ABSTRACT : The high-rise residential building emerges as a solution to overcome the problem of the housing needs in big cities. Its presence should also be taken into consideration from the perspective of sustainability concepts. Taking into account the life cycle of a building in the context of buildings as a product of the current architectural system is a wise consideration and recommended as the environment quality keeps on declining. This study discusses the correlation between the articulations of the high-rise building envelope with the approach of the life cycle of buildings as part of sustainable design thinking. The assessment has been made through the approach of library research as a stepping stone to attain understanding. The benefit obtained from this study will support the creation of high-rise residential buildings which in terms of life cycle is supporting the environmental quality provided it is assessed from the building envelope aspect.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
DESIGNING THE TROPICAL SKYSCRAPER
Ken Yeang advocates the careful consideration of climatic factors in designing tall buildings for the tropical countries, and
illustrates a new genre of builtform: the Tropical Skyscraper.
LH Ismail (2007). An evaluation of bioclimatic high rise office buildings in a tropical climate: energy consumption and users' satisfaction in selected office buildings in Malaysia. PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
Window film is a way to make your Denver home more energy efficient in 2019 and save you a fair amount of money on utilities for years to come! Read more here:https://www.scottishwindowtinting.com/denver-window-film/window-film-energy-efficiency/
LH Ismail (2007). An evaluation of bioclimatic high rise office buildings in a tropical climate: energy consumption and users' satisfaction in selected office buildings in Malaysia. PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
DESIGNING THE TROPICAL SKYSCRAPER
Ken Yeang advocates the careful consideration of climatic factors in designing tall buildings for the tropical countries, and
illustrates a new genre of builtform: the Tropical Skyscraper.
LH Ismail (2007). An evaluation of bioclimatic high rise office buildings in a tropical climate: energy consumption and users' satisfaction in selected office buildings in Malaysia. PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
Window film is a way to make your Denver home more energy efficient in 2019 and save you a fair amount of money on utilities for years to come! Read more here:https://www.scottishwindowtinting.com/denver-window-film/window-film-energy-efficiency/
LH Ismail (2007). An evaluation of bioclimatic high rise office buildings in a tropical climate: energy consumption and users' satisfaction in selected office buildings in Malaysia. PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
LH Ismail (2007). An evaluation of bioclimatic high rise office buildings in a tropical climate: energy consumption and users' satisfaction in selected office buildings in Malaysia. PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
Comparative Study on Day Lighting & Energy Modeling For Conventional and Gree...inventionjournals
A green building is a building which consumes less energy, less water and it includes proper waste management system in such a way that it utilizes maximum natural resources without .affecting the future needs. The energy consumption in a conventional building varies based on the person’s metabolic condition, the circulation of fresh air and the intensity of light entering to the building. The absence of fresh air circulation and lack of natural light will lead to intense power consumption in the building. The methodology used here is basically on the working of the three software viz., velux, design builder, and equest. The velux software is used to understand the building day light factor, how the ventilations are provided and to what extent the building is consuming the natural light through these ventilations. A simulation shall be drawn to check colors the lux values inside the building and it shall be done on the basis d considering different colors and designing the building as per latitude and longitude of the building so the results are based on the weather and climatic conditions of the building topography, thermal comfort in the building, metabolic conditions and materials used . Equest software is the software used for the final analysis of the modeled energy building to determine the consumption of the energy and also the annual savings based on the model prepared in the software. The main area is on how to reduce the energy consumption in the building using the natural day light. A study on the modeled building by its appropriate orientation and a cost wise comparison between green and a conventional building are done here. The study is conducted in one of the site located at Mangalore island site for conventional building.
ROLE OF CULTURE IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTUREVISHAKA BOTHRA
information about the role of culture in sustainable architecture, importance of culture in sustainable architecture, cultural logic of sustaiable architecture, architectural practices of cultural logic.
SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS IN HOT AND DRY CLIMATE OF INDIAIJERA Editor
The consumption of energy in the buildings is increasing as the development is taking at a very fast rate. No evidence is now
required to prove that the present climate changes are directly linked to the human activities and also the concerns regarding
exploitation of the fossil fuel have reached a level where the negative effect are having impact on the life of a common man.
Passive Architecture involves blending conventional architectural principles with solar & wind energy and the inherent
properties of building materials to ensure that the interiors remain warm in winter and cool in summer, thus creating a yearround
comfortable environment. Various solar passive techniques have been studied in detail so that the undesirable impact
in hot and dry climate could be mitigated. It is concluded that with the application of these techniques the building could be
made comfortable with comparatively less use of energy.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study assesses sound performance at
building front façades as well as types of design configuration
of the self-protected building envelops which are often exposed
to a linear finite-length sound source (e.g. traffic noise).
Impacts of noise attenuation at the surface level of the building
façade are also dealt with. The study includes an evaluation of
the architectural elements shaping the configuration of the
façade as a means of self-protection for noise attenuation
against traffic noise whereby the architects and engineers have
neither the choice of averting such disturbing sources nor using
natural buffers or man-made barriers to shelter buildings
aligned at main streets. A theoretical background is rendered
so as to clarify the concept of self-protected building envelops
and their role in the traffic noise attenuation. Computer
simulation of mathematical models are also applied to test the
effect of the facade design, articulation and configuration of
envelop on noise attenuation. However, design alternatives of
simulated different front façades facing traffic noise are
analyzed as case studies. This study concludes with some useful
findings depicting the relationship between envelop
configuration and noise attenuation in order to make the
building more self-protected. A few general considerations are
added at the end of the paper.
Sustainability Concepts in the Design of High-Rise buildings: the case of Dia...StroNGER2012
One of the evocative structural design solutions for sustainable tall buildings is embraced by the diagrid (diagonal grid) structural scheme. Diagrid, with a perimeter structural configuration characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance, has emerged as a new design trend for tall-shaped complex structures, and is becoming increasingly popular due to aesthetics and structural performance. Since it requires less structural steel than a conventional steel frame, it provides for a more sustainable structure. This study focuses on the structural performance of a steel tall building, using FEM nonlinear analyses. Numerical comparisons between a traditional outrigger system and different diagrid configurations (with three different diagrid inclinations) are presented for a building of 40 stories, with a total height of 160m, and a footprint of 36m x 36m. The sustainability of the building (in terms of structural steel weight saving) is assessed, together with the structural behavior.
One of the evocative structural design solutions for sustainable tall buildings is embraced by the diagrid (diagonal grid) structural scheme. Diagrid, with a perimeter structural configuration characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance, has emerged as a new design trend for tall-shaped complex structures, and is becoming increasingly popular due to aesthetics and structural performance. Since it requires less structural steel than a conventional steel frame, it provides for a more sustainable structure. This study focuses on the structural performance of a steel tall building, using FEM nonlinear analyses. Numerical comparisons between a traditional outrigger system and different diagrid configurations (with three different diagrid inclinations) are presented for a building of 40 stories, with a total height of 160m, and a footprint of 36m x 36m. The sustainability of the building (in terms of structural steel weight saving) is assessed, together with the structural behavior.
Sustainability Concepts in the Design of High-Rise buildings: the case of Dia...Franco Bontempi
One of the evocative structural design solutions for sustainable tall buildings is embraced by the diagrid (diagonal grid) structural scheme. Diagrid, with a perimeter structural configuration characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance, has emerged as a new design trend for tall-shaped complex structures, and is becoming increasingly popular due to aesthetics and structural performance. Since it requires less structural steel than a conventional steel frame, it provides for a more sustainable structure. This study focuses on the structural performance of a steel tall building, using FEM nonlinear analyses. Numerical comparisons between a traditional outrigger system and different diagrid configurations (with three different diagrid inclinations) are presented for a building of 40 stories, with a total height of 160m, and a footprint of 36m x 36m. The sustainability of the building (in terms of structural steel weight saving) is assessed, together with the structural behavior.
Benefits of Project Management to Realizing Sustainable BuildingsDr. Amarjeet Singh
Sustainable materials are becoming popular worldwide in terms of ecologically friendly structures that deal with pollution controls, climate change, global temperature increase, and resource conservation issues. Consequently, the researchers believe that simply using sustainable materials to design and create a building is insufficient.
This article discusses several elements of sustainable construction planning including site choice mostly through the proposed project, material classification mostly through the life cycle, analysis time, cost, and commodity controls, reliability and stability, occupant health, manufacturing methodologies and procedures, and design concepts based on advanced ideas. The article argues that by integrating the choice of building components and construction strategic planning practices into the project, the productivity and consequently the reliability of the building could be significantly improved.
The article also discusses the advantages and requirements of sustainable construction, the managerial roles in construction procedure, management processes, and a correlation of conventional construction planning and sustainable project management. The research paper indicates that the objective of constructing an environmentally friendly building is simply fully done when the notion of sustainability is integrated into every phase of the construction approach and that the procedures are not restricted to using recycled practices.
Sustainability through Intelligence in BuildingsIJERA Editor
Energy efficiency and energy preservation are two primary worldwide concerns in current reality. Thus, sustainability encompasses those two issues, giving that as a general term refers to the capacity to endure. In architecture sustainability describes environmentally conscious design techniques, minimizing negative environmental impact and enhancing efficiency in the use of materials, energy and space. In every level of design and construction of a building, environmental issues should be taken into account. Each specific decision and choice may have consequences for the environment. Sustainability through the proper and sound use of materials is an obvious practice. Beyond that, intelligence integrated in buildings can promote energy efficiency and wider life cycle. After a brief clarification of what intelligence in buildings entitles, a series of case studies are presented in order to support the fact that in deed energy efficiency and energy preservation (in some cases energy production as well) are achieved through the use of intelligent systems in structures.
Seismic analysis of multi storey reinforced concrete buildings frame”ankialok
The opinion that designing new buildings to be Earthquake resistant will cause substantial additional costs is still among the constructional professionals. In a country of moderate seismicity adequate seismic resistance of new buildings may be achieved at no or no significant additional cost however the expenditure needed to ensure adequate seismic resistance may depend strongly on the approach selected during the conceptual design phase and the relevant design method.
Seismic analysis of multi storey reinforced concrete buildings frame”ankialok
The opinion that designing new buildings to be Earthquake resistant will cause substantial additional costs is still among the constructional professionals. In a country of moderate seismicity adequate seismic resistance of new buildings may be achieved at no or no significant additional cost however the expenditure needed to ensure adequate seismic resistance may depend strongly on the approach selected during the conceptual design phase and the relevant design method. Regarding the conceptual design phase early collaboration between the architect and civil engineering is crucial.
Behaviour of Interlocking Hollow Concrete Blocksijtsrd
India is one of the highly populated countries of the world. It ranks the second in population next to China. Besides this, major section of the people live below poverty line. Due to over population, poverty, high land value & house deficit, major cities like Delhi & Mumbai are covered by slums. These slums not only make our country aesthetically bad but also the people living in such slums are deprived from basic facilities like proper sanitation, health care, and proper housing. The provision of affordable housing for these poor people needs to be facilitated by certain provisions. This can be possible only by introducing such technologies and materials that can be beneficial for building low-cost houses. Researchers worldwide have made significant efforts to find sustainable and affordable technologies to arrest the situation. Appropriate solution for affordable housing will vary from one location to another. Some general rules, however, apply to construction methods and housing systems. This project aims for developing a technology called dry stacking or mortar less buildings made from interlocking blocks. Mortarless brick construction, usually employing interlocking bricks, is growing in popularity round the world, indicative of acceptability. Mortarless techniques demonstrate the following advantages: increase of construction productivity, reduction in construction duration and labor and reduced construction cost. Because of its technological simplicity and local resource dependence, mortarless-block construction is more appropriate to many local communities than conventional mortared-brick techniques. Mohammad Vekas Wani | Mr. Chitranjan Kumar"Behaviour of Interlocking Hollow Concrete Blocks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14173.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/14173/behaviour-of-interlocking-hollow-concrete-blocks/mohammad-vekas-wani
LH Ismail (2007). An evaluation of bioclimatic high rise office buildings in a tropical climate: energy consumption and users' satisfaction in selected office buildings in Malaysia. PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
Comparative Study on Day Lighting & Energy Modeling For Conventional and Gree...inventionjournals
A green building is a building which consumes less energy, less water and it includes proper waste management system in such a way that it utilizes maximum natural resources without .affecting the future needs. The energy consumption in a conventional building varies based on the person’s metabolic condition, the circulation of fresh air and the intensity of light entering to the building. The absence of fresh air circulation and lack of natural light will lead to intense power consumption in the building. The methodology used here is basically on the working of the three software viz., velux, design builder, and equest. The velux software is used to understand the building day light factor, how the ventilations are provided and to what extent the building is consuming the natural light through these ventilations. A simulation shall be drawn to check colors the lux values inside the building and it shall be done on the basis d considering different colors and designing the building as per latitude and longitude of the building so the results are based on the weather and climatic conditions of the building topography, thermal comfort in the building, metabolic conditions and materials used . Equest software is the software used for the final analysis of the modeled energy building to determine the consumption of the energy and also the annual savings based on the model prepared in the software. The main area is on how to reduce the energy consumption in the building using the natural day light. A study on the modeled building by its appropriate orientation and a cost wise comparison between green and a conventional building are done here. The study is conducted in one of the site located at Mangalore island site for conventional building.
ROLE OF CULTURE IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTUREVISHAKA BOTHRA
information about the role of culture in sustainable architecture, importance of culture in sustainable architecture, cultural logic of sustaiable architecture, architectural practices of cultural logic.
SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS IN HOT AND DRY CLIMATE OF INDIAIJERA Editor
The consumption of energy in the buildings is increasing as the development is taking at a very fast rate. No evidence is now
required to prove that the present climate changes are directly linked to the human activities and also the concerns regarding
exploitation of the fossil fuel have reached a level where the negative effect are having impact on the life of a common man.
Passive Architecture involves blending conventional architectural principles with solar & wind energy and the inherent
properties of building materials to ensure that the interiors remain warm in winter and cool in summer, thus creating a yearround
comfortable environment. Various solar passive techniques have been studied in detail so that the undesirable impact
in hot and dry climate could be mitigated. It is concluded that with the application of these techniques the building could be
made comfortable with comparatively less use of energy.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study assesses sound performance at
building front façades as well as types of design configuration
of the self-protected building envelops which are often exposed
to a linear finite-length sound source (e.g. traffic noise).
Impacts of noise attenuation at the surface level of the building
façade are also dealt with. The study includes an evaluation of
the architectural elements shaping the configuration of the
façade as a means of self-protection for noise attenuation
against traffic noise whereby the architects and engineers have
neither the choice of averting such disturbing sources nor using
natural buffers or man-made barriers to shelter buildings
aligned at main streets. A theoretical background is rendered
so as to clarify the concept of self-protected building envelops
and their role in the traffic noise attenuation. Computer
simulation of mathematical models are also applied to test the
effect of the facade design, articulation and configuration of
envelop on noise attenuation. However, design alternatives of
simulated different front façades facing traffic noise are
analyzed as case studies. This study concludes with some useful
findings depicting the relationship between envelop
configuration and noise attenuation in order to make the
building more self-protected. A few general considerations are
added at the end of the paper.
Sustainability Concepts in the Design of High-Rise buildings: the case of Dia...StroNGER2012
One of the evocative structural design solutions for sustainable tall buildings is embraced by the diagrid (diagonal grid) structural scheme. Diagrid, with a perimeter structural configuration characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance, has emerged as a new design trend for tall-shaped complex structures, and is becoming increasingly popular due to aesthetics and structural performance. Since it requires less structural steel than a conventional steel frame, it provides for a more sustainable structure. This study focuses on the structural performance of a steel tall building, using FEM nonlinear analyses. Numerical comparisons between a traditional outrigger system and different diagrid configurations (with three different diagrid inclinations) are presented for a building of 40 stories, with a total height of 160m, and a footprint of 36m x 36m. The sustainability of the building (in terms of structural steel weight saving) is assessed, together with the structural behavior.
One of the evocative structural design solutions for sustainable tall buildings is embraced by the diagrid (diagonal grid) structural scheme. Diagrid, with a perimeter structural configuration characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance, has emerged as a new design trend for tall-shaped complex structures, and is becoming increasingly popular due to aesthetics and structural performance. Since it requires less structural steel than a conventional steel frame, it provides for a more sustainable structure. This study focuses on the structural performance of a steel tall building, using FEM nonlinear analyses. Numerical comparisons between a traditional outrigger system and different diagrid configurations (with three different diagrid inclinations) are presented for a building of 40 stories, with a total height of 160m, and a footprint of 36m x 36m. The sustainability of the building (in terms of structural steel weight saving) is assessed, together with the structural behavior.
Sustainability Concepts in the Design of High-Rise buildings: the case of Dia...Franco Bontempi
One of the evocative structural design solutions for sustainable tall buildings is embraced by the diagrid (diagonal grid) structural scheme. Diagrid, with a perimeter structural configuration characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance, has emerged as a new design trend for tall-shaped complex structures, and is becoming increasingly popular due to aesthetics and structural performance. Since it requires less structural steel than a conventional steel frame, it provides for a more sustainable structure. This study focuses on the structural performance of a steel tall building, using FEM nonlinear analyses. Numerical comparisons between a traditional outrigger system and different diagrid configurations (with three different diagrid inclinations) are presented for a building of 40 stories, with a total height of 160m, and a footprint of 36m x 36m. The sustainability of the building (in terms of structural steel weight saving) is assessed, together with the structural behavior.
Benefits of Project Management to Realizing Sustainable BuildingsDr. Amarjeet Singh
Sustainable materials are becoming popular worldwide in terms of ecologically friendly structures that deal with pollution controls, climate change, global temperature increase, and resource conservation issues. Consequently, the researchers believe that simply using sustainable materials to design and create a building is insufficient.
This article discusses several elements of sustainable construction planning including site choice mostly through the proposed project, material classification mostly through the life cycle, analysis time, cost, and commodity controls, reliability and stability, occupant health, manufacturing methodologies and procedures, and design concepts based on advanced ideas. The article argues that by integrating the choice of building components and construction strategic planning practices into the project, the productivity and consequently the reliability of the building could be significantly improved.
The article also discusses the advantages and requirements of sustainable construction, the managerial roles in construction procedure, management processes, and a correlation of conventional construction planning and sustainable project management. The research paper indicates that the objective of constructing an environmentally friendly building is simply fully done when the notion of sustainability is integrated into every phase of the construction approach and that the procedures are not restricted to using recycled practices.
Sustainability through Intelligence in BuildingsIJERA Editor
Energy efficiency and energy preservation are two primary worldwide concerns in current reality. Thus, sustainability encompasses those two issues, giving that as a general term refers to the capacity to endure. In architecture sustainability describes environmentally conscious design techniques, minimizing negative environmental impact and enhancing efficiency in the use of materials, energy and space. In every level of design and construction of a building, environmental issues should be taken into account. Each specific decision and choice may have consequences for the environment. Sustainability through the proper and sound use of materials is an obvious practice. Beyond that, intelligence integrated in buildings can promote energy efficiency and wider life cycle. After a brief clarification of what intelligence in buildings entitles, a series of case studies are presented in order to support the fact that in deed energy efficiency and energy preservation (in some cases energy production as well) are achieved through the use of intelligent systems in structures.
Seismic analysis of multi storey reinforced concrete buildings frame”ankialok
The opinion that designing new buildings to be Earthquake resistant will cause substantial additional costs is still among the constructional professionals. In a country of moderate seismicity adequate seismic resistance of new buildings may be achieved at no or no significant additional cost however the expenditure needed to ensure adequate seismic resistance may depend strongly on the approach selected during the conceptual design phase and the relevant design method.
Seismic analysis of multi storey reinforced concrete buildings frame”ankialok
The opinion that designing new buildings to be Earthquake resistant will cause substantial additional costs is still among the constructional professionals. In a country of moderate seismicity adequate seismic resistance of new buildings may be achieved at no or no significant additional cost however the expenditure needed to ensure adequate seismic resistance may depend strongly on the approach selected during the conceptual design phase and the relevant design method. Regarding the conceptual design phase early collaboration between the architect and civil engineering is crucial.
Behaviour of Interlocking Hollow Concrete Blocksijtsrd
India is one of the highly populated countries of the world. It ranks the second in population next to China. Besides this, major section of the people live below poverty line. Due to over population, poverty, high land value & house deficit, major cities like Delhi & Mumbai are covered by slums. These slums not only make our country aesthetically bad but also the people living in such slums are deprived from basic facilities like proper sanitation, health care, and proper housing. The provision of affordable housing for these poor people needs to be facilitated by certain provisions. This can be possible only by introducing such technologies and materials that can be beneficial for building low-cost houses. Researchers worldwide have made significant efforts to find sustainable and affordable technologies to arrest the situation. Appropriate solution for affordable housing will vary from one location to another. Some general rules, however, apply to construction methods and housing systems. This project aims for developing a technology called dry stacking or mortar less buildings made from interlocking blocks. Mortarless brick construction, usually employing interlocking bricks, is growing in popularity round the world, indicative of acceptability. Mortarless techniques demonstrate the following advantages: increase of construction productivity, reduction in construction duration and labor and reduced construction cost. Because of its technological simplicity and local resource dependence, mortarless-block construction is more appropriate to many local communities than conventional mortared-brick techniques. Mohammad Vekas Wani | Mr. Chitranjan Kumar"Behaviour of Interlocking Hollow Concrete Blocks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14173.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/14173/behaviour-of-interlocking-hollow-concrete-blocks/mohammad-vekas-wani
A B S T R A C T
The evolution of sustainable design and Construction Management over the past ten years has produced a lot of literature on environmental sustainability and development. But despite this progress in the last ten years it is still a big challenge to designers, architects, landscape designers, etc. and all other professions that are related to the field of environmental science. . The goal of this paper is to simply create a framework for more accurate approach towards sustainable planning, design and development. The Objective of this paper includes to architecturally defining energy sustainable design in our sustainable Buildings; it is also to stress the concept of green building through design guidelines. This paper outlines, recommend and also create architectural design for sustainability and eliminate unsustainable elements in our building.
Similar to The Articulation of the High-Rise Residential Building Envelope: A Review from the Perspective of the Sustainability Concept (20)
Injection Analysis of Hera And Betano New Power Plants At the Interconnection...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Electricity system in Timor Leste is supplied from small scale Diesel Power Plants (DPP) which are distributed at each district that not interconnected, as the consequences, electric continuity at some districts are disturbed so caused power outage. To overcome the matters, the steps taken by Timor Leste government by establishing 2 units of centered DPP with total capacity of 250 MW at Dili District of 120 MW and at BetanoDistrict of 130 MW. The new power plant will be injected at the electricity system of Timor Leste through transmission line of 150 kV. The new power plant injection will cause the power flow and system stability of Timor Leste entirely. Steady state analysis done including the power flow analysis before and after injection of DPP of Hera and Betano so can be seen the voltage profile change and the decrease of electric power losses. Beside the steady state analysis, also done the power system stability analysis to know whether the system can operate normally after short circuit disturbance of three phases before and after new DPP injection. The steady state analysis showed that the system voltage condition before injection of DPP of Hera and Betano experience decrease of -13% from the sending voltage, and the active power losses of 6.8%. After DPP of Hera and Betano injection the decrease only -6% and active power losses can be minimized become 5.3%. The results of power system stability showed the rotor angle stability, frequency and voltage stability during disturbance occurrence become more stable after injection with recovery time faster if compared with before injection of new power plant.
Harmonic AnalysisofDistribution System Due to Embedded Generation InjectionIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:The increased demand for electricity and the depletion of fossil energy sources are a challenge to exploit new and renewable energy sources. Relatively cheap renewable energy sources are Wind Power Plant (WPP) and Photovoltaic System (PV). Currently, many small scale generating plants are being evolved into conventional systems known as Embedded Generation (EG). EG as a source of electricity in the distribution system will affect the flow of system power, system reliability, voltage profile and others. Besides, with the placement of converter technology in WPP and PV system will give contribution of harmonic enhancement to the system. This paper presents the harmonic analysis of WPP and PV designs that are injected into conventional distribution system in one bus at Pujon feeder station Malang, Indonesia. The bus is chosen because in this area the need for electric power in the area is very high and the existing system has a harmonic value of 11%. Hybrid Active Filter (HAF) is designed to lower the voltage harmonics due to EG injection into existing systems without affecting harmonics in other buses. To analyze the harmonics in this study there are 4 scenarios offered: Scenario 1 starts with analysis on existing system, scenario 2 existing in WPP 2 MVA injection, scenario 3, injection1.3 MVA PV, scenario 4 injected EG (WPP and PV). The simulation result using PSCAD 4.5 shows in scenario 4 to generate harmonic voltage of 18.6% and after added with HAF, the harmonic value of the voltage becomes 2.434%
Decision Support System Implementation for Candidate Selection of the Head of...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: One of agency under the subdivision of The Indonesian National Army is Bintaldam V Brawijaya, acts as the mental founding agency. The head of affairs position replacement is often occurred in this agency, but the positions currently have a large number of incompetence person in charge. Subjection inthe election process leads to the inaccurate placement, resulting in poor leadership. The process of head of affairs assignment starts from candidates dispatching from each head of administrative section. Those candidates must then meet the three elements of assessment, i.e. the personality element, qualification element, and potential element. The candidates will be selected by head of agency as the top leader in the agency. The head of agency, however, poses difficulties to determine which candidate to put into position, frequently because of no proportional system exists to provide assistance in decision making process. A method is needed tomake more accurate placement for better leadership result.This research utilizegroup technology as the assessment elements hierarchical data structure and decision table as the rule evaluation engine to form a decision support system for making the replacement process of the heads of affairs easier and more accurate.
Yield Forecasting to Sustain the Agricultural Transportation UnderStochastic ...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Agricultural transportation is a major part of the United States’ transportation systems. This system follows a complex multimodal network consisting of highway, railway, and waterways which are mostly based on the yield of the agricultural commodities and their market values. The yield of agricultural commodities is dependent on stochastic environment such as weather conditions, rainfall, soil type and natural disasters. Different techniques such as leaf growth index, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and regression analysis are used to forecast the yield for the end of harvest season. The yield forecasting techniques are used to predict the agricultural transportation needs and improve the cost minimization. This study provides a model for yield forecasting using NDVI data, Geographical Information System (GIS), and statistical analysis. A case study is presented to demonstrate this model with a novel tool for collecting NDVI data.
Injection Analysis of 5 Mwp Photovoltaic Power Plant on 20 Kv Distribution Ne...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : A new 5 MWp PLTS or PV has been built in Oelpuah Village, Kupang Tengah. According to PT. PLN NTT,the amount of injected power to the distribution network cannot reach its maximum capability. At the moment, the average value of injected active power is 2 MWp. In this paper, a solution to achieve maximum injected power will be discussed. As a result of the study, the main problem is absence of energy storage. It cause the output power of the PV strongly affected by the weather. Hence a fluctuation of generated power cannot be avoided. The frequency in the distribution network system can be easily increased or decreased. Sudden drop in frequency due to 5 MWp lost, will cause the frequency to decrease beyond the standard value. The under frequency relay trips because it takes a long time to return to the originalvalue. A 5% of droop setting value is not suitable with those conditions. The droop characteristic setting should be reduced to 1% as a proposed solution. So that the response to frequency changes is more sensitive
Developing A Prediction Model for Tensile Elastic Modulus of Steel Fiber – Ce...IJRESJOURNAL
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Effect of Liquid Viscosity on Sloshing in A Rectangular TankIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : Liquid sloshing was investigated for a moving partially filled rectangular tank with/without vertical baffles. A set of experiments was conducted using two types of liquids: water and sunflower oil. For these liquids, the effects of varying the external excitation amplitude and the number of vertical baffles on sloshing are discussed. It was found that the mechanical dissipation due to the liquid viscosity has a remarkable influence on the sloshing characteristics
Design and Implementation Decision Support System using MADM Methode for Bank...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The function of banking process can be broadly defined as an institution functioning as a capital receiver and lender, as well as support for trading and payment transactions. In order to maintain the stability of the economy through lending, Bank Indonesia issued a form letter on March 15, 2012 on the application of risk management for the bank conducting credit. In an effort to minimize these problems, Bank Indonesia recommends the precautionary principle in arranging the loan terms and choose the prospective customer in the credit granting institutions, both banks and cooperatives to take into account the risk on lending. A method is needed to select bank for credit applications to the public, i.e. the customer. This research uses the comparison of MADM (Multiple Attribute Decision Making) between TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method and ELECTRE (ELimination Et Choix TRaduisant la realitE) method for the loan provisions to the customers. With the hope of getting the quickest and the most accurate solutions, the hesitancy in determining customers for lending can then be minimized.
Investigations on The Effects of Different Heat Transfer Coefficients in The ...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In the metal machining, the cutting fluid has become a tough problem in term of the health of works and environmental protection. The heat transfer coefficients of the water-based fluid, mineral oil and plant oil are distinct. An investigation focused on the effects of different heat transfer coefficients (h) on the cutting thickness compression ratio, chip formation, stress distribution and specific cutting energy is presented and discussed. In this study, three heat transfer coefficients have been simulated by Third WaveAdvantedge in machining AISI 1045 steel during different cutting speeds.It has been shown that the Mises stress and temperature are both affected by the heat transfer coefficient. When the h reaches higher, the Mises stress increases and the temperature shows the opposite trend. Also, the results can be found that the chip compression ratio decreases and shear angle increases when hrises. The relationship between specific cutting energy and heat transfer coefficients can be found in this paper.
Strategy of Adaptation of Traditional House Architecture Bali AgaIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : Adaptation is defined as a change to adapt to the environment or change the environment to fit the need to achieve balance. The Bali Aga community in Pengotan village has a tradition of building a house that refers to the concept of Tri Angga based on the Tri Hita Karana philosophy which is an expression of harmony with God, with human beings, and with the natural surroundings. Each element and layout of the building represents the alignment. In line with the development of the era, the pattern of community life changed resulting in traditional buildings are very regular and uniforms individually undergo a process of change without leaving the concept of Tri Angga and the philosophy of Tri Hita Karana.This paper is the result of field research that examines building changes by taking the example of traditional homes that undergo many changes to be able to conclude how traditional value changes occur in the original house.The results indicate that the change occurred partly due to the personal tastes of its inhabitants without the loss of fundamental changes in their philosophical value.Changes are found in non-structural building components and are strongly influenced by the ease of implementation of construction aspects. The building facade is striking with the appearance of ornaments on traditional buildings previously unknown in Pengotan
Design of Universal Measuring Equipment for Bogie FrameIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The performance parameters of the bogie which directly affect the quality and safety of train operation should be detected during maintenance, especially the structure parameters of bogie frame after many operation years. Based on the related research of the bogie frame measuring requirement, a universal measuring equipment is designed for metro overhaul. The function, basic principle, structure and software design of the universal measuring equipment for bogie frame parameters are described, and the summary meanwhile prospect are given.
A Design Of Omni-Directional Mobile Robot Based On Mecanum WheelsIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:As one of the important branch of mobile robotics, wheel mobile robot has long been paid atten tion to by the research people at home and abroad for its high load ability, positioning accuracy, high efficiency, simple control, etc. Mobile robot has close relation to many technologies suc-h as control theory, computer tech nology, sensor technology, etc. Therefore, research on the mobile robot has important significance
An Investigation Into The Prevalence of Code Switching in the Teaching of Nat...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study examines the functions of code-switching in primary schools by science teachers. In Namibia,English is the official language of instruction for science at primary school. At lower primary, Silozi is the language of instruction. Classroom interaction data was obtained from two science lessons. Analysis of the teachers' code-switching shows that code-switching in the two lessons was vastly different, with little codeswitching in the teacher-facilitated lesson.Evident in other lessons, in which science was taught as a content subjectbut with abstract names that had no corresponding local names in Silozi, there was frequent use of codeswitching for reiteration and message qualification. The direction of the language switch from Silozi to English as well as the proportion of teachersspeaking in English suggests that the official language for teaching is English at upper primary, grade 4 to 7. The science lesson and code-switching is a necessary tool for teachers to achieve teaching goals in content-based lessons involving students who lack proficiency in the instructional language. The study was conducted in five government primary schools in Katima Mulilo, the capital of the Zambezi region in Namibia.The national language is English language, with no exception inscience, mathematics, and language subjects.All Schools are located in a Katima Mulilo-urban. The students are from mixed classes, lower, middle and upper class families with their parents typically working as unemployed single mothers, domestic workers, clerks, nurses, teachers, and accountants. Some of the students could understand English because of their parents‟ educational background or in instances where English is spoken at home.
The Filling Up of Yogyakarta Governor Position in Social Harmony PerspectiveIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper aims to provide an overview in filling up the position of Governor of Yogyakarta, Distinctive Region, Indonesia, that considering social harmony perspective. Discussion conducts using social harmony perspectives, because the Sultan as the King was suspected to devise making her daughter the Queen who will be automatically the Governor succeeding him. This paper based on sociology legal research, this study approached the legal issues in accordance with the fact in social life, to provide an overview existing condition rules and public perseptions in filling position of Governor of Yogyakarta, especially about gender (female) position. Dataas are collected by interviewed and distributed questionnaires to various groups. Considering the result of research, that the Sultan’s way generated a sufficiently deep polemics in the Palace environment, government and society, so that this even kept away from the customary values of Javanese custom and Islam religion emphasizing on social harmony.
Quality Function Deployment And Proactive Quality Techniques Applied to Unive...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Lecturing and instruction to students at university has traditionally been based on qualifications, experience and position of academics within ones department or college. The higher the level and more advanced the subject then the most experienced lecturers are traditionally selected for that task. Visiting lecturers are never asked to teach basic mathematics or science, they are to share their experience and enlighten the students from a vast knowledge and history. This paper reviews and discusses Kano’s model with Quality Function Deployment related to customer satisfaction and compares if the traditional approach is in keeping with university practice. Furthermore, it argues that industry has concepts and ideas that can be more proactive if applied to an educational environment where students’ demands are ever increasing and their expectations are becoming higher. If universities are to improve student-learning experiences then novel and successful techniques are needed. One such approach is discussed in this research paper to find better ways to improve student satisfaction.
The Analysis And Perspective on Development of Chinese Automotive Heavy-Duty ...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In recent years, under the influence of both China's domestic market demand and emissions standard improvement, Chinese manufacturers put great effort on the research and design of automotive heavy-duty diesel engine. This paper analyzes the technical parameters of heavy duty diesel engine in 11 / 13L displacement section and introduces its performance. At the same time, combined with the development of foreign heavy-duty diesel engine, the future development direction of Chinese heavy-duty diesel engine is forecasted.
Research on the Bottom Software of Electronic Control System in Automobile El...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: With the development of science and technology, car replacement faster and faster. The development of the automotive industry has a contradiction, on the one hand, the speed of upgrading the car technology can not keep up with the speed of the performance requirements of the car, on the other hand, the country's automobile exhaust emission standards become more stringent. In addition, the depletion of oil resources led to the rise in gasoline prices, the traditional car is facing a crisis. Considering the situation of gas fuel resource structure and supply situation in China, it is feasible to promote gas fuel engine[1].However, the pollution caused by the car has become one of the major pollution sources in the urban environment and the atmospheric environment, and this trend continues to deteriorate[2].Therefore, alternative energy vehicles and hybrid cars is the main direction of development, and any improvement in the car will be car electronics and software replacement for the premise. On the one hand, natural gas as an alternative to gasoline, with its low prices, excellent combustion emissions, the relative sustainable development and other characteristics of more and more car manufacturers favor;On the other hand, the mainstream of the automotive electronic control unit ECU software development to AUTOSAR structure, low power consumption, functional safety for the development direction. Based on the actual development of natural gas engine control unit, the structure and function of ECU software are studied with reference to AUTOSAR software design standard. This paper studies the structure of the application of the software layer of the electronic control system and the main control strategy under the various conditions of the structure, and puts forward the underlying software resources needed by the application layer software. This paper analyzes the internal and peripheral resources of Infineon XC2785x microcontroller and designs hardware abstraction layer software and ECU abstraction layer software. The current characteristics of the jet valve driven by the natural gas multi-point injection engine were investigated. Automotive electronics technology has been widely used in modern vehicles which, and gradually become the development of new models, improve the performance of the key technical factors[3] .
Risk Based Underwater Inspection (RBUI) For Existing Fixed Platforms In Indon...IJRESJOURNAL
Abstract For existing fixed platforms in Indonesian waters, a method to determine underwater inspection basedon the risk level is needed as an alternative for the conventional time-based underwater inspection. This paper discusses the development of Risk Based Underwater Inspection (RBUI) for Indonesian fixed offshore platforms by adopting the inspection scope from API RP 2A-WSD and API RP 2SIM. The risk will be determined based on the calculated Consequence of Failure (CoF) and Probability of Failure (PoF), and then it will be converted into a relevant inspection interval according to the references. In addition, it had also been discovered that the minimum fatigue of a platform that is shorter than the intended design life appeared to be the major problem of the Indonesian existing platforms. Therefore, this condition would be taken into consideration as a factor to override the preliminary inspection interval plan. Sample of 10 platform data located in Indonesian waters were used for RBUI analysis in this paper.
ABSTRACT: In order to achieve the precise control of the four rotorcraft, we must first obtain the accurate mathematical model of the four rotorcraft.This study analyzes the mechanical structure of the four rotorcraft and ignores the effects of the corresponding air resistance and the associated external secondary factors.The actual environment of the four rotorcraft is simplified, and the main factors of the four rotorcraft in motion are seized to establish a more accurate mathematical model.In the modeling process four-rotor aircraft, using the most current hot research field research methods.Mode using the angular velocity and the linear velocity of the separated solver and attitude by the coordinate transformation, and motion Newton Euler's formula to solve.Thereby establishing a nonlinear dynamic model four-rotor aircraft.Finally, a simplified mathematical model of four rotorcraft is obtained by comprehensive analysis of the relevant constraints of mathematical model of four rotorcraft.This makes the accuracy of the model aircraft system higher, more convenient control four rotorcraft.Which has certain reference value and guiding significance for the study of future stability of aircraft system.
A New Approach on Proportional Fuzzy Likelihood Ratio orderings of Triangular...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this chapter, we introduce a new approach on the concept of proportional fuzzy likelihood ratio orderings, increasing and decreasing proportional fuzzy likelihood ratio orderings of triangular fuzzy random variables are presented. Based on these orderings, some theorems are also established.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
block diagram and signal flow graph representation
The Articulation of the High-Rise Residential Building Envelope: A Review from the Perspective of the Sustainability Concept
1. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
www.ijres.org Volume 5 Issue 2 ǁ February. 2017 ǁ PP.13-22
www.ijres.org 13 | Page
The Articulation of the High-Rise Residential Building Envelope:
A Review from the Perspective of the Sustainability Concept
Tantarto Sugiman1
, Uras Siahaan2,
Rumiati Rosaline Tobing3
1
Doctoral Candidate in Architecture at Parahyangan Catholic University, Indonesia
2
Professors in Architecture at Indonesia Christian University (UKI)
3
Doctor in Architecture at Parahyangan Catholic University
ABSTRACT : The high-rise residential building emerges as a solution to overcome the problem of the housing
needs in big cities. Its presence should also be taken into consideration from the perspective of sustainability
concepts. Taking into account the life cycle of a building in the context of buildings as a product of the current
architectural system is a wise consideration and recommended as the environment quality keeps on declining. This
study discusses the correlation between the articulations of the high-rise building envelope with the approach of the
life cycle of buildings as part of sustainable design thinking. The assessment has been made through the approach of
library research as a stepping stone to attain understanding. The benefit obtained from this study will support the
creation of high-rise residential buildings which in terms of life cycle is supporting the environmental quality
provided it is assessed from the building envelope aspect.
Keywords - articulation of form, building envelope, high-rise residential building, sustainable design thinking,
building life cycle
I. INTRODUCTION
This paper describes the correlation between the articulations of the building envelope in high-rise
residential buildings with the approach of building life-cycle concept as part of sustainable design thinking. The
concept of sustainable development is a paradigm of thinking, that should be applied in a building, from the initial
process until its completion. The phenomenon of high-rise residential buildings is inevitable due to the urgent need
for housing, especially if it is related to its accessibility environmental capacity. Problems emerged when the
articulations of the building form appear so similar without taking into account its environmental context (or its
local content). The concept of sustainability itself is quite a complex issue involving many scientific disciplines,
requiring the involvement of various parties or large scientific disciplines: environmental-social-economic ones.
This paper attempts to juxtapose the concept of sustainability in an architectural approach that is more supportive of
environmental problem.
Rapid population growth in Indonesia requires housing provision. On the other hand, there is land
limitation, particularly in areas close to the workplace and the city center. In addition, the land is narrower and
becomes more expensive. This condition results in the high price of property and makes it harder for the middle to
lower strata of society to purchase houses that are close in terms of location.
Jakarta as a metropolite possesses a strong attraction for people to reside. No wonder that its population has
grown rapidly. This certainly causes various problems such as the inefficient use of land, increase of slums, less
organized housing areas and increase in water and air pollution. The increase in population has resulted in the
increase of the need for appropriate housing with a strategic location, even though land availability is limited. Under
these conditions, land will became more expensive and even unaffordable for the middle and lower classes that
make up 65% of the urban population [1]. To respond to this problem, especially for the middle to lower strata, the
government has launched „Construction of 1000 privately owned and simple Apartments‟ or better known as
„Rusunami‟[2]. The construction of high-rise residential buildings that leads to high rise building is inevitable for
today‟s development. Its presence will be needed as an answer to the urgent need of housing. With the launching of
1000 towers based on Law No. 20 of 2011, Jakarta will certainly be followed by other major cities in Indonesia and
be filled with housing towers in the future. Living in high-rise residential buildings will become a pattern of living
for the major city population.
People used to experience difficulty in living in high-rise residential buildings for a number of reasons, but
now, because of easy access to the city center, high-rise residential buildings have become a necessity inextricably
linked with the urban population. High-rise residential buildings used to be limited to 4-5 floors, but now it has
increased considerably, some building reaching over 50 floors.
2. The Articulation of the High-Rise Residential Building Envelope: A Review from the Perspective…
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II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
The search for building envelope articulation begins with the establishment of parts of the building
envelope. A building envelope covers all components forming the building shell or skin. This component separates
the exterior and interior of a building. The building envelope should be designed well since it is related to climate,
ventilation, and energy consumption inside the building. If the terminology „façade‟ refers more to the site, then the
building envelope refers more to the three dimensional shape since it is related to volume and performance.
The envelope consists of all building exterior components, including the wall, the roof, the foundation (base), the
window, and the door [3,4]. If the façade takes into consideration decorative and ornamental aspects, the concept of
building envelope does not include it in the envelope element. These envelope elements form a barrier separating the
interior and exterior of a building. Figure 1 shows the variety of building envelopes.
Figure 1. Part of Building Envelope and Its Variations
Source: ririndina.files.wordpress.com. retrieved in November 2013
The building envelope is influenced by the following factors [5]: 1) site, block, or superblock dimension; 2)
street dimension; 3) boundary line building; 4) building height category; 5) building orientation; 6) local regulations.
The discussion was conducted with the descriptive method based on the literature search for the building envelopes.
III. DISCUSSION
3.1. Importance of the Building Envelope
There are five basic functions of the building envelope [6]: 1) to add structural support, 2) to control
moisture and humidity, 3) to regulate temperature, and 4) to control changes in air pressure. The building envelope
will also affect the ventilation and the use of energy inside the building, 5) reflection of the function inside the
building. The building envelope determines the amount of energy needed to protect the environment inside the room
to be comfortable in outdoor conditions. The design consideration of the building envelope [4]: 1) calculation of the
capability of air insulation, 2) air-tight system, 3) wall and roof, 4) window, door and skylights, 5) local climate. The
role of the building envelope is so significant that it is important to be taken into consideration. A building envelope
that is not well articulated is bound to affect the building performance.
3.2. Building Envelope Articulation
Articulation in architecture refers to texture of the form [6]. The form of articulation can be stated as: 1)
distinguishing planes with the composition of material, texture, and color, 2) developing angle as a linear element
different from the boundary plane, 3) processed angle, and 4) lighting, to give a contrasting impression.
The building envelope articulation is aclarity of the building element in accordance with its function. One
way to explain the form of articulation is through [7]: (1) the window, (2) the door opening, (3) the wall, (4) the roof
ROOF
SURFACE/WALL
WINDOW AND DOOR
TERRACE
BASE/ FOUNDATION
STRUCTURE
3. The Articulation of the High-Rise Residential Building Envelope: A Review from the Perspective…
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and (5) the sun shading related to the creation of a harmonious unity between drafting, a good proportion, drafting
vertical and horizontal structure, material, color and decorative elements.
3.3. Application of Building Articulation in High-Rise Building
Articulation in high-rise building architecture can be affected by various considerations [8]: 1) the
thickness of building; 2) the level of lighting; 3) the building rigidity, considered through the existence of the core
usually seen on the building façade; 4) the aerodynamic modification of building form, such as variation of a gap
along the height, or even its measurement, significantly capable of reducing building response to wind pressure and
wind direction by changing the wind pattern around the flow. Aerodynamic building modification in high-rise
buildings can be classified into two groups: (1) Minor Modification: aerodynamic modification that does not deeply
explore structural and architectural concepts. Examples of minor modification: the provision of fins, vented fins,
slotted corners, chamfered corners, corner recession, roundness and building orientation that is more oriented toward
wind direction with the strongest wind flow; (2) Major modification: aerodynamic modification with great impact
on the structure and the concept of architecture. Examples of major modification: setback at every height, tapering
effects, opening on top of the building, shape processing on top of the building, processing the entire shape of the
building, setback, twisting the building, etc.[9, 10]. Figure 2 shows the layout as a result of aerodynamic
modification.
MHI Yokohama Building Taiwan 101 50 West Street, Manhattan Greenland's Suzhou
Center, Wujiang
Figure 2. The Shape of Layout and Façade Articulations
Along with technology, the shape of twisted buildings become an interesting approach in the current era, by
twisting a building that can reduce the vortex effect from the wind. Twisting the shape of a building can reduce the
wind pressure on the building [11]. It is also the most effective way for wind whose direction is difficult to
determine (see figure 3a and 3b).
4. The Articulation of the High-Rise Residential Building Envelope: A Review from the Perspective…
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Figure 3 a. Twisting Effect on Chicago Spire
Source: Elnimeiri and Gupta. 2008
Figure 3b. Shanghai Center buildings for wind aerodynamic view
Source: archrecord.construction.com and http://du.gensler.com
In connection with the height effect, building articulation can also be modified as such (see figure 4). This
aerodynamic modification was made by constructing the building to be more pointed from the base to the top, like
cutting the building based on the received wind pressure with the increasing height of the building [9,10]. Examples
of buildings applying tapering are: the Transamerica Pyramid, the Jin Mao Building, the Petronas Tower, the Burj
Dubai, the Sears Tower, the Shanghai World Financial Center.
Figure 4. Articulation shape of Transamerica Pyramid, Jin Mao Building, Petronas Tower, Burj Dubai, Sears
Tower, and Shanghai World Financial Center as an anticipation of building height factor
5. The Articulation of the High-Rise Residential Building Envelope: A Review from the Perspective…
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For the sake of energy use such as solar energy or wind (see figure 5 and 6), the shape of articulation will also have
its own character [12] (Figure 7).
Figure 5. The shape of facade articulation due to solar
energy consideration at Pearl River Tower
Figure 6. The shape of façade articulation due to wind
energy consideration at Pearl River Tower, Guangzhou,
China
The shaper of articulation can also be implemented through: the balcony, the canopy or the building detail (figure 7)
Figure 7. Shape of articulation through: balcony, canopy or building detail
Source: www.telegraph.co.uk
3.4. The Effect of Plants on the Building Envelope, moving toward the Concept of Sustainability
The greening of housing or buildings (multiple-storied) is actually beneficial, something that can be
measured quantitatively in the form of financial benefit and qualitatively in the form of benefit from the
environmental, social and aesthetic aspects. The effects are among others [13]:
3.4.1. Decrease in Temperature: The roof material of a building is usually made of hard and dark material with a
low albedo value (low reflectivity value). Greening can reduce the canopy effect of fog/smoke directly above the
city environment by shadowing the área that absorbs heat, and indirectly through evapo-transporational cooling. It
also reduces heat as a result of re-radiation. Only around 20% of solar energy falling on the surface of the leaf will
be reflected.
3.4.2. Improving Air Quality: A roof with plants is capable of directly improving the air quality by filtering
particles flying in the air with leaves and branches. The increase of temperature on the roof surface influences a
chemical reaction that causes the low content of ozone in the air, the most important factor in the formation of
pollution. Therefore, by maintaining the air temperature to remain low, the greening of roof surface can improve air
quality through ozone formation. A roof with a plant system can filter heavy metal and other hazardous substances
from rain water, through a natural filtering mechanism that depends on the type of plant and the thickness of soil
layer used on the roof with plants.
3.4.3. Improving Rain Water Absorption: One practical way to control the water run-off in urban areas is the use
of roofs with plants because of their capability in storing rain water. From the environmental aspect, this has a
positive effect such as reducing surface contamination from rain water, reducing soil erosion and improving the
lives of plant and other living things (animals). Some exceptions found in the tropical climate can influence water
absorption by roofs with plants. First, frequent heavy rain can cause erosion on recently built roofs with plants and
the process of soil dissolution will take place faster. Second, the condition of daily temperature in tropical areas
causes the high level of evaporation and the formation of biomass that will increase the level of water absorption.
This process should be anticipated with a proper design.
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3.4.4. Carbon Dioxide Reduction and Increasing the Amount of Oxygen : Plants can absorb carbon dioxide and
release oxygen to the air in the photosynthetic process. Therefore, the stability of air composition will also be
maintained by plants. Through thisphotosynthetic process, 155m2
of plant area can produce enough oxygen for 1
person for 24 hours. A huge tree can produce enough oxygen for 10 persons per hour. The „green‟ roof on high-rise
buildings is proven capable of reducing the amount of energy needed for air cooling, and indirectly will reduce
carbon dioxide emission from electricity generating machines.
3.4.5 Noise Reduction: Roofs with plants can reduce the noise level up to 50 dB. A soil layer of 12-20 cm can
reduce noise level up to 40-46 dB. The soil layer tends to absorb a low frequency, whereas trees absorb a high
frequency. The ability of roofs with plants to absorb noise is highly affected by the weight of the soil layer (its
substrate and the level of leakage through other roof holes such as skylight, atrium, and others).
3.4.6 Reducing dust and smoke: Air pollution in the urban área can have seriously affect on the health of the
citizens. Nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, and other hazardous gases can produce hazardous particles in free air.
Plants can function to increase the air quality. Every 1 m2
of roof garden can filter 0.2 kg of aerosol dust and smoke
particles every year. In addition, nitrate and other hazardous materials in the air and from rain water can be
deposited on the plant medium of roof gardens.
3.4.7 Beautifying the face of the city: Visually, roof gardens and vertical gardens can increase the quality of life
of the urban citizens. A city that is monotonous with gloomy grey massive buildings can be changed astonishingly
with the presence of beautiful roof gardens and vertical gardens adorned with flowers and green shady trees.
3.5. The Issues of Building Envelope in Indonesia
The problems of building envelope in Indonesia, particularly for high-rise residential buildings lie in: 1) the
shape of articulation that is almost similar from one building to another. This seems to be influenced by economic
factors that are still dominant, where developers seek more economical and rapid development solutions in the
implementation; 2) Lack of attention paid to the orientation and location that fails to make the face of the building
envelope distinguish between solar and wind factors in the location; 3) comfort and security factors which have not
been seriously taken into consideration so that they have created discomfort, a high criminality level and occupants‟
accidents; 4) the face of building envelope that seems similar in the end raises the desire of the occupants to make it
different, which will result in a non-aesthetic building face, if the building management is not good.
3.6. Effort to Understand Building Envelope
An effort is needed to understand the building envelope if it is viewed from different angles, by
consistently emphasizing on the comfort for human beings as the users without damaging nature.
Development Approach from the Sustainable Design Perspective as a Consideration
When environmental damage has reached the surface of the earth, sustainable architecture emerged as a
new paradigm of thinking that was considered as capable of fixing the environment. Many leading figures have tried
to address the issue of sustainability although they often used different terminologies. James Steele (1997) used the
term sustainable architecture, Ken Yeang (1994, 1995) coined the phrase ecological architecture and further
elaborated on ecological high rise building and Brenda Vale (1991) presented her green architecture [14,15,16,17].
The involvement of architecture and architect was clearly stated by Steel (1997) that it is so important in dealing
with sustainable development [14]. Practice in real conditions cannot escape from the problem of modern
construction sweeping the world if it is not dealt with wisely, this will lead to environmental damage and waste of
resources such as energy, land and other natural resources.
In principle, sustainable architecture will cover both physical and non-physical items, including institutional and
financial ones, to maintain the existence of resources in fulfilling all basic needs and developing opportunities for
the improvement of economic and social conditions for each generation, now and in the future [18,19].
Sustainable architecture is a consequence of the international commitment to sustainable development, since
architecture is closely related to and focuses its attention on human factors by emphasizing the main pillar of the
sustainable development concept which is the built environment with its environmental development, as well as
economic and social developments.
As a product, sustainable architecture has a process ranging from the planning stage, design, construction to
demolition. On the other hand, as a system, sustainable architecture should have a thinking pattern starting with the
smallest aspects: material, system, building, site, until in its global level. The existing stage and system is still being
explored and still offers an opportunity for various research domains. Architecture as a sustainable product seems to
offer various interesting sides needed to be further explored.
3.7 Sustainable Design Principles in the Perspectives of Some Leading Figures.
Some practitioners and theoreticians have written on the principles of sustainable design. There are basic
principles that should be held on to in sustainable design [20]:1) Understanding Place: sustainable design requires
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architects to be willing to understand a place, be sensitive toward place, build without damaging, understand
orientation, place naturalness, preservation and even transportation to and from the place; 2) Connecting with
Nature: the correlation between a place and its natural characteristics although the building is located in an urban
context; 3) Understanding the Natural Processes: understand the natural process that will happen, what the life cycle
of environment and human beings is; 4) Understanding Environmental Impact: awareness of every impact of the
developmental process by always conducting an evaluation of buildings, materials, and even frpm the stage of the
construction process; 5) Embracing Co-creative Design Processes: listening to every input from various parties:
collaboration with consultants, expertise from various scientific disciplines, the local neighborhood community, the
prospective user; 6) Understanding People: a good sustainable design should be able to accommodate culture, race,
ethnicity, religion and various human interests. The attitude of empathy should also be developed toward a
powerless community (community with disabilities)
In the meantime, Thomas A. Fisher, proposed five principles of sustainable architecture [21]: 1) Salubrious
Interior Environment: the use of safe material especially for the interior; 2) Energy Efficiency: Minimization of
energy use; 3) Ecologically Benign Materials: material used does not come from material damaging to the natural
environment. Wood was obtained without damaging the forest. Material was produced with a method that is safe for
the environment; 4) Environmental Form: strict calculation between design and site, region and climate. All are
considered based on the principle of harmony between man and environment that is friendly toward the life cycle
and energy efficiency; 5) Good Design: increase in efficiency and sustainability taking into account area use,
circulation, building shape, mechanical system and construction technology. Symbolic correlation is related to
historical values, spiritual ones, and world view. A product should be built well, easy to use and beautiful.
Furthermore, Lennan (2004) offered some principles in sustainable development [22], i.e.: 1) Considering
the wisdom of the natural system: The Biomimicry Principle; 2) Considering Human: The Human Vitality Principle;
3) Considering Place: The Ecosystem/Bio-Region Principle; 4) Considering the Life Cycle: The Seven Generations
Principle; 5) Considering Energy and Natural Resources: The Conservation and Renewable Resources Principle; 6)
Considering Process: The Holistic Thinking Principle.
Currently, tropical architecture designs, energy saving, the use of local natural materials, awareness of
preservation efforts, revitalization, and renovation and designs as manifestations of traditional wisdom are part of
architecture and architects in Indonesia that have intrinsically been in the spirit of sustainablity. This thinking
process will be better if it is well-planned, systematic and holistic by taking into account intrinsicly building life
cycle. The system began from raw materials collection until the end of the use of the building/or waste management.
Holistic thinking should take place in every process of building provision in the context of building as architectural
products.
The new paradigm in architecture has led architecture to the direction of eco-design. Eco-design in the
context of architecture is one taking into account the building life cycle to make the building run efficiently. Eco-
design directs the building to run effectively and efficiently in each stage of construction. The eco-design paradigm
should not be in the level of idea that is hard to implement because it is considered as expensive. Each party
involved in the building provision should start thinking at the level of the implementation of this ecological way of
thinking.
IV. EFFORT TO UNDERSTAND THE CORRELATION BETWEEN BUILDING
ENVELOPE WITH THE APPROACH OF BUILDING LIFE CYCLE CONCEPT
4.1. The Concept of Building Life Cycle in Architecture
Previous research conducted by Abioso, obtained criteria of architecture design based on the concept of the building
life cycle [19], i.e.: (1) Site: general, pedestrian concept, outdoor air conditioning, landscape; (2) Building: sun-
oriented, room orientation and configuration, façade, structural system, construction and material, utility system,
building automation system, and landscape.
4.2. The Concept of Building Life Cycle in Vertical Housing
Thinking in the framework of building life cycle for vertical housing certainly should be thinking from the stage of
the birth of the building until the end of the building‟s use. As an architect, at every planning stage, all cradle-to-
grave aspects should always be considered. This thinking is absolutely necessary considering that housing is the
primary function of human beings, where human daily lives occur around the housing circle, even until the end of
their life. The thinking of building life cycle will be definitely needed for housing, particularly vertical housing.
4.3. Articulation of High-Rise Residential Building Envelope in the Building Life Cycle Consideration
Thinking in the framework of building life cycle should be comprehensive, integrated, related to one another and
inseparable. Beginning with its design context, all aspects of the birth of the building until the end of its use should
be properly considered. Succinctly it can be seen in table 1 below:
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Table 1. The Articulation of the Envelope in the context of Building Life Cycle
When we think from the perspective of the building life cycle about the building envelope, for example:
the window. Windows have to have clear articulation, as their function: to look outside/inside, to distribute air
circulation, and lighting [figure 8]. In accordance with its function, the articulation should be clear: if it is for a
visual purpose, it should be affordable and ergonomic, enabling to see well, in accordance with the intended level of
privacy. To distribute air circulation: the window can be opened. In the context of lighting, articulation of shape as
light transporter should correspond: big, small, high, low, and so on.
In the context of its building life cycle, windows should have been considered since the material
procurement: ease of use, distance, availability in nature and whether it is, easy to be executed by the available
human resources. In the context of production, the system production should be considered: whether it is mass or
custom-made, and its economic value. During the installment process in the field: easy execution, detail
construction, time needed, human resources involved, etc. During the use period: easy maintenance, its economic
value, its security aspect, especially for housing units on the upper floor, comfort aspects: such as causing heat
inside, causing glare, and so on., feeling safe particularly related to crime, animals, rain, heat, wind, etc. An other
thing is the aspect of shape if it is related to fashion trends. The building should be considered for its period of use
so it won‟t look outdated. In the context of renovation, the aspects of convenience, material, and others. should also
be considered. If there is a change of function in the future, the window design should be flexible and suitable for
the new usage. Now, highrise building also care about the sun direction and the vegetation due to minimize the use
of lighting and cooling temperature [figure 9].
Figure 8. Window Articulation based on its opening and closing depend on its function
Source: fotodesainrumah.net
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Figure 9. Window Articulation based on the design of sun direction and the vegetation
Source Yeang, 1994 and www.otakku.com
The Integration of the framework for the sustainable design thinking should be part of comprehensive thinking as
follows:
V. CONCLUSION
Thus far, the perspective of sustainable design, particularly in high-rise residential buildings has only been
presented in theoretical discourses or “commercial” products of a marketing commodity whose application in reality
does not necessarily meet the criteria of sustainable design. Therefore, it is important to conduct an analysis of the
architectural design life cycle as a product, particularly if it is related to the context of high-rise residential building.
The perspective here certainly will involve profound thought. Thinking in the framework of the building life cycle is
a paradigm shift. This entails a change in the way of thinking. A paradigm shift occurs when the dominant paradigm
is replaced with the new one. It is the time for the old ways of thinking in delivering a building to be replaced by the
new one. When the 1000 towers are completed, they should be in the framework where the existence can make
human beings properous, improve environmental quality and minimize the impact of environmental damage.
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