenging in a healthcare system and how control and structure of big data can be created to help an entity or office be more effective in their respective practice.
...
Copyright 2022 Post University. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED TaunyaCoffman887
Copyright 2022 Post University. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Due Date: 11:59 pm EST on Sunday of Unit 4
Points: 100
Overview:
Since Sociology is the study of people, we have direct involvement every day in our
communities, schools, family, and neighborhoods. Talking to people is a major part of
the sociology field. This paper will allow you to broaden your understanding of a
particular sociological concept.
Instructions:
Written Assignment 1 will require you to interview someone in your community that has
dealt with any of the social conflicts that we have discussed in the first half of the term.
For example, suicide, bullying, depression, homelessness, discrimination of any kind.
These interviews can be done in person, via computer or other means of
communication, but a one-on-one interaction is necessary. As a last resort, if you
cannot find someone to interview, you can also choose a profession that is front and
center with current social conflict and discuss your choice in detail to include
sociological perspectives and or other course related material that you see fit. This is
an introduction course, so you have some leeway with your direction of your paper, but
please make sure you relate it to the material in the first 4 units.
Requirements:
• Two to three pages in length, excluding the Title and Reference page.
• APA format, including an in-text citation for referenced works.
• At least three resources (not including your textbook).
• 10 points will be deducted for each day the paper is late.
Be sure to read the criteria by which your work will be evaluated before you write
and again after you write.
SOC101 – Principles of Sociology
Unit 4 Assignment – Written Assignment 1
Copyright 2022 Post University. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Evaluation Rubric for Written Assignment
CRITERIA Deficient Needs
Improvement
Proficient Exemplary
0-23 24-27 28-30 31-33
Structure
Organization
structure and
paragraphing have
serious and
persistent errors.
Directions were
ignored and
information
provided was
insufficient to meet
assignment
guidelines.
Written work
inadequate for
college-level
work;
Paragraphing
and transitions
are inadequate;
inappropriate
guidelines
outlined for
paper were not
met with several
problems (see
directions).
Written work is
clear and
adequate
college-level
work;
Paragraphing
and transitions
are
adequate;
appropriate
guidelines
outlined for
paper were
met with a
few noted
problems (see
directions).
Written work is
clear and
excellent
college-level
work;
Paragraphing
and transitions
are clear
and
appropriate;
appropriate
guidelines
outlined
for paper were
met (see
directions).
0-23 24-27 28-30 31-33
Mechanics
Written work had
serious and
persistent errors in
word selection and
use; sentence
structure, spelling,
grammar,
punctuation was
inappropriate ...
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2. not individualized. To move away from assumptions of
perpetrator homogeneity and to inform intervention approaches,
this study classifies abusers into subtypes according to their
behavior profiles.
Method: Data are from the Older Adult Mistreatment
Assessment administered to victims by Adult Protective Service
(APS) in Illinois. Latent class analysis was used to categorize
abusers (N = 336) using victim and caseworker reports on
abusers’ harmful and supportive behaviors and characteristics.
Multinomial logistic regression was then used to determine
which abuser profiles are associated with 4 types of
mistreatment—neglect, physical, emotional, and financial—and
other
sociodemographic characteristics.
Results: Abusers fall into 4 profiles descriptively labeled
“Caregiver,” “Temperamental,” “Dependent Caregiver,” and
“Dangerous.” Dangerous abusers have the highest levels of
aggression, financial dependency, substance abuse, and irre-
sponsibility. Caregivers are lowest in harmful characteristics
and highest in providing emotional and instrumental support
to victims. The 4 profiles significantly differ in the average age
and gender of the abuser, the relationship to victims, and
types of mistreatment committed.
Discussion: This is the first quantitative study to identify and
characterize abuser subtypes. Tailored interventions are
needed to reduce problem behaviors and enhance strengths
specific to each abuser profile.
Keywords: Abuse intervention—Abuser—Elder mistreatment—
Stress and burden—Typology
Elder mistreatment—neglect, financial exploitation, phys-
ical, psychological, and sexual abuse—is a growing prob-
lem in aging societies, yet there is little consensus on what
interventions best serve the needs of victims and society
(see Moore & Browne, 2016 for a review of interventions).
3. The field has made significant progress in identifying victim
risk factors but comparatively little progress in identifying
how abusers differ across types of elder mistreatment. This
is despite research showing that abuser characteristics are
stronger predictors of mistreatment than victim character-
istics (e.g., Conrad, Liu, Beach, & Iris, in press; Jackson &
Hafemeister, 2011; Pillemer & Finkelhor, 1989), and that
abusers vary in their relationship to the victim, motivation,
and culpability (Jackson, 2014).
The disproportionate focus on victims compared to
abusers is driven by two factors. First, the elder abuse
field is based on a social work and child protective ser -
vices model, designed to support and protect victims
Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences
SOCIAL SCIENCES Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences
cite as: J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, 2018, Vol. 73, No. 5,
e49–e58
doi:10.1093/geronb/gbx023
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mailto:[email protected]?subject=
4. (Anetzberger, 1987; Wolf, 2003), rather than a criminal
justice model that focuses on prosecuting abusers (Jackson,
2016). Adult Protective Service (APS) caseworkers receive
little training on how to interview abusers and assist them
with issues like substance abuse, unemployment, and men-
tal health problems. Second, collecting information from
abusers who deny allegations and refuse to be interviewed
is difficult. There is also the challenge of obtaining reliable
information about abusers from their victims who may be
fearful of reprisal, cognitively impaired, or wish to pro-
tect the abuser from negative consequences (Enguidanos,
DeLiema, Aguilar, Lambrinos, & Wilber, 2014; Lachs &
Pillemer, 1995; Zink, Fisher, Regan, & Pabst, 2005).
Using data from the Older Adult Mistreatment Assessment
(OAMA), the purpose of this study was to move beyond the
one-dimensional view of abusers described in early litera-
ture by identifying distinct abuser profiles. The OAMA was
administered by APS workers in Illinois following reports
of mistreatment of older adults 60+ living in the community
(Conrad, 2015). All cases in the study sample were substan-
tiated, which in Illinois means that after investigating the
reported allegations, the caseworker determined that there
was sufficient reason to believe abuse, neglect, and/or financial
exploitation occurred (Illinois Department of Aging, 2013).
We tested whether abusers can be classified into distinct
subtypes that vary according to their traits and behaviors,
and whether specific abuser profiles are associated with
different types of mistreatment. This study will enhance
the field by moving away from a one-size-fits-all approach
toward more targeted services that reduce the risks associ-
ated with specific abuser profiles.
5. Background and Significance
Theories on Abusers
The caregiver stress and burden theory was the predomin-
ant explanation for elder mistreatment in the early 1980s
(Steinmetz, 1978, 1988). This situational perspective is
rooted in the child abuse literature and proposes that as
people age they become more frail and dependent on oth-
ers. Overwhelmed caregivers may respond to these needs
by intentionally or unintentionally harming older adults or
by failing to provide care (Steinmetz, 1978, 1988).
Empirical evidence has largely discredited the caregiver
stress and burden theory as the primary cause of elder mis-
treatment because it places too much responsibility for
mistreatment on victims while ignoring the role of abus-
ers (Bristowe & Collins, 1988; Pillemer, 1985; Suitor &
Pillemer, 1988). Studies in the late 1980s found that older
adults receiving care from abusive caregivers were not
necessarily more impaired or dependent than those with
non-abusive caregivers (Bristowe & Collins, 1988; Pillemer,
1985; Suitor & Pillemer, 1988). Nevertheless, the dynam-
ics of caregiving do provide a context for victim–abuser
interactions that may result in high levels of interpersonal
conflict (Anetzberger, 2000).
Pillemer and Finkelhor (1989) tested the caregiver stress
and burden theory and found that abuse outcomes are bet-
ter predicted by problems associated with the abuser than
by the functional status and dependency of the older adult.
They found that the abuser’s personality, psychological sta-
tus, and financial well-being were highly associated with
elder mistreatment, and that abusers tended to rely more on
victims for housing and financial support than the reverse
relationship of dependency.
6. There is a growing body of research supporting the
role of abuser problem behaviors as the primary cause
of elder mistreatment. Anetzberger, Korbin, and Austin
(1994) conducted a case–control study and found that
abusers were more likely than non-abusers to drink,
become intoxicated, and have alcohol abuse problems.
Abusive behaviors are also associated with unemployment
and social isolation (Amstadter et al., 2011; Lowenstein,
Eisikovits, Band-Winterstein, & Enosh, 2009; Manthorpe
et al., 2007). Studies have also reported a high prevalence
of mental illness among abusers (e.g., Brownell, Berman,
& Salamone, 2000).
Together, this research suggests that to protect victims
we must focus on those responsible. The implementation of
abuser- or dyad-centered interventions may improve out-
comes by specifically addressing abuser problem behaviors
that contribute to harmful actions, recognizing that suc-
cessful abuse interventions address both parties involved.
The first step to developing these interventions is categoriz-
ing the target users and identifying their behavior profiles.
Variability Among Abusers
Elder mistreatment encompasses many forms. Whereas
some abuse involves intentional acts in which a perpetrator
physically, sexually, psychologically, or financially harms an
older person, elder neglect involves the omission of care by
the person(s) responsible to protect the elder from harm
(Hall, Karch, & Crosby, 2016). Given the diversity of elder
mistreatment, it is no surprise that abuser risk factors differ
by type of mistreatment. Brownell, Berman, and Salamone
(2000) found that impaired abusers are more likely than
unimpaired abusers to engage in physical abuse and psycho-
logical abuse, and Acierno and colleagues (2009) reported
that abuser history of mental illness is more strongly
7. associated with physical abuse than emotional abuse.
Jackson and Hafemeister (2011) found that poor abuser
health was associated with hybrid financial abuse—that
is, financial exploitation with a combination of physical
abuse and/or caregiver neglect. In a recent review, Jackson
and Hafemeister (2016) reported that even within a par-
ticular type of elder mistreatment—caregiver neglect—
perpetrators fall into two distinct groups that exhibit dif-
ferent characteristics, interpersonal dynamics, and risk
factors.
Due to methodological challenges associated with
recruiting and collecting data from victims and their
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abusers, early studies on elder mistreatment risk factors
tended to treat elder abuse as a monolithic phenomenon.
Over time, it has become increasingly clear that elder mis-
treatment is an overarching term describing a constellation
of unique, though potentially co-occurring issues influ-
enced by both individual and contextual issues (Mosqueda
et al., 2016; Pillemer, Burnes, Riffin, & Lachs, 2016). While
8. risk factors are often treated as orthogonal variables that
are uncorrelated (Jackson & Hafemeister, 2013), key char-
acteristics and behaviors—such as substance abuse and
financial dependency—are strongly associated (Bonnie &
Wallace, 2003). More studies are needed to examine how
specific traits relate to one another and whether they are
unique to some mistreatment types but not others.
Conceptual Framework: Abuser Typologies
This paper is guided by the conceptual framework out-
lined in existing abuser typologies and the methods used
by researchers who study intimate partner violence (IPV).
They used cluster analysis techniques to create typologies
of male batterers (Chiffriller, Hennessy, & Zappone, 2006;
Holtzworth-Munroe, Meehan, Herron, Rehman, & Stuart,
2000; Holtzworth-Munroe & Stuart, 1994; Saunders,
1992). Similar methods have not yet been applied to elder
abuse. To date, only three publications describe a proposed
typology of those who mistreat older adults, and one of
them (Tueth, 2000) focuses solely on financial abuse. Based
on a review of the literature, Tueth (2000) described two
subtypes of financial abusers: (a) Passive/opportunistic
exploiters are dysfunctional, psychosocially stressed indi -
viduals with low self-esteem and substance abuse problems;
and (b) Active/predatory exploiters actively seek vulnerable
older adults to manipulate using threats and intimidation.
Jackson (2014) outlines a four-class typology of abus-
ers that fall within a continuum of malicious intent: (a)
Ignorant—mistreatment (usually neglect) occurs because the
abuser is unable to perform caregiving duties; (b) Reluctant
Exploiters—mistreatment arises from caregiver stress or
other non-malicious motives; (c) Ready Exploiters—abuse
is unplanned but the abuser takes advantage of an oppor-
tune moment; and (d) Bad Actors—abuse is premeditated
9. and deliberate.
A similar five-class typology was proposed by Ramsey-
Klawsnik (2000) based on clinical experience evaluating
victims and abusers: (a) Overwhelmed—abusers are well-
intentioned and qualified to provide care but feel stressed,
resulting in harm to the older adult; (b) Impaired—abusers
are not qualified to provide care due to frailty, developmen-
tal delay, physical impairment, mental illness, and/or sub-
stance dependence that often leads to psychological abuse,
physical abuse, and/or neglect; (c) Narcissistic—abusers are
motivated by personal gain and seek easy targets to exploit;
(d) Domineering/bullying—abusers are ego-driven and feel
justified in the use of coercive force to control their victims.
They engage in physical, psychological, and sexual abuse;
and (e) Sadistic—abusers derive pleasure from inflicting
harm and typically exhibit sociopathic personality disor-
ders, leaving them free of guilt, shame, and remorse.
Both Jackson (2014) and Ramsey-Klawsnik (2000)
acknowledge that some abusers are well-intentioned and
exhibit helpful behaviors despite ultimately engaging in
abuse or neglect. Research is needed to better understand
abuser strengths in addition to weaknesses to inform inter-
ventions that bolster these positive traits through caregiver
support, training, and education.
Creating an Abuser Classification
Existing typologies have laid the groundwork for a classifica-
tion scheme but have not been validated using quantitative
methods. Drawing on data from APS assessments, the pre-
sent study uses latent class analysis (LCA) to categorize abus -
ers into subtypes. LCA is similar to cluster analysis and uses
observed data to group individuals into latent classes based
10. on their shared characteristics and behaviors. It does not rely
on assumptions of linearity or normal distribution that are
often violated in regression analysis, leading to biased inter-
pretations of the parameter estimates (Magidson & Vermunt,
2004). We selected this approach because we believe that
some abuse interventions will be better suited to one abuser
subtype over another, and the first step to developing succes s-
ful interventions is to classify the target users into groups.
Similar to Jackson’s (2014) and Ramsey-Klawsnik’s
(2000) typologies, we predict that abuser profiles will exist
on a continuum of malicious characteristics, with some
subtypes scoring high in negative traits and behaviors (e.g.,
history of trouble with the law, being irresponsible, having
alcohol problems), and others scoring low on those behav-
iors and high in positive behaviors (e.g., providing care and
support to the victim). We hypothesize that abusers classi-
fied as higher on the continuum of malicious characteristics
will have perpetrated more substantiated abuse types (poly-
victimization) than abusers lower on the continuum.
Method
Sample and Measures
Data are derived from the OAMA, developed as part of the
Elder Abuse Decision Support System (EADSS), a validated
risk assessment tool used to substantiate reports of abuse
and neglect of vulnerable adults (ages 60+) in the com-
munity. It includes data collected at case intake, data from
interviews with the alleged victim and the alleged abuser,
and observations and abuse substantiation assessments
made by caseworkers. The OAMA covers neglect, physi-
cal, sexual, emotional, and financial abuse, but not self-
neglect. Information on the development and validation of
the EADSS is available in Conrad, Iris, Riley, Mensah, and
Mazza (2013). Measures can be found at www.eadss.org.
11. Six APS agencies in Chicago began using the OAMA in
their abuse investigations between November 2012 and
June 2013. While there is great variability across the United
States (Jirik & Sanders, 2014), Illinois’s APS program is
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http://www.eadss.org
similar to programs in many other states. To qualify for
services, an alleged victim must live in the community and
be aged 60 or older. The alleged abuser must have a rela-
tionship with the older adult involving an expectation of
trust (not a stranger).
The present analysis is limited to cases where a sub-
stantiation decision was made after a 30-day investigation
period, where “yes” = evidence was found to substanti-
ate abuse and/or neglect, and “no” = no evidence found
to substantiate the allegations. Reasons for allegations not
being investigated or substantiated were: victim refused,
access denied, unable to locate victim, victim deceased, no
jurisdiction, victim moved, victim institutionalized, victim
12. judged no longer at risk, and case transferred.
There were 948 total cases investigated during the
enrollment period (61.6% of 1,539 total reports), and 591
cases where at least one type of allegation was positively
substantiated by APS (62.3% of 948 investigated reports).
Of those cases, 336 cases had data on the abuser (35.4%
out of 948 total investigated cases). Of the cases excluded,
357 (37.7%) had no mistreatment substantiated and 255
(26.9%) lacked the abuser data needed for the analysis.
During case investigation, alleged victims were asked to
report on the alleged abuser’s negative/harmful behaviors
and characteristics (30 items), and positive/helpful behav-
iors (7 items). Questions include whether the abuser has a
history of trouble with the law, depends on the victim for
money, provides emotional support, and other behaviors.
Response options are 0 = “No,” 1 = “Some indication,”
and 2 = “Yes.” Responses were dichotomized to 0 = “no”
and 1 = “yes/some indication.” Information on the abuser’s
age, sex, and relationship to the victim was collected by the
caseworker or extracted from the case intake form.
Nine abuser items were selected for the LCA model
that met the following criteria: (a) described in previous
research as known risk factors for elder mistreatment
(e.g., Conrad et al., in press; Pillemer et al., 2016); (b)
were highly correlated with substantiated mistreatment
outcomes; and (c) had high frequency of endorsement:
25%–50% of the sample reported “yes” or “some indica-
tion.” If two highly endorsed items were collinear (r > .7),
the highest frequency item was selected for the LCA model
to reduce model complexity and maximize parsimony.
Table 1 lists these nine items and how often each was
endorsed. If the alleged victim was unable to respond to
13. questions about the abuser, the caseworker completed the
assessment using observation and third-party/collateral
reports (78%, n = 268).
Latent Class Analysis
We used SAS v9.4 to identify the number of distinct abuser
subtypes (classes, k), the relative size of each subtype (pro-
portion of abusers within each class, γ), and the distribu-
tion of characteristics within each subtype (probability of
each of the nine items based on class membership, ρ).
Using stepwise addition, k + 1 classes were added until the
best solution for the data was reached (Lanza & Rhoades,
2013). The optimal value of k was determined based on
an assessment of which model offered the most parsimoni-
ous grouping of individuals into subtypes and four indica-
tors of model fit: the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC),
the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), entropy, and the
Likelihood Ratio Statistic (G2). Lower AIC, BIC, and G2
values are preferred. Entropy is a measure from zero to one
of how well individuals are assigned to latent classes (class
differentiation), with values closer to 1 indicating better
differentiation. The bootstrap likelihood ratio test (BLRT)
assesses the relative improvement in fit between two nested
models: a model with k classes versus a smaller model with
k − 1 classes. The optimal class solution has high entropy,
low AIC and BIC values, and a G2 value that is significantly
smaller than the G2 value of the k − 1 model based on the
BLRT results. As important, the characteristics of abusers
Table 1. Items Used to Differentiate Abusers in Latent Classes
(N = 336)
Missing Yes or some indication
14. N (%) N (%)
Negative abuser characteristics and behaviors
History of trouble with the law 72 (21.4) 86 (25.6)
Trouble keeping a job 84 (25.0) 93 (27.7)
Emotionally draining/wears victim out 37 (11.0) 168 (50.0)
Seems irresponsible 54 (16.1) 114 (33.9)
Depends on victim for money 37 (11.0) 135 (40.2)
Has a drinking/alcohol problem 71 (21.1) 71 (40.2)
Problems controlling temper 44 (13.1) 141 (42.0)
Positive abuser characteristics and behaviors
Takes care of victim’s personal needs well enough (e.g.,
cooking, feeding, doctor’s appointments,
errands)
43 (12.8) 169 (50.3)
Provides emotional support (e.g., listens to and talks to victim)
33 (9.8) 141 (42.0)
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within each class should be distinct from the characteristics
15. of abusers assigned to other classes. In other words, the
subtypes must be qualitatively different and theoretically
plausible.
Results
Sample Characteristics
Abuser and victim characteristics are presented in Table 2.
The majority of victims (68.5%) and abusers (56.2%)
were female. Mean abuser age was 50.1 (SD = 17.0) and
mean victim age was 76.5 (SD = 9.7). Approximately half
the victims were non-Hispanic White, 35.7% Black, and
14.9% Hispanic. More than half the abusers were chil-
dren, 15.6% spouses/partners, 16.7% other relatives (e.g.,
grandchild, niece, sibling), 7.1% friends, 5.7% paid car-
egivers, and 1.5% service professionals (e.g., realtor, con-
tractor, landscaper, financial planner). Forty-eight percent
of cases involved substantiated emotional abuse, 51.5%
financial exploitation, 35.1% neglect, 21.1% physical
abuse, and 1.7% sexual abuse. Polyvictimization, defined
as co-occurring or sequential types of elder abuse by one
or more perpetrators (Ramsey-Klawsnik & Heisler, 2014),
was very common. More than one type of abuse was sub-
stantiated in 41% of cases, with an average of 2.3 types of
mistreatment per polyvictimization case. Financial exploi-
tation and emotional abuse had the highest frequency of
co-occurrence—30% of cases, followed by emotional and
physical abuse—19.5% of cases.
Abuser Typologies
Model selection
The four- and five-class solutions were the best candidates
for classifying abusers. AIC and G2 values decreased from
the one- to five-class solutions and the BLRT results showed
16. a statistically significant improvement in model fit (p <
.001). Comparing the five-class to the six-class solution,
BLRT was still significant but to a lesser degree (p = .040),
and AIC and G2 values were similar. Classification cer-
tainty (entropy) was marginally greater for the five-class
solution compared to the four-class solution—0.83 versus
0.82, and did not improve in the six-class solution (0.83).
BIC values declined from the one- through four-class solu-
tions, and then increased slightly in the six-class solution.
BIC penalizes models with more parameters and thus pro-
vides an upper bound indicator for class selection (Lanza &
Rhoades, 2013). Fit statistics for models one through six
are presented in Supplementary Figure 1.
An equally important criterion for determining the
optimal class solution is the interpretability of the abuser
subtypes based on the distribution of their conditional
probabilities (ρ). Conditional probabilities represent the
likelihood that a person within a given subtype will exhibit
a characteristic/behavior. High homogeneity of character -
istics/behaviors within each subtype is preferable, meaning
that conditional probabilities should be close to 0 or 1. In
this analysis, the conditional probabilities of the items in
the four-class solution were more plausible than the five-
class solution.
The results of the four-class solution are presented in
Table 3. Abuser subtypes were assigned descriptive labels
based on their characteristics/behaviors. Class 1 was
labeled Caregivers because abusers in this group have a
low probability of exhibiting all negative behaviors and a
high probability of providing instrumental help and emo-
tional support to the victim. They comprise 38% of the
sample. Class 2—Temperamental abusers (28%)—tends
to be emotionally draining, has trouble controlling temper,
and has a low probability of providing emotional support
17. and personal care. Class 3’s Dependent Caregivers com-
prise the smallest group—11% of the sample. They provide
moderate levels of support to victims but also have trouble
keeping a job, are irresponsible, and depend on the victim
for money. Dangerous abusers, Class 4, make up 24% of
the total sample. They exhibit high negative characteristics/
Table 2. Sample Characteristics (N = 336)
Mean (SD)/N (%)
Abuser characteristics
Abuser age (range: 13–96 years) 50.1 (17.0)
Abuser gender (female) 189 (56.2)
Victim characteristics
Victim age (range: 60–97 years) 76.5 (9.7)
Victim gender (female) 230 (68.5)
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White 164 (48.8)
Black 120 (35.7)
Hispanic 30 (14.9)
Other 5 (1.5)
Abuser’s relationship to victim
Type of relationship
Child 175 (52.1)
Spouse/partner 52 (15.6)
Other relative 56 (16.7)
Friend 24 (7.1)
Paid caregiver 19 (5.7)
Service professional 5 (1.5)
Abuser is victim’s caregiver 147 (43.8)
Abuser is representative payee 25 (7.4)
Abuser is power of attorney 24 (7.1)
Substantiated abuse types
Neglect 118 (35.1)
Financial exploitation 173 (51.5)
18. Emotional abuse 162 (48.2)
Physical abuse 71 (21.1)
Sexual abuse 7 (1.6)
Total abuse types per case (range: 1–5) 1.6 (0.7)
Note: Analysis sample includes only substantiated abuse cases
where data are
available on the alleged abuser. Two cases were missing
race/ethnicity, and five
were missing relationship type.
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behaviors (e.g., trouble with the law, irresponsible, unable
to keep a job) and low positive behaviors.
The results of the five-class solution are shown in
Supplementary Table 1. A fifth abuser profile emerged,
descriptively labeled Temperamental Caregivers, who are a
blend of Temperamental abusers, Caregivers, and Dependent
Caregivers. While the frequency of Dangerous abusers and
Caregivers stayed roughly within 1.5 percentage points of
those profiles in the four-class solution, the frequency of
19. Dependent Caregivers and Temperamental abusers declined
(from 11% to 7%, and from 28% to 22%, respectively).
The relatively small (12%) new subtype exhibits temper
control issues and is emotionally draining, but similar to
Caregivers and Dependent Caregivers, they also provide
support. Theoretically, Temperamental Caregivers are likely
the same as Temperamental abusers but with one differenti-
ating characteristic—they are also caregivers. We conclude
that this is not a sufficient enough distinction to justify the
five-class solution. Moreover, Temperamental Caregivers
have low homogeneity on items indicating that they are not
well-differentiated from the other subtypes. Given the mix
of qualitative and quantitative evidence, there is stronger
support for the four-class solution.
Differences in abuse and demographic characteristics
between subtypes
Table 4 presents demographic and abuse characteristics
when each abuser is assigned to their best-fitting class.
There are significant differences in mean abuser age and vic-
tim age between subtypes (F(3,332) = 6.03, p = .001 and
F(3,332) = 7.03, p ≤ .0001). Caregivers and Temperamental
abusers are older on average than Dependent Caregivers and
Dangerous abusers. The victims of Caregivers are the oldest
on average (79.2 years) and victims of Dangerous abusers
are the youngest on average (73.3 years). There are more
female abusers (64.3%) in the Caregiver class compared
to the other classes, and more male abusers (57.1%) in
the Dangerous class (χ2 = 10.17, p = .017). The Dependent
Caregiver subtype has the highest proportion of abusers
who are children of their victims (71.4%) compared to only
37.5% of Temperamental abusers (χ2 = 16.4, p = .001).
Substantiated abuse allegations differ significantly
between classes. Emotional abuse is highest among
20. Temperamental (65.9%) and Dangerous (73.8%) abus-
ers, whereas only 21.7% of Caregivers have substantiated
reports of emotional abuse. Similarly, physical abuse is high-
est among Temperamental (28.6%) and Dangerous (36.9%)
abusers and lowest for Caregivers (7.8%). Caregivers have
the highest frequency of neglect (51.9%), and Dependent
Caregivers have the highest frequency of financial abuse
(74.3%). Sexual abuse was substantiated in only seven cases
(1.6%), so differences between groups were not analyzed.
Dangerous abusers have the highest frequency of polyvic-
timization. They perpetrate 1.92 types of abuse, on aver-
age, which can include any combination of neglect, physical
abuse, psychological abuse, and financial exploitation.
Caregivers have the lowest frequency of polyvictimization
with an average of 1.3 abuse types per case. Differences are
statistically significant (F(3,332) = 13.8, p ≤ .0001).
Discussion
Although elder abuse researchers have noted diversity in
the characteristics of abusers (Jackson & Hafemeister,
2011, 2016), relatively few have sought to define specific
abuser profiles and their association with each type of mis-
treatment. The present analysis is the first to identify and
characterize abuser subtypes using data from substanti -
ated APS cases in an LCA model. This approach paves the
way for future researchers to develop and test customized
intervention programs that address the weaknesses of each
abuser subtype individually.
Table 3. Item-Response Probabilities for Four-class Model of
Abuser Characteristics and Behaviors Conditional on
class Membership (N = 336)
Abuser subtypes
Caregiver Temperamental
21. Dependent
Caregivers Dangerous
38% 28% 11% 24%
Characteristics/behaviors ρ SE ρ SE ρ SE ρ SE
Trouble with the law 0.03 0.02 0.22 0.06 0.59 0.14 0.82 0.06
Trouble keeping a job 0.07 0.03 0.13 0.05 0.95 0.12 0.89 0.07
Emotionally draining 0.23 0.04 0.70 0.06 0.47 0.14 1.00 0.01
Irresponsible 0.10 0.04 0.24 0.07 0.99 0.03 0.89 0.05
Depends on victim for money 0.27 0.05 0.25 0.07 0.89 0.07 0.80
0.06
Drinking problem 0.05 0.02 0.12 0.04 0.48 0.14 0.77 0.07
Trouble controlling temper 0.17 0.04 0.62 0.06 0.47 0.15 0.85
0.05
Helps with personal needs 0.91 0.03 0.23 0.06 0.74 0.10 0.32
0.07
Provides emotional support 0.94 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.99 0.03 0.03
0.08
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22. Variations Across Subtypes
Similar to work in the field of IPV (e.g., Chiffriller et al.,
2006; Holtzworth-Munroe et al., 2000; Holtzworth-Munroe
& Stuart, 1994), our findings demonstrate that abuser sub-
types differ with regard to positive and negative behav-
iors, demographic characteristics, and mistreatment types.
Findings supported our prediction that abuser subtypes exist
on a continuum of malicious behaviors, with abusers in the
Dangerous subtype exhibiting highly negative behaviors,
and Caregivers exhibiting mostly positive behaviors and few
negative behaviors. Subtypes also vary by average age of the
abuser and the victim, relationship to the victim, and the
type and number of substantiated abuse allegations.
On one end of the spectrum, Dangerous abusers provide
very little personal or emotional support to their victims
and exhibit high levels of engagement in every harmful and
pathological behavior in the LCA model—they are emotion-
ally draining, financially dependent, irresponsible, and have a
history of trouble with the law, difficulty keeping a job, sub-
stance abuse, and temper control problems. Three quarters
have substantiated emotional abuse allegations, and 36.9%
have substantiated physical abuse allegations. The majority of
Dangerous abusers (58.3%) engages in financial exploitation.
Dependent Caregivers exhibit a mix of positive and neg-
ative behaviors and personal attributes. Nearly three quar -
ters are children of the victim, and approximately half are
female. These abusers meet the victim’s personal care needs
and provide emotional support, but are characteristically
irresponsible, have trouble keeping a job, and are finan-
cially dependent on the older adult—risk factors identi-
fied in Jackson’s (2014) review of the literature on abusers.
Dependent Caregivers have the highest prevalence of finan-
23. cial exploitation (74.3%), followed by emotional abuse
(40.0%) and neglect (37.1%). According to Finkelhor’s
(1983) application of the social exchange theory to family
conflict, distressed or dependent family members who feel
they lack control may try to reclaim a sense of power ver-
bally or physically abusing the older person. These abuser –
victim relationships are likely characterized by an imbalance
in instrumental, financial, and emotional support, such that
the abuser benefits more from the relationship than the vic-
tim. Although Dependent Caregivers are the least common
subtype (11% of total), their physical, emotional, and rela-
tional proximity may place victims at risk.
While not as threatening as Dangerous abusers,
Temperamental abusers are emotionally draining and have
trouble controlling negative emotions. They provide the least
functional and emotional support. Nearly 60% are female,
37.5% are adult children, and a quarter are other relatives
(niece/nephew, sibling, grandchild, etc.). Temperamental
abusers engage mainly in emotional (65.9%), financial
(39.8%), and physical (28.6%) abuse. Only 21.6% have
substantiated neglect allegations, perhaps because fewer
Temperamental abusers identified as the victims’ caregivers.
Although there is a natural tendency to view all abusers as
“bad apples” who should be punished and kept away from
Table 4. Abuser, Victim, and Abuse Types Conditional on
Abuser class Membership (N = 336)
Abuser subtypes
χ2/F-test p-valueCaregiver (n = 129) Temperamental (n = 88)
Dependent
Caregivers (n = 35) Dangerous (n = 84)
24. Abuser characteristics
Mean age (SD) 53.5 (16.8) 52.4 (18.9) 45.4 (14.8) 44.8 (14.5)
6.03 .001***
Female 64.3% 59.1% 51.4% 42.9% 10.17 .017*
Adult child 50.4% 37.5% 71.4% 61.9% 16.41 .001**
Partner 18.6% 19.3% 5.7% 10.7% 6.14 .105
Other relative 13.2% 25.0% 11.4% 15.5% 5.91 .116
Non-relative 14.7% 18.2% 11.4% 10.7% 2.17 .537
Victim characteristics
Mean age (SD) 79.2 (9.2) 76.0 (9.9) 75.3 (10.9) 73.3 (8.6) 7.03
<.0001***
Female 70.5% 73.9% 57.1% 64.7% 4.13 .248
Non-Hispanic White 51.9% 44.3% 65.7% 41.7% 7.59 .055
Black 31.8% 39.8% 22.9% 42.9% 5.68 .128
Other 16.3% 14.8% 8.6% 15.5% 1.20 .753
Substantiated abuse types
Emotional 21.7% 65.9% 40.0% 73.8% 66.39 <.0001***
Physical 7.8% 28.6% 14.3% 36.9% 27.94 <.0001***
Neglect 51.9% 21.6% 37.1% 22.6% 33.17 <.0001***
Financial 48.8% 39.8% 74.3% 58.3% 12.71 .005**
Total abuse types 1.3 (0.56) 1.6 (0.67) 1.7 (0.68) 1.9 (0.85)
13.80 <.0001***
Note: Due to few substantiated cases (n = 7), sexual abuse is not
presented in the table.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.
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victims, our findings suggest that a number of abusers also
exhibit positive attributes. For example, Caregivers provide for
the personal and emotional needs of older adults and score low
in most negative behaviors. They also accounted for the larg-
est proportion of the sample (38%). Abusers in the Caregiver
group were typically older than abusers in other subtypes
(about 54 years) and tended to be adult children (50.4%) or
spouse/partners (18.6%). Despite providing care and emo-
tional support to their victims, 51.9% of them had engaged
in APS-substantiated neglect, meaning that they did not pro-
vide adequate supervision and/or failed to ensure that the older
adult had medication, food, or access to medical treatment.
Caregivers may intend to provide care for older adults
but lack the necessary knowledge, skills, and practical
ability to do so. In some of the cases, conditions such as
malnutrition, dehydration, and poor skin integrity may
have been misinterpreted as signs of elder neglect by those
who reported the case to APS (e.g., physicians, APS work-
ers), when in fact the elder was experiencing symptoms of
end-stage disease. Better forensic tools are needed to assist
practitioners in differentiating true neglect from physi-
ological states that appear to be, but are not, elder neglect
(DeLiema, Homeier, Anglin, Li, & Wilber, 2016).
The subtypes identified in this study provide empiri-
cal evidence to support and augment the abuser profiles
described in the literature (see Supplementary Table 2),
and demonstrate that different forms of elder abuse are
committed by different types of perpetrators (Jackson &
26. Hafemeister, 2016). Jackson’s (2014) Bad Actors, whose
actions are deliberate and premeditated, and Ramsey-
Klawsnik’s (2000) Domineering/bullying and possibly
Sadistic abusers are most similar to the Dangerous abusers
in the present study. Dependent Caregivers are comparable
to Jackson’s (2014) Ready Exploiters who are capable of
engaging in abusive actions if given an opportunity, and
Ramsey-Klawsnik’s (2000) Narcissistic perpetrators who
are motivated by personal gain. Caregivers are similar
to Jackson’s (2014) Reluctant Exploiters and Ramsey-
Klawsnik’s (2000) Overwhelmed perpetrators, who
although qualified to provide care, still neglect the older
adult’s needs. They may also be analogous to Ramsey-
Klawsnik’s (2000) Impaired abusers who have physical or
mental impairments that impede their ability to provide
care, or Jackson’s (2014) Ignorant abusers who similarly
are unable to perform caregiving duties.
Developing Targeted Interventions
Results suggest that we may achieve greater success in
elder abuse case outcomes by applying targeted interven-
tions that respond to specific abuser profiles. Interventions
should focus dually on victims and abusers, and services
should be provided simultaneously.
Because Dangerous abusers pose the most obvious safety
threat to victims, interventions might focus on ensuring that
abusers do not have continued access to the victim, such as
enacting a protective order or removing the abuser from the
home if s/he lives with the victim. Protectively placing the
older
person in a facility should only take place if more supervision
and professional care are necessary to reduce risk of harm.
27. Many older adults have strong emotional attachments to
abusers and severing ties can be more harmful to the older
person than the abuse itself. For Dependent Caregivers,
risk of mistreatment may be mitigated by reducing their
reliance on the victim while nurturing positive interactions
and compassionate caregiving. Positive outcomes could be
achieved by providing alternative housing, financial sup-
port, job training, or other life skill training that could
increase the abuser’s independence and enhance their help-
ful behaviors. Victims should be empowered to discontinue
practices that enable Dependent Caregivers to rely on them
for housing or financial support.
In contrast, fewer Temperamental abusers rely on or
provide support to the victim. Instead of caregiver support
or job training, these abusers may be aided by mental health
services to improve emotional stability and decrease vola-
tile behavior. In the absence of adherence to mental health
recommendations or a reduction in aggressive behavior,
restricting access to the victim might be necessary, similar
to that for Dangerous abusers.
Caregiver support, rather than separation from the vic-
tim, may reduce the risk of abuse recurrence by Caregivers
and help preserve the caregiving relationship. Interventions
might include education about minimum standards of care
and proper financial management and fiduciary practices, or
referral to stress management and caregiver respite services.
These targeted interventions may be used as an alterna-
tive or supplement to punitive interventions —either criminal
or civil—across all types of abusers to reduce risk of future
recurrence. Abuser interventions are most effective when com-
bined with efforts to reduce victim vulnerability and estab-
lish safe and supportive environmental contexts (Mosqueda
et al., 2016). For instance, efforts to remove a Dangerous or
28. Temperamental abuser from a household should be coupled
with long-term services and supports to enhance the victim’s
independence (Yonashiro-Cho, Meyer, & Wilber, in press).
Limitations
The abuser profiles identified in this study are item and
sample dependent. Classifying abusers using APS data
from other states or including different indicators in the
model may generate additional profiles defined by different
characteristics. The sample is biased toward substantiated
cases where the APS caseworker could collect information
on the alleged abuser. We excluded cases where the victim
was deceased, missing, unable or unwilling to share infor-
mation, where collaterals were not available, or where the
caseworker simply did not record abuser information. It
is possible that more serious abusers went undescribed in
this study due to victim fear of retaliation or concern that
the abuser will be punished or taken away, thus resulting in
an underestimation of the frequency of Dangerous abusers
relative to Caregivers.
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29. Cases in the sample were substantiated by APS casework-
ers, yet their conclusions do not confirm that mistreatment
did indeed occur. Some abusers might not have commit-
ted elder abuse or neglect, whereas others who did were
excluded because the allegations were not sufficiently investi -
gated. Aside from directly observing abuse and neglect occur,
APS caseworkers’ substantiation decision is the best criterion
available. To validate these profiles, researchers should use
court records and other data on convicted abusers.
As with other elder abuse studies that rely on APS assess-
ment, there was between 11% and 25% missing informa-
tion on the selected items. One advantage of LCA is that
data are assumed to be missing at random so incomplete
cases are not dropped from the analysis. Obtaining data
only from victims, collaterals and caseworkers is a limita-
tion that will need to be addressed in the future, perhaps
by including questions on abusers in elder mistreatment
studies that sample from the general population, and in the
National Adult Maltreatment Reporting System (NAMRS).
Conclusion
This study addresses an important gap in the literature by
approaching elder abuse from the traditionally understud-
ied side of the dyad—the abuser. Despite its limitations, this
study is unique in using standardized measures from actual
abuse investigations where reporters and caseworkers were
legally responsible for accurate documentation. As such, it
demonstrates that recording standardized information on
abusers during the course of abuse investigations can gen-
erate rich information for research.
The emergence of the abuser pathology theory elicited
a move toward criminal justice interventions to curb elder
mistreatment through prosecution of abusers and protective
30. orders for victims. These are not the only options available.
The abuser subtypes identified in this study have the potenti al
to inform prevention approaches that are individualized to
reduce perpetrators’ likelihood of harm, such as ensuring that
unemployed adult children are not given authority to manage
their parents’ finances and that families have access to car -
egiver support resources when their loved ones become ill or
disabled. Early identification of potential risk profiles will ulti -
mately lead to more safety and security for vulnerable adults.
Supplementary Material
Supplementary data is available at The Journals of
Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social
Sciences online.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Institute on Aging
(grant
number T32AG000037); development and testing of the Elder
Abuse
Decision Support System was supported by the National
Institute of
Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice
(grant
number 2011-IJ-CX-0014).
Acknowledgments
Author contributions: M. DeLiema planned the study, performed
data
analysis, and wrote the manuscript. J. Yonashiro-Cho and
Y. Yon con-
sulted on the data analysis and contributed to writing the
manuscript.
Z. D. Gassoumis supervised data analysis and revised the
manuscript,
and K. J. Conrad collected the data and supervised the analysis.
31. Conflict of Interest
None.
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