The document discusses the African Women's Protocol and its potential role in supporting women's reproductive rights and progress toward achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Africa. Key points:
1) The protocol provides a strong framework for women's reproductive rights in Africa, going beyond other treaties in promoting these rights.
2) However, only 29 of 52 African countries have ratified it so far, and barriers remain to implementing its provisions in national laws and policies.
3) If fully implemented and integrated into legislation, the protocol could help create an enabling environment for women's reproductive rights and support progress on MDGs 3, 5, and 6 relating to gender equality, maternal health, and HIV/AIDS.
The document discusses three main points:
1) Achieving the Millennium Development Goals requires universal access to reproductive healthcare for women in Africa in order to effectively roll back HIV in the region.
2) The African Women's Protocol commits to achieving this universal access and reproductive rights, including access to information, services, and decision making.
3) For these goals to be realized, all African governments must ratify, domesticate, and report on their implementation of the African Women's Protocol.
The African Women's Protocol is the continent's commitment to achieving universal access to reproductive health care for women, thereby rolling back HIV in Africa. A requirement to realizing the vision of the African Women's Protocol is that all African governments ratify, domesticate, and transparently report on it. Achieving universal access to reproductive health rights would be a major step towards rolling back HIV in Africa. Parliaments and parliamentarians have a unique role to play in ensuring the success of the African Women's Protocol.
Human Rights Violations in Niger: Grievance to the Woman and ChildEric N. Evangelista
In-depth case study exploring violations of human rights in Niger, pertaining specifically to the background, causes, and solutions to female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and child labor; written for PSC 354 (Human Rights & Global Affairs) under the supervision of Hans Peter Schmitz, Ph.D, and Lindsay Burt, Ph.D candidate
International Conference on Population and Developmentsheldk
Transcript:
1. Goals of the conference
2. Political Atmosphere
3. Key players
4. Old thoery
5. Enviromental Efforts
6. NGO's
7. The Program of Action
8. United States
9. Abortion Debate
10. Outcome
11 Achievements
12. Critics
The document discusses UNFPA's emergency response to provide reproductive health services to communities in crisis. It begins by noting that reproductive health needs persist and often escalate in emergencies due to events like earthquakes, floods, or wars. Since 1994, UNFPA has supported over 50 countries affected by crises. Key aspects of UNFPA's response include providing immediate supplies, assessments, training, advocacy, and coordination to establish reproductive health services for vulnerable groups like refugees and internally displaced persons. The document emphasizes that reproductive rights apply to all people at all times, and that neglecting these health needs in emergencies can have serious consequences.
This document summarizes key facts about progress towards Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4), which aims to reduce child mortality. It finds that while the global under-five mortality rate has declined 41% since 1990, the pace of reduction must accelerate to meet MDG 4. Most of the 6.9 million child deaths in 2011 were from preventable diseases. Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia still have the highest rates and account for an increasing share of global child deaths. Redoubling efforts there is critical to achieve universal reductions.
The document summarizes key facts about progress towards Millennium Development Goal 4 of reducing child mortality. It finds that while the global under-five mortality rate has declined 41% since 1990, the progress has not been fast enough to achieve the goal. Most of the 6.9 million child deaths in 2011 were from preventable diseases. Sub-Saharan Africa still has the highest rates of child death and more progress is needed there to meet the goal by 2015.
The document discusses three main points:
1) Achieving the Millennium Development Goals requires universal access to reproductive healthcare for women in Africa in order to effectively roll back HIV in the region.
2) The African Women's Protocol commits to achieving this universal access and reproductive rights, including access to information, services, and decision making.
3) For these goals to be realized, all African governments must ratify, domesticate, and report on their implementation of the African Women's Protocol.
The African Women's Protocol is the continent's commitment to achieving universal access to reproductive health care for women, thereby rolling back HIV in Africa. A requirement to realizing the vision of the African Women's Protocol is that all African governments ratify, domesticate, and transparently report on it. Achieving universal access to reproductive health rights would be a major step towards rolling back HIV in Africa. Parliaments and parliamentarians have a unique role to play in ensuring the success of the African Women's Protocol.
Human Rights Violations in Niger: Grievance to the Woman and ChildEric N. Evangelista
In-depth case study exploring violations of human rights in Niger, pertaining specifically to the background, causes, and solutions to female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and child labor; written for PSC 354 (Human Rights & Global Affairs) under the supervision of Hans Peter Schmitz, Ph.D, and Lindsay Burt, Ph.D candidate
International Conference on Population and Developmentsheldk
Transcript:
1. Goals of the conference
2. Political Atmosphere
3. Key players
4. Old thoery
5. Enviromental Efforts
6. NGO's
7. The Program of Action
8. United States
9. Abortion Debate
10. Outcome
11 Achievements
12. Critics
The document discusses UNFPA's emergency response to provide reproductive health services to communities in crisis. It begins by noting that reproductive health needs persist and often escalate in emergencies due to events like earthquakes, floods, or wars. Since 1994, UNFPA has supported over 50 countries affected by crises. Key aspects of UNFPA's response include providing immediate supplies, assessments, training, advocacy, and coordination to establish reproductive health services for vulnerable groups like refugees and internally displaced persons. The document emphasizes that reproductive rights apply to all people at all times, and that neglecting these health needs in emergencies can have serious consequences.
This document summarizes key facts about progress towards Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4), which aims to reduce child mortality. It finds that while the global under-five mortality rate has declined 41% since 1990, the pace of reduction must accelerate to meet MDG 4. Most of the 6.9 million child deaths in 2011 were from preventable diseases. Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia still have the highest rates and account for an increasing share of global child deaths. Redoubling efforts there is critical to achieve universal reductions.
The document summarizes key facts about progress towards Millennium Development Goal 4 of reducing child mortality. It finds that while the global under-five mortality rate has declined 41% since 1990, the progress has not been fast enough to achieve the goal. Most of the 6.9 million child deaths in 2011 were from preventable diseases. Sub-Saharan Africa still has the highest rates of child death and more progress is needed there to meet the goal by 2015.
Substantial progress has been made towards achieving MDG Goal on Reducing Child Mortality but still insufficient – The new UN-World Bank child mortality estimates
New child mortality estimates (childmortality.org) show that substantial progress has been made towards achieving the fourth Millennium Development Goal. The estimates were released today by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, which includes UNICEF, WHO, the World Bank and United Nations Population Division.
Earning Their Way to Healthier Lives: Women First in MozambiqueAIDSTAROne
A complex matrix of factors, such as low literacy, early sexual initiation, and limited economic opportunities, increases the vulnerability of women to HIV infection in Mozambique. The Women First program addresses the role that poverty and lack of access to health information play in the spread of HIV through legal rights and income-generating activities.
This case study covers one of the 31 programs from the Africa Gender Compendium, an AIDSTAR-One gender and HIV integration resource. A series of five Africa Gender Compendium case studies is accompanied by a findings report, which describes lessons learned, gaps, and common experiences across the programs.
Download this and other gender & HIV resources: http://j.mp/zyjmG7
Nutrition Innovation Lab (2015) Egypt Literature Review Final (Feb 2016Ashish Pokharel
This document provides a literature review on the complex issue of malnutrition in Egypt. It finds that Egypt faces both undernutrition in the forms of stunting, wasting, and micronutrient deficiencies, as well as overnutrition issues like overweight, obesity, and related non-communicable diseases. Both forms of malnutrition sap Egypt's economy and hinder progress on nutrition targets. The simultaneous presence of multiple nutrition problems poses major human, economic, and policy challenges for Egypt.
The document discusses maternal and child health challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa. It provides background information on Africa and outlines the problem statement of high rates of maternal and child mortality. Over 289,000 women died in 2013 due to pregnancy complications and 6.3 million children under age 5 died. The main contributing factors are discussed as poor health infrastructure, lack of access to services, and infectious diseases. The document also summarizes global actions taken like the Millennium Development Goals and progress made with a 45% reduction in maternal deaths and 49% reduction in under-5 mortality, though rates remain high in Sub-Saharan Africa. It concludes with an update on the Ebola epidemic in West Africa.
This document discusses the social and economic impacts of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa, with a focus on aging populations. It notes that early models underestimated the severity of the epidemic in Africa. HIV prevalence rates have changed who is most at risk over time. The AIDS pandemic threatens to overwhelm aging populations in sub-Saharan Africa as they need more support but have fewer able-bodied children to care for them due to the disease. The impacts of AIDS on older people could change dramatically as responses to the disease develop.
AIDSTAR-One Issue Paper: The Debilitating Cycle of HIV, Food Insecurity, and ...AIDSTAROne
This document aims to facilitate an understanding of the bi-directional relationship between HIV and food and nutrition security. It illuminates the causes of HIV-related food and nutrition insecurity, and points to a list of programmatic interventions and resources to consider for addressing each cause in detail. http://j.mp/U1L0iV
This document discusses reinvigorating condoms as an HIV prevention tool. It summarizes that condoms are effective at preventing HIV transmission but there are still barriers to their use. Condoms play a key role in HIV prevention strategies alongside other interventions. However, risk compensation behaviors, structural barriers like criminalization of homosexuality, and lack of messaging around dual protection can reduce condom uptake and consistent use. The document calls for addressing these challenges and rigorously evaluating condom programming elements to improve access and effectiveness in different epidemic settings.
AIDSTAR-One Findings Report: Analysis of Services to Address Gender-based Vio...AIDSTAROne
Because gender-based violence (GBV) is widely recognized as both a cause and a consequence of HIV infection, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) has identified reducing GBV as one of its five high-priority gender strategies. As part of this effort, AIDSTAR-One conducted case studies in three countries where GBV services were available: Swaziland, Vietnam, and Ecuador. The case studies and this accompanying findings report aim to identify and share promising programmatic approaches and disseminate key elements of success for replication and scale-up.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/gender/resources/reports/gbv_series_findings_report
Eric Benjamin submitted his final project on malaria in Nigeria to Walden University. The 3 sentence summary is:
The project focused on malaria in Nigeria, where it is a major public health problem, with an estimated 100 million cases and 300,000 deaths per year. Malaria disproportionately affects children under 5 and the poor, and factors like poverty, lack of education, and cultural beliefs contribute to the high burden. Nigeria has implemented strategies like insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying, as well as policies to improve prevention, treatment, and the public health system's response to malaria.
The document discusses the important role of women in economic development and their impact on issues like poverty, health, education and sustainability. It summarizes research showing that promoting gender equality, empowering women, and improving access to education and resources for women can help achieve global development goals and benefits societies. However, women still face significant challenges including discrimination, lack of rights, and health issues related to environmental pollution. Further progress is needed in areas like politics, land ownership, and addressing problems such as HIV/AIDS and violence against women.
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in India, leading to a growth in urban slum populations. Women living in urban slums face numerous health challenges. They have poor access to clean water, sanitation, and healthcare facilities. Social determinants like gender inequality, poverty, and lack of education negatively impact slum women's health. Common health issues for these women include anemia, poor reproductive and maternal health, malnutrition, and infectious diseases. Improving living conditions, empowering women, and ensuring access to medical services are needed to address the many health issues faced by women in India's urban slums.
Objective Look at Abortion Legalization The Case of Nepalijtsrd
bortion remained one of most debatable issue across the globe. In most countries there exist pro and anti abortion groups. In countries where abortion is regarded as abominable act, there are some window of opportunity for women to terminate pregnancy based of medical ground While others made termination of pregnancy null and void. But in all situations the moral and human right issue underpinning abortion is how the act is classified a murder or not murder . The anti abortion movements support the right of fetus to life and pro abortion movements support the right of mother as the determinant of the right of fetus to life or not. Researchers have further expanded the argument to the point of where does life begins If life begins in the womb, then abortion can be classified as murder. Legalizing abortion is religiously unacceptable but pro abortion groups tried to established the fact that, what is in the womb is not yet human, it has no human name and cannot enjoy human right. pro abortion movements have achieved some successes as many countries have fully legalized or conditionally permit abortion. Currently countries around Asia, Africa, Europe, America which does not allow abortion have softened their stands against. China, Nepal and other have removed any barriers against abortion and with the creation of enabling environment that enhances it. This review paper examined abortion law in Nepal under very section and pinpoint some of the gains and the shortfalls. Lokmani Giri | Ahotovi Thomas Ahoto "Objective Look at Abortion Legalization: The Case of Nepal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33034.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/33034/objective-look-at-abortion-legalization-the-case-of-nepal/lokmani-giri
Population explosion causes and its consequencesSrinivas Gajjela
1) High population growth is caused by high fertility rates, decreasing infant mortality rates, and increasing lifespans. 2) The consequences of overpopulation include overexploitation of natural resources, increased environmental pollution, and more poverty and malnutrition. 3) India has implemented measures like family planning programs since 1952 to promote smaller families and control population growth through education, contraceptive distribution, and voluntary sterilization programs.
Fighting Poverty by enhancing women role in agricultureCynthia Sumaili
This document discusses the key role that women play in agriculture and food security in less developed countries (LDCs) in Africa, and how empowering women could help address issues of poverty and underdevelopment. It notes that women are heavily involved in food production, processing, and marketing at both national and household levels. However, women face numerous disadvantages compared to men, such as less access to education, assets like land, and greater vulnerabilities during crises. Empowering women by improving access to resources like land, credit, and education could boost agricultural yields and national food security, reducing poverty. Therefore, more focus should be placed on gender mainstreaming policies and empowering women in LDCs.
The Thai government took actions in the past that reduced HIV prevalence, such as promoting condom use and increasing access to treatment. However, the new government has not done enough, resulting in increased discrimination against people living with HIV and a rise in HIV prevalence. People living with HIV now often go to "AIDS temples" to die, since they face rejection from hospitals and society. While some laws protect people with HIV, discrimination remains common in workplaces, families, and healthcare settings. More action is needed from the government to continue reducing HIV rates and end the stigma faced by those living with the virus.
Ellington, Katherine. ‘Invisible Hope: HIV/AIDS and Women’ in ed. Grace Bantebya-Kyomuhendo. Women’s Health: African and Global Perspectives. Kampala: Women and Gender Studies, Makerere University, 2005.
Water, Gender & Millenium Development Goals: Progress and Challenges in the L...Iwl Pcu
Chandavanh Dethrasavong (Legal and Institutional Frameworks project)
Presentation given during the 5th GEF Biennial International Waters Conference in Cairns, Australia during the participant-led workshop on Gender and Water.
This document is a report by the Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women (ARROW) that analyzes the status of sexual and reproductive health and rights in Asia Pacific countries 20 years after the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD). The report assesses progress based on indicators related to reproductive health, reproductive rights, sexual health, and sexual rights. It finds that while some progress has been made, many challenges remain in ensuring universal access to comprehensive sexual and reproductive healthcare and fulfilling all sexual and reproductive rights. The report concludes by providing recommendations to address ongoing issues and fully achieve ICPD goals.
This is the abstract presentation of Sigma Ainul, which was presented as part of the 9th session of #APCRSHR10 Virtual, on the theme of "Humanitarian response and sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) in Asia and the Pacific".
C H A I R
Chonghee Hwang
Senior Manager, Family Planning 2020 (FP2020)
P L E N A R Y S P E A K E R
Tomoko Kurokawa
Humanitarian Advisor, UNFPA Asia Pacific
"Building Resilience across the Humanitarian Development Peacebuilding Nexus"
A B S T R A C T P R E S E N T E R S
* Sahlil Ahmed | Challenges Health Workers Face While Providing Sexual and Reproductive Health Services to Rohingya Refugees in Refugee Camps in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh: A Qualitative Study
* Sayantan Chowdhury | Genesis of maternal mortality surveillance and response in the Rohingya refugee crisis
* Sigma Ainul | Contraceptive non-use among the Rohingya and changing dynamics in post-displacement to Bangladesh
* Manju Karmacharya | Transitioning from Minimum Initial Service Package to Comprehensive SRHR services responding Rohingya crisis in protracted Emergency in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh
For more information on this session go to www.bit.ly/apcrshr10virtual9
#SRHR #sexualhealth #reproductiverights #familyplanning #womenshealth #genderequality #SDGs #BodilyAutonomy #humanitariancrisis #humanitariandisaster #pandemic
This document discusses the history of AIDS exceptionalism over the past 30 years. It begins by providing background on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, noting its widespread demographic, economic, and political impacts. It then describes how AIDS exceptionalism originated as a response to the initially frightening nature of the virus and its disproportionate effect on certain groups. More recently, AIDS exceptionalism referred to the unprecedented global response and resources dedicated to addressing the epidemic through organizations like UNAIDS. However, there has also been criticism of AIDS exceptionalism and claims that it receives too much funding compared to other health issues. The document aims to situate this debate in historical context by examining the shifting meaning of exceptionalism over time.
National HIV/AIDS responses in Eastern and Southern Africa often fail to address the needs of people with disabilities. While many countries have signed conventions supporting disability rights, fewer than half of national strategic plans recognize disability or the vulnerability of people with disabilities. Plans also rarely provide accommodations for people living with HIV/AIDS who acquire disabilities. To fully integrate disability, national HIV/AIDS responses should involve people with disabilities in all aspects and ensure their rights are protected. Health services also need to consider the specific needs of people with disabilities.
Substantial progress has been made towards achieving MDG Goal on Reducing Child Mortality but still insufficient – The new UN-World Bank child mortality estimates
New child mortality estimates (childmortality.org) show that substantial progress has been made towards achieving the fourth Millennium Development Goal. The estimates were released today by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, which includes UNICEF, WHO, the World Bank and United Nations Population Division.
Earning Their Way to Healthier Lives: Women First in MozambiqueAIDSTAROne
A complex matrix of factors, such as low literacy, early sexual initiation, and limited economic opportunities, increases the vulnerability of women to HIV infection in Mozambique. The Women First program addresses the role that poverty and lack of access to health information play in the spread of HIV through legal rights and income-generating activities.
This case study covers one of the 31 programs from the Africa Gender Compendium, an AIDSTAR-One gender and HIV integration resource. A series of five Africa Gender Compendium case studies is accompanied by a findings report, which describes lessons learned, gaps, and common experiences across the programs.
Download this and other gender & HIV resources: http://j.mp/zyjmG7
Nutrition Innovation Lab (2015) Egypt Literature Review Final (Feb 2016Ashish Pokharel
This document provides a literature review on the complex issue of malnutrition in Egypt. It finds that Egypt faces both undernutrition in the forms of stunting, wasting, and micronutrient deficiencies, as well as overnutrition issues like overweight, obesity, and related non-communicable diseases. Both forms of malnutrition sap Egypt's economy and hinder progress on nutrition targets. The simultaneous presence of multiple nutrition problems poses major human, economic, and policy challenges for Egypt.
The document discusses maternal and child health challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa. It provides background information on Africa and outlines the problem statement of high rates of maternal and child mortality. Over 289,000 women died in 2013 due to pregnancy complications and 6.3 million children under age 5 died. The main contributing factors are discussed as poor health infrastructure, lack of access to services, and infectious diseases. The document also summarizes global actions taken like the Millennium Development Goals and progress made with a 45% reduction in maternal deaths and 49% reduction in under-5 mortality, though rates remain high in Sub-Saharan Africa. It concludes with an update on the Ebola epidemic in West Africa.
This document discusses the social and economic impacts of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa, with a focus on aging populations. It notes that early models underestimated the severity of the epidemic in Africa. HIV prevalence rates have changed who is most at risk over time. The AIDS pandemic threatens to overwhelm aging populations in sub-Saharan Africa as they need more support but have fewer able-bodied children to care for them due to the disease. The impacts of AIDS on older people could change dramatically as responses to the disease develop.
AIDSTAR-One Issue Paper: The Debilitating Cycle of HIV, Food Insecurity, and ...AIDSTAROne
This document aims to facilitate an understanding of the bi-directional relationship between HIV and food and nutrition security. It illuminates the causes of HIV-related food and nutrition insecurity, and points to a list of programmatic interventions and resources to consider for addressing each cause in detail. http://j.mp/U1L0iV
This document discusses reinvigorating condoms as an HIV prevention tool. It summarizes that condoms are effective at preventing HIV transmission but there are still barriers to their use. Condoms play a key role in HIV prevention strategies alongside other interventions. However, risk compensation behaviors, structural barriers like criminalization of homosexuality, and lack of messaging around dual protection can reduce condom uptake and consistent use. The document calls for addressing these challenges and rigorously evaluating condom programming elements to improve access and effectiveness in different epidemic settings.
AIDSTAR-One Findings Report: Analysis of Services to Address Gender-based Vio...AIDSTAROne
Because gender-based violence (GBV) is widely recognized as both a cause and a consequence of HIV infection, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) has identified reducing GBV as one of its five high-priority gender strategies. As part of this effort, AIDSTAR-One conducted case studies in three countries where GBV services were available: Swaziland, Vietnam, and Ecuador. The case studies and this accompanying findings report aim to identify and share promising programmatic approaches and disseminate key elements of success for replication and scale-up.
www.aidstar-one.com/focus_areas/gender/resources/reports/gbv_series_findings_report
Eric Benjamin submitted his final project on malaria in Nigeria to Walden University. The 3 sentence summary is:
The project focused on malaria in Nigeria, where it is a major public health problem, with an estimated 100 million cases and 300,000 deaths per year. Malaria disproportionately affects children under 5 and the poor, and factors like poverty, lack of education, and cultural beliefs contribute to the high burden. Nigeria has implemented strategies like insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying, as well as policies to improve prevention, treatment, and the public health system's response to malaria.
The document discusses the important role of women in economic development and their impact on issues like poverty, health, education and sustainability. It summarizes research showing that promoting gender equality, empowering women, and improving access to education and resources for women can help achieve global development goals and benefits societies. However, women still face significant challenges including discrimination, lack of rights, and health issues related to environmental pollution. Further progress is needed in areas like politics, land ownership, and addressing problems such as HIV/AIDS and violence against women.
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in India, leading to a growth in urban slum populations. Women living in urban slums face numerous health challenges. They have poor access to clean water, sanitation, and healthcare facilities. Social determinants like gender inequality, poverty, and lack of education negatively impact slum women's health. Common health issues for these women include anemia, poor reproductive and maternal health, malnutrition, and infectious diseases. Improving living conditions, empowering women, and ensuring access to medical services are needed to address the many health issues faced by women in India's urban slums.
Objective Look at Abortion Legalization The Case of Nepalijtsrd
bortion remained one of most debatable issue across the globe. In most countries there exist pro and anti abortion groups. In countries where abortion is regarded as abominable act, there are some window of opportunity for women to terminate pregnancy based of medical ground While others made termination of pregnancy null and void. But in all situations the moral and human right issue underpinning abortion is how the act is classified a murder or not murder . The anti abortion movements support the right of fetus to life and pro abortion movements support the right of mother as the determinant of the right of fetus to life or not. Researchers have further expanded the argument to the point of where does life begins If life begins in the womb, then abortion can be classified as murder. Legalizing abortion is religiously unacceptable but pro abortion groups tried to established the fact that, what is in the womb is not yet human, it has no human name and cannot enjoy human right. pro abortion movements have achieved some successes as many countries have fully legalized or conditionally permit abortion. Currently countries around Asia, Africa, Europe, America which does not allow abortion have softened their stands against. China, Nepal and other have removed any barriers against abortion and with the creation of enabling environment that enhances it. This review paper examined abortion law in Nepal under very section and pinpoint some of the gains and the shortfalls. Lokmani Giri | Ahotovi Thomas Ahoto "Objective Look at Abortion Legalization: The Case of Nepal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33034.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/33034/objective-look-at-abortion-legalization-the-case-of-nepal/lokmani-giri
Population explosion causes and its consequencesSrinivas Gajjela
1) High population growth is caused by high fertility rates, decreasing infant mortality rates, and increasing lifespans. 2) The consequences of overpopulation include overexploitation of natural resources, increased environmental pollution, and more poverty and malnutrition. 3) India has implemented measures like family planning programs since 1952 to promote smaller families and control population growth through education, contraceptive distribution, and voluntary sterilization programs.
Fighting Poverty by enhancing women role in agricultureCynthia Sumaili
This document discusses the key role that women play in agriculture and food security in less developed countries (LDCs) in Africa, and how empowering women could help address issues of poverty and underdevelopment. It notes that women are heavily involved in food production, processing, and marketing at both national and household levels. However, women face numerous disadvantages compared to men, such as less access to education, assets like land, and greater vulnerabilities during crises. Empowering women by improving access to resources like land, credit, and education could boost agricultural yields and national food security, reducing poverty. Therefore, more focus should be placed on gender mainstreaming policies and empowering women in LDCs.
The Thai government took actions in the past that reduced HIV prevalence, such as promoting condom use and increasing access to treatment. However, the new government has not done enough, resulting in increased discrimination against people living with HIV and a rise in HIV prevalence. People living with HIV now often go to "AIDS temples" to die, since they face rejection from hospitals and society. While some laws protect people with HIV, discrimination remains common in workplaces, families, and healthcare settings. More action is needed from the government to continue reducing HIV rates and end the stigma faced by those living with the virus.
Ellington, Katherine. ‘Invisible Hope: HIV/AIDS and Women’ in ed. Grace Bantebya-Kyomuhendo. Women’s Health: African and Global Perspectives. Kampala: Women and Gender Studies, Makerere University, 2005.
Water, Gender & Millenium Development Goals: Progress and Challenges in the L...Iwl Pcu
Chandavanh Dethrasavong (Legal and Institutional Frameworks project)
Presentation given during the 5th GEF Biennial International Waters Conference in Cairns, Australia during the participant-led workshop on Gender and Water.
This document is a report by the Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women (ARROW) that analyzes the status of sexual and reproductive health and rights in Asia Pacific countries 20 years after the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD). The report assesses progress based on indicators related to reproductive health, reproductive rights, sexual health, and sexual rights. It finds that while some progress has been made, many challenges remain in ensuring universal access to comprehensive sexual and reproductive healthcare and fulfilling all sexual and reproductive rights. The report concludes by providing recommendations to address ongoing issues and fully achieve ICPD goals.
This is the abstract presentation of Sigma Ainul, which was presented as part of the 9th session of #APCRSHR10 Virtual, on the theme of "Humanitarian response and sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) in Asia and the Pacific".
C H A I R
Chonghee Hwang
Senior Manager, Family Planning 2020 (FP2020)
P L E N A R Y S P E A K E R
Tomoko Kurokawa
Humanitarian Advisor, UNFPA Asia Pacific
"Building Resilience across the Humanitarian Development Peacebuilding Nexus"
A B S T R A C T P R E S E N T E R S
* Sahlil Ahmed | Challenges Health Workers Face While Providing Sexual and Reproductive Health Services to Rohingya Refugees in Refugee Camps in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh: A Qualitative Study
* Sayantan Chowdhury | Genesis of maternal mortality surveillance and response in the Rohingya refugee crisis
* Sigma Ainul | Contraceptive non-use among the Rohingya and changing dynamics in post-displacement to Bangladesh
* Manju Karmacharya | Transitioning from Minimum Initial Service Package to Comprehensive SRHR services responding Rohingya crisis in protracted Emergency in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh
For more information on this session go to www.bit.ly/apcrshr10virtual9
#SRHR #sexualhealth #reproductiverights #familyplanning #womenshealth #genderequality #SDGs #BodilyAutonomy #humanitariancrisis #humanitariandisaster #pandemic
This document discusses the history of AIDS exceptionalism over the past 30 years. It begins by providing background on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, noting its widespread demographic, economic, and political impacts. It then describes how AIDS exceptionalism originated as a response to the initially frightening nature of the virus and its disproportionate effect on certain groups. More recently, AIDS exceptionalism referred to the unprecedented global response and resources dedicated to addressing the epidemic through organizations like UNAIDS. However, there has also been criticism of AIDS exceptionalism and claims that it receives too much funding compared to other health issues. The document aims to situate this debate in historical context by examining the shifting meaning of exceptionalism over time.
National HIV/AIDS responses in Eastern and Southern Africa often fail to address the needs of people with disabilities. While many countries have signed conventions supporting disability rights, fewer than half of national strategic plans recognize disability or the vulnerability of people with disabilities. Plans also rarely provide accommodations for people living with HIV/AIDS who acquire disabilities. To fully integrate disability, national HIV/AIDS responses should involve people with disabilities in all aspects and ensure their rights are protected. Health services also need to consider the specific needs of people with disabilities.
This document compares 27 years of research on AIDS and climate change. It finds that both fields have struggled to understand complex phenomena and social vulnerabilities. Early research in AIDS focused on medical and technical responses, but later shifted to social and economic factors. Climate change research also began with a physical sciences focus and integrated social sciences over time. Both fields have grappled with "globalized" discourses that mask uneven impacts, and tendencies toward technical fixes. The document argues AIDS research could learn from climate change's longer term, forward-looking approaches and sophisticated social vulnerability concepts.
This study investigated individual and psychosocial factors associated with high educator-learner interactions around HIV/AIDS and sexuality in South Africa. Younger educators and those in lower job categories interacted with learners on these issues more frequently than older colleagues. Favorable interactions were associated with good HIV/AIDS knowledge, personal experience with HIV/AIDS, and low stigmatizing attitudes. However, educators reported a lack of HIV/AIDS training support from the Department of Education. Younger educators also reported higher sexual risk behavior than older educators, undermining their credibility as educators. The findings highlight the need for formal HIV/AIDS training for educators to equip them to provide education and skills to learners.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated community perceptions of a 3-year project in South Africa that trained and supported volunteer health workers. The study conducted discussions with community members who were both involved and uninvolved in the project. Community members saw benefits from empowering volunteers to provide better home healthcare. However, they felt the efforts may not be sustainable without more support for volunteers within and outside the community, such as stable stipends, commitment from leaders, and support from external health agencies. The authors conclude that projects aiming to increase the role of community volunteers in AIDS care need substantial support structures to ensure sustainability.
Newsletters are the one of the most valuable tools you have for keeping donors connected to your work and for showing them the impact of their support. Yet, surveys show that donors aren’t reading them. Why? Because a good newsletter is hard to find. Come hear what makes a newsletter compelling to your supporters, and how to avoid the most common mistakes. You’ll leave with concrete strategies you can put to work right away!
The African Women's Protocol is the continent's commitment to achieving universal access to reproductive health care for women, thereby rolling back HIV in Africa. A requirement to realizing the vision of the African Women's Protocol is that all African governments ratify, domesticate, and transparently report on it. Actors should work with governments that have not ratified the protocol to encourage ratification, and support all SADC governments to domesticate and report on the protocol by providing technical and financial assistance. Programs and funding also need to align with the aims of the protocol to fully realize women's reproductive rights in Africa.
The document discusses the contraceptive scenario in India. It notes that while knowledge of contraception is high, acceptance remains low, with female sterilization being the most widely used method. The unmet need for family planning in India is around 15.8%, with the need for spacing methods making up around 8.3% of this. Poor access to and quality of family planning services have contributed to unmet need. The document provides details on ever use, current use, and method mix of contraception in India, noting the dominance of female sterilization. Use of spacing methods and male/couple methods is low. Unmarried adolescents also have low contraceptive use. The Government of India is working to update doctors
A critique of incessant violations of women’s health and reproductive rights ...Alexander Decker
This document provides a critique of violations of women's health and reproductive rights in Nigeria. It begins by defining reproductive health and rights, and tracing their historical origins internationally from the 1960s onward. It then examines Nigeria's legal frameworks and policies related to women's reproductive rights, identifying factors that have impeded their full realization for Nigerian women. Specifically, the document notes that despite policies and laws being put in place, Nigerian women still face high rates of maternal mortality and other issues restricting their control over reproductive decisions. The critique aims to examine factors exacerbating persistent violations of women's health and reproductive rights in both public and private spheres in Nigeria.
This document discusses the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and whether they adequately address reproductive health. While reproductive health is not explicitly listed as one of the eight MDGs, several experts argue that it is implicitly included and necessary to achieve the goals. The MDGs focus on reducing poverty, hunger, disease, and gender inequality - all of which are interconnected with reproductive health. Several UN reports also acknowledge the importance of reproductive health in achieving the MDGs. While controversial topics like abortion were omitted to avoid debate, the goals can still support improving overall reproductive and sexual health services.
This document discusses the omission of reproductive health from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It provides perspectives from several experts on why reproductive health was not explicitly included in the MDGs and strategies for continuing to promote reproductive health issues within the framework of the MDGs. Specifically:
1. Reproductive health was omitted to avoid controversy but is still related to achieving the MDGs.
2. Advocates suggest promoting reproductive health discreetly through the language and targets of the MDGs.
3. Reproductive health can continue to be supported through other organizations, foundations, and grassroots activities even if not explicitly part of the UN declarations.
This document discusses reproductive health issues and conventions. It begins by outlining common reproductive health issues such as harmful practices, unwanted pregnancy, and STDs. It then discusses the International Conference on Population and Development and its goals of guiding principles. The document goes on to define reproductive health and discuss related concepts such as reproductive rights. It also examines indicators of reproductive health like fertility, life expectancy, and perinatal mortality. Overall, the document provides an overview of key topics in reproductive health.
This document discusses the medicalization of female genital mutilation (FGM), where aspects of the procedure are performed or assisted by medical professionals to reduce immediate health risks, rather than eliminating the practice entirely. It defines medicalized FGM and explains how it occurs through the provision of medical training, sterile tools, or the direct involvement of healthcare providers. While intended to reduce risks, medicalization still causes long-term health issues and violates medical ethics. The document examines arguments for and against medicalization and efforts by international organizations to address the problem.
This document discusses reproductive health. It begins by listing learning objectives about defining reproductive health, understanding its historical development and indicators. It then defines reproductive health and discusses how it addresses human sexuality, reproduction and systems across life stages. It discusses how men and women have rights to fertility regulation and healthcare. The document outlines the historical development of reproductive health from the 1960s onward. It discusses key organizations and documents that shaped the concept. It notes challenges in Somalia's reproductive health context and outlines common reproductive health program areas and UNFPA indicators. Overall, the summary captures the key topics, definitions and historical overview provided in the document.
This document discusses maternal health as Millennium Development Goal 5. It provides background on how maternal health was identified as an important global issue and included as MDG 5. The target for this goal was to provide universal access to reproductive healthcare by 2015. While progress has been made, debate remains around how much of the goal has been achieved. Key challenges discussed include limited resources in developing countries, lack of infrastructure like clean water, and lack of access to medical care, especially in rural areas. A case study on high maternal mortality rates in Malawi is also provided to illustrate these issues.
UN - The Right to Contraceptive Information and ServicesHarvey Diaz
This document provides a summary of the human rights basis for women's and adolescents' right to access contraceptive information and services. It discusses how international agreements have recognized the right to contraception and key connected rights like health, privacy, equality, and non-discrimination. The document also outlines barriers some groups face in accessing contraception, such as adolescents, minorities, persons with disabilities, and those in conflict or abusive situations. Ensuring access to contraception has social, economic and health benefits but lack of access can have serious consequences.
Universal access to reproductive health is key to achieving the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. Reproductive health is critical for reducing maternal mortality, preventing unwanted pregnancies, curbing STIs including HIV/AIDS, and empowering women. However, progress on MDG 5, which aims to improve maternal health, has been slow. Urgent action is needed to scale up efforts to provide a full package of reproductive health services to all women, in order to meet the 2015 targets and promote sustainable development for all.
The Power of You is an article that highlights the power of an individual and the youth to improve the Human Rights of Women and the Power of Youth in improving society.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on gender equality and mainstreaming gender in drug prevention and recovery efforts. It discusses definitions of key terms like gender and health. It outlines UN sustainable development goals and milestones on gender mainstreaming. Data on issues facing women like health risks, violence, and social determinants of health are presented. The document then describes UNICRI's mandate and a project called DAWN which aims to advocate for gender-responsive interventions for substance use. Tools to support gender mainstreaming in this area are also mentioned.
Fourteen years ago I was asked to prepare the following document. After it was completed, the contractor asked me to re-do it because they had made a mistake in the age they wanted covered. [They seemed to believe the information was too sensitive politically] and buried the report. I'm submitting it here now to learn what the LinkedIn audience thinks. Is it time to update it?
The document summarizes key international instruments that establish and protect women's human rights. It discusses conventions like CEDAW that prohibit discrimination against women and establish principles of gender equality. It also outlines other agreements from conferences that further articulate concepts of women's empowerment, reproductive rights, and gender equity. However, it notes that while progress has been made, many challenges still remain in fully implementing these agreements and ensuring women's rights are upheld and respected in practice around the world.
The document summarizes MDG 5 on improving maternal health, including progress made, ongoing challenges, and the significance of maternal health for overall development. Globally, the maternal mortality ratio has declined by 47% since 1990 but remains short of the 75% target reduction. While the percentage of births attended by skilled health personnel has increased in developing nations, maternal and newborn deaths are overwhelmingly concentrated in those areas. Barriers to further progress include economic injustices facing women, gender inequality, lack of education, and institutional factors like conflict. Maternal health is foundational for development goals in areas like poverty, hunger, education, empowerment, and disease prevention. Effective interventions require community-based and collaborative approaches that empower local ownership.
Socially Sustainable Development - Beyond Economic GrowthUNDP Policy Centre
The document discusses socially sustainable development and inclusive growth. It defines inclusive growth as both an outcome and a process that ensures everyone can participate in and benefit from economic growth. It situates inclusion in the development discourse and discusses how inclusion is guaranteed through rights. The document also discusses key issues in the global development agenda, including the evolution of concepts around sustainable development and green economy. It analyzes interactions between food, energy and water security, and outlines some structural issues and risks around food production globally and in different regions.
This presentation provides an overview of the role that policy advocacy has played in activating greater visibility for the female condom and increased procurement in the developing world. It highlights the important role that third-party partnerships play in mobilizing evidence of need and demand for health products in the developing world. The presentation identifies policy advocacy and social marketing as essential complements to a comprehensive marketing and promotion strategy.
HIV/AIDS has had a devastating impact in Africa, with 24.5 million people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. It has caused high death rates, especially among young adults, and has left many orphans and widows. Poverty exacerbates the epidemic, as many cannot afford treatment. Behavior changes, voluntary counseling and testing, making antiretroviral drugs more accessible and affordable, reducing mother-to-child transmission, fighting stigma, and increasing education are some of the solutions that could help curb the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa.
The document discusses the importance of addressing gender equality in Global Fund proposals and responses to HIV, TB, and malaria. It notes that women often have less access to health services and information than men due to social and economic inequalities. It provides examples of how diseases like HIV, malaria, and TB disproportionately impact women. The document advises applicants to involve gender experts and conduct a gender analysis to ensure their proposals address the specific needs of women, men, girls and boys. It also recommends integrating gender-sensitive and transformative interventions that promote human rights and reduce health inequalities.
Similar to The african women's protocol: Bringing Attention to Reproductive Rights and the MDGs (20)
- Child and adolescent marriage is common in many developing countries, with over 30% of girls married by age 18.
- Married adolescent girls have little power to negotiate safe sex and are often in unions with much older husbands, increasing their risk of HIV.
- Data from 29 countries show that the majority (over 80% in most) of sexually active adolescent girls who had unprotected sex recently were married.
- HIV prevalence tends to be higher among married adolescent girls than sexually active unmarried adolescents in some settings, highlighting marriage is not always protective against HIV risk for adolescent girls.
This document summarizes the history and current understanding of the AIDS epidemic. It discusses how AIDS has become one of the most studied diseases and our understanding of its medical and social drivers has deepened over time. However, the impacts are still unfolding over generations and varying significantly between places. While early models predicted severe economic impacts, some hard-hit countries have maintained growth. Understanding the social impacts remains challenging given the epidemic is only 25 years old.
Young women in South Africa are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS, with infection rates four times higher than young men. Researchers conducted a study examining how poverty, orphanhood, and social isolation relate to risky sexual behaviors. They developed a pilot intervention program to enhance life options for at-risk youth through safe social spaces, financial literacy training, and HIV/AIDS education. Preliminary findings show the intervention was associated with improved knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding self-esteem, finances, and HIV prevention among participants.
1. The document summarizes a case study of an HIV/AIDS impact assessment conducted on a South African contract cleaning company with 500 employees.
2. Key findings include that 31% of employees tested were HIV positive, with the highest levels of infection among women aged 35-40.
3. The estimated average cost to the company for each newly infected employee is 9,007 Rand, which is 63.2% of the average annual salary. However, the overall financial cost of HIV/AIDS to the company is projected to decrease over time from 1999 to 2015.
The document discusses challenges in linking health research to policy in Ghana. It describes how the Research and Development Division of the Ghana Health Service used a collaborative approach to build consensus on research priorities related to orphans and vulnerable children affected by HIV/AIDS. Through stakeholder consultations, gaps in understanding this issue were identified and a research study was undertaken to assess the situation of HIV-affected children. The study informed policy by providing evidence on how to best support these children within their communities rather than institutions.
This document discusses how the conceptualization of HIV as a "long-wave event" needs to be revisited given increased access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Originally, HIV was seen as involving three curves: an HIV curve, an AIDS curve, and a societal impact curve. However, widespread ART has shifted HIV from a terminal illness to a chronic condition for many. This prompts reconsidering disability as a new form of the second curve, representing transition from HIV infection to HIV-related disability for those on long-term ART. At a population level, experiences of disability are expected to become common for people living with HIV in coming decades, with implications for health and social services.
The document summarizes a project in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa that aims to build assets and reduce vulnerability among youth. It describes the socioeconomic challenges in the region like poverty, unemployment, and HIV. The project uses participatory learning with boys and girls to prepare them for opportunities and risks. Students are randomized into groups receiving different combinations of HIV education, social support, and financial capability training. Evaluations assess changes in knowledge, behaviors, and economic outcomes through surveys, interviews, and diaries. Preliminary findings show improvements in areas like budgeting skills, savings, and social networks.
The document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of a 2007 report titled "Reviewing 'Emergencies' for Swaziland." The report analyzed socioeconomic data to portray the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Swaziland as a humanitarian crisis and call for an emergency response. To evaluate the report's influence, researchers conducted interviews and distributed questionnaires. They found the report initially raised awareness and shifted perceptions of the crisis. In the long-term, it influenced policy by contributing to changes in funding and emergency classifications. While attribution is difficult, the assessment demonstrated research can provide insights into maximizing future impact.
This study investigated the psychosocial and behavioral correlates of attitudes towards antiretroviral therapy (ART) in South African mineworkers. 806 mineworkers at a large South African mine participated. Despite high HIV testing rates and generally favorable attitudes towards ART, temporary employees and contractors were found to be more vulnerable in terms of HIV risk, testing behaviors, and knowledge/attitudes about ART. Employees with more positive ART attitudes had greater ART knowledge and more positive views of the mine's HIV/AIDS treatment program. The findings are discussed in relation to the mine's low ART uptake rates and recommendations are provided.
The document discusses challenges in linking health research to policy in Ghana. It describes how the Research and Development Division of the Ghana Health Service used a collaborative approach to build consensus on research priorities related to orphans and vulnerable children affected by HIV/AIDS. Through stakeholder consultations, gaps in understanding this issue were identified and a research study was undertaken to assess the situation of HIV-affected children. The study informed policy by providing evidence on how to best support these children within their communities rather than institutions. The experience highlights the value of engaging multiple stakeholders to ensure research meets social needs and informs policymaking across sectors.
This document discusses how organizations can act as "boundary organizations" to promote evidence-based policymaking. It uses the Regional Network on AIDS, Livelihoods and Food Security (RENEWAL) as a case study. RENEWAL aims to enhance understanding of the links between HIV/AIDS and food security in Africa. It builds networks between researchers and policymakers to identify policy-relevant research topics and facilitate communication. The document analyzes RENEWAL's experiences networking with South African government officials to encourage use of research evidence in policy. It draws lessons on effective strategies for engaging policymakers and getting research into policy and practice.
1) The document summarizes a report on the impact of HIV/AIDS in Swaziland, which has the highest HIV prevalence rate in the world at 42%.
2) The report used socioeconomic indicators to build a comprehensive picture of how HIV/AIDS has created a humanitarian crisis in Swaziland comparable to a conflict or natural disaster.
3) An evaluation found that the report raised awareness of the crisis and challenged international perceptions of Swaziland as a "middle income country" not requiring significant support for its HIV epidemic.
- Explicit insurance does not offer a panacea for HIV/AIDS service coverage on its own. Where insurance systems already exist, they can be expanded to include HIV/AIDS services.
- Introducing social health insurance is complicated and will take time to cover all people. The process should not be rushed and existing mechanisms should continue in the meantime. Some people will remain inadequately covered and should not be forgotten.
- Political commitment is indispensable for including HIV services in any coverage mechanism. A political-economy analysis will be useful. Financial feasibility is also key, and external funding may be needed initially before being replaced by government funds over time. Not all people will be able to contribute to insurance schemes
This document provides an overview of mental health promotion initiatives for children and youth in contexts of poverty in South Africa. It discusses:
1) Critical risk influences on early childhood development like poor nutrition, maternal depression, and lack of early childhood services in South Africa and evidence that mental health promotion programs can help mediate these risks.
2) Examples of mental health promotion programs in South Africa that have shown benefits for early childhood development, including a home visitation program and programs to reduce alcohol use in pregnancy.
3) Risk influences on middle childhood development in South Africa and how mental health promotion programs may help mediate risks like poor family environments and schooling.
This document summarizes a study that examined how gender and socioeconomic status interact with peer norms and attitudes to influence sexual risk behaviors among youth in a poor, urban community in South Africa. The study uses a social cognitive approach to measure attitudes, beliefs, intentions, and perceived control related to sexual behavior. It reviews literature on factors that influence HIV risk for South African youth, including socioeconomic status, gender-based violence, and psychosocial factors like peer norms. The findings of this study provide insight into how interventions can address the complex ways gender interacts with these other issues to impact youth sexual health outcomes.
This document summarizes a mixed methods study conducted in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa to design and evaluate an intervention program aimed at improving the health, economic, and social capabilities of adolescents at high risk for HIV/AIDS, teenage pregnancy, and other issues. The intervention incorporated life skills education into the school day and was evaluated using longitudinal surveys, focus groups, and interviews with participants, guardians, and facilitators. The mixed methods approach allowed for iterative improvement of the program and instruments as well as triangulation across data sources. Preliminary results were promising and the Department of Education was interested in scaling up the program.
The document summarizes a program called Siyakha Nentsha in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa that aims to build capabilities among adolescents threatened by HIV/AIDS. It describes the socioeconomic challenges in the region like poverty, unemployment, early pregnancy and school leaving. Research found these factors associated with higher HIV risk behaviors. The program provides evidence-based, multi-session curriculum on HIV prevention, resource management, and future planning to empower participants. Preliminary feedback suggests it improves attitudes, knowledge, aspirations, and agency. The goal is to scale it up through the Department of Education.
This document summarizes findings from a pilot program in South Africa that aimed to address social and economic factors influencing HIV risk among youth. Formative research found that youth living in poverty, lacking social connections, being orphaned, or not enrolled in school were more vulnerable. The pilot program provided weekly sessions for groups of 10-20 youth to reduce social isolation, increase financial literacy, and teach about sexuality/STIs/HIV. Emerging findings showed participants had larger increases than comparisons in discussing contraception, HIV/AIDS, and gender-based violence, and greater improvements in savings behaviors. Participants reported the program was an "eye-opener" and helped them understand health issues not covered in school. Next steps include a full evaluation and
The Siyakha Nentsha program in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa aims to improve the capabilities and well-being of adolescents at high risk for HIV, teenage pregnancy, school dropout, and more. The program was developed using formative research that identified structural factors associated with adolescent HIV risk behaviors such as poverty and lack of social connections. It provides knowledge and skills for pregnancy and HIV prevention, economic empowerment, and social support. Evaluations found that participants had increased discussion of sensitive topics, financial literacy, condom use confidence, and ability to open a bank account compared to non-participants. The program is being considered for scale-up in partnership with the Department of Education.
Swaziland has the highest HIV prevalence in the world, with prevalence among pregnant women rising from 3.9% in 1992 to 42.6% in 2004. Every sector of Swazi society is struggling to cope with the impacts of the epidemic, which include rising mortality, mass orphaning, and declines in agricultural production. The situation has been exacerbated by gender inequality, drought, insufficient financial resources, and a lack of accountable domestic governance and ill-suited policies from international organizations. Without greater support from the Swazi government and international donors, community-led interventions may be undermined.
More from ABBA RPC (Addressing the Balance of Burden in HIV/AIDS) (20)
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
The african women's protocol: Bringing Attention to Reproductive Rights and the MDGs
1. Policy Forum
The African Women’s Protocol: Bringing Attention to
Reproductive Rights and the MDGs
Liesl Gerntholtz1, Andrew Gibbs2*, Samantha Willan2
1 Human Rights Watch, New York, United States of America, 2 Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South
Africa
Lack of Progress on All The Forgotten Millennium Goal: referring to them, it was in Cairo in 1994
Millennium Development Goals Improving Women’s at the International Conference on Popu-
lation and Development (ICPD) [9], and
for Women Reproductive Rights
again in 1995 at the Fourth World
The international community recently Underlying the failure to meaningfully Conference on Women in Beijing [10],
reviewed 10 years of progress towards the progress towards achieving MDGs 3, 5, that reproductive rights and their relation-
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). and 6, particularly in Africa, is the failure ship to women’s rights and development
The outcome document of the High Level to protect and promote women’s human broadly was firmly established. The ICPD
Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly, rights, including their reproductive rights. Programme of Action remains a founda-
adopted by a consensus of the General The United Nations Population Fund [6] tional vision for women’s reproductive
Assembly of the United Nations on 22 outlines the three components of repro- health, committing the 179 participating
September 2010, recognised the signifi- ductive rights: the right to control sexual nations to the achievement of universal
cant steps made towards achieving many and reproductive lives, the right to non- and equal access to reproductive health by
of the goals, but also emphasised the discrimination, and the right to reproduc- 2015. The definition of reproductive
uneven progress and that more must be tive health care. This creates a framework health in the ICPD Programme of Action
done to ensure that the MDGs will be met that supports women’s rights to insist and was broad and inclusive and included
in 2015 [1]. engage in safer sex (including the right to family planning services and counselling,
Significantly, the fifth goal—to improve be free from unwanted sex) and to access comprehensive sexuality education, and
maternal health—has made the least comprehensive and accurate information maternal and child health services. The
progress, with 350,000 women still dying on HIV/AIDS and family planning and Beijing conference further amplified links
annually of pregnancy-related causes [2]; comprehensive reproductive health care, between women’s ability to participate
the MDG outcome document expresses which includes termination of pregnancy fully in all spheres of life and their re-
‘‘grave concern over the slow progress and post-abortion care. Furthermore, re- productive rights, and reiterated the im-
being made on reducing maternal mortal- productive rights are critical in ensuring portance of achieving the goal of universal
ity and improving maternal and repro- that women can control their fertility and access.
ductive health’’ [1]. While greater progress in supporting their participation in social, More recent international treaties, such as
has been made with regard to MDG 6, to economic, and political life. the Convention on the Rights of People with
combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other While earlier international treaties such Disabilities [11] and the Convention on the
diseases, and MDG 3, to promote gender as the Convention on the Elimination of Rights of the Child [12], have built on and
equality, progress in these two MDGs Discrimination of Discrimination Against reaffirmed a global commitment to achiev-
Women (CEDAW) [7] and the Interna- ing reproductive rights. In 2010, the UN
remains limited.
tional Convention on Economic, Social Human Rights Council passed a second
The lack of progress across MDGs 3, 5,
and Cultural Rights [8] supported aspects resolution on maternal mortality that reaf-
and 6 is linked; failure to progress in any of
of reproductive rights without explicitly firmed the need to protect women’s human
these three MDGs undermines progress in
the other two. Despite global progress in
reducing maternal mortality, the impact of Citation: Gerntholtz L, Gibbs A, Willan S (2011) The African Women’s Protocol: Bringing Attention to
Reproductive Rights and the MDGs. PLoS Med 8(4): e1000429. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000429
HIV/AIDS has slowed reductions in
maternal mortality and in some countries Published April 5, 2011
increased maternal mortality [2]. One Copyright: ß 2011 Gerntholtz et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
estimate suggests HIV contributed an provided the original author and source are credited.
additional 64,100 maternal deaths globally
Funding: This work has been funded through a Joint Funding Agreement (JFA) for the Health Economics and
in 2008 [3]. Furthermore, both AIDS- HIV/AIDS Research Division (HEARD) of the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The JFA comprises of
related morbidity and mortality and ma- SIDA, Irish Aid, RNE and UNAIDS. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision
ternal mortality undermine women’s abil- to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
ity to realise their equality by excluding Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
women from education and employment. Abbreviations: CEDAW, Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women; ICPD, International
While all women are ill-served by this lack Conference on Population and Development; MDG, Millennium Development Goal; OAU, Organisation of
African Unity
of progress, women in Africa, who are
especially vulnerable, will bear a dispro- * E-mail: gibbs@ukzn.ac.za
portionate burden of these failures [2,4,5]. Provenance: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
PLoS Medicine | www.plosmedicine.org 1 April 2011 | Volume 8 | Issue 4 | e1000429
2. Summary Points out such a right, women living with
HIV/AIDS have a reduced ability to
make reproductive decisions.
N Despite overall progress on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Goal 3
(promote gender equality), Goal 5 (reduce maternal mortality), and Goal 6 The many barriers to the promotion
(combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases) significantly lag behind other
and protection of women’s reproductive
goals, with women in Africa bearing the burden of this failure.
rights in Africa undermines women’s abi-
N Underlying this lack of progress is the failure to protect and promote women’s lity to take control of their sexual health,
reproductive rights. fertility, autonomy, and participation in
N The Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights social and economic life. Technical, dis-
of Women in Africa (or, the African Women’s Protocol) provides a strong, crete interventions to promote women’s
African framework for women’s reproductive rights that goes beyond other health, tackle HIV/AIDS, and reduce
binding international treaties in supporting and promoting reproductive rights.
maternal mortality are unlikely to work if
N Only 29 out of 52 countries in Africa have signed and ratified the African wider laws and policies continue to
Women’s Protocol thus far, and there remain significant barriers to translating undermine women’s reproductive rights.
the Protocol into national legislation and implementing its provisions.
N If fully implemented and integrated into national legislation, the African The African Women’s Protocol
Women’s Protocol offers a significant tool to support women’s reproductive
rights in Africa, thereby supporting the attainment of MDGs 3, 5, and 6. The Protocol to the African Charter
on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the
Rights of Women in Africa [23] (the
rights as part of a comprehensive strategy to to disclose their HIV status to sexual African Women’s Protocol), which was
address maternal mortality and morbidity partners for fear of violence and adopted by the African Union in 2003
[13]. abandonment. Criminalisation also and became legally binding for countries
Despite recognition of the key role that reduces access to reproductive health that had signed and ratified the protocol
reproductive rights plays in advancing services, especially for vulnerable on 25 November 2005, corrects the
women’s health and empowerment, the groups of women such as sex workers weaknesses in the African Charter on
MDGs originally failed to include a and adolescents; Human and People’s Rights (African
specific goal on access to reproductive
health care or reproductive rights. Partly
N Anti-abortion legislation [17]. Such Charter) [24] with respect to women’s
legislation limits women’s ability to rights. While the African Charter pro-
in response to lobbying by women’s determine whether and when to have vides an important human rights frame-
rights activists, access to reproductive children; work, including reinforcing the right
health was added as one of the targets
in MDG 5 at the 5-year review meeting
N High levels of violence against women, to life, liberty, security and freedom
often in contexts of weak or limited from discrimination, it is silent about
of the MDGs in 2005. Indeed, target 5B legislative frameworks to support wo- women’s rights in general and reproduc-
reaffirms the commitment made at the men’s rights [18,19]. Violence against tive rights specifically [25]. The protocol
ICPD to achieve universal access to women limits their autonomy and promotes women’s rights and equality
reproductive health by 2015. That the ability to make decisions about their broadly, including in marriage and
importance of women’s reproductive body and sex. Furthermore, violence divorce, land tenure, inheritance rights,
rights to women’s health, autonomy, places women at greater risk of and in relation to ‘‘traditional’’ practices.
and ability to participate fully in society acquiring HIV, and may make them The protocol contains specific protec-
has been recognised for decades makes weary of accessing reproductive health tions for older women, disabled women,
the absence of significant attention to services and HIV testing. The failure and women in distress, but fails to
these rights in the MDGs even more to criminalise marital rape in many include similar provisions for girls and
deplorable. African counties has increased the risk young women.
of HIV transmission for married The African Women’s Protocol
An Enabling Environment for women and undermines their access emerged through extensive lobbying of
Women’s Reproductive Rights to post-exposure prophylaxis; government by women’s rights organisa-
in Africa N Limited rights to comprehensive sexu- tions across Africa and around the world.
ality education and access to male and Since 1995, African women’s rights activ-
Currently, there are a range of issues
that undermine women’s reproductive female condoms, particularly for ists have recognised the limitation of the
rights in Africa. Specific issues include: young people [20]. The failure to African Charter and called on the Orga-
provide comprehensive sexuality edu- nisation of African Unity (OAU) to
N Criminalisation of HIV transmission cation and access to male and female
condoms undermines women’s abili-
address the rights of women with a specific
instrument. In response, the OAU man-
[14,15]. At present, in Africa and
globally, a number of countries have ties to make fully informed reproduc- dated the African Commission on Human
either passed legislation, or are con- tive choices and act on these decisions; and People’s Rights to develop a protocol.
sidering legislation, that criminalises and A draft was circulated to non-governmen-
the transmission of HIV. Criminalisa- N Failure in many national policies to tal organisations for comment in 1997 and
tion does little to reduce HIV trans- realise the reproductive rights of wom- the Commission later endorsed the ap-
mission [14,15] and disproportionately en (and men) living with HIV [21], pointment of a special rapporteur on
affects women, who are often unable seen most explicitly in the emergence women’s rights to finalise the protocol.
to decide how and when sex occurs of coerced or forced sterilisation of Following consultations with civil society,
[16]. Women may also be less willing women living with HIV [22]. With- the text was revised and adopted in 2005.
PLoS Medicine | www.plosmedicine.org 2 April 2011 | Volume 8 | Issue 4 | e1000429
3. The African Women’s Protocol is par- Table 1. African Union countries and the signing and ratification of the African
ticularly strong on women’s reproductive Women’s Protocol.
rights, and is a tool for ensuring universal
access to reproductive health and the
creation of an enabling environment. It Not Signed or Ratified Signed Onlya Ratified
goes beyond other binding treaties, such as
CEDAW, in outlining reproductive rights Botswana Algeria Angola
[25]. It contains the first references to Egypt Burundi Benin
HIV/AIDS in an international treaty, and Eritrea Cameroon Burkino Faso
the first expression of a right to abortion, Tunisia Central African Republic Cape Verde
albeit limited to where a pregnancy is the
Chad Comores
result of sexual assault, rape, or where it
endangers a woman’s mental or physical Cote d’Ivoire Dijbouti
health. It specifically recognises marital Equatorial Guinea Democratic Republic of Congo
rape as a form of gender-based violence. Ethiopia Gambia
Moreover, the protocol ‘‘identifies protec- Gabon Ghana
tion from HIV and AIDS as a key Guinea Guinea-Bissau
component of women’s sexual and repro-
Madagascar Kenya
ductive rights’’ [25].
Articles 14(1&2) of the African Wo- Mauritius Libya
men’s Protocol set out three major com- Niger Lesotho
ponents of women’s reproductive health Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Liberia
rights: Sierra Leone Mali
1. Reproductive and sexual decision mak- Somalia Malawi
ing, including the number and spacing Sao Tome & Principe Mozambique
of children, contraceptive choice, and Sudan Mauritania
the right to self-protection from HIV; Swaziland Namibia
2. Access to information about HIV/ Nigeria
AIDS and reproductive health; and
Rwanda
3. Access to reproductive health services,
South Africa
including antenatal services and abor-
tion-related services. Senegal
Seychelles
Unfortunately, the vision offered by the Tanzania
African Women’s Protocol is still to be
Togo
realised across Africa. Only 29 out of 52 of
the African Union countries have current- Uganda
ly signed and ratified the protocol (see Zambia
Table 1). While ratification is a significant Zimbabwe
step, it is, however, only the first step in
a
utilising the African Women’s Protocol to The signature of a treaty is evidence of the state’s intention to ratify the instrument at some time in the
future, but is not legally binding for a state.
realise women’s reproductive rights.
doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000429.t001
Countries must domesticate the proto-
col—that is, translate the protocol into
national (domestic) legislation. This would Protocol and guaranteeing that they are Through the ratification, domestica-
require a comprehensive legal review of replicated at a national level is crucial. tion, and transparent reporting on the
the provisions of the protocol in relation to Upon ratification, countries are bound to African Women’s Protocol, a framework
current legislation. Countries’ failures to report on steps taken to fulfil their can be implemented in Africa that creates
sign, ratify, and domesticate the protocol obligations when they report more widely contexts that support women’s reproduc-
are major barriers in utilising this legisla- on the African Charter. Yet reporting by tive rights. In so doing, a significant step
tion. Countries frequently raise concerns governments lacks transparency and is can be made towards rolling back HIV
about the cost of reviewing legislation and limited. and maternal mortality and thereby
implementing reproductive rights. A fur- Learning from CEDAW, civil society supporting the attainment of MDGs 3,
ther barrier is continued tension between has a crucial role to play in ensuring 5, and 6.
human rights and customary laws. accountability and implementation, in-
Finally, legislative change is meaningless cluding production of shadow reports Author Contributions
if it is not implemented, monitored, and and active lobbying of governments to
ICMJE criteria for authorship read and met:
enforced to ensure real change for women encourage further implementation. Civil LG AG SW. Agree with the manuscript’s results
in Africa [26]. Strengthening and ensuring society may, however, remain constrained and conclusions: LG AG SW. Wrote the first
the utilisation of accountability mecha- without significant resources being allocat- draft of the paper: AG. Contributed to the
nisms contained in the African Women’s ed to this specific role. writing of the paper: LG SW.
PLoS Medicine | www.plosmedicine.org 3 April 2011 | Volume 8 | Issue 4 | e1000429
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