As a criminal justice human service practitioner, your primary objective depends on which element of the criminal justice system you belong to. For example, judicial branch practitioners interpret the law, law enforcement and security officers serve and protect, and correctional, probation, and parole officers provide care, custody, and control.
Write a 900-word report that discusses biological, psychological, or sociological causes of a violent crime of your choice. Address the following in your report:
· Describe your chosen violent crime.
· Discuss biological, psychological, or sociological causes of your chosen violent crime.
· If you are working as a human services practitioner in a law enforcement agency, discuss how you would utilize a biological, psychological, or sociological criminological theory to manage the offender.
· If you are working as a human services practitioner in the judicial system, discuss how you would utilize a biological, psychological, or sociological criminological theory to manage the offender.
· If you are working as a human services practitioner in a correctional facility, discuss how you would utilize a biological, psychological, or sociological criminological theory to manage the offender.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
BI never knew which way he would swing…:^ Exploring the Roles
of Substances in the Lives of System-Involved Intimate Partner
Violence Survivors
Jennifer E. O’Brien1
& Dania Ermentrout1 & Cynthia Fraga Rizo1 & Wen Li1 &
Rebecca J. Macy1 & Sarah Dababnah2
Published online: 8 July 2015
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract This article reports findings of a mixed-methods
study exploring the role that substances play in the lives of
service-mandated female survivors of intimate partner vio-
lence (IPV). The study sample consists of 22 women who
had completed a court- and/or child protective services
(CPS)-mandated IPV parenting program. Quantitative results
reveal moderate levels of current substance use and higher
levels of past substance use. Qualitative analyses yield three
key areas of participants’ perspectives of substances and vio-
lence: (a) role of participants’ substance use, including coping
and partner influence; (b) role of partner’s substance use, in-
cluding severity and substance preferences; and (c) relation-
ship between substance use and IPV, including effects on
safety and IPV frequency and severity. We find victimization
is a function of a partner’s—rather than a victim’s—substance
use. Future programming should focus on the overlapping risk
factors between substance use and IPV.
Keywords Substance use .Mandated . Court-involved .
Child welfare system-involved . Child protective services
involvement . Treatment-mandated
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public concern
because IPV directly affects nearly 1 million women each
year, and the effects of IPV have a wide ranging ripple-
effect on others within each woman’s life (Black et al.
This document discusses the evolution of domestic violence control measures and techniques. It outlines how views of domestic violence have shifted from considering it a private matter to recognizing it as a serious social issue and criminal offense. Early approaches focused on legal reforms and victim advocacy groups, while more recent strategies emphasize treatment programs and alternative sentencing to reduce incarceration costs and facilitate rehabilitation. The document examines different theories around domestic violence and analyzes how policies and societal views have progressed in recognizing and addressing this issue over time.
Perception of Child Abuse 2COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIO.docxherbertwilson5999
Perception of Child Abuse 2
COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIONALS’ PERCEPTION OF CHILD ABUSE IN CORRELATION TO STRESS
Introduction
Throughout the growth and development of society, child abuse and maltreatment has expanded into many different aspects; it occurs within socioeconomic levels, ethnic and cultural lines, all religions and all levels of education. Within the United States children are suffering from a hidden epidemic of child abuse and neglect. Every year 3.3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United States involving nearly 6 million children (a report can include multiple children). The United States has the worst record in the industrialized nation – losing five children every day due to abuse-related deaths (U.S. Department of HHS, 2011). The estimated cost of child abuse and neglect in the United States for 2008 is $124 billion (Fang, 2012). The Department of Children and Families (DCF) defines child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (Leeb, Paulozzi, Melanson, Simon, & Arias, 2008). There are four major categories of childhood abuse and maltreatment: physical abuse, psychological and emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect (Goldman, Salus, Wolcott, & Kennedy, 2003).
According to Brian H. Bornstein, Debra L. Kaplan, and Andrea R. Perry (2007), people have stereotypes about the circumstances and consequences of child abuse, and these expectancies can influence their judgments about individuals involved in abuse cases. Heim (2000) reported that participants with a history of abuse experience greater levels of perceived stress than participants without a history of abuse. They often perceive daily stressors more severely and longer in duration than their counterparts. It is also suggested that their history of abuse compromises these participants’ abilities to cope with stress, but the researchers noted that the data from their study is inconclusive, making it difficult for them to either support or refute this claim.
The perception of child abuse is very influential to students and upcoming professionals. Society’s definition and perception will guide current social work students into practice, which is a very important factor within the professional realm of social work.
Research Question
The purpose of this study is to examine college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and how it relates to stress. The independent variable is the college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and the dependent variable is how it relates to stress. The operational definition of perception remains closely allied to the continually developing behavioral theory of discrimination (Schoenfeld, 1962). The operational definition of child abuse is as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results.
The document discusses treating childhood abuse. It provides statistics on child abuse in the US and discusses the long-term physical and mental health effects abuse can cause. When treating a patient who experienced childhood abuse, the assistant recommends using a trauma-informed assessment and screening tools to properly evaluate the abuse. Exposure to media and social media may exacerbate mental health conditions like anxiety and depression. For a case of past abuse, the assistant states reporting to child protective services is mandatory to ensure the patient's safety.
This document outlines a proposed program to prevent sexual violence on a college campus. It begins with introducing the problem of sexual violence on college campuses and defining key terms. It then discusses social and environmental determinants of sexual violence and presents data on prevalence of sexual assault among college students. The target population is identified as college-aged students, particularly women. A needs assessment was conducted through interviews with campus health experts and reviewing campus statistics. The document proposes using this information to develop goals, objectives, and strategies for a prevention program.
The document discusses child sexual abuse and the role of health care providers in recognizing and reporting suspected cases. It finds that while health care providers are mandated to report suspected abuse, multiple studies show they do not always do so. Barriers to reporting include lack of training and concerns about legal processes. The document recommends steps for health care providers to take to better recognize signs of abuse and feel confident in their ability to assess and report suspected cases. These include increasing knowledge through training, utilizing screening criteria and expert resources, and directly inquiring with children to allow disclosures of abuse.
The document summarizes an analysis of a sexual risk reduction (HIV/AIDS) intervention program for African American women led by Ralph DiClemente. The randomized controlled trial aimed to increase consistent condom use through skills training based on social cognitive theory and the theory of gender and power. Results found women in the intervention had 2.1-4.1 higher odds of consistent condom use and improved communication compared to the control group. However, the study had limitations like not measuring long-term condom use and a p-value above 0.05, indicating no significant association between treatment and other factors.
Determining the Influence of Transition or Community-Based Interventions on R...LaKeisha Weber
This study examined the relationship between transition services and recidivism rates among urban students in the southeastern United States. Data was collected from 34 students' records on whether they received transition services after leaving juvenile justice and whether they recidivated. A chi-squared analysis found no significant relationship (p=.868) between receiving transition services and lower recidivism. The contingency coefficient showed a weak association between the variables, supporting the null hypothesis that transition services do not affect recidivism rates.
The document discusses a new policy by the Department of Job and Family Services to remove children from homes where the parents or guardians have a history of abuse, neglect, domestic violence or drug/alcohol offenses. The policy is based on social learning theory but may do more harm than good. It could overwhelm foster care systems and cause psychological harm to children by separating them from loving families. It also fails to consider that children can learn aggression from many sources beyond just their parents. Overall, the policy is deemed unethical due to these risks of making children's situations much worse.
This document discusses the evolution of domestic violence control measures and techniques. It outlines how views of domestic violence have shifted from considering it a private matter to recognizing it as a serious social issue and criminal offense. Early approaches focused on legal reforms and victim advocacy groups, while more recent strategies emphasize treatment programs and alternative sentencing to reduce incarceration costs and facilitate rehabilitation. The document examines different theories around domestic violence and analyzes how policies and societal views have progressed in recognizing and addressing this issue over time.
Perception of Child Abuse 2COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIO.docxherbertwilson5999
Perception of Child Abuse 2
COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIONALS’ PERCEPTION OF CHILD ABUSE IN CORRELATION TO STRESS
Introduction
Throughout the growth and development of society, child abuse and maltreatment has expanded into many different aspects; it occurs within socioeconomic levels, ethnic and cultural lines, all religions and all levels of education. Within the United States children are suffering from a hidden epidemic of child abuse and neglect. Every year 3.3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United States involving nearly 6 million children (a report can include multiple children). The United States has the worst record in the industrialized nation – losing five children every day due to abuse-related deaths (U.S. Department of HHS, 2011). The estimated cost of child abuse and neglect in the United States for 2008 is $124 billion (Fang, 2012). The Department of Children and Families (DCF) defines child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (Leeb, Paulozzi, Melanson, Simon, & Arias, 2008). There are four major categories of childhood abuse and maltreatment: physical abuse, psychological and emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect (Goldman, Salus, Wolcott, & Kennedy, 2003).
According to Brian H. Bornstein, Debra L. Kaplan, and Andrea R. Perry (2007), people have stereotypes about the circumstances and consequences of child abuse, and these expectancies can influence their judgments about individuals involved in abuse cases. Heim (2000) reported that participants with a history of abuse experience greater levels of perceived stress than participants without a history of abuse. They often perceive daily stressors more severely and longer in duration than their counterparts. It is also suggested that their history of abuse compromises these participants’ abilities to cope with stress, but the researchers noted that the data from their study is inconclusive, making it difficult for them to either support or refute this claim.
The perception of child abuse is very influential to students and upcoming professionals. Society’s definition and perception will guide current social work students into practice, which is a very important factor within the professional realm of social work.
Research Question
The purpose of this study is to examine college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and how it relates to stress. The independent variable is the college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and the dependent variable is how it relates to stress. The operational definition of perception remains closely allied to the continually developing behavioral theory of discrimination (Schoenfeld, 1962). The operational definition of child abuse is as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results.
The document discusses treating childhood abuse. It provides statistics on child abuse in the US and discusses the long-term physical and mental health effects abuse can cause. When treating a patient who experienced childhood abuse, the assistant recommends using a trauma-informed assessment and screening tools to properly evaluate the abuse. Exposure to media and social media may exacerbate mental health conditions like anxiety and depression. For a case of past abuse, the assistant states reporting to child protective services is mandatory to ensure the patient's safety.
This document outlines a proposed program to prevent sexual violence on a college campus. It begins with introducing the problem of sexual violence on college campuses and defining key terms. It then discusses social and environmental determinants of sexual violence and presents data on prevalence of sexual assault among college students. The target population is identified as college-aged students, particularly women. A needs assessment was conducted through interviews with campus health experts and reviewing campus statistics. The document proposes using this information to develop goals, objectives, and strategies for a prevention program.
The document discusses child sexual abuse and the role of health care providers in recognizing and reporting suspected cases. It finds that while health care providers are mandated to report suspected abuse, multiple studies show they do not always do so. Barriers to reporting include lack of training and concerns about legal processes. The document recommends steps for health care providers to take to better recognize signs of abuse and feel confident in their ability to assess and report suspected cases. These include increasing knowledge through training, utilizing screening criteria and expert resources, and directly inquiring with children to allow disclosures of abuse.
The document summarizes an analysis of a sexual risk reduction (HIV/AIDS) intervention program for African American women led by Ralph DiClemente. The randomized controlled trial aimed to increase consistent condom use through skills training based on social cognitive theory and the theory of gender and power. Results found women in the intervention had 2.1-4.1 higher odds of consistent condom use and improved communication compared to the control group. However, the study had limitations like not measuring long-term condom use and a p-value above 0.05, indicating no significant association between treatment and other factors.
Determining the Influence of Transition or Community-Based Interventions on R...LaKeisha Weber
This study examined the relationship between transition services and recidivism rates among urban students in the southeastern United States. Data was collected from 34 students' records on whether they received transition services after leaving juvenile justice and whether they recidivated. A chi-squared analysis found no significant relationship (p=.868) between receiving transition services and lower recidivism. The contingency coefficient showed a weak association between the variables, supporting the null hypothesis that transition services do not affect recidivism rates.
The document discusses a new policy by the Department of Job and Family Services to remove children from homes where the parents or guardians have a history of abuse, neglect, domestic violence or drug/alcohol offenses. The policy is based on social learning theory but may do more harm than good. It could overwhelm foster care systems and cause psychological harm to children by separating them from loving families. It also fails to consider that children can learn aggression from many sources beyond just their parents. Overall, the policy is deemed unethical due to these risks of making children's situations much worse.
This document provides an overview of a research project conducted in Massachusetts to study how family courts handle cases involving intimate partner violence (IPV). Surveys were administered to litigants, judges, and probation officers over two phases from 2009-2010. 212 litigants, 44 probation officers, and 10 judges participated. The project aimed to identify how often IPV is a factor in family court cases and explore stakeholder perceptions to inform systemic improvements around safety and addressing IPV in family court proceedings. Key findings revealed gaps between litigants' and other stakeholders' experiences that, if addressed, could enhance outcomes and safety in high-risk family court cases.
A Qualitative Evaluation Of The Effects Of Mandatory Reporting Of Domestic Vi...Jackie Taylor
This study evaluated Kentucky's mandatory reporting law for domestic violence through interviews with 24 female domestic violence victims. The victims were generally supportive of the law and felt professionals should be required to report abuse. They did not feel the law increased their risk of further harm or losing their children. When reports were made, adult protective services contacted victims and offered supportive services, which victims utilized. Some criticisms included the secrecy of initial contact, an oversimplified view of family violence, and lack of police response to reports. Overall, the research provides preliminary support for mandatory reporting from the perspective of victims.
Criminal Behavior in Your Community HW.docxstudywriters
The document discusses adolescent substance abuse as a criminal behavior. It describes typical perpetrators as juveniles between certain ages, and outlines individual risk factors like gender, race, and socioeconomic status that may contribute to substance abuse. The document also compares criminal and civil legal systems in terms of penalties, burden of proof, and key players involved. Furthermore, it proposes addressing this issue through prevention and intervention programs focused on strengthening protective factors and reducing risks in schools, families, and communities.
1Mandated Reporting of Child AbuseStudent’s NameAnastaciaShadelb
This document discusses mandated reporting laws for child abuse. It provides background on how mandated reporting began in the 1950s and 1960s after research uncovered many cases of child abuse. Every state now has laws requiring certain professionals to report any suspected cases of child abuse. While these laws have increased reporting of abuse significantly, some professionals criticize them as interfering with patient relationships. The document also notes there are legal and ethical issues around mandated reporting that require further study.
This document summarizes a research paper on the individual, familial, and societal factors that lead to sex trafficking as well as the physical and mental health effects on victims. It discusses how health professionals are often the only providers that victims encounter while being trafficked, but many lack knowledge to properly identify and assist victims. The paper reviews literature highlighting common factors that increase vulnerability to sex trafficking such as poverty, abuse, and dysfunctional families. It also outlines the short and long-term health consequences for victims, including sexually transmitted infections, unwanted pregnancy, and mental health issues. The document advocates for training health providers to recognize signs of trafficking and connect victims to necessary medical and social services.
Au Psy492 Power Point Presentation Bishop JJbishop33
The violence in juvenile detention facilities is out of control according to the document. Juveniles are physically and sexually abused by other juveniles and staff. Gangs form and continue criminal activities inside the facilities instead of rehabilitation occurring. Reform is needed such as stronger policies, staff accountability, and determining if juveniles should be tried as juveniles or adults depending on their crimes. The juvenile justice system needs to be restructured to focus more on rehabilitation rather than punishment.
This study examined the relationship between gender and sexual risk behaviors among males and females. A mixed methods approach was used, including focus groups with 12 participants and an online/hard copy survey completed by 90 participants. The survey assessed demographics, sexual activity levels, and risk behaviors. Results found no statistically significant difference between males and females in terms of risk behaviors. However, qualitative findings suggested alcohol and drug use contribute to higher risk behaviors. In conclusion, gender alone did not predict risk, though other factors like substance use were implicated.
This document discusses a study analyzing shoplifting crime data from Hoover, Alabama. The study found that African American females had the highest rate of shoplifting crimes reported. The purpose is to use this data to develop targeted rehabilitation programs aimed at reducing recidivism. Some proposed programs include education and job skills programs, as well as programs focused on family relationships and the impact on children. Confrontational deterrence programs are found to be ineffective, while rehabilitation programs tailored to individual offenders show more positive results in reducing repeat offenses.
Running Head JUVENILE PROSTITUTIONJUVENILE PROSTITUTION.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: JUVENILE PROSTITUTION
JUVENILE PROSTITUTION
Juvenile Prostitution
Human Development and Environments
Name
University Of xxxxxx
Abstract
Juvenile prostitution has disastrous effects to the mental, social, and physical development of a child. The paper explores the causes, effects, and prevention approaches that will eliminate juvenile prostitution. The research will use eco-developmental theory provides a premise for exploring the investigation on juvenile prostitution. Effort need to focus on broadening the prevention programs that are community based that helps to identify vulnerable children before they end up on the streets. The paper will provide stakeholders with an opportunity to understand the gravity of juvenile prostitution and develop appropriate interventions.
Background
In many conventions and tourist cities, child prostitution is rampant and growing at an alarming rate. According to the federal bureau of investigation, Atlanta tops among the cities with the highest number of children who engage in prostitution. There are concerted efforts of religious groups, lawmakers, and advocates for juvenile justice in the state. These efforts have not been fruitful since there is less focus on a lasting solution to the problem. Critics argue that efforts should be providing a sustainable program that will prevent vulnerable children from taking part in the vice. There has been a focus on increasing penalties for offenders without addressing the cause of the problem. Despite the stringent laws and penalties, the vice has continued to thrive. It is critical to note that efforts should be placed on developing treatment programs that help children who are sexually exploited. The efforts need to focus on broadening the prevention programs that are community-based that contribute to identify vulnerable children before they end up on the streets.
Introduction
Juvenile prostitution is an issue of concern in the society since it fuels human trafficking, kidnapping, serial rape, abuse of human rights, and exploitation. Most of these children are lured or abducted by traffickers who brand them or beaten into submission. Those that try to get away are either killed or tortured. Review of foster care is imperatives since many of these children are raped and abused in these placements. It is imperative to note that these children decide to run away since foster-care homes are inhabitable (Plumridge & Abel, 2001). It is imperative that the discourse should be placed on the role of child welfare systems since they have failed to identify children who are trafficked for sex. Even in their knowledge on the existence of these problems, the child welfare systems argue that the responsibility is outside their jurisdiction and purview. The argument is that the perpetrators of the vices are not caregivers or parents; thus, they shift the responsibility to law enforcement officers. Breggin (2008) says, “These children are not ...
This document provides an introduction to a research study examining adolescent risky sexual behaviors. It discusses how adolescents are susceptible to HIV/AIDS, unwanted pregnancies, and STDs. The study aims to examine adolescent attitudes and behaviors regarding sexual activity and determine if a comprehensive intervention program can reduce risky behaviors. It outlines the theoretical orientation using models of behavior change. A literature review discusses previous research on factors influencing adolescent risky sex. The proposed research methods include surveys and interviews of adolescents to study the relationship between risky sex and variables like gender, race, self-esteem, parental involvement and sexual education. Data will be analyzed to determine if a comprehensive intervention program can positively impact adolescent risky behaviors.
This document discusses prevention and treatment of drug abuse as it relates to child welfare. It finds that while parental substance abuse is strongly associated with child neglect, other co-occurring risk factors like depression, isolation, homelessness or domestic violence may be more directly responsible for maltreatment. Prevention programs have had mixed results in reducing drug abuse or improving parenting. Effective programs must address all risk factors, not just substance abuse alone. The document also notes that substance abusing parents may not pose greater risks to children than other parents involved in the child welfare system. It suggests allowing parents 12-18 months to make progress in treatment before pursuing permanency plans to place children with relatives or for adoption.
Sexual Education in the Tennessee Public School SystemDelenny Dubose
This document discusses amending a Tennessee law that bans comprehensive sex education and only allows abstinence-only education. The summary argues that amending the law would benefit at-risk groups like African Americans, who have higher HIV/STD rates, as well as sexual minority youth. It proposes that sex education should include information on safe sex practices in addition to abstinence. The document also provides examples from California showing that comprehensive sex education has been more effective at reducing teen pregnancy rates compared to abstinence-only education in Tennessee.
Understanding the Female OffenderV O L . 1 8 N O . 2.docxouldparis
Understanding the Female Offender
V O L . 1 8 / N O . 2 / FA L L 2 0 0 8 1 1 9
Understanding the Female Offender
Elizabeth Cauffman
Summary
Although boys engage in more delinquent and criminal acts than do girls, female delinquency
is on the rise. In 1980, boys were four times as likely as girls to be arrested; today they are only
twice as likely to be arrested. In this article, Elizabeth Cauffman explores how the juvenile
justice system is and should be responding to the adolescent female offender.
Cauffman begins by reviewing historical trends in arrest rates, processing, and juvenile justice
system experiences of female offenders. She also describes the adult outcomes commonly
observed for female offenders and points out that the long-term consequences of offending for
females are often more pronounced than those for males, with effects that extend to the next
generation. She also considers common patterns of offending in girls, as well as factors that may
increase or decrease the likelihood of offending. She then reviews what is known about effec-
tive treatment strategies for female offenders.
Female delinquents have a high frequency of mental health problems, suggesting that effective
prevention efforts should target the mental health needs of at-risk females before they lead to
chronic behavior problems. Once girls with mental health problems come into the juvenile jus-
tice system, says Cauffman, diverting them to community-based treatment programs would not
only improve their individual outcomes, but allow the juvenile justice system to focus on cases
that present the greatest risk to public safety.
Evidence is emerging that gender-specific treatment methods can be effective for female
offenders, especially when treatment targets multiple aspects of offenders’ lives, including fam-
ily and peer environments. But it is also becoming clear that female offenders are not a homo-
geneous group and that treatment ultimately should be tailored to suit individual needs defined
more specifically than by gender alone.
Despite myriad differences between male and female offending, many of the primary causes
of offending, says Cauffman, are nevertheless similar. The most effective policies for reducing
juvenile crime, she argues, will be those that foster development in a safe and nurturing envi-
ronment throughout childhood. Cauffman concludes that female offenders are likely to require
continued support long after their direct involvement with the juvenile justice system.
www.futureofchildren.org
Elizabeth Cauffman is an associate professor in psychology and social behavior at the University of California–Ir vine.
Elizabeth Cauffman
1 2 0 T H E F U T U R E O F C H I L D R E N
S
ince the inception of the juvenile
justice system, policies and prac-
tices regarding juvenile offending
have focused on the behavior,
treatment, and outcomes of a
population heavily dominated by males. The
li ...
This document provides a grant proposal for a program to address sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among students at The College at Brockport. It includes an epidemiological assessment noting high STI rates locally and among young people. Factors contributing to STIs include lack of condom use and testing. The program aims to increase condom use and testing by 10% through a theoretical framework of the Health Belief Model. It will provide STI education and resources in freshman residence halls and the student union.
This document discusses approaches to eliminating childhood violence. It argues that increased cooperation is needed between schools, child welfare systems, and police to identify abused children and those showing early signs of violence. It also suggests that exposure to violent media and entertainment may encourage violence in children. The document advocates for a no-tolerance policy for child abuse, increased funding for research on effective treatment approaches, and prioritizing treatment over punishment for violent children.
1) The document discusses gaps in post-sexual assault healthcare among homeless young adults. It reports on a study of 1,405 young adults aged 18-26 across 7 US cities.
2) The study found high rates of sexual assault (22%) and forced sex (24%) among participants. However, only 29% of those forced to have sex received post-assault medical care.
3) Latinx young adults were more likely than other groups to receive post-assault care. Participants frequently did not seek care because they did not want to involve the legal system and did not think it was important.
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a thesis on midwives' experiences asking pregnant women about domestic violence. It discusses the historical context of domestic violence being viewed as a private matter. The study aims to explore midwives' views and attitudes towards routine confidential enquiries about domestic violence. Five hospital midwives and five community midwives were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. The analysis identified three main themes: the environment where midwives work impacts their ability to ask about domestic violence; midwives acknowledged their clinical responsibilities but also safety concerns for mothers and babies despite emotional issues; and midwives reported experiencing extreme reactions when asking about domestic violence though they wanted to offer support. The implications suggest training on available resources and regular reflective supervision with
This document discusses three studies that compare the effectiveness of peer-led education versus teacher-led education in changing adolescents' attitudes towards risky sexual behaviors. Study 1 was a systematic review that found one of six teacher-led interventions and two of eight peer-led interventions showed some behavioral improvements. Study 2 was a cluster randomized controlled trial in Mexico that found HIV knowledge improved in intervention groups but condom use and sexual behaviors did not change. Study 3 evaluated a peer-led HIV prevention program in Mongolia but provided no details. Overall the studies provided limited evidence about the relative impact of peer-led versus teacher-led approaches.
This document summarizes three studies that evaluated the effectiveness of peer-led versus teacher-led sex education for adolescents. Study 1 was a systematic review that found peer-led interventions were more accepted by adolescents and better improved sexual knowledge, but both approaches had limited effects on behavior. Study 2 evaluated an HIV prevention program in Mexican schools and found it did not reduce risk behavior. Study 3 evaluated a 3-year peer education program in Mongolian schools and found it improved knowledge, attitudes and self-efficacy regarding safe sex practices among students. In conclusion, peer-led interventions showed potential but longer term programs are needed to effectively promote safer sexual behaviors in adolescents.
MSc in Child Forensic Studies REDONE 19th Feb2015Gerry Linke
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a thesis exploring midwives' perceptions and experiences asking pregnant women about domestic violence. It discusses the historical context of domestic violence and how attitudes have shifted over time. It notes that midwives are expected to routinely ask about domestic violence but some are reluctant to do so. The study aims to understand this reluctance by interviewing midwives about their views and attitudes. It discusses themes that may emerge around the environment midwives work in, consequences of asking about domestic violence, and midwives' own experiences. The implications concern improving training and support for midwives on this issue.
Be prepared to answer the following questionsWhat are the thr.docxjesuslightbody
Be prepared to answer the following questions:
What are the three components of the DRI?
Describe how RDA, AI, and UL influence health?
After reviewing your results on the Interactive DRI, how well are you meeting the RDAs suggested?
What two changes can you make to improve?
.
Based upon our readings concerning the work of Pierre Bourdieu, ple.docxjesuslightbody
Based upon our readings concerning the work of Pierre Bourdieu, please address the following: a) define his concept of "habitus," specifically citing your reading material, and give at least ONE example of this important concept; b) explain the role that habitus plays in creating inequality (economic, political, social, etc.) between people in society; c) give one example recently covered in the news media (within the last year or so), that demonstrates how the accumulation of "cultural capital" can be used to benefit a person, OR, how a lack of cultural capital can harm a person.
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This document provides an overview of a research project conducted in Massachusetts to study how family courts handle cases involving intimate partner violence (IPV). Surveys were administered to litigants, judges, and probation officers over two phases from 2009-2010. 212 litigants, 44 probation officers, and 10 judges participated. The project aimed to identify how often IPV is a factor in family court cases and explore stakeholder perceptions to inform systemic improvements around safety and addressing IPV in family court proceedings. Key findings revealed gaps between litigants' and other stakeholders' experiences that, if addressed, could enhance outcomes and safety in high-risk family court cases.
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This document summarizes a research paper on the individual, familial, and societal factors that lead to sex trafficking as well as the physical and mental health effects on victims. It discusses how health professionals are often the only providers that victims encounter while being trafficked, but many lack knowledge to properly identify and assist victims. The paper reviews literature highlighting common factors that increase vulnerability to sex trafficking such as poverty, abuse, and dysfunctional families. It also outlines the short and long-term health consequences for victims, including sexually transmitted infections, unwanted pregnancy, and mental health issues. The document advocates for training health providers to recognize signs of trafficking and connect victims to necessary medical and social services.
Au Psy492 Power Point Presentation Bishop JJbishop33
The violence in juvenile detention facilities is out of control according to the document. Juveniles are physically and sexually abused by other juveniles and staff. Gangs form and continue criminal activities inside the facilities instead of rehabilitation occurring. Reform is needed such as stronger policies, staff accountability, and determining if juveniles should be tried as juveniles or adults depending on their crimes. The juvenile justice system needs to be restructured to focus more on rehabilitation rather than punishment.
This study examined the relationship between gender and sexual risk behaviors among males and females. A mixed methods approach was used, including focus groups with 12 participants and an online/hard copy survey completed by 90 participants. The survey assessed demographics, sexual activity levels, and risk behaviors. Results found no statistically significant difference between males and females in terms of risk behaviors. However, qualitative findings suggested alcohol and drug use contribute to higher risk behaviors. In conclusion, gender alone did not predict risk, though other factors like substance use were implicated.
This document discusses a study analyzing shoplifting crime data from Hoover, Alabama. The study found that African American females had the highest rate of shoplifting crimes reported. The purpose is to use this data to develop targeted rehabilitation programs aimed at reducing recidivism. Some proposed programs include education and job skills programs, as well as programs focused on family relationships and the impact on children. Confrontational deterrence programs are found to be ineffective, while rehabilitation programs tailored to individual offenders show more positive results in reducing repeat offenses.
Running Head JUVENILE PROSTITUTIONJUVENILE PROSTITUTION.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: JUVENILE PROSTITUTION
JUVENILE PROSTITUTION
Juvenile Prostitution
Human Development and Environments
Name
University Of xxxxxx
Abstract
Juvenile prostitution has disastrous effects to the mental, social, and physical development of a child. The paper explores the causes, effects, and prevention approaches that will eliminate juvenile prostitution. The research will use eco-developmental theory provides a premise for exploring the investigation on juvenile prostitution. Effort need to focus on broadening the prevention programs that are community based that helps to identify vulnerable children before they end up on the streets. The paper will provide stakeholders with an opportunity to understand the gravity of juvenile prostitution and develop appropriate interventions.
Background
In many conventions and tourist cities, child prostitution is rampant and growing at an alarming rate. According to the federal bureau of investigation, Atlanta tops among the cities with the highest number of children who engage in prostitution. There are concerted efforts of religious groups, lawmakers, and advocates for juvenile justice in the state. These efforts have not been fruitful since there is less focus on a lasting solution to the problem. Critics argue that efforts should be providing a sustainable program that will prevent vulnerable children from taking part in the vice. There has been a focus on increasing penalties for offenders without addressing the cause of the problem. Despite the stringent laws and penalties, the vice has continued to thrive. It is critical to note that efforts should be placed on developing treatment programs that help children who are sexually exploited. The efforts need to focus on broadening the prevention programs that are community-based that contribute to identify vulnerable children before they end up on the streets.
Introduction
Juvenile prostitution is an issue of concern in the society since it fuels human trafficking, kidnapping, serial rape, abuse of human rights, and exploitation. Most of these children are lured or abducted by traffickers who brand them or beaten into submission. Those that try to get away are either killed or tortured. Review of foster care is imperatives since many of these children are raped and abused in these placements. It is imperative to note that these children decide to run away since foster-care homes are inhabitable (Plumridge & Abel, 2001). It is imperative that the discourse should be placed on the role of child welfare systems since they have failed to identify children who are trafficked for sex. Even in their knowledge on the existence of these problems, the child welfare systems argue that the responsibility is outside their jurisdiction and purview. The argument is that the perpetrators of the vices are not caregivers or parents; thus, they shift the responsibility to law enforcement officers. Breggin (2008) says, “These children are not ...
This document provides an introduction to a research study examining adolescent risky sexual behaviors. It discusses how adolescents are susceptible to HIV/AIDS, unwanted pregnancies, and STDs. The study aims to examine adolescent attitudes and behaviors regarding sexual activity and determine if a comprehensive intervention program can reduce risky behaviors. It outlines the theoretical orientation using models of behavior change. A literature review discusses previous research on factors influencing adolescent risky sex. The proposed research methods include surveys and interviews of adolescents to study the relationship between risky sex and variables like gender, race, self-esteem, parental involvement and sexual education. Data will be analyzed to determine if a comprehensive intervention program can positively impact adolescent risky behaviors.
This document discusses prevention and treatment of drug abuse as it relates to child welfare. It finds that while parental substance abuse is strongly associated with child neglect, other co-occurring risk factors like depression, isolation, homelessness or domestic violence may be more directly responsible for maltreatment. Prevention programs have had mixed results in reducing drug abuse or improving parenting. Effective programs must address all risk factors, not just substance abuse alone. The document also notes that substance abusing parents may not pose greater risks to children than other parents involved in the child welfare system. It suggests allowing parents 12-18 months to make progress in treatment before pursuing permanency plans to place children with relatives or for adoption.
Sexual Education in the Tennessee Public School SystemDelenny Dubose
This document discusses amending a Tennessee law that bans comprehensive sex education and only allows abstinence-only education. The summary argues that amending the law would benefit at-risk groups like African Americans, who have higher HIV/STD rates, as well as sexual minority youth. It proposes that sex education should include information on safe sex practices in addition to abstinence. The document also provides examples from California showing that comprehensive sex education has been more effective at reducing teen pregnancy rates compared to abstinence-only education in Tennessee.
Understanding the Female OffenderV O L . 1 8 N O . 2.docxouldparis
Understanding the Female Offender
V O L . 1 8 / N O . 2 / FA L L 2 0 0 8 1 1 9
Understanding the Female Offender
Elizabeth Cauffman
Summary
Although boys engage in more delinquent and criminal acts than do girls, female delinquency
is on the rise. In 1980, boys were four times as likely as girls to be arrested; today they are only
twice as likely to be arrested. In this article, Elizabeth Cauffman explores how the juvenile
justice system is and should be responding to the adolescent female offender.
Cauffman begins by reviewing historical trends in arrest rates, processing, and juvenile justice
system experiences of female offenders. She also describes the adult outcomes commonly
observed for female offenders and points out that the long-term consequences of offending for
females are often more pronounced than those for males, with effects that extend to the next
generation. She also considers common patterns of offending in girls, as well as factors that may
increase or decrease the likelihood of offending. She then reviews what is known about effec-
tive treatment strategies for female offenders.
Female delinquents have a high frequency of mental health problems, suggesting that effective
prevention efforts should target the mental health needs of at-risk females before they lead to
chronic behavior problems. Once girls with mental health problems come into the juvenile jus-
tice system, says Cauffman, diverting them to community-based treatment programs would not
only improve their individual outcomes, but allow the juvenile justice system to focus on cases
that present the greatest risk to public safety.
Evidence is emerging that gender-specific treatment methods can be effective for female
offenders, especially when treatment targets multiple aspects of offenders’ lives, including fam-
ily and peer environments. But it is also becoming clear that female offenders are not a homo-
geneous group and that treatment ultimately should be tailored to suit individual needs defined
more specifically than by gender alone.
Despite myriad differences between male and female offending, many of the primary causes
of offending, says Cauffman, are nevertheless similar. The most effective policies for reducing
juvenile crime, she argues, will be those that foster development in a safe and nurturing envi-
ronment throughout childhood. Cauffman concludes that female offenders are likely to require
continued support long after their direct involvement with the juvenile justice system.
www.futureofchildren.org
Elizabeth Cauffman is an associate professor in psychology and social behavior at the University of California–Ir vine.
Elizabeth Cauffman
1 2 0 T H E F U T U R E O F C H I L D R E N
S
ince the inception of the juvenile
justice system, policies and prac-
tices regarding juvenile offending
have focused on the behavior,
treatment, and outcomes of a
population heavily dominated by males. The
li ...
This document provides a grant proposal for a program to address sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among students at The College at Brockport. It includes an epidemiological assessment noting high STI rates locally and among young people. Factors contributing to STIs include lack of condom use and testing. The program aims to increase condom use and testing by 10% through a theoretical framework of the Health Belief Model. It will provide STI education and resources in freshman residence halls and the student union.
This document discusses approaches to eliminating childhood violence. It argues that increased cooperation is needed between schools, child welfare systems, and police to identify abused children and those showing early signs of violence. It also suggests that exposure to violent media and entertainment may encourage violence in children. The document advocates for a no-tolerance policy for child abuse, increased funding for research on effective treatment approaches, and prioritizing treatment over punishment for violent children.
1) The document discusses gaps in post-sexual assault healthcare among homeless young adults. It reports on a study of 1,405 young adults aged 18-26 across 7 US cities.
2) The study found high rates of sexual assault (22%) and forced sex (24%) among participants. However, only 29% of those forced to have sex received post-assault medical care.
3) Latinx young adults were more likely than other groups to receive post-assault care. Participants frequently did not seek care because they did not want to involve the legal system and did not think it was important.
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a thesis on midwives' experiences asking pregnant women about domestic violence. It discusses the historical context of domestic violence being viewed as a private matter. The study aims to explore midwives' views and attitudes towards routine confidential enquiries about domestic violence. Five hospital midwives and five community midwives were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. The analysis identified three main themes: the environment where midwives work impacts their ability to ask about domestic violence; midwives acknowledged their clinical responsibilities but also safety concerns for mothers and babies despite emotional issues; and midwives reported experiencing extreme reactions when asking about domestic violence though they wanted to offer support. The implications suggest training on available resources and regular reflective supervision with
This document discusses three studies that compare the effectiveness of peer-led education versus teacher-led education in changing adolescents' attitudes towards risky sexual behaviors. Study 1 was a systematic review that found one of six teacher-led interventions and two of eight peer-led interventions showed some behavioral improvements. Study 2 was a cluster randomized controlled trial in Mexico that found HIV knowledge improved in intervention groups but condom use and sexual behaviors did not change. Study 3 evaluated a peer-led HIV prevention program in Mongolia but provided no details. Overall the studies provided limited evidence about the relative impact of peer-led versus teacher-led approaches.
This document summarizes three studies that evaluated the effectiveness of peer-led versus teacher-led sex education for adolescents. Study 1 was a systematic review that found peer-led interventions were more accepted by adolescents and better improved sexual knowledge, but both approaches had limited effects on behavior. Study 2 evaluated an HIV prevention program in Mexican schools and found it did not reduce risk behavior. Study 3 evaluated a 3-year peer education program in Mongolian schools and found it improved knowledge, attitudes and self-efficacy regarding safe sex practices among students. In conclusion, peer-led interventions showed potential but longer term programs are needed to effectively promote safer sexual behaviors in adolescents.
MSc in Child Forensic Studies REDONE 19th Feb2015Gerry Linke
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a thesis exploring midwives' perceptions and experiences asking pregnant women about domestic violence. It discusses the historical context of domestic violence and how attitudes have shifted over time. It notes that midwives are expected to routinely ask about domestic violence but some are reluctant to do so. The study aims to understand this reluctance by interviewing midwives about their views and attitudes. It discusses themes that may emerge around the environment midwives work in, consequences of asking about domestic violence, and midwives' own experiences. The implications concern improving training and support for midwives on this issue.
Similar to As a criminal justice human service practitioner, your primary obj.docx (20)
Be prepared to answer the following questionsWhat are the thr.docxjesuslightbody
Be prepared to answer the following questions:
What are the three components of the DRI?
Describe how RDA, AI, and UL influence health?
After reviewing your results on the Interactive DRI, how well are you meeting the RDAs suggested?
What two changes can you make to improve?
.
Based upon our readings concerning the work of Pierre Bourdieu, ple.docxjesuslightbody
Based upon our readings concerning the work of Pierre Bourdieu, please address the following: a) define his concept of "habitus," specifically citing your reading material, and give at least ONE example of this important concept; b) explain the role that habitus plays in creating inequality (economic, political, social, etc.) between people in society; c) give one example recently covered in the news media (within the last year or so), that demonstrates how the accumulation of "cultural capital" can be used to benefit a person, OR, how a lack of cultural capital can harm a person.
.
Based on the documentary and the article, please answer the followin.docxjesuslightbody
Based on the documentary and the article, please answer the following in 2-4 sentences each:
1. Why did blackface develop in the 19th Century?
2. What are the characters described in the documentary and how did they perpetuate specific stereotypes?
3. How did images influence public perceptions of African-Americans?
4. How was the stereotypical characteristics been maintained into the 20th century?
5. How do media representations impact the broader public understanding of African-Americans?
LINK:
https://vt2013group9.wordpress.com/2013/05/02/blackface-how-stereotypes-influenced-the-perception-of-race/
https://www.manhoodraceculture.com/classes/history-4382/ethnic-notions/
.
Based on Case Study Fetal Abnormality and the required topic Reso.docxjesuslightbody
Based on "Case Study: Fetal Abnormality" and the required topic Resources, write a 750-1,000-word reflection that answers the following questions:
What is the Christian view of the nature of human persons, and which theory of moral status is it compatible with? How is this related to the intrinsic human value and dignity?
Which theory or theories are being used by Jessica, Marco, Maria, and Dr. Wilson to determine the moral status of the fetus? What from the case study specifically leads you to believe that they hold the theory you selected?
How does the theory determine or influence each of their recommendations for action?
What theory do you agree with? Why? How would that theory determine or influence the recommendation for action?
Remember to support your re
.
Bad time to be humble! When andwhy leaders should not be hum.docxjesuslightbody
Bad time to be humble! When and
why leaders should not be humble
Jiang Xu
Guanghua School of Management, Peking University, Beijing, China
Jih-Yu Mao
School of Business Administration, Faculty of Business Administration,
Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China, and
Ye Zhang
Guanghua School of Management, Peking University, Beijing, China
Abstract
Purpose –Although leader humility is generally considered a positive leadership behavior, this study aims to
examine when the positive influences of leader humility are likely weakened.
Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from a two-wave survey. Ordinary least squares
regression analyses were conducted to test the hypotheses.
Findings – Although leader humility is positively related to perceived leader support, this relationship is
weakened when the environment is uncertain, resulting in comparatively lower follower performance.
Practical implications – Leaders should be aware that environmental constraints may weaken the desired
outcomes of humility and therefore adapt leadership to situational needs.
Originality/value – Contrasting to predominant research on leader humility, this study examines a critical
boundary condition bywhich its positive influences are compromised. In light of the disruption caused by the
ongoing COVID-19, this study suggests that what usually are considered positive characteristics of leader
humility are likely perceived as little leader support when the environment is uncertain. Findings of this
study echo contingency leadership theories, which suggest that effective leadership should be context-
dependent.
Keywords Leader humility, Environmental uncertainty, Perceived leader support, Follower performance
Paper type Research paper
In the wake of several corporate scandals, managers and scholars have begun to reflect upon
the dark side of leaders’ grandiose characteristics, such as narcissism, hubris, and sense of
entitlement (Boje et al., 2004; Chang and Diddams, 2009; Li and Tang, 2010; Rosenthal and
Pittinsky, 2006). By contrast, virtues such as humility are important managerial
characteristics (Owens et al., 2013). In light of the appeal for “more humility and less
hubris” (Weick, 2001, p. 93), leader humility has received increased attention across various
organizational settings in recent years (e.g. Ou et al., 2018; Swain and Korenman, 2018; Wang
et al., 2018; Wolfteich et al., 2021).
Leader humility is generally viewed as a positive virtue that leads to desirable outcomes for
followers (Wang et al., 2018), teams (Owens and Hekman, 2016), and organizations (Ou et al.,
2018). However, since organizations are embedded in a dynamic, uncertain, and unpredictable
environment, there is no omnipotent leadership: Leadership is not universal and contextual
influences bound its effectiveness. Similarly, leader humility may have its limits. For instance,
Pfeffer (2015) argued that humility might be an overrated leader characterist.
be 3-5 sentences per answerDescribe what is meant by Maslo.docxjesuslightbody
be 3-5 sentences per answer
Describe what is meant by Maslow's self actualization?
List and explain the characteristics of a person who is self-actualized.
What are peak experiences, and discuss the types of people who experience them?
What is intrinsic motivation, and share some examples.
What are your thoughts about Buddhist Psychology?
.
Be sure to complete the topic Physical Development before particip.docxjesuslightbody
Be sure to complete the topic "Physical Development" before participating in this discussion.
Take a moment to review the physical development milestones that occur in infancy and complete the following:
Reflect on the physical milestones.
Select one of the milestones and state the timeframe when it is expected to occur.
Describe why you chose that milestone
What changes in motor and sensory organs occur with that milestone?
What do you feel might be complications of failure to achieve that milestone?
Describe a personal experience that relates to this milestone.
Using an external source, describe what advice should be offered to parents of children for whom this milestone is delayed.
Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with citations and references in APA format.
.
BCO 117 IT Software for Business Lecture Reference Notes.docxjesuslightbody
BCO 117 IT Software for Business
Lecture Reference Notes
Cloud
computing
Eras in IT infrastructure evolution
Chapter 5. IT Infrastructure and EmergingTechnologies
Management Information Systems (Kenneth P. Laudon, Jane C. Laudon)
An information technology (IT) paradigm, a model for enabling ubiquitous access to shared pools of configurable resources (such as computer networks, servers, storage, applications and services), which
can be rapidly provisioned with minimal management effort, often over the Internet.
· Computing as a service
· Computing on the Internet
· Business line for computing corporations
Hassan, Qusay (2011).
"Demystifying Cloud Computing"(PDF).
The Journal of Defense Software Engineering.
Cloud computing
Cloud computing
Cloud computing
Cloud computing
www.euruni.edu
Cloud computing examples
Software as a Service
Platform as a Service
Insfrastructure as a Service
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
https://aws.amazon.com/products/?hp=tile&so-exp=below
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
www.euruni.edu
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
Cloud computing examples
www.euruni.edu
Cloud computing success
Key concepts
·
Reliability – reliability of the system, measured in Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF)
·
Availability – uptime of the system or application, measured in parts per million (PPM) of downtime
·
Serviceability – easily restoring the system after a failure, measured in Mean Time To Repair (MTTR)
·
Manageability – the ease with which the entire system can be managed, measured in systems per headcount.
·
Scalability - the ability of an information system to be used or produced in a range of capabilities
·
“Updatability”– a key factor linked to performance, integration with other IS and security
https://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/total-cost-of-ownership-factors-to-consider
Top Benefits of Cloud Computing
http://www.mushibhuiyan.com/category/cloud/
Debate
https://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2013/08/13/idg-cloud-computing-survey-security-integration-challenge-growth/#268d6d3755cb
Debate
https://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2013/08/13/idg-cloud-computing-survey-security-integration-challenge-growth/#268d6d3755cbCloud Computing strategy
https://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?htmlfid=WUW12350USEN
www.euruni.edu
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i.
Authors Anna, Alisa, David & PreslavaThis article is desi.docxjesuslightbody
This document analyzes shifts in the global gold market from 2019 to 2021. It discusses factors driving demand and supply for gold, including jewelry, investments, central bank holdings, and technology usage. Demand fell significantly in 2020 due to the pandemic but recovered in 2021. Supply also declined in 2020 and 2021 due to mining disruptions. As a result, gold prices increased over this period from $1393/oz to $1799/oz as supply became more constrained. The supply and demand for gold are both relatively price inelastic.
Authoritarianism, Populism, and the GlobalRetreat of Democra.docxjesuslightbody
This document discusses the rise of authoritarianism and decline of liberal democracy around the world in recent decades. It introduces a curated discussion on how management scholarship can contribute to understanding authoritarianism. Contributors discuss how authoritarianism has influenced corporations and how organizational theories can provide insights into authoritarian systems and the role of digital technologies in modern authoritarianism. They call for more research applying management concepts to critically examine authoritarianism and its threats to democracy.
ASSOCIATE SCIENCE IN NURSINGCLINICAL WORKSHEET MATERNITY NU.docxjesuslightbody
ASSOCIATE SCIENCE IN NURSING
CLINICAL WORKSHEET: MATERNITY NURSING PROCESS CARE PLAN
STUDENT NAME
DATE
Client Initials
Culture/Ethnicity
Support System
Unit
Room/Bed
Religion
Age
Sex
Language
Pre-preg Wt
Pre-preg Ht
Marital Status
Children & Ages
Current Wt
Current Ht
Occupation
G
T
P
A
L
Health Insurance
Current Work Status
Current Medical Diagnosis
Name of Significant Other/Primary Caregiver
Highest Grade Completed
Pain
Rating, Quality & Location
Infant Feeding
Date/Time of Delivery
Delivery Type (Vaginal, Cesarean**, Forceps, Vacuum)
**Reason for Cesarean
Diagnostic procedures
Surgical procedures
Pathophysiology/Psychopathology (List Reference)
Reference
Today’s Assessment
M
Admissions Vital Signs
A
T
Frequency
B
P
U
R
BB
B/P
L
Allergies/Side Effects
E
H
Brief Health History
Diet with Rationale
Time
Flowsheet Notes
Activity Order
Limitations/Prosthetic Device
PERTINENT LABORATORY DATA
Lab Test # 1
Lab Test # 2
Lab Test # 3
Lab Test # 4
Hgb/Hct #1
Hgb/Hct #2
Results
Results
Results
Hgb/Hct #3
.
Rationale for abnormal results
Rationale for abnormal results
Rationale for abnormal results
Rationale for abnormal results
(
2
)
.
INTRAVENOUS SOLUTION #1
INTRAVENOUS SOLUTION #2
Type
Lactate Ringers’ (main IV)
Type
500 ml NS (piggyback)
cc/hr
125
gtts/min
cc/hr
gtts/min
2 milliunits/minute via pump
Additives
Additives
30 U Oxytocin
Rationale for solution
Rationale for solution
.
Medication Name Generic/Trade
Classification
Major Actions
(why taking meds)
Dose/ Route Safe Range
Adverse Effects
Nursing Implications
Assessment Data Subjective/Objective
Nursing Diagnosis
Plan Outcome Criteria (Client Centered)
Interventions (Nurse Centered)
Rationale for Interventions (REFERENCED)
Evaluation
Assessment Data Subjective/Objective
Nursing Diagnosis
Plan Outcome Criteria (Client Centered)
Interventions (Nurse Centered)
Rationale for Interventions (REFERENCED)
Evaluation
Have you received a push notification like this?
Real Message: I just want your $$$
@DrWendyGuess
Hi John. Your order should be arriving on Thursday. Would you like to set up a date & time to install it? Just reply with your preferences. Wendy
Real Message: You care about the customer)
Or …. Has a note like this one
arrived just at the perfect moment?
@DrWendyGuess
Which Would YOU Rather Read?
Welcome. Wondering about the MyTalk.Rocks?
Link -
http://mytalk.rocks
Rock The Speaker
Send A Photo
Share Feedback
Ask Questions?
@DrWendyGuess
What’s better for your LTV/ROI?
@DrWendyGuess
How would it be for your clients
to feel like you’re a mind reader?
@DrWendyGuess
@DrWendyGuess
Part 1: Design Campaign
What am I really delivering?
My guiding principles
Beyond the product…
For Support
To build Community
Improve Productivity.
Assume that you are a Healthcare Quality Specialist at a healthcare .docxjesuslightbody
Assume that you are a Healthcare Quality Specialist at a healthcare facility/organization preparing for an initial Joint Commission International accreditation visit in one year.
Discuss the value that accreditation brings to an organization.
Describe the steps and processes you will initiate and implement over a one-year period in preparation.
Include any key personnel and the risk prevention procedures you would be sure to put in place as well as your performance and quality improvement plans.
Embed course material concepts, principles, and theories (which require supporting citations) in your initial response along with at least three scholarly, peer-reviewed journal articles. Use academic writing standards and APA style guidelines.
.
Assignment
Your healthcare organization’s strategic plan includes the replacement of the information system currently in place for the electronic health record in the hospital and associated provider offices.
Please note: Life cycle of a system and NOT life cycle of a software. Be careful you do not focus on software.
You will prepare an audiovisual (You must use Kaltura) with a transcript (Word file) or PowerPoint presentation (12-20 slides) with speaker notes that address:
Title slide
Include an introduction. What is your topic and what are you going to address in the presentation.
The system life cycle process and the role of employees in each stage of the process.
Identify the process- use a visual or table (if you get it already made then make sure there is appropriate credit on the slide). In the speaker’s notes explain the process steps and how employees are engaged in each step. Key is what is the employee role in each step. The role will change by each step. Be specific.
There is an announcement with directions
How to use Kaltura
How to prepare the transcript from Kaltura
Note: The transcript must be a readable, Word file that matches the narrative or your speaker notes .
The presentation continued
The identification and roles of at least five internal stakeholders employed by the practice.
Identify the stakeholders by role and define how that role contributes to the life cycle process- why are they important to the process. A table is good for this. Note: Patients are not employed by the practice.
Identify the major stakeholders and why their role is important to the project
Once you identified the stakeholders there will be some that have more sway in the project than others- they are the major or power stakeholders. Identify which stakeholders are your major stakeholders and in the speaker note/narration, define why. Do not include the government nor insurance companies.
Project Management Tools
Explain the purpose of a minimum of four key project management tools planned for the project. (See the hints for project tools link.) Word, Excel, Power Point, Teams are not examples of Project management tools.
Consider the following tools (not exclusive):
Scope
Metrics to determine project success
Gantt charts
Budget
Critical pathway
Risks
Develop a Communication Plan for the Project.
Provide a specific, detailed plan with identified tasks and answer the “who, what, when, where, why, and how”. (A table is good for this. Review the information above on the how and what to include.) Do not define what a communication plan is but develop the actual communication plan. You want a specific, detailed plan, not definitions and vague concepts. You need to include in your communication plan:
Identified tasks
Think Who, what, when, why and how.
Communication Plan continued
Think of it as a table with specific details.
Who is doing what, when
Ex. Once a month the man.
ASSIGNMENT Planning an Effective Press ReleaseSelect a topic an.docxjesuslightbody
ASSIGNMENT: Planning an Effective Press Release
Select a topic and company for a mock press release and press conference. Choose one of the following:
1. Tesla
2. Uber
3. Pepsi
4. Instagram
5. Twitter
6. Netflix
7. A current US Senator announcing their bid for the US Presidency
Choose a newsworthy topic for your selected company.
What is new? Newsworthy?
(You can make something up or use real news.)
Prepare a press release to make the announcement and issue to the press.
Audience:
Who will you issue the press release to?
Who is your target audience?
.
Assume an African American character and write from the perspective .docxjesuslightbody
Assume an African American character and write from the perspective of the character. What would be the obstacles faced by people of color during the Great Depression or the war years? Explain the issues in your letter and ask for specific help on those matters. Also in a separate paragraph below your letter, explain why you chose to write what you did. What inspired you to write on the topics, situations or events that were discussed in your letter?
.
Assignment WK 8 Advocating for the Nursing Role in Program Design .docxjesuslightbody
Assignment WK 8 Advocating for the Nursing Role in Program Design and Implementation
As their names imply, the honeyguide bird and the honey badger both share an affinity for honey. Honeyguide birds specialize in finding beehives but struggle to access the honey within. Honey badgers are well-equipped to raid beehives but cannot always find them. However, these two honey-loving species have learned to collaborate on an effective means to meet their objectives. The honeyguide bird guides honey badgers to newly discovered hives. Once the honey badger has ransacked the hive, the honey guide bird safely enters to enjoy the leftover honey.
Much like honeyguide birds and honey badgers, nurses and health professionals from other specialty areas can—and should—collaborate to design effective programs. Nurses bring specialties to the table that make them natural partners to professionals with different specialties. When nurses take the requisite leadership in becoming involved throughout the healthcare system, these partnerships can better design and deliver highly effective programs that meet objectives.
In this Assignment, you will practice this type of leadership by advocating for a healthcare program. Equally as important, you will advocate for a collaborative role of the nurse in the design and implementation of this program. To do this, assume you are preparing to be interviewed by a professional organization/publication regarding your thoughts on the role of the nurse in the design and implementation of new healthcare programs.
To Prepare:
· Review the Resources and reflect on your thinking regarding the role of the nurse in the design and implementation of new healthcare programs.
· Select a healthcare program within your practice and consider the design and implementation of this program.
· Reflect on advocacy efforts and the role of the nurse in relation to healthcare program design and implementation.
The Assignment: (2–4 pages)
In a 2- to 4-page paper, create an interview transcript of your responses to the following interview questions:
·
Tell us about a healthcare program, within your practice. What are the costs and projected outcomes of this program?
·
Who is your target population?
·
What is the role of the nurse in providing input for the design of this healthcare program? Can you provide examples?
·
What is your role as an advocate for your target population for this healthcare program? Do you have input into design decisions? How else do you impact design?
·
What is the role of the nurse in healthcare program implementation? How does this role vary between design and implementation of healthcare programs? Can you provide examples?
·
Who are the members of a healthcare team that you believe are most needed to implement a program? Can you explain why?
Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019).
Health policy and politics: A nurse's guide (6th ed..
Assignment Title
Students Name
Course Title
Professors Name
Date of Submission
Introduction
Add Presentation Notes and Sources
2
Problem Statement
Analyze and define the problem to include possible political conflicts.
Add Presentation Notes and Sources
3
Risks and Challenges
Identify risks and challenges.
Add Presentation Notes and Sources
4
Alternatives and
Solution
s
Identify and construct policy alternatives and solutions.
Add Presentation Notes and Sources
5
Stakeholders and Key Roles
Identify stakeholders and key roles.
Add Presentation Notes and Sources
6
Identify funding opportunities, challenges, and budget cost factors, to include saving measures.
Funding and Budget
Add Presentation Notes and Sources
7
Criteria
Choose supportive and evaluative criteria.
Add Presentation Notes and Sources
8
Policy Benefits
Identify incentives, subsidies, and potential benefits.
Add Presentation Notes and Sources
9
Conclusion
Draw conclusions in a thorough summary, with lessons learned.
Add Presentation Notes and Sources
10
Sources
Follow the Credit to Authors and Sources Guidelines found in the Strayer Writing Standards (SWS).
.
Assignment WK 9Assessing a Healthcare ProgramPolicy Evaluation.docxjesuslightbody
Assignment: WK 9Assessing a Healthcare Program/Policy Evaluation
Program/policy evaluation is a valuable tool that can help strengthen the quality of programs/policies and improve outcomes for the populations they serve. Program/policy evaluation answers basic questions about program/policy effectiveness. It involves collecting and analyzing information about program/policy activities, characteristics, and outcomes. This information can be used to ultimately improve program services or policy initiatives.
Nurses can play a very important role assessing program/policy evaluation for the same reasons that they can be so important to program/policy design. Nurses bring expertise and patient advocacy that can add significant insight and impact. In this Assignment, you will practice applying this expertise and insight by selecting an existing healthcare program or policy evaluation and reflecting on the criteria used to measure the effectiveness of the program/policy.
To Prepare:
· Review the Healthcare Program/Policy Evaluation Analysis Template provided in the Resources.
· Select an existing healthcare program or policy evaluation or choose one of interest to you.
· Review community, state, or federal policy evaluation and reflect on the criteria used to measure the effectiveness of the program or policy described.
The Assignment: (2–3 pages)
Based on the program or policy evaluation you selected, complete the Healthcare Program/Policy Evaluation Analysis Template. Be sure to address the following:
· Describe the healthcare program or policy outcomes.
· How was the success of the program or policy measured?
· How many people were reached by the program or policy selected?
· How much of an impact was realized with the program or policy selected?
· At what point in program implementation was the program or policy evaluation conducted?
· What data was used to conduct the program or policy evaluation?
· What specific information on unintended consequences was identified?
· What stakeholders were identified in the evaluation of the program or policy? Who would benefit most from the results and reporting of the program or policy evaluation? Be specific and provide examples.
· Did the program or policy meet the original intent and objectives? Why or why not?
· Would you recommend implementing this program or policy in your place of work? Why or why not?
· Identify at least two ways that you, as a nurse advocate, could become involved in evaluating a program or policy after 1 year of implementation.
By Day 7 of Week 10
Submit your completed healthcare program/policy evaluation analysis.
Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019).
Health policy and politics: A nurse's guide (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
· Chapter 7, “Health Policy and Social Program Evaluation” (pp. 116–124 only)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5409875/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029655418300617
i J LUUU^S
.
Assignment OverviewYou and a few of your fellow learners have be.docxjesuslightbody
Assignment Overview
You and a few of your fellow learners have been assigned to construct a presentation on one of the following groups:
Working with ableism or disability and lookism.
Each person working on the presentation is researching and contributing specific slides that analyze issues of power, privilege, and oppression as they pertain to the chosen group, as well as strategies and approaches for practice when working with these issues. This assignment will ask you to submit the presentation slides that you contributed to the presentation for an individual grade.
By successfully completing this assignment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following EPAs and specialized practice behaviors:
EPA Competency 1: Demonstrate Ethical and Professional Behavior.
C1.SP.B: Articulate and provide leadership in the application of the core values and ethical standards of the social work profession through an ethical problem solving model to aid in critical thinking and ethical decision making related to individuals, families, organizations, and communities to guide and inform ethical advanced generalist social work practice.
Related Assignment Criteria:
3. Discuss challenges that may arise from clients' cultures and from differences among people and cultural groups.
EPA Competency 1: Demonstrate Ethical and Professional Behavior.
C1.SP.C: Integrate the ethical and effective use of technology at all levels of advanced generalist social work practice with individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities.
Related Assignment Criteria:
1. Create slides that address chosen theme(s) related to culturally relevant practice.
EPA Competency 2: Engage Diversity and Difference in Practice.
C2.SP.A: Analyze dimensions and differentiation in diversity and apply the influence of relationships, intervention techniques, and technologies with diverse clients, families, groups, organizations, and communities.
Related Assignment Criteria:
2. Discuss theory applicable to the selected group.
4. Discuss techniques and best practices applicable to the selected group.
Assignment Description
Each learner creates 2–4 slides that discusses the selected group around one or more of the following themes:
Religion and spirituality.
Assignment Instructions
Complete the following:
Create 2–4 slides that address chosen theme (or themes) related to culturally relevant practice.
Discuss theory applicable to the selected group.
Discuss challenges to practice with the selected group.
Discuss techniques and best practices applicable to the selected group.
.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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As a criminal justice human service practitioner, your primary obj.docx
1. As a criminal justice human service practitioner, your primary
objective depends on which element of the criminal justice
system you belong to. For example, judicial branch practitioners
interpret the law, law enforcement and security officers serve
and protect, and correctional, probation, and parole officers
provide care, custody, and control.
Write a 900-word report that discusses biological,
psychological, or sociological causes of a violent crime of your
choice. Address the following in your report:
· Describe your chosen violent crime.
· Discuss biological, psychological, or sociological causes of
your chosen violent crime.
· If you are working as a human services practitioner in a law
enforcement agency, discuss how you would utilize a biological,
psychological, or sociological criminological theory to manage
the offender.
· If you are working as a human services practitioner in the
judicial system, discuss how you would utilize a biological,
psychological, or sociological criminological theory to manage
the offender.
· If you are working as a human services practitioner in a
correctional facility, discuss how you would utilize a biological,
psychological, or sociological criminological theory to manage
the offender.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
BI never knew which way he would swing…:^ Exploring the
Roles
2. of Substances in the Lives of System-Involved Intimate Partner
Violence Survivors
Jennifer E. O’Brien1
& Dania Ermentrout1 & Cynthia Fraga Rizo1 & Wen Li1 &
Rebecca J. Macy1 & Sarah Dababnah2
Published online: 8 July 2015
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract This article reports findings of a mixed-methods
study exploring the role that substances play in the lives of
service-mandated female survivors of intimate partner vio-
lence (IPV). The study sample consists of 22 women who
had completed a court- and/or child protective services
(CPS)-mandated IPV parenting program. Quantitative results
reveal moderate levels of current substance use and higher
levels of past substance use. Qualitative analyses yield three
key areas of participants’ perspectives of substances and vio-
lence: (a) role of participants’ substance use, including coping
and partner influence; (b) role of partner’s substance use, in-
cluding severity and substance preferences; and (c) relation-
ship between substance use and IPV, including effects on
safety and IPV frequency and severity. We find victimization
is a function of a partner’s—rather than a victim’s—substance
use. Future programming should focus on the overlapping risk
factors between substance use and IPV.
Keywords Substance use .Mandated . Court-involved .
Child welfare system-involved . Child protective services
involvement . Treatment-mandated
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public concern
because IPV directly affects nearly 1 million women each
3. year, and the effects of IPV have a wide ranging ripple-
effect on others within each woman’s life (Black et al.
2011). Findings from a recent national survey estimate that
at some point in her lifetime, one out of every three women
in the United States will experience rape, physical violence, or
stalking perpetrated by a current or former intimate partner
(Black et al. 2011). In addition, IPV is associated with myriad
negative consequences for survivors, including an array of
short- and long-term physical and mental health problems
(Briere and Jordan 2004; Campbell 2002). In particular, sub-
stance use (i.e., the use of alcohol, illicit drugs, and abuse/
misuse of prescription medication) is a relevant and serious
concern for many IPV survivors. As compared with women in
the general population, women who have experienced IPVare
five times more likely to abuse substances (Logan et al. 2002).
Although research has examined substance use among broad
samples of IPV survivors, relatively little is known about the
role that substances play in the lives of a growing and partic-
ularly vulnerable group of IPV survivors labeled as system-
involved IPV survivors. This group consists of IPV survivors
who (a) become involved with child protective services (CPS)
and/or the criminal justice system, (b) are the primary care-
givers to minor children, and (c) are mandated to services by
either the courts or CPS.
Growing Trend of System-Involved IPV Survivors
An unanticipated result of the pro-arrest domestic violence
policies introduced in the late 1980s has been the increasing
numbers of female IPV survivors becoming involved with the
court system and/or CPS and mandated to services. Many of
these women are also the primary caregivers for their children
and thus have a unique set of needs that must be addressed if
the mandated services are going to be effective toward ensur-
ing the well-being of children in the household.
4. * Jennifer E. O’Brien
[email protected]
1 School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill,
Tate-Turner-Kuralt Building, 325 Pittsboro Street CB #3550,
Chapel
Hill, NC 27599, USA
2 School of Social Work, University of Maryland, College Park,
MD,
USA
J Fam Viol (2016) 31:61–73
DOI 10.1007/s10896-015-9747-1
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10896-015-
9747-1&domain=pdf
Court Involvement Since the institution of pro-arrest policies
and warrantless arrests in the 1980s, the United States has
experienced a growing trend of female IPV survivors arrested
for domestic violence offenses and thereby becoming in-
volved with the court system (Klein 2004; Rajan andMcClos-
key 2007; Swan and Snow 2006). Women comprise between
8 and 20 % of all IPV arrests, and many of those arrested for
IPV also report IPV victimization (Rajan and McCloskey
2007; Simmons et al. 2010). Women IPV survivors might be
arrested as domestic violence offenders for a number of rea-
sons, including using violence to defend themselves or their
children (Swan and Snow 2006). Further, an unintended con-
sequence of the institution of presumptive arrest policies and
mandatory arrest for domestic violence has been increased
rates of dual arrest in domestic violence cases. Both persons
involved in a domestic dispute can be arrested if the police
5. officers cannot determine the primary aggressor or when lo-
calities have mandatory dual-arrest statutes (Busch and Ro-
senberg 2004; Miller 2001). Thus, a female IPV survivor
could be arrested despite never perpetrating violence against
an abusive partner. Other female IPV survivors might accept
responsibility for a violent incident as a means of avoiding
retaliation from their abusive partners.
CPS Involvement Child exposure to domestic violence has
been shown to have long lasting and devastating conse-
quences for child development, including academic, behavior-
al, social, emotional, and mental health problems (Bedi and
Goddard 2007; Kitzmann et al. 2003). Moreover, children
living in households with IPV are at elevated risk for other
forms of child maltreatment, including neglect and physical
abuse (Edleson 1999). Therefore, many states have created
child welfare policies that include IPV exposure as a form of
child maltreatment (Moles 2008; U. S. Department of Health
and Human Services 2013). As more state governments add
statutes to make exposing a child to domestic violence a form
of child maltreatment and a punishable crime (US DHHS,
2013), it is likely that increasing numbers of female IPV sur-
vivors and their children will become involved with courts
and CPS.
Service Mandates IPV survivors involved with the courts
and/or CPS are often mandated to services in lieu of jail time
(Simmons et al. 2010). Furthermore, policy makers have in-
creasingly emphasized the critical need for CPS workers to
address IPV in their work with families reported for child
maltreatment; this emphasis has likely led to the large number
of CPS referrals to attend IPV-related services. Given that
these system-involved women are also IPV survivors
(Hamberger and Potente 1994), it is critical that any required
services account for experience of victimization as well as the
unique needs and characteristics of IPV survivors (Feder and
6. Henning 2005; Simmons et al. 2008; Stuart et al. 2006).
As the number of system-involved IPV survivors mandated
to services increases, so does the number of community agen-
cies struggling to identify the most appropriate services to
deliver to this particularly vulnerable population of survivors.
With notable exceptions, the limited research on system-
involved IPV survivors has included few intervention research
studies (Simmons et al. 2010), yielding scant information on
the needs and characteristics of these women to guide service
delivery (Macy et al. 2013a, b).
The MOVE Program
Two community-based agencies—a domestic violence agen-
cy and a child-abuse prevention agency—found themselves
serving increasing numbers of women who were system-
involved IPV survivors, primary caregivers of children, and
mandated to services. In response, the two agencies began
collaborating to create and implement the Mothers Overcom-
ing Violence through Education and Empowerment (MOVE)
program. Given the scant research available to guide this ef-
fort, MOVE was based on the professional expertise and ex-
perience of the providers working in the two agencies and
informed by curricula developed for families experiencing
IPV (e.g., Turner et al. 2006a; Turner et al. 2006b).
MOVE is a 13-week parenting program intended for IPV
survivors either mandated to treatment for violence against
their abusive male partners or mandated by CPS to attend a
parenting program. The MOVE program consists of a
psychoeducational, therapeutic parenting group for mothers
that delivers content on IPV, parenting, and safety. Concurrent
with the mothers’ group, the program offers therapeutic sup-
port group services for their children. Details of the MOVE
program structure and content have been published elsewhere
7. (e.g., Macy et al. 2012; Macy et al. 2013a).
MOVE Program-Related Research Since 2007, our re-
search team has worked with the two community-based agen-
cies delivering MOVE to document the program, to examine
the program’s feasibility and acceptability among system-
involved IPV survivors and their children (Macy et al.
2013a; Ermentrout et al. 2014), and to evaluate program out-
comes (Macy et al. 2012; Macy et al. 2013b). Further, our
work with MOVE has addressed knowledge gaps by
documenting the characteristics, needs, and help-seeking be-
haviors of IPV survivors mandated to community services by
the courts and/or CPS (Macy et al. 2013a). Our prior research
with a sample of 73 service-mandated female IPV survivors
found the participants were characterized by high levels of
negative risk factors, including IPV victimization, and high
levels of depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms; how-
ever, participants were also characterized by high levels of
positive factors, including positive parenting attitudes,
62 J Fam Viol (2016) 31:61–73
knowledge, and practices, as well as active help-seeking be-
haviors. Although this prior research also aimed to examine
participants’ experiences with substance use by using gold-
standardmeasures (i.e., Brief Michigan Alcoholism Screening
and Drug Abuse Screening Test; Pokorny et al. 1972; Skinner
1982), a majority of participants chose not to complete ques-
tions related to their alcohol and drug use. Our evaluation led
us to conclude the most likely reasons for participants’ declin-
ing to provide sensitive information included participants’
vulnerable status, their involvement in multiple systems, and
their possible fears that disclosure might have legal repercus-
sions (Macy et al. 2013a).
8. Nonetheless, available evidence not only supports the as-
sociation of IPV victimization and substance abuse but also
documents the prevalence of substance use among system-
involved IPV survivors (Stuart et al. 2013; Young et al.
2007). Although scant, this evidence underscores the critical
importance of developing a better understanding of the role of
substances in the lives of these women, which can help guide
service delivery and the development of best-practice proto-
cols for this group of IPV survivors.
Current Study To address this critical knowledge gap, our
research team conducted an exploratory, mixed-methods
study to investigate the substance-related experiences of
system-involved IPV survivors mandated to services. Given
the dearth of existing research, our study was guided by a
broad research question intended to help us discover all rele-
vant substance-related experiences of these survivors: What is
the role of substances in the lives of women IPV survivors
mandated to services by CPS and/or the court systems?Within
the framework of this broad question, we explored the partic-
ipants’ perspectives on their own personal use of substances
(including substance use in the family-of-origin), their part-
ners’ use of substances, and the role of substances in the se-
verity and frequency of IPV.
Method
Study Sample
This study used a sample of 22 women who (a) had
been mandated by the county court or CPS to receive
services from one of two community based agencies
delivering MOVE, (b) had completed the MOVE pro-
gram, and (c) who had participated in evaluations of the
MOVE program between June 2008 and July 2011. Ad-
9. ditional eligibility criteria specified that participants had
to be (a) a woman, (b) able to comprehend and verbally
communicate in English, and (c) self-identify as a sur-
vivor of IPV. Notably, the woman’s history of current or
past substance use was not a criterion for study
inclusion. We chose to include participants regardless
of their substance use status to acquire a broad under-
standing of system-involved IPV survivors’ perspectives
on and experiences of substance use. All study proce-
dures were approved by the Office of Human Research
Ethics at the research team’s university.
Prior Eligibility for MOVE Program Eligibility for inclu-
sion in our study required that the woman had completed
the MOVE program. To be eligible for the MOVE pro-
gram, participants had to be (a) a woman mandated by
the county court or CPS system to receive domestic vio-
lence or parenting services, and (b) screen positive for prior
or current IPV, with the caveat that the woman was not the
primary abuser. Program eligibility was determined through
a detailed biopsychosocial assessment conducted by a mas-
ter’s-level social worker with expertise in family violence.
This intake worker assessed each woman’s history of vio-
lence, giving special attention to histories of family
violence.
Sample Recruitment for the Present Study Potential par-
ticipants (n=91) were recruited via a letter mailed to the
safe address the woman had provided when she was
enrolled in the MOVE program. However, to protect
confidentiality and to ensure any unintended recipients
would not be able to discern that the woman was being
invited to participate in an IPV study, the recruitment
letter was a generic informational letter that provided a
telephone number to call for study specifics. Approxi-
10. mately 1 week following receipt of the letter, a research
team member made a second recruitment contact at-
tempt using the participant-designated safe phone num-
ber. Telephone contact with potential participants
followed a carefully worded recruitment script. Recruit-
ment attempts ceased after two letters and four phone
calls received no response.
Women who responded to the recruitment letters or
phone calls were assessed for study eligibility by a
member of the research team, using a brief 11-item
screening tool. The women were given the option of
completing the screening over the phone or by meeting
with a member of the research team at one of the two
participating community agencies. Most of the women
completed the screening items over the telephone before
scheduling an individual intake interview; however, a
few of the women preferred to complete the screening
tool in person. In these cases, the women completed the
screening tool face-to-face with a member of the re-
search team in private spaces provided by the two com-
munity agencies. If the woman was found eligible for
inclusion, the research team member would then pro-
ceed with the in-depth interview.
J Fam Viol (2016) 31:61–73 63
Of the 91 women who were initially mailed recruitment
letters, only 29 (31.9 %) responded to the study invitation.
All but one of the 29 women were eligible for study inclusion,
and 22 (78.9 %) agreed to participate.
Data Collection Procedures
11. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected from the 22
CPS and/or court-involved IPV survivors through individual
interviews conducted by a member of the research team. In-
terviews were held during regular business hours in private
spaces within the community agency where MOVE was de-
livered (i.e., a location familiar to participants). Participants
selected the day and time for their interview. To ease the bur-
den of participation, participants were provided with research
supports such as snacks, subsidized transportation, and on-site
child care. Women who agreed to participate also received a
$25 gift card in appreciation of their time. Clinical staff mem-
bers from the community agencies were aware of the nature of
the interview sessions and were available if safety concerns
arose or if the participants needed to arrange for counseling to
address topics broached during the interviews. Immediately
preceding the interview, the research team member obtained
the participant’s oral informed consent to perform the inter-
view and to digitally record the interview.
The in-depth individual interviews were conducted using a
semi-structured interview guide consisting of open-ended
questions and follow-up probes; the guide was developed by
the research team and informed by the extant literature (Patton
2002). Standardized questions allowed for a wide range of
responses and encouraged respondents to generate novel
themes whereas the follow-up probes encouraged depth of
responses (Patton 2002). The questions explored the follow-
ing topics: (a) the woman’s motivation for her substance use
(past and/or current); (b) the influence of the intimate partner
on the woman’s substance use; (c) current or former intimate
partners’ substance use; (d) the impact of intimate partner’s
substance use on the woman and her children; and (e) the
impact of substance use by either partner on experiences of
relationship violence.
Digital files of interviews were transcribed and reviewed
12. for accuracy by members of the research team. Digital files
were stored on a password protected computer within a pass-
word protected file. Following transcription, all digital files
were deleted. Methods to enhance the rigor of the research
included obtaining expert feedback on the semi-structured in-
terview guide and implementing data triangulation by using
more than one method to collect similar data (i.e., question-
naire and interviews; Padgett 2008).
Assessments and Measures To complement the qualitative
interview data, participants were asked to complete a back-
ground information survey and two standardizedmeasures. To
ensure all participants could participate equally without regard
to literacy, disability or education status, participants could
choose to complete the measures as self-report questionnaires
or through oral interviews.
Participant Background Information Questionnaire We
developed a 59-item questionnaire to collect general demo-
graphic data and detailed information on the participant’s (a)
substance use, (b) family composition, (c) relationship status,
(d) experiences with violence perpetration, (e) experiences
with violence victimization, (f) legal involvement, and (g)
treatment program referrals. Although the survey was largely
comprised of close-ended, multiple-choice questions, open-
ended responses were included to provide the opportunity
for clarification. The self-report surveys were completed
anonymously and no identifying information was collected.
Alcohol Use Participants’ use of alcohol was assessed using
the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) devel-
oped by theWorld Health Organization (Saunders et al. 1993).
The AUDIT is a 10-item, self-report screening test for at-risk
drinking that is widely used with various populations and in a
range of settings (Babor et al. 2001). The AUDIT assesses
13. hazardous drinking, dependence symptoms, and harmful al-
cohol use. Possible scores range from 0 to 40 points. The
cutoff value of 8 points is typically used, although research
with female populations have used lower cutoff scores (Allen
et al. 1997; Babor et al. 2001; Berner et al. 2007). For exam-
ple, Bradley et al. (2003) reported a cutoff score of 3 yielded
satisfactory sensitivities (0.70) and specificities (0.86) for the
estimation of at-risk drinking in female respondents. There-
fore, the current study identified participants with AUDIT
scores of 3 or greater as exhibiting at-risk drinking.
The validity and reliability of AUDIT have been
established through results from numerous studies across pop-
ulations, settings, and countries. The AUDIT has demonstrat-
ed high internal consistency reliability ranging from 0.75 to
0.97, high test-retest reliability (r=0.86), cross-cultural valid-
ity, and applicability for both male and female respondents
(Allen et al. 1997; Babor et al. 2001; Reinert and Allen
2007). Findings have also suggested that AUDIT scores cor-
relate well with results obtained from other screening tests
(e.g., MAST, CAGE; Allen et al. 1997; Babor et al. 2001).
The internal consistency reliability of AUDIT in this current
study was .87.
Drug Use Participant’s drug use was assessed using the Drug
Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT; Stuart et al. 2003).
The DUDIT is an 11-item self-report screening test that as-
sesses drug use, drug abuse, and adverse consequences related
to drug use (Stuart et al. 2003). The DUDITwas developed as
a companion for AUDIT with parallel items, and has been
used to determine harmful drug use and drug dependency in
64 J Fam Viol (2016) 31:61–73
14. populations of IPV victims and perpetrators (Stuart et al.
2003). The DUDIT explores a respondent’s use of substances
in the following categories: marijuana, cocaine, hallucino-
gens, stimulants, tranquilizers, opiates, and other substances
(i.e., inhalants, steroids, diet pills). Scores range from 0 to 56
points, and a cutoff value of 8 points corresponds to sensitivity
and specificity values of 0.90 and 0.85, respectively, for iden-
tifying drug-related problems (Voluse et al. 2012). Berman
and colleagues have recommended the use of a cutoff value
of 2 points for identifying drug-related problems in women.
Therefore, participants in the current study with DUDIT
scores of 2 or greater were identified as having drug-related
problems. The DUDIT has an internal consistency reliability
ranging from 0.80 to 0.94 (Berman et al. 2003; Stuart et al.
2003; Voluse et al. 2012). The internal consistency reliability
in the current study was not computed due to low response
rate.
Data Analysis
Transcriptions of the interview data were imported into ATLA
S.ti (version 5.0; Muhr and Friese 2004). An initial list of
codes was developed using an open-coding approach with
two representative transcripts. The preliminary coding scheme
was informed by the research question, the semi-structured
interview guide, and the existing literature on the construct
and populations of interest (Padgett 2008; Patton 2002). Fol-
lowing this coding plan, three research team members thor-
oughly reviewed each interview transcript independently to
create a detailed codebook. One team member then deter-
mined several levels of themes within and across each inter-
view by applying systematic review strategies as well as neg-
ative case analysis (Anastas 2004; Padgett 2008). During the
transcription review process, the analysts implemented con-
stant comparison procedures by comparing and contrasting
themes generated from each analysis with existing themes
15. (Glaser and Strauss 1967). Successive reviews refined the
definitions of existing codes, which prompted hierarchical
sorting of codes as well as code additions and deletions.
Survey data were aggregated and used to describe the par-
ticipant population (e.g., means and standard deviations). Par-
ticipant responses to both the DUDIT and AUDIT scales were
examined both as frequencies and summative scales.
Results
Sample Characteristics
All sample demographic characteristics are reported inTable 1.
Participants ranged in age from 21 to 52 years (M=32.5; SD=
7.5). Nearly half (45.5 %) of participants self-identified as
African American/Black, 40.9 % as White, and the remaining
13.6 % self-identified as more than one racial/ethnic group.
The majority of participants (86.4 %) indicated they had com-
pleted college or obtained a technical school degree, and all
participants had received a high school degree or its equiva-
lent. More than three-quarters of participants (77.3 %) were
employed full- or part-time. The remaining 22.7 % of partic-
ipants were not employed because of disability, school atten-
dance, or work as a full-time parent. Most participants carried
some form of health insurance (77.3 %), but, notably, close to
a quarter of participants (22.7 %) self-paid for health care
services. Participants listed their sources of income as employ-
ment paycheck, child support payments, alimony, student
loans, government assistance (e.g., Supplement Security In-
come, Food Stamps, unemployment benefits, Work First) and
money from family and friends. Most participants had multi-
ple sources of income. Almost half (45.5%) of the participants
had a current intimate partner, with the length of these rela-
tionships ranging from 3 months to 12 years [M=3.5 years
16. (42.5 months); SD=47.5]. Notably, four of the women
(18.2 %) remained in the same intimate partner relationship
as when they first entered the MOVE program.
Lifetime use of alcohol or other drugs ranged in this sample
from 50 % of participants who reported past use of drugs in
the other category (e.g., inhalants, diet pills, steroids) to 100%
of participants who reported past use of alcohol. The majority
of participants (86.4 %) reported abuse of prescription medi-
cation at some point in their lives. Rates of current use of
substances were substantially lower and varied from 4.5 %
(use of another’s prescription medication) to 81.8 % (use of
alcohol).
Quantitative Findings
Table 2 reports the number and percentages of respon-
dents identified as having symptoms of substance use as
assessed by the AUDIT and DUDIT. More than a third
(40.9 %) of the participants met AUDIT criteria for
hazardous drinking. Almost one-third (27.3 %) of par-
ticipants reported at-risk drinking (i.e., having three or
more drinks on a typical day) and 18.2 % of partici-
pants reported binge drinking (i.e., consuming more
than six drinks on one occasion) with less than monthly
frequency. In addition, 18.2 % of participants reported
(a) needing an Beye opener^ (i.e., a drink first thing in
the morning to cope with withdrawal symptoms), and
(b) feeling guilt or remorse after drinking. Further,
4.5 % of participants reported less than monthly occur-
rences of failing to fulfill daily obligations due to drink-
ing. Current drug-related problems were reported by
9.1 % of participants (i.e., based on their DUDIT
scores). Notably, three participants (13.6 %) chose not
to respond to any DUDIT questions.
17. J Fam Viol (2016) 31:61–73 65
Qualitative Findings
Three overarching themes emerged from the individual inter-
views: (a) the women’s self-use of substances; (b) the partners’
substance use; and (c) the women’s perceptions of the relation-
ship between substance use and IPV. As opposed to reporting
the exact number of participants endorsing a particular theme,
the terms Bmany,^ Bmost,^ and Bfew^ are used to denote vary-
ing degrees of participant endorsement on a particular theme/
sentiment. Specifically, the term Bmany^ denotes that over
three
quarters (>75 %) of participants endorsed that particular theme
or sentiment, and the term Bmost^ is used to denote that over
half (>50%) of participants endorsed the theme or sentiment. In
contrast, the term Bsome^ indicates that less than half (<50 %)
of participants endorsed the theme or sentiment, and the term
Bfew^ is used to denote that less than one quarter (>25 %) of
participants endorsed the theme or sentiment.
Theme 1: Self-Use
The theme of self-use was characterized by the women’s rea-
sons for current and historical patterns of substance use. Sub-
themes included substance use as a coping strategy, substance
use because of the partner’s influence, and the consequences
of substance use or reasons to not misuse substances. Reasons
for substance use varied by participant as well as over time in
the participant’s life course.
Coping StrategyMany participants stated that they had used
substances to avoid the negative feelings associated with the
18. stress of her intimate relationship. For some, substances
helped the women to cope with and escape from relationship
conflict. For example, one participant described her use of
alcohol to cope with interpersonal conflict:
He just kept on calling and harassing and accusingme of
all kinds of stuff and, you know, it would be to the point
where, you know, I, I would have-, I would go and get a
beer out after that so I could calm down.
Another participant reported using greater dosages of pre-
scription medication than prescribed to relieve her anxiety
associated with her relationship distress:
I have it (Xanax), have it in my purse, um, because there’s
been days at work where the conflict between me and my
ex got so bad that I’ve been in tears, so I’ve, I take a
quarter or I take a half of a pill to calm myself down…I
think that it’s every 2 or 3 months it got [so] bad that I
would have to take two [pills].
Many other participants found a way of avoiding potential
conflict was to engage in substance use with their abusive
partners (e.g., BI just never really felt comfortable to drink or
do anything around him, but sometimes it was just…easier not
to fight about it^). Although most participants discussed their
use of substances as a means to cope with IPV, a few women
stated that they had used substances to relieve stress generally.
These participants explained that when they were feeling
Table 1 Sample characteristics (N=22)
Characteristics % n
Race
19. African American
/ Black
54.5 12
White 45.5 10
Education
Completed high
school/GED
100 22
Completed college
/technical school
degree/graduate
school
40.9 9
Employment
Full-time employment 68.2 15
Unemployed 22.7 5
Health insurance
No health insurance
/self-pay
22.7 5
Private insurance 45.5 10
20. Children
% of mothers living
with their children
86 19
Relationship status
In a relationship 45.5 10
In same relationship
that brought them
to [Masked] program
18.2 4
Current or former partner data
Partner required to attend
any treatment program
36.4 8
Table 2 Participant’s self-reported substance use (N=22)
Substance use variables % n
Past use of other drugs 50 11
Current use of other drugs 18.2 4
DUDIT score >2 (drug-related problems) 9.1 2
DUDIT score mean M (mode) 0.39 (0)
21. Past use of alcohol 100 22
Current use of alcohol 81.8 18
AUDIT score >3 (at-risk drinking) 40.9 9
AUDIT score M (mode) 2.91 (2)
DUDIT drug use disorders identification test, AUDIT alcohol
use disor-
ders identification test
66 J Fam Viol (2016) 31:61–73
Bstressed or uptight about something,^ substances helped
them to Bloosen up^ and Btake the edge off.^
Partner Influence Most participants also reported their part-
ner’s substance-use behaviors influenced their own use of al-
cohol and drugs. Some participants discussed using sub-
stances with their partner as a means of connection and noted
mutual enjoyment. One participant described this type of
relationship-based substance use:
If it [marijuana] was there and we did it together, and we
had a good time- and just kinda kept doing it. Whereas
before I was with him…it’s not that I hadn’t smoked, but
it wasn’t a big hobby for me- and then when I was with
him it was like, yeah, we-, I smoked pretty often.
By contrast, many other participants described substance
use with their partner as a means of gaining their partner’s
acceptance, rather than their own enjoyment. For example,
one participant noted that her former partner enjoyed smoking
22. marijuana and Bhe would want me to do it with him…we
would just pass it around, everyone was doing it…one of
those things where we don’t want anyone not getting high…
peer pressure sort of stuff.^ Equally important, some partici-
pants reported that their abusive partners used substances for
coercion and manipulation. One woman reflected that her
partner would Bget me drunk so he could do some things I
didn’t really want to do.^
Consequences of Substance Use In addition to reasons
prompting their substance use, many participants also de-
scribed reasons they currently chose to avoid using or
misusing substances. Many women attributed their choice to
refrain from substance use to their past abusive relationships.
The comment of one participant echoed the voices of many
participants:
I’mnot gonna be put in a positionwhere someone is going
to harm me again- I’m not going to do it…I just won’t
allow myself to lose control with substances because I’m
not going to put myself in that kind of situation again.
In addition to their past abusive relationships, some partic-
ipants had been raised in families in which they were exposed
to substance misuse. These women had a unique perspective
on the familial turmoil that can be caused by substance mis-
use. In the words of one woman, BI grew up with my dad, you
know, on drugs and alcohol, and it don’t do nothin’ but tear a
family apart. And I didn’t use because I wanted to try and keep
my family together.^ Universally, participants saw their deci-
sions to avoid substance misuse as a part of a larger effort to
engage in better self-care, including Bexercising all the time,^
and Beating right.^
Theme 2: Partner Use
23. Study findings also determined an overarching theme describ-
ing different facets of substance use by intimate partners. Sub-
themes included the partner’s substance use preferences and
severity of use, as well as participant’s preferences for their
partner’s substance use.
Partner Substance Use Preferences and Severity Substance
use in former relationships varied widely regarding substance
preferences and severity. All participants were familiar with the
substances abused by their partners, listing marijuana, cocaine,
prescription drugs (not prescribed to them), liquor, and beer as
substances of choice. Few participants discussed partners who
never drank or used drugs, partners who enjoyed Bthe occasion-
al beer,^ and a few others discussed partners who demonstrated
consistent daily drug and/or alcohol use. One participant de-
scribed the severity of a former partner’s use of multiple sub-
stances, saying, B[He would] always have other people’s pre-
scriptions and stuff that he’d take…He always drank until he
got drunk and couldn’t remember.^ Another participant was
unsure of the severity of her partner’s use because he chose to
use out of the house and did not use substances daily. This
participant stated, BI don’t know how often [he used sub-
stances]. I didn’t see him on pay days, twice out of the month.^
Participant Preferences for Partner’s Substance Use Be-
cause different substances tended to calm or relax abusive
partners, many of the women reported that they preferred
and would encourage their partner to use the substances that
elicited fewer negative consequences. For example, one par-
ticipant reported she preferred her partner to use prescription
medication rather than alcohol because when he used prescrip-
tion drugs, Bhe really stayed to himself.^ A different partici-
pant noted that when her partner was Bhigh or drinking, he
was the nicest person. But when he’s not, he’s….not nice at
all. I would havewished that he would have drank a little more
often.^ Another participant indicated certain drugs had a sop-
24. orific effect on her partner, stating, Bcocaine and marijuana for
some reason mellowed him out.^ Overwhelmingly, most par-
ticipants reported that when their partners were unable to ob-
tain their drug of choice, the frustration and physical conse-
quences of the lack of access to the substance combined to
intensify their relationship conflict. The comments of one par-
ticipant were typical of the experiences described by many:
BWhen he was drinking, he was fine. When he was high, he
was fine. It’s just when he’s not high or drinking, I guess he
gets agitated, and that’s when all the commotion starts.^
Theme 3: The Relationship Between Substance Use and IPV
The third theme, the relationship between substance use and
violence, not only highlights the intersection of substance use
J Fam Viol (2016) 31:61–73 67
with violence but also demonstrates the effects of substance
use on personal safety. Specifically, many participants noted
changes in the frequency and severity of IPV related to the
perpetrator’s use of substances. In addition, we identified re-
lated subthemes, including substance use as a precursor to
violence, violence as a precursor to partner’s substance use,
and the unpredictability of the partner’s behavior when using
substances.
Substance Use as a Precursor to ViolenceMany participants
reported that a partner’s substance use often preceded the onset
of an episode of violence. Most women reported the effects of
substance use on violence varied depending on both their own
and their partner’s moods. One participant noted the importance
of her partner’s mood on his behavior after ingesting alcohol:
BHe would drink anywhere from a 6-pack to a 12-pack a day.
25. The longer, the later into the night he got, the more, depending
on what his mood was beforehand, the more alcohol affected
(increased the violence during) the evening.^ Some participants
focused on specific behaviors that emerged when a partner was
intoxicated, stating that the use of substances resulted in their
partner becoming emotionally, physically, and financially abu-
sive. In one particularly poignant comment, a woman stated,
BWhen hewas drinking, hewould yell. Hewould put me down.
Sometimes he would hit me or push me. He was just…he was
just violent…the next day he never would remember it.^Many
women noted the regularity with which their partners engaged
in substance use before perpetrating violence made them feel
that they needed to be in Bdefense mode^ as soon as they
realized the partner had been using. The comment of one wom-
an was typical of many participants’ stories:
After he had been using, I never felt safe…when I could,
I would call a friend to be there until he went to sleep…
He used to just fight (when he would drink). BYou hear
me talking to you?^ Pulling on my arm, slapping me.
A few women reflected that their use of substances, rather
than their partner’s use, contributed to the perpetration of vi-
olence. One woman stated her substance use was motivated
by spite (BI knew it would be something that would piss him
off^), and she used alcohol when she was angry at her partner
and wanted to provoke a fight. Another woman reflected that
when she and her partner were both under the influence of
alcohol, their drinking would incite mutual violence: BAs soon
as we both had a few, that’s when it’d really start.^ Universal-
ly, participants acknowledged the impact substance use had on
subsequent IPV perpetration.
Violence as a Precursor to Partner’s Substance Use Partic-
ipants also reported substance use often occurred after vio-
lence perpetration. As previously noted, many of the women
26. reported using substances to relieve their stress stemming
from the abusive relationship. Similarly, many of the partici-
pants reported their partner was often more apt to use sub-
stances following the perpetration of violence. In a statement
reflective of many, one women said, BI think he would be
more likely to go out and drink or smoke or whatever [after
an argument], because we had that argument…it was a lot of
stress.^ In these cases, substance use was often associated
with Bmellowing out,^ or Bcooling off^ after an intense fight
or argument during which violence occurred.
Although most participants reported that a partner’s use of
substances led to changes in the frequency or severity of phys-
ical violence, sexual violence, and verbal abuse, a few partic-
ipants denied that the partner’s substance use had an impact on
the violence in their relationship. However, these few partici-
pants noted other instigators of relationship violence such as
the abusive partner’s response to the stress of parenthood,
childhood trauma, military affiliation, poor anger manage-
ment, and lack of emotional maturity. One participant linked
her former partner’s violent behavior to his depression, stat-
ing, BIt’s like his depression just had him angry. So he didn’t
know how to cope and he just expressed himself through
anger and then the violence.^
Unpredictability of Partner when Using Many participants
reported substance use made their partner’s mood states and
behaviors extremely unpredictable. For example, one woman
described her partner as having a dual personality when he
was under the influence of substances:
In the beginning [when my former partner would drink],
he would get more bold, and there was a rape incident.
There were other issues where he would become violent
and pin me down, or just go into a fit. And then, at other
27. times, it would be fun and happy, and the night would
end with [consensual] sex. So, you just kind of never
knew what was going to happen.
Another participant noted that her partner’s mood would
change drastically depending on the particular substance he
was using:
I guess he thought it was more debonair if he was drink-
ing wine. So he would behave one way. And if it was
liquor, he would get a different…I mean, it was strange I
guess that I noticed these things. He usually just had a
bad attitude if there was beer around. If it was wine, he
felt like hewas that connoisseur, all high andmighty and
hoity-toity. I never knew what way he would swing, if it
would be really fun or if it would be really bad.
Regardless of their partner’s ultimate mood, the study
participants universally acknowledged substance use had
profound effects on their partner’s behaviors. One
68 J Fam Viol (2016) 31:61–73
woman’s comment summarized those of many in describ-
ing the effects of substance use on behaviors as Balways
very intense.^
Discussion
This study presents exploratory quantitative and qualitative
findings about the role of substances in the lives of system-
involved IPV survivors. Given the increased number of wom-
en arrested for IPV (Klein 2004; Rajan and McCloskey 2007)
and the number of families involved in CPS that are affected
28. by substance-use disorders (Stuart et al. 2013; Young et al.
2007), this research makes a significant and timely contribu-
tion to the existing but limited knowledge base. Findings from
the current study provide a context for understanding the role
of substances in the lives of this group of IPV survivors and
their families as well as point to directions for intervention
development.
Quantitative Findings
Quantitative results from this study offer critical information
regarding survivors’ past and current substance-use behaviors.
Evaluation using a standardized assessment measure showed
more than a third of the study sample (N=22) met criteria for
hazardous drinking. Despite high levels of reported past use
(50 %; n=11), few participants indicated any level of current
drug use. Although a few participants (n=3; 13.6 %) did not
respond to questions about drug use, the majority (n=16;
72.3 %) reported they were not currently using any drugs.
Given the participants’ recent—and sometimes ongoing—in-
volvement with CPS and the courts, we speculate that partic-
ipants might have been reluctant to disclose their substance
use because they were worried about potential repercussions.
Accordingly, participants might have felt more comfortable
disclosing past use of substances. In addition, participants
might have felt a greater stigma attached to current use, there-
by reducing the likelihood of disclosure to individuals consid-
ered as authority figures, including university-affiliated re-
search teams.
We also speculate participants’ life circumstances made it
more likely that those who had reported past drug use were not
using substances at the time of data collection. These circum-
stances include (a) the participants’ life changes reflecting the
benefits of the IPV and parenting programming they had re-
ceived, (b) the participants’ response to increased scrutiny by
29. CPS and/or the court system, (c) the participants’ efforts to-
ward ending relationships with violent partners, and (d) the
participants’ desire to parent their children well and without
the influence of substances.
Qualitative Findings
Although quantitative data offer important information about
prevalence, the qualitative findings offer important informa-
tion to contextualize the role of substances and substance use
in the lives and homes of IPV survivors. Three overarching
themes emerged from the individual interviews: participant
substance use (i.e., self-use), her partner’s use, and participant
perceptions of the relationship between substance use and
IPV.
The study participants noted varying degrees of substance
use and exposure to substance use over their lifetimes and
over the course of their relationships. Many of the women
reported a change in their substance use patterns since leaving
the abusive relationship. Substance use was frequently
discussed as a means of coping with the abusive relationship.
This finding is consistent with previous studies that have
found that rates of substance use are much higher among
IPV survivors, and substance use is often identified as a meth-
od of coping (Logan et al. 2002).
A history of substance use in the family-of-origin was a
common characteristic among participants whose intimate
partners used substances or had a substance-use disorder. This
relationship is consistent with the tenets of both social learning
theory and the theory of intergenerational transmission. These
theories hold that individuals who have witnessed substance-
use behaviors in their family-of-origin not only have a in-
creased tendency to engage in similar behaviors themselves
but also have an elevated likelihood of seeking out intimate
30. partners with these same behaviors (Corvo and Carpenter
2000). Moreover, many of the study participants possessed a
profound self-awareness of the role substance use had played
in their entire lives; for these women, abstinence became an
important and purposeful lifestyle choice.
Participants’ discussions on the risk associated with sub-
stance use generally indicated the partner’s pattern of sub-
stance use tended to be more hazardous than the woman’s.
The women who reported Bconsistent^ substance use by a
partner were also more familiar with the severity of their part-
ner’s use. We speculate these women developed this familiar-
ity because frequent use or daily use is more difficult to hide
than occasional use. The women’s reports of frequent/severe
levels of substance use by a partner were consistent with re-
search on batterers, which has indicated high prevalence rates
of substance use among batterers (Moore and Stuart 2004).
These discussions around women’s self-use and their part-
ner’s use highlight the presence of substances in the family
home, posing potentially important ramifications for their
children. Regardless of whether the women were focusing
on self-use or a partner’s substance use, the women rarely
mentioned the intersection of substances in the home with
parenting and child development. The failure to discuss these
important issues might be related to the participants’ denial of
J Fam Viol (2016) 31:61–73 69
use, severity of use, or perceived effects (Logan et al. 2002).
However, these findings have important implications for pro-
gramming targeted to this population; specifically, these find-
ings indicate the importance of including content on the im-
pact of children’s exposure to IPVand substance use on child
31. well-being. Research has suggested children are often aware
when adults in the home are using substances, and might be
confused when these issues are never discussed (Gorin 2004).
Without appropriate communication, these issues create a bar-
rier to effective parenting (Gorin 2004; Young et al. 2007).
The final qualitative theme was related to the relationship
between substance use and violence. Contrary to previous
studies, participants suggested that IPV might have more to
do with a partner’s substance use rather than the survivor’s
substance use (Logan et al. 2002; Moore and Stuart 2004;
Thompson and Kingree 2006). For some participants, sub-
stance use was a precursor to abuse whereas for other partic-
ipants substance use had unpredictable consequences and was
inconsistently associated with abuse. Such unpredictability
can make it difficult to develop an effective safety plan. These
findings support previous research that has described the rela-
tionship between substance use and IPVas complex, dynamic,
and varied, with little evidence to clarify the directionality and
risk processes between the two problems (Testa 2004). Equal-
ly important, although some participants reported they felt
their partners’ substance use made the partner less violent,
others reported substance use increased their partner’s violent
behaviors.
Implications for Practice and Research
Practice Implications The wide variation in participants’ ex-
periences of substance use highlights the extreme variability
of the relationship between IPVand substance use. Indeed, the
relationship can be different in every case, and therefore, con-
textualization is an important factor in treatment planning and
intervention implementation. Intervention scientists should
aim to tailor programs for this population to facilitate survivor
self-awareness by focusing on the influence of the partner’s
substance abuse, and the survivor’s lifetime substance use
32. (including survivor’s childhood exposure to substance use).
In addition, programs should teach IPV survivors about the
effects of substance use on parenting, family safety, and rela-
tionship violence.
Notably, these data were collected following women’s
completion of the MOVE program. Other research on the
MOVE program shows significant reductions in IPV by the
time of program completion (Macy et al. 2013b). However,
the current findings suggest high-risk alcohol use was a prob-
lem for some of the women even after completing an IPV
treatment program. Accordingly, these findings underscore
the importance of not only addressing the physical and mental
health consequences of alcohol use in IPV treatment programs
but also helping IPV survivors to find successful behavioral
strategies (e.g., adaptive coping strategies) to mitigate their
use of alcohol.
In particular, programs should emphasize ways in which
survivors can effectively cope with IPVand substance use by
their partners and within their family-of-origin. Such coping
methods might include reflective activities about ways sub-
stance use — especially misuse and abuse — can be harmful
to both the woman and her family. Indeed, the connections
among substance use, violence, safety, and parenting might
come as a surprise for some women. Moreover, these findings
suggest IPV programming should include instruction on cop-
ing skills to address survivors’ use of substances to cope with
difficult emotions such as anger, stress, and isolation. Last,
these findings suggest IPV programs should screen all partic-
ipants for substance use, and when applicable, provide refer-
rals for treatment of substance-use disorders (Macy and
Goodbourn 2012).
Research Implications As noted earlier in this paper, little
33. evidence is currently available relevant to the types of pro-
gramming and interventions that are most helpful for court-
and/or CPS-involved IPV survivors. Thus, additional research
is needed that explores IPV programming for system-involved
and service-mandated survivors. In particular, findings from
the current study suggest integrating substance-use material
into IPV programming fills a critical need for survivors. Al-
though previous research has indicated substantial rates of
substance use among court- or CPS-involved IPV survivors
(Logan et al. 2002; Stuart et al. 2004; Thompson and Kingree
2006), few IPV programs have addressed survivors’ substance
abuse directly or included a substance-use component (Macy
and Goodbourn 2012). Thus, we propose that programs for
service-mandated IPV survivors address substance use and
abuse following the above recommendations, and that such
programs be rigorously evaluated to build the evidence-base
in this area. However, in making this proposal, we acknowl-
edge that researchers face a substantial considerable challenge
in determining accurate substance-use rates among this popu-
lation. As previously discussed, IPV survivors’ hesitancy to
disclose their substance use information is likely given their
involvement in multiple official systems (e.g., court, CPS).
Thus, the availability of accurate and reliable methods of data
collection is critically important to the accurate assessment of
individual survivor’s needs. Given the dearth of such tools, we
recommend researchers should explore ways to obtain valid,
reliable substance use and abuse reports from system-involved
IPV survivors. Such measurement strategies will likely re-
quire creativity and innovation. However, until novel mea-
sures andmeasurement strategies have been developed for this
population, researchers will face serious limitations in their
ability to gather valid data. As researchers work to address
these measurement issues, the qualitative findings of this
70 J Fam Viol (2016) 31:61–73
34. research underscore that substance use and abuse among this
sample of IPV survivors was heterogeneous, dynamic, and
changing over time. Moreover, for some women in this study,
their partner’s substance use shaped the women’s use of sub-
stances. Therefore, the accurate measurement of substance use
among male partners may add a compelling perspective to
these women’s stories and further explain their experiences.
These rich qualitative findings suggest that measuring,
researching, and addressing substance use and abuse among
CPS- and court-involved IPV survivors will require diverse
and multifaceted strategies.
Limitations
Readers are urged to consider our study’s findings in light of
its limitations. First, our findings reflect participants’ perspec-
tives, and may be different from the perspectives of their part-
ners, CPS workers, and/or the court. Despite our efforts to
ensure confidentiality and describe our protocols to partici-
pants, some participants might have feared disclosure would
bring negative repercussions, and therefore, might not have
been fully honest about their or their partner’s substance use or
extent of violence in their relationships. Discussing substance
use by either themselves or their partners might have caused
some participants to feel discomfort, and some may have
feared judgment. We addressed this limitation by seeking
feedback from a social worker with expertise in substance
use and IPV regarding the qualitative interview questions
about substance use. In addition, all participants had some
familiarity with the research team from prior research involve-
ment. We hoped participants’ positive experiences with earlier
research participation would ease their anxieties regarding
judgment, but it is possible that familiarity with the research
team could actually heighten fear of judgment. Further, we
35. tried to ease participants’ worries about disclosure by repeat-
ing several times that all data would be aggregated to prevent
individual identification.
Quantitative limitations include missing data because
some participants declined to respond to the standardized
drug use measure. Although all participants appeared to
feel comfortable describing their past use of drugs other
than alcohol, it appeared fewer felt as comfortable
discussing their current drug use. In addition, the low
cut-off score used for the AUDIT was chosen to indicate
Bat-risk^ drinking behaviors in this specific population
(i.e., service-mandated female survivors of intimate partner
violence), and was not meant to imply any clinical diag-
noses regarding alcohol use disorder. Thus, scores higher
than the suggested study cut-off do not necessarily repre-
sent alcohol dependency or alcoholism, but rather
concerning, at-risk drinking behaviors. Further, the stan-
dardized measures for alcohol and drug use (i.e., AUDIT
or DUDIT) did not gather crucial information about the
partner’s use or the general context of substance use with-
in the intimate relationship and the household. As this
missing information is critical to establishing an under-
standing of the whole picture of substance use in the lives
of IPV survivors, we addressed this limitation by includ-
ing the qualitative research component.
Last, although a near 79 % participation rate among the
women our research team was able to reach is notable given
the complex circumstances of participants’ lives (e.g., CPS
and/or court-involvement, mandated to services, IPV), many
women who might have been eligible for the study did not
respond to our initial recruitment efforts. These non-
responders might differ systematically from those who
responded and participated in this study.
36. Despite these limitations, this study takes an important step
toward better understanding the role of substances in the lives
of system-involved IPV survivors. This research is critically
important given the urgent need to develop effective services
tailored to the complex needs of the growing population of
system-involved IPV survivors mandated to services.
Acknowledgments This research was supported by a Jane H.
Pfouts
grant from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
School of
Social Work. The Duke Endowment also supported this
research. We
acknowledge the staff of InterAct and SAFEchild for their help
with this
research, as well as all of the families that participated. We
acknowledge
Diane Wyant for her feedback and edits of a previous version of
this
manuscript.
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49. studies. But, just because a research study is published, it
doesn’t mean it is without flaw. Social workers must make
value determinations every time they interact with research they
may apply to practice.
Imagine that you are a practicing social worker and encounter a
question, issue, or challenge on which you need to learn more.
You search in the social work literature and find a quantitative
study on the topic. As you read it, you ask critical questions,
closely analyze how the study was framed and conducted,
monitor efforts toward validity, and ultimately decide whether
to integrate the information in practice.
For this Assignment, you replicate this process of critical
evaluation by critiquing a quantitative research study.
To Prepare:
· Review the Learning Resources on critical reading and
critique/evaluation.
· Select one of the quantitative research articles your Instructor
has provided.
· Read the research article with a critical eye, taking notes and
considering how the study was conducted.
· Download the Critique Template in the Learning Resources for
use in this Assignment.
By Day 7
Submit a 3-page critique of the peer-reviewed research study
you have chosen from those provided by your Instructor.
In your Assignment, be sure to identify and evaluate the
following, as described in the template:
· Title and Authors
· Literature Review
· Strategy of Research (Descriptive, Exploratory, Explanatory)
· Methodological Approach and Design
· Threats to Internal Validity
· Application to Practice
· Based on your critique of this study, is this social work
intervention or knowledge safe to integrate into your practice?
50. Why or why not?
Use the Learning Resources to support your critique. Make sure
to include appropriate APA citations and a reference list.
Links Provided:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KN45RKksppc
https://cdn-
media.waldenu.edu/2dett4d/Walden/CAEX/6400/M3/module3/in
dex.html
https://waldenacademicskills.wordpress.com/2020/02/24/critical
-reading-for-evaluation/