This document discusses the omission of reproductive health from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It provides perspectives from several experts on why reproductive health was not explicitly included in the MDGs and strategies for continuing to promote reproductive health issues within the framework of the MDGs. Specifically:
1. Reproductive health was omitted to avoid controversy but is still related to achieving the MDGs.
2. Advocates suggest promoting reproductive health discreetly through the language and targets of the MDGs.
3. Reproductive health can continue to be supported through other organizations, foundations, and grassroots activities even if not explicitly part of the UN declarations.
1. The document discusses Nigeria's progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) set in 2000, which aimed to reduce poverty, hunger, disease, and gender inequality by 2015.
2. It notes that while many countries are still far from achieving the MDGs, frameworks have been put in place to work towards them. However, Nigeria in particular is not on track to meet most of the goals based on indicators like high maternal mortality, HIV prevalence, and low human development rankings.
3. The key question is how far Nigeria has come in attaining the MDGs, as improving human development is essential for overall national progress but Nigeria faces many challenges in providing basic necessities and education for
The document discusses the African Women's Protocol and its potential role in supporting women's reproductive rights and progress toward achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Africa. Key points:
1) The protocol provides a strong framework for women's reproductive rights in Africa, going beyond other treaties in promoting these rights.
2) However, only 29 of 52 African countries have ratified it so far, and barriers remain to implementing its provisions in national laws and policies.
3) If fully implemented and integrated into legislation, the protocol could help create an enabling environment for women's reproductive rights and support progress on MDGs 3, 5, and 6 relating to gender equality, maternal health, and HIV/AIDS.
This document discusses factors that contribute to child mortality rates in developing countries. It examines whether child mortality is due to chance, government failings, or issues with global governance. The document presents statistics showing that millions of children under five die each year, primarily from preventable infectious diseases and malnutrition. While underdevelopment, poverty, and limited infrastructure play roles, the document suggests that global governance priorities around privatization and liberal markets also contribute by failing to adequately protect basic social and economic rights for the world's poorest people.
This document provides an overview of social safety net programs in Bangladesh. It identifies three models: 1) programs that provide assistance to those affected by natural disasters, such as the Vulnerable Group Feeding program; 2) programs that target vulnerable and extreme poor populations, such as cash and in-kind transfers; and 3) age-based programs for children and the elderly, such as old age allowances. It discusses how Bangladesh's demographic structure is changing rapidly, with increases in life expectancy and the elderly population. The document concludes that coverage and amounts for age-based transfers need to increase to support the growing elderly population.
This document provides an overview and introduction to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Nigeria's National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) for a seminar on youth development. It outlines the eight MDGs aimed at reducing poverty, improving health and education, and environmental sustainability by 2015. It also describes NEEDS' goals of wealth creation, employment, poverty reduction, and value reorientation through government and private sector reforms. Statistics are given on issues like poverty, hunger, education, health, and the environment to highlight the ongoing development challenges.
Factors that determine a country's population size include birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration. Birth rates are influenced by nutrition, fertility, abortion policies, economic factors, and culture. Death rates are affected by disease, war, healthcare access, and development levels. Immigration and emigration depend on "pull" and "push" factors that attract or displace people. Governments implement population policies to manage these factors.
The document provides a synthesis of reports on the status of girl children in India conducted as part of Plan India's "Because I am a Girl" campaign. It summarizes the key discussions and outcomes from international and national forums related to girls' rights such as the Millennium Development Goals, Beijing Platform for Action, Commission on the Status of Women, and World Education Forum. It also provides an overview of the "Because I am a Girl" campaign and Plan India's initiatives to promote girls' education, health, and empowerment. Case studies showcase the positive impact of Plan India's work in communities.
This document provides an overview of mental health promotion initiatives for children and youth in contexts of poverty in South Africa. It discusses:
1) Critical risk influences on early childhood development like poor nutrition, maternal depression, and lack of early childhood services in South Africa and evidence that mental health promotion programs can help mediate these risks.
2) Examples of mental health promotion programs in South Africa that have shown benefits for early childhood development, including a home visitation program and programs to reduce alcohol use in pregnancy.
3) Risk influences on middle childhood development in South Africa and how mental health promotion programs may help mediate risks like poor family environments and schooling.
1. The document discusses Nigeria's progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) set in 2000, which aimed to reduce poverty, hunger, disease, and gender inequality by 2015.
2. It notes that while many countries are still far from achieving the MDGs, frameworks have been put in place to work towards them. However, Nigeria in particular is not on track to meet most of the goals based on indicators like high maternal mortality, HIV prevalence, and low human development rankings.
3. The key question is how far Nigeria has come in attaining the MDGs, as improving human development is essential for overall national progress but Nigeria faces many challenges in providing basic necessities and education for
The document discusses the African Women's Protocol and its potential role in supporting women's reproductive rights and progress toward achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Africa. Key points:
1) The protocol provides a strong framework for women's reproductive rights in Africa, going beyond other treaties in promoting these rights.
2) However, only 29 of 52 African countries have ratified it so far, and barriers remain to implementing its provisions in national laws and policies.
3) If fully implemented and integrated into legislation, the protocol could help create an enabling environment for women's reproductive rights and support progress on MDGs 3, 5, and 6 relating to gender equality, maternal health, and HIV/AIDS.
This document discusses factors that contribute to child mortality rates in developing countries. It examines whether child mortality is due to chance, government failings, or issues with global governance. The document presents statistics showing that millions of children under five die each year, primarily from preventable infectious diseases and malnutrition. While underdevelopment, poverty, and limited infrastructure play roles, the document suggests that global governance priorities around privatization and liberal markets also contribute by failing to adequately protect basic social and economic rights for the world's poorest people.
This document provides an overview of social safety net programs in Bangladesh. It identifies three models: 1) programs that provide assistance to those affected by natural disasters, such as the Vulnerable Group Feeding program; 2) programs that target vulnerable and extreme poor populations, such as cash and in-kind transfers; and 3) age-based programs for children and the elderly, such as old age allowances. It discusses how Bangladesh's demographic structure is changing rapidly, with increases in life expectancy and the elderly population. The document concludes that coverage and amounts for age-based transfers need to increase to support the growing elderly population.
This document provides an overview and introduction to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Nigeria's National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) for a seminar on youth development. It outlines the eight MDGs aimed at reducing poverty, improving health and education, and environmental sustainability by 2015. It also describes NEEDS' goals of wealth creation, employment, poverty reduction, and value reorientation through government and private sector reforms. Statistics are given on issues like poverty, hunger, education, health, and the environment to highlight the ongoing development challenges.
Factors that determine a country's population size include birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration. Birth rates are influenced by nutrition, fertility, abortion policies, economic factors, and culture. Death rates are affected by disease, war, healthcare access, and development levels. Immigration and emigration depend on "pull" and "push" factors that attract or displace people. Governments implement population policies to manage these factors.
The document provides a synthesis of reports on the status of girl children in India conducted as part of Plan India's "Because I am a Girl" campaign. It summarizes the key discussions and outcomes from international and national forums related to girls' rights such as the Millennium Development Goals, Beijing Platform for Action, Commission on the Status of Women, and World Education Forum. It also provides an overview of the "Because I am a Girl" campaign and Plan India's initiatives to promote girls' education, health, and empowerment. Case studies showcase the positive impact of Plan India's work in communities.
This document provides an overview of mental health promotion initiatives for children and youth in contexts of poverty in South Africa. It discusses:
1) Critical risk influences on early childhood development like poor nutrition, maternal depression, and lack of early childhood services in South Africa and evidence that mental health promotion programs can help mediate these risks.
2) Examples of mental health promotion programs in South Africa that have shown benefits for early childhood development, including a home visitation program and programs to reduce alcohol use in pregnancy.
3) Risk influences on middle childhood development in South Africa and how mental health promotion programs may help mediate risks like poor family environments and schooling.
Bangladesh has been ahead of the curve in responding to the challenges of risk, vulnerability and social protection. Having laid a robust foundation of safety net programmes, the quest is now for a national social protection strategy that aims for a sum that is greater than its part. This presentation summarises a book, Social Protection in Bangladesh, which is an important milestone in this journey. By David Hulme, Brooks World Poverty Institute.
The document discusses accountability for women's, children's and adolescents' health in the era of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It notes that while the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) significantly reduced maternal and child mortality, rates remain unacceptably high. The SDGs launched in 2015 aim to ensure healthy lives for all at all ages. A new Global Strategy aligned with the SDGs provides a roadmap to end preventable deaths of women, children and adolescents by 2030. The Independent Accountability Panel will prepare annual reports on progress using data from UN agencies and others to ensure accountability. Better data and national leadership are crucial to true accountability.
For the international developmental objectives, United Nations Organization develop eight developmental objectives in the year of 2000. These goals were established following the millennium summit, and they were eight in number. These international developmental goals were termed as “Millennium Development Goals” and United Nations Millennium Declaration Adoption was followed by them. All of the countries, which are members of United Nations and 23 different multinational organizations decided to follow this plan and to help the UNO in order to meet with these goals till 2015.
This Policy Framework is intended to inform
discussion and the formulation of action plans
that promote healthy and active ageing.(World Health Organization)
População e Desenvolvimento na Agenda do Cairo: balanço e desafiosAlice Junqueira
Texto para a Edição 13 da publicação Watchdog Youth Coalition (Abril de 2014)
[POR]
A Youth Coalition é uma organização internacional de jovens (de 18 a 29 anos) comprometida com a promoção dos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos de adolescentes e jovens nos níveis nacional, regional e internacional. Somos estudantes, pesquisadores, advogados, profissionais de saúde, educadores, agentes de desenvolvimento e, o mais importante, somos todos ativistas dedicados.
[ENG]
Youth Coalition is an international organization of young people (ages 18-29 years) committed to promoting adolescent and youth sexual and reproductive rights at the national, regional and international levels. We are students, researchers, lawyers, health care professionals, educators, development workers, and most importantly, we are all dedicated activists.
http://www.youthcoalition.org/
The document discusses 15 approaches to population control in developing countries. It states that excessive population growth puts undue pressure on natural resources and is a challenge specific to developing nations. Some of the most effective approaches discussed are increasing development and reducing poverty and discrimination to eliminate high population growth, ensuring easy access to contraceptives, increasing literacy rates through education, empowering women, spreading awareness about the consequences of large families, providing incentives for smaller families, and enacting laws restricting child marriage and labor. Overall, the document advocates for a multipronged approach using economic, social, medical, and legislative strategies to achieve sustainable population control.
Minas social determinants 2013 - Gulbenkian global forumHarry Minas
This document summarizes a presentation on the social determinants of mental health and their implications for public health. It discusses three key points:
1) A study on social determinants of mental health found that factors like socioeconomic status, education, employment and social support impact mental health across the lifespan. Poor populations face increased mental health risks.
2) Several countries have implemented public health programs incorporating these findings, though their impact is still unclear. Applying this knowledge in low- and middle-income countries faces challenges due to social inequalities and weak systems.
3) Mental health should be explicitly included in global development goals and initiatives to reduce disparities and promote wellbeing for all. Integrating mental health across sectors
This document examines Kenya's performance in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It discusses Kenya's constraints in achieving the eight goals, which include eradicating extreme poverty, achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, combating HIV/AIDS and other diseases, ensuring environmental sustainability, and developing global partnerships. Some of the key constraints identified are Kenya's inconsistent economic policies, high levels of consumption limiting investment, and Kenya's climate and physical geography in some areas like arid and semi-arid lands. The document provides an overview of Kenya's progress and challenges in achieving each development goal.
The ICPD: Women's Roles and Reproductive Rightsoshaugs
The document summarizes the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, Egypt. The conference focused on issues including women's reproductive rights, health care access, and urbanization. It made significant progress in establishing definitions and plans of action to promote women's reproductive health and equality. Specifically, it outlined goals for including reproductive health in primary health care systems by 2015 and clearly defined related terms and programs to be implemented, leaving little room for interpretation. The conference advanced global support for women's health rights and their connection to overall population well-being.
United Nations Millennium Development Goals: the story so farDr Anoop Swarup
What are the achievements on the 15 year promise? : not yet, as there is a lot that is yet to be done and the priority is to urgently redefine our goals for the post 2015 agenda, taking cue from the UNDP-CII Consultation by Prof Anoop Swarup on the 23rd of Jan 2013
This document discusses population growth in India and its impact on economic development. It provides background on key concepts like population explosion, birth rate, death rate, and stages of demographic transition. It then analyzes population growth trends in India and some major countries. The document explores causes of population increase in India and the impact of a growing population on economic development, both positive and negative. It also examines India's national population policies and strategies to reduce rapid population growth through various economic and social interventions.
This document discusses overpopulation in Pakistan and proposed strategies to address it. It notes issues caused by overpopulation like hunger, poverty, pollution and lack of infrastructure. Current population statistics for Pakistan are provided, showing a high population growth rate and indicators like maternal mortality. The document outlines goals to stabilize population growth and reduce fertility. Long-term objectives include universal access to family planning services and lowering the fertility rate. Short-term objectives promote healthy timing of pregnancy. Strategies proposed include visiting health centers, conducting interviews and distributing information. Target audiences are newlyweds and young people. Messages focus on having smaller families. Allies include health departments while adversaries could include religious leaders and older generations. Raising awareness through various media is discussed.
The document summarizes India's National Population Policy. It defines population policy and explains why India needs one given its rapid population growth. Key points include: India's population reached 1 billion in 2000 and may surpass China's by 2045; the population grew nearly 5 times from 238 million to 1 billion from the 20th century; stabilizing population is needed for sustainable development. The policy aims to reduce fertility rates, infant mortality, and achieve replacement-level birth rates by 2010. It outlines strategic themes, goals, and 150 interventions to address population issues through a multisectoral approach.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
This document discusses Kenya's programmatic responses to increasing utilization of family planning services. It reviews Kenya's existing policies and strategies and how they have impacted total fertility rate, contraceptive prevalence rate, and unmet need. Despite initiatives, total fertility rate and unmet need remain high while contraceptive prevalence rate is low, suggesting responses have not fully addressed the issue. The document proposes recommendations to enhance family planning services, such as increased political commitment, tailored community initiatives, and improved education and awareness campaigns. Family planning is important as it benefits households, communities and society by reducing population growth pressures on social services and stimulating economic growth.
Family planning challenges in pakistan and south asia dr malik khalid mehmoo...Malik Khalid Mehmood
The document summarizes the status of family planning in Pakistan. It notes that while Pakistan has had a national population program since 1965, population issues have not been a high priority. Contraceptive prevalence has stagnated in the last decade after sharp increases in the 1990s, and unmet need for family planning is rising. It recommends establishing a high-level body to oversee population issues, ensuring contraceptive availability, expanding public sector family planning services, and increasing private sector coordination. The private sector is increasingly providing family planning services but access remains limited, especially for rural and poor women.
The document outlines the objectives and topics to be covered in a family planning session. Participants will learn to define family planning terms, describe how it relates to the MDGs, the evolution of interventions from 1947 to present, and vital health trends. The roles of various organizations in implementation will be discussed, as will unmet needs and shortcomings in Pakistan. Recommendations for health reforms will also be presented. One key paper on family planning in Pakistan will be illustrated.
The document discusses the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It provides background on the establishment of the MDGs in 2000-2015 to reduce poverty, hunger, disease, lack of education, lack of access to water, and environmental degradation. It outlines the 8 MDGs and their specific targets and indicators. It then summarizes the global and Indian progress towards achieving Goal 1 on reducing poverty and hunger and Goal 2 on achieving universal primary education. Challenges in fully achieving the goals are also mentioned.
The document discusses India's population growth and the government's strategies to address it. It notes that India has a high population growth rate due to high birth rates and declining death rates. The government has implemented several programs to promote family planning like the National Population Policy 2000 and Janani Suraksha Yojana. However, challenges remain as many states still have high total fertility rates and low contraceptive use. The government is working to improve access to and use of family planning services through integrated healthcare programs and effective communication initiatives.
This document provides information on family planning in Nepal, including:
1. Definitions of family planning, its aims to improve health and contribute to national development.
2. A history of family planning initiatives in Nepal beginning in 1959 with NGO programs and the government adopting policies in the 1960s-1970s.
3. How family planning can help achieve the Millennium Development Goals by reducing poverty, improving education and gender equality, and decreasing disease and mortality. Meeting family planning needs can prevent maternal and child deaths.
This document provides an overview of the theme "Reproductive Health Equity" for a conference. It defines reproductive health and identifies several key sub-themes to guide discussions, including family planning, health workforce and access to healthcare, sexual health education, sexually transmitted infections, violence against women, indicators of reproductive standing, sustainability, and stakeholders. Delegates are asked to address reproductive health equity through these lenses and adhere to the identified sub-themes in their resolutions.
Bangladesh has been ahead of the curve in responding to the challenges of risk, vulnerability and social protection. Having laid a robust foundation of safety net programmes, the quest is now for a national social protection strategy that aims for a sum that is greater than its part. This presentation summarises a book, Social Protection in Bangladesh, which is an important milestone in this journey. By David Hulme, Brooks World Poverty Institute.
The document discusses accountability for women's, children's and adolescents' health in the era of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It notes that while the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) significantly reduced maternal and child mortality, rates remain unacceptably high. The SDGs launched in 2015 aim to ensure healthy lives for all at all ages. A new Global Strategy aligned with the SDGs provides a roadmap to end preventable deaths of women, children and adolescents by 2030. The Independent Accountability Panel will prepare annual reports on progress using data from UN agencies and others to ensure accountability. Better data and national leadership are crucial to true accountability.
For the international developmental objectives, United Nations Organization develop eight developmental objectives in the year of 2000. These goals were established following the millennium summit, and they were eight in number. These international developmental goals were termed as “Millennium Development Goals” and United Nations Millennium Declaration Adoption was followed by them. All of the countries, which are members of United Nations and 23 different multinational organizations decided to follow this plan and to help the UNO in order to meet with these goals till 2015.
This Policy Framework is intended to inform
discussion and the formulation of action plans
that promote healthy and active ageing.(World Health Organization)
População e Desenvolvimento na Agenda do Cairo: balanço e desafiosAlice Junqueira
Texto para a Edição 13 da publicação Watchdog Youth Coalition (Abril de 2014)
[POR]
A Youth Coalition é uma organização internacional de jovens (de 18 a 29 anos) comprometida com a promoção dos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos de adolescentes e jovens nos níveis nacional, regional e internacional. Somos estudantes, pesquisadores, advogados, profissionais de saúde, educadores, agentes de desenvolvimento e, o mais importante, somos todos ativistas dedicados.
[ENG]
Youth Coalition is an international organization of young people (ages 18-29 years) committed to promoting adolescent and youth sexual and reproductive rights at the national, regional and international levels. We are students, researchers, lawyers, health care professionals, educators, development workers, and most importantly, we are all dedicated activists.
http://www.youthcoalition.org/
The document discusses 15 approaches to population control in developing countries. It states that excessive population growth puts undue pressure on natural resources and is a challenge specific to developing nations. Some of the most effective approaches discussed are increasing development and reducing poverty and discrimination to eliminate high population growth, ensuring easy access to contraceptives, increasing literacy rates through education, empowering women, spreading awareness about the consequences of large families, providing incentives for smaller families, and enacting laws restricting child marriage and labor. Overall, the document advocates for a multipronged approach using economic, social, medical, and legislative strategies to achieve sustainable population control.
Minas social determinants 2013 - Gulbenkian global forumHarry Minas
This document summarizes a presentation on the social determinants of mental health and their implications for public health. It discusses three key points:
1) A study on social determinants of mental health found that factors like socioeconomic status, education, employment and social support impact mental health across the lifespan. Poor populations face increased mental health risks.
2) Several countries have implemented public health programs incorporating these findings, though their impact is still unclear. Applying this knowledge in low- and middle-income countries faces challenges due to social inequalities and weak systems.
3) Mental health should be explicitly included in global development goals and initiatives to reduce disparities and promote wellbeing for all. Integrating mental health across sectors
This document examines Kenya's performance in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It discusses Kenya's constraints in achieving the eight goals, which include eradicating extreme poverty, achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, combating HIV/AIDS and other diseases, ensuring environmental sustainability, and developing global partnerships. Some of the key constraints identified are Kenya's inconsistent economic policies, high levels of consumption limiting investment, and Kenya's climate and physical geography in some areas like arid and semi-arid lands. The document provides an overview of Kenya's progress and challenges in achieving each development goal.
The ICPD: Women's Roles and Reproductive Rightsoshaugs
The document summarizes the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, Egypt. The conference focused on issues including women's reproductive rights, health care access, and urbanization. It made significant progress in establishing definitions and plans of action to promote women's reproductive health and equality. Specifically, it outlined goals for including reproductive health in primary health care systems by 2015 and clearly defined related terms and programs to be implemented, leaving little room for interpretation. The conference advanced global support for women's health rights and their connection to overall population well-being.
United Nations Millennium Development Goals: the story so farDr Anoop Swarup
What are the achievements on the 15 year promise? : not yet, as there is a lot that is yet to be done and the priority is to urgently redefine our goals for the post 2015 agenda, taking cue from the UNDP-CII Consultation by Prof Anoop Swarup on the 23rd of Jan 2013
This document discusses population growth in India and its impact on economic development. It provides background on key concepts like population explosion, birth rate, death rate, and stages of demographic transition. It then analyzes population growth trends in India and some major countries. The document explores causes of population increase in India and the impact of a growing population on economic development, both positive and negative. It also examines India's national population policies and strategies to reduce rapid population growth through various economic and social interventions.
This document discusses overpopulation in Pakistan and proposed strategies to address it. It notes issues caused by overpopulation like hunger, poverty, pollution and lack of infrastructure. Current population statistics for Pakistan are provided, showing a high population growth rate and indicators like maternal mortality. The document outlines goals to stabilize population growth and reduce fertility. Long-term objectives include universal access to family planning services and lowering the fertility rate. Short-term objectives promote healthy timing of pregnancy. Strategies proposed include visiting health centers, conducting interviews and distributing information. Target audiences are newlyweds and young people. Messages focus on having smaller families. Allies include health departments while adversaries could include religious leaders and older generations. Raising awareness through various media is discussed.
The document summarizes India's National Population Policy. It defines population policy and explains why India needs one given its rapid population growth. Key points include: India's population reached 1 billion in 2000 and may surpass China's by 2045; the population grew nearly 5 times from 238 million to 1 billion from the 20th century; stabilizing population is needed for sustainable development. The policy aims to reduce fertility rates, infant mortality, and achieve replacement-level birth rates by 2010. It outlines strategic themes, goals, and 150 interventions to address population issues through a multisectoral approach.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
This document discusses Kenya's programmatic responses to increasing utilization of family planning services. It reviews Kenya's existing policies and strategies and how they have impacted total fertility rate, contraceptive prevalence rate, and unmet need. Despite initiatives, total fertility rate and unmet need remain high while contraceptive prevalence rate is low, suggesting responses have not fully addressed the issue. The document proposes recommendations to enhance family planning services, such as increased political commitment, tailored community initiatives, and improved education and awareness campaigns. Family planning is important as it benefits households, communities and society by reducing population growth pressures on social services and stimulating economic growth.
Family planning challenges in pakistan and south asia dr malik khalid mehmoo...Malik Khalid Mehmood
The document summarizes the status of family planning in Pakistan. It notes that while Pakistan has had a national population program since 1965, population issues have not been a high priority. Contraceptive prevalence has stagnated in the last decade after sharp increases in the 1990s, and unmet need for family planning is rising. It recommends establishing a high-level body to oversee population issues, ensuring contraceptive availability, expanding public sector family planning services, and increasing private sector coordination. The private sector is increasingly providing family planning services but access remains limited, especially for rural and poor women.
The document outlines the objectives and topics to be covered in a family planning session. Participants will learn to define family planning terms, describe how it relates to the MDGs, the evolution of interventions from 1947 to present, and vital health trends. The roles of various organizations in implementation will be discussed, as will unmet needs and shortcomings in Pakistan. Recommendations for health reforms will also be presented. One key paper on family planning in Pakistan will be illustrated.
The document discusses the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It provides background on the establishment of the MDGs in 2000-2015 to reduce poverty, hunger, disease, lack of education, lack of access to water, and environmental degradation. It outlines the 8 MDGs and their specific targets and indicators. It then summarizes the global and Indian progress towards achieving Goal 1 on reducing poverty and hunger and Goal 2 on achieving universal primary education. Challenges in fully achieving the goals are also mentioned.
The document discusses India's population growth and the government's strategies to address it. It notes that India has a high population growth rate due to high birth rates and declining death rates. The government has implemented several programs to promote family planning like the National Population Policy 2000 and Janani Suraksha Yojana. However, challenges remain as many states still have high total fertility rates and low contraceptive use. The government is working to improve access to and use of family planning services through integrated healthcare programs and effective communication initiatives.
This document provides information on family planning in Nepal, including:
1. Definitions of family planning, its aims to improve health and contribute to national development.
2. A history of family planning initiatives in Nepal beginning in 1959 with NGO programs and the government adopting policies in the 1960s-1970s.
3. How family planning can help achieve the Millennium Development Goals by reducing poverty, improving education and gender equality, and decreasing disease and mortality. Meeting family planning needs can prevent maternal and child deaths.
This document provides an overview of the theme "Reproductive Health Equity" for a conference. It defines reproductive health and identifies several key sub-themes to guide discussions, including family planning, health workforce and access to healthcare, sexual health education, sexually transmitted infections, violence against women, indicators of reproductive standing, sustainability, and stakeholders. Delegates are asked to address reproductive health equity through these lenses and adhere to the identified sub-themes in their resolutions.
This document discusses family planning, including its definition, objectives, and scope of services. It covers topics like eligible couples, contraceptive methods, health aspects, small family norms, and national population policies/goals. The key methods discussed are male/female condoms, diaphragms, IUDs, pills, and sterilization. The document provides details on each method's use, effectiveness rates, advantages, and disadvantages. It emphasizes the goal of adopting a small family norm to stabilize population growth in India.
Universal access to reproductive health is key to achieving the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. Reproductive health is critical for reducing maternal mortality, preventing unwanted pregnancies, curbing STIs including HIV/AIDS, and empowering women. However, progress on MDG 5, which aims to improve maternal health, has been slow. Urgent action is needed to scale up efforts to provide a full package of reproductive health services to all women, in order to meet the 2015 targets and promote sustainable development for all.
This document provides a summary of active aging and population aging trends:
- Population aging is occurring rapidly worldwide as both life expectancy and the proportion of older persons (age 60+) is increasing significantly. Between 1970 and 2025, the global population of older persons is expected to increase by 694 million (223%).
- By 2025, there will be approximately 1.2 billion people over age 60 globally, and by 2050 that number is projected to reach 2 billion, with 80% living in developing countries.
- Population aging is driven by both decreasing fertility rates and increasing longevity. By 2025, 120 countries are expected to have fertility rates below the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman.
#WCIP IASG - thematic paper reproductive health rev1Dr Lendy Spires
This document discusses the sexual and reproductive health and rights of indigenous peoples. It notes that indigenous peoples face numerous obstacles to realizing these rights, including discrimination, lack of access to healthcare, and lack of recognition of their collective rights. The document advocates for intercultural approaches to healthcare that respect indigenous traditions and knowledge, as well as programs that target issues like maternal health, HIV prevention, and the needs of indigenous adolescents. It argues that recognizing indigenous peoples' rights and participating them in healthcare policy and services is key to improving outcomes.
Tracking Current Strategies Population Agenda Imbongamado sandoval
The document outlines 16 strategies from NSSM 200, a 1974 US national security memorandum, for population control in developing countries. The strategies include promoting biomedical research, courting political leaders, using international organizations as partners, targeting country programs, and manipulating social security and media to change attitudes and behaviors around family planning. The overall goal is to reduce population growth rates in the named countries for the national security interests of the United States.
The UN Millennium Campaign supports a project in Misamis Occidental, Philippines that trains community members and children to advocate for achieving Education for All (EFA) by 2015. The project works to increase policy support and influence at the local level to bring out-of-school children back to school. It uses a two-pronged advocacy approach of pushing needed policies and building community capacity. Youth volunteers in Clarin municipality collect bottles and cans to fund education for children, helping to support the local EFA campaign goals.
Fourteen years ago I was asked to prepare the following document. After it was completed, the contractor asked me to re-do it because they had made a mistake in the age they wanted covered. [They seemed to believe the information was too sensitive politically] and buried the report. I'm submitting it here now to learn what the LinkedIn audience thinks. Is it time to update it?
The document outlines the proceedings of the 11th International Dialogue on Population and Sustainable Development held in Berlin, Germany from October 22-23, 2013 which focused on the topic of "Youth and Employment - Realising the demographic dividend". The conference brought together over 100 participants from 17 countries to discuss challenges and opportunities around youth employment through keynote speeches, country working groups, and panel discussions. The document provides an overview of the agenda, presentations, and discussions that took place over the two-day conference.
Strategic Review: Towards a Grand Convergence for Child Survival and HealthCORE Group
This document summarizes a strategic review of options for improving integrated management of newborn and childhood illness (IMNCI) going forward. The review draws on data from over 90 countries and hundreds of experts. Key findings are: 1) While IMNCI has helped transform child health services, interest and funding have declined and scale-up was rarely achieved; 2) To achieve ambitious new child mortality targets, health systems must be strengthened and universal health coverage ensured; 3) The review proposes renewing focus and action on IMNCI through a "Grand Convergence" to end preventable child deaths, supported by domestic and international financing. The goal is high quality care across home, community and health facilities as part of reproductive, maternal
This document provides an overview and analysis of progress towards universal access to reproductive health and family planning based on key indicators. Some key points:
- Globally, contraceptive use has increased to two-thirds of married women, but 12% still have unmet need. The most common methods are female sterilization and IUD.
- Over 80% of married women's family planning needs are satisfied globally, but less than half in Africa.
- 15.3 million adolescent girls give birth each year. Adolescent contraceptive use and access to family planning services lag behind other age groups.
- Disparities exist based on location, education, and wealth. Rural, less educated and poorer
Berer keynote speech copenhagen 23 may 2013RHMLisa
This document discusses the history and evolution of concepts related to family planning, reproductive health, and women's control over their fertility. It traces the development of these ideas from the 1800s through modern international agreements and initiatives. Over time, the focus has shifted from solely reducing population growth to recognizing women's rights to decide the number and spacing of children. However, implementation of comprehensive reproductive healthcare has faced challenges. The document argues for more inclusive language and services that meet the needs of limiting fertility beyond just family planning.
Dr. Leisinger leads one of the world's largest corporate social-impact initiatives. His presentation will underscore the obligation of ethical companies as partners to address far-reaching health and socio-economic problems. Dr. Leisinger has extensive experience collaborating across the corporate world and public institutions, such as the United Nations and international NGOs. His successes argue for cross-sector partnerships as a proven model for addressing tough problems. The Novartis Foundation's extensive efforts toward achieving the U.N. Millennium Development Goals serves as a tangible case study in how such partnerships can work to achieve global social impact.
An overview of the health situation of youth today is provided in this chapter, which also explores the serious health challenges this vulnerable group is facing with the context of local and global developments. Socio-economic, cultural, educational and other factors affecting young people’s health are examined, and reference is made to particular issues and areas of concern. Emphasis is given to the importance of involving young people in identifying problems and developing solutions to ensure that programmes, policies and health services address their needs.
This document discusses reproductive health issues and conventions. It begins by outlining common reproductive health issues such as harmful practices, unwanted pregnancy, and STDs. It then discusses the International Conference on Population and Development and its goals of guiding principles. The document goes on to define reproductive health and discuss related concepts such as reproductive rights. It also examines indicators of reproductive health like fertility, life expectancy, and perinatal mortality. Overall, the document provides an overview of key topics in reproductive health.
I need these questions answered in about 200 words each and not plag.docxflorriezhamphrey3065
I need these questions answered in about 200 words each and not plagiarized. Please include each answer with references.
MODULE 1
Q1
Defining international or global health is important and some consider global health synonymous with public health. Select one of the following two statements:
1. Global health is public health requiring similar training and research methods.
2. Global health is a separate discipline requiring specific training and research methods.
Identify at least two arguments that support the selected statement and provide sources to support those arguments. Identify and discuss one historical event that is important in how global health is understood today and how that event supports your argument. For one of your substantive responses, identify another classmate that selected the opposite statement and provide at least one point of agreement and one point of disagreement.?
Q2
Poverty is central to health and development in low-income and middle-income countries. State your definition of poverty prior to studying public health. Based on this definition, what would be the focus of poverty alleviation solutions? Based on the relational and spiritual definition of poverty, discuss how the focus of solutions would change to include a holistic approach. Identify an example of a health program or solution that integrates a relational definition of poverty. Watch the video on "Defining Poverty" to help in responding to this discussion question.
RESOURCES
Read Chapter 4 in For the Love of God: Principles and Practice of Compassion in Missions.
Read "The Stages of International (Global) Health: Histories of Successes or Successes of History?" by Birn, from
Global Public Health
(2009). URL:
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsbl&AN=RN243322709&site=eds-live&scope=site
Watch the "Introduction to PUB 655" video in the Participatory Community Development playlist, located in the Student Success Center. This video will explain the overall purpose and focus for this course. The course begins with a broad perspective and then concentrates specifically on engaging communities and vulnerable populations with a focus on Christian health missions. URL:
https://www.gcumedia.com/lms-resources/student-success-center/v3.1/#/media-element/CONHCP/002E95E4-E032-E811-8F95-005056A072B6
Watch the "Defining Poverty" video in the Participatory Community Development playlist, located in the Student Success Center, in preparation for responding to the discussion question in this topic. The video provides an alternative definition of poverty based on relationships rather than only material need. This definition informs one's approach to poverty and engaging lower-income communities. URL:
https://www.gcumedia.com/lms-resources/student-success-center/v3.1/#/media-element/CONHCP/002E95E4-E032-E811-8F95-005056A072B6
Read "Towards a Common Definition of Global Health" by Koplan, Bond,.
Family planning is a basic human right that is still denied to many people worldwide, particularly in low and middle income countries. Over 220 million women in these countries have an unmet need for contraception. Recognizing this issue, international organizations pledged $4.6 billion to support family planning access for 120 million additional women and girls by 2020. DSW, a nonprofit organization, works to ensure family planning is recognized as a right through youth education programs, advocacy, and integrated development projects in countries like Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda.
Family planning is a basic human right that is still denied to many people worldwide, particularly in low and middle income countries. Over 220 million women in these countries have an unmet need for contraception. Recognizing this issue, international organizations pledged $4.6 billion to support family planning access for 120 million additional women and girls by 2020. DSW, a nonprofit organization, works to ensure family planning is recognized as a right through youth education programs, advocacy, and integrated development projects in countries like Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda.
International Conference on Population and Developmentsheldk
Transcript:
1. Goals of the conference
2. Political Atmosphere
3. Key players
4. Old thoery
5. Enviromental Efforts
6. NGO's
7. The Program of Action
8. United States
9. Abortion Debate
10. Outcome
11 Achievements
12. Critics
The document discusses international efforts to promote abortion rights through United Nations bodies and treaties. It describes strategies used by organizations like the Center for Reproductive Rights to influence the interpretation of existing treaties to include abortion rights. They aim to establish abortion as an international norm through "soft law" declarations and court rulings. Their goal is to counter national sovereignty over abortion laws and influence domestic policies and courts. The document also discusses using the Convention on the Rights of the Child to argue the treaty protects children from violence, including abortion.
05 Pat Fagan The State Of Marriage And The Familyamado sandoval
The document summarizes statistics related to five institutions in society: government/citizenship, marketplace/income, education, family/marriage, and religion/worship. It provides data on topics like divorce rates, children born out of wedlock, abuse risks related to family structure, the impact of religious practice on behaviors and well-being, and trends over time in the United States and United Kingdom.
Mhtml File C Documents%20and%20 Settings Familylife My%20 Docuamado sandoval
The Archbishop of Cagayan de Oro, Philippines signed an agreement between a Catholic women's group and government agencies to promote natural family planning. However, after other bishops expressed concerns that the agreement could legitimize contraception, the archbishop canceled it. The bishops were wary that the standard days method discussed could be combined with artificial contraception. They also felt the government might use the Church's involvement to promote contraception. While the archbishop had hoped to collaborate on natural methods, he decided to cancel the agreement without pressure.
The document discusses the Catholic Church's acceptance of the Standard Days Method (SDM) as a form of natural family planning. It provides context on the Church's rejection of collaboration with government population programs but acceptance of using SDM in its own natural family planning programs. It describes SDM as a calendar-based method developed by Georgetown University to identify fertile days in a woman's monthly cycle through using colored beads to track her menstrual periods. It was found to be an effective and widely acceptable method, especially for those who found other natural family planning methods difficult to use.
The document discusses the growth and influence of feminism and its impact on culture and society. It outlines the rise of three waves of feminism from the late 1700s to present. The first wave focused on political and civil rights, while the second wave joined with socialist ideals and pushed for reproductive rights. The third wave returned to original goals but also promoted contraceptive use. Radical feminism is criticized for promoting ideas that separate sex from procreation and see marriage and motherhood as oppressive. The document argues this has led to breakdown of family and culture of death. International organizations are said to have adopted radical feminist agendas around population control and reproductive rights.
Changing Fmily Lifestyles Impact In Asia Monzonamado sandoval
1. The document discusses changing family lifestyles in Asia and their impacts, comparing pre-modern and post-modern families. It notes a shift from kinship ties to individualism and alienation within families.
2. Asian youth are described as feeling angst, confusion and a search for home due to societal changes. Mass media, consumerism, and solo parenting are said to negatively influence family dynamics and traditional Asian values.
3. Solutions proposed include empowering Asian families by recalibrating priorities, rebuilding boundaries, and reinforcing faith and values to strengthen family unity and counter societal influences.
The document discusses how international agreements originally protected women's roles as mothers but now some groups are trying to reinterpret them to include a right to abortion. It describes how UN committees and NGOs are working to convince countries that existing human rights include reproductive and sexual rights like abortion. They issue recommendations to governments to comply with these evolving interpretations of treaties. This strategy has influenced documents and policies in the Philippines through partner NGOs submitting reports to UN committees.
The document discusses 10 "truths" about population control, contraception, and the Catholic Church's teachings. It argues that overpopulation is a myth and population growth boosts economies. It asserts that contraception violates natural law and is immoral, as it can cause abortions by preventing implantation. The document also claims that the Reproductive Health Bill in the Philippines violates the constitution by not protecting the unborn. It concludes by saying the Church's teachings are based on eternal truths that liberate.
Classroom sex education is harmful and should be avoided according to Catholic teachings. It violates the natural privacy of sexual matters and can corrupt the morals of children. While the author was initially unaware of the issues with classroom sex ed, he came to understand through the writings of others that it is never appropriate to teach sex education as a separate classroom subject. The magisterium of the Catholic Church prohibits classroom sex education and sees it as an obligation of parents, not schools, to educate children about sexuality.
This document outlines 12 reasons for opposing the Reproductive Health Bill 5043 in the Philippines. It argues that the bill 1) is based on flawed data about population growth rates, 2) places too much emphasis on contraception at the expense of healthcare, and 3) promotes abortion through contraceptives that can prevent implantation. Additionally, it claims the bill will 4) not reduce abortions, 5) promote social stigma against large families, 6) legislate mandatory sex education that does not reduce risky behavior, 7) force healthcare providers to make abortion referrals against their conscience, 8) force employers to provide abortion-causing contraceptives, 9) fine or imprison dissent, and 10) provide contraception to children without parental
The document advertises an upcoming conference on "Faith, Life & Family" to take place in Miri, Malaysia from November 19-22, 2009. It provides information on costs and registration. The document then discusses population control efforts in the Philippines from the 1950s onwards and challenges facing the pro-life movement, including threats from groups promoting population control and a potentially unfavorable political situation after the 2010 national elections.
The document summarizes the origins of various Christian religions, noting the founder and year founded for Lutheranism (Martin Luther, 1517), the Church of England (King Henry VIII, 1534), Presbyterianism (John Knox, 1560), Protestant Episcopalianism (Samuel Seabury, 17th century), Congregationalism (Robert Brown, 1582), Methodism (John and Charles Wesley, 1744), Unitarianism (Theophilus Lindley, 1774), Mormonism (Joseph Smith, 1829), Baptist (John Smyth, 1605), Dutch Reformed church (Michaelis Jones, 1628), Salvation Army (William Booth, 1865), Christian Science (Mary Baker Edd
The document summarizes three common myths about homosexuality and provides counterpoints to each. [1] It argues that while biology may play a role in predisposition, social and psychological factors are more influential. [2] It claims that for some, homosexual feelings can diminish through therapy and support groups, though change may not be desired by all. [3] It concludes that research shows homosexuality is not as healthy as heterosexuality, and encouraging same-sex attractions in teens can increase risks rather than help.
The document outlines the history of the birth control pill from its conception in the early 20th century to developments through the late 20th century. It describes key events like the first human trials in the 1950s, FDA approval in the 1960s, concerns about side effects in the 1960s and 70s, and lowering of hormone doses in pills over time. The timeline shows how the pill progressed from a radical idea to a widely used contraceptive, but also documents ongoing debates around its health impacts and use.
House Bill 956 proposes to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity in issuing licenses and legal documents. The document opposes legalizing same-sex unions for several reasons: it could eliminate the role of marriage in procreation and child-rearing, restructure society by creating different relationship types, homosexual parenting is not the best environment for children, and there is no discrimination without injustice. The document argues the bill is unnecessary as existing laws already prohibit discrimination.
This document outlines opposition to HB 956, which prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. Key points made include:
1) Sexual orientation and gender identity are superficial classifications that can change over time, making them unreasonable bases for legal protections.
2) HB 956 violates equal protection by favoring those who openly embrace homosexual lifestyles over those who do not.
3) The bill's broad definition of "discrimination" could allow manipulation and false accusations that are difficult to disprove.
4) HB 956 may undermine other laws and parental rights if passed. Existing laws already provide sufficient protections for human rights.
This document provides information about natural contraceptive methods. It discusses the rationale for making natural methods available as a way to increase contraceptive choice. It describes various natural methods like fertility awareness and calendar-based approaches. It also discusses research to simplify natural methods and new technologies being developed to help women determine and manage their own fertility. The document outlines the physiological basis for natural methods, explaining how fertility signs like cervical secretions and basal body temperature changes can indicate the fertile window in a woman's menstrual cycle.
The Standard Days Method (SDM) is a natural family planning method that identifies the fixed fertile window in a woman's menstrual cycle. Users of the method avoid unprotected sex from days 8-19 of the cycle to prevent pregnancy. Studies show the SDM to be over 95% effective with correct use. The SDM expands family planning options and has been recognized by the WHO as a best practice. It appeals to new family planning users and helps address unmet need due to its ease of use and lack of side effects.
The document discusses expanding contraceptive choice by supporting the development of modern and effective methods of natural family planning. Since 1965, USAID has supported research into natural methods and broadening the mix of methods to meet the needs of couples who prefer natural options. Natural family planning methods are based on sound biological principles and have been tested in scientifically recognized clinical trials. They provide an alternative for women who want to use natural methods for medical or personal reasons without requiring contraceptive supplies.
Bishops from across Asia met in Manila to discuss challenges facing the Catholic church in the region. These included declining membership as more Catholics marry outside the church and convert to their spouse's religion. Attracting new priests is also a problem due to poverty and secularization deterring young men from joining the priesthood. Violence against Christians in some Asian countries and government corruption were additional issues addressed.
1. Confronting the MDGs
Using the Language of the Culture of Life1
By
Atty. Jo M Imbong2
In Year 2000, taking advantage of the turn of the millennium, then United
Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan proposed a common intergovernmental
framework for development priorities. The Millennium Summit, New York, September
2000 produced the MILLENNIUM DECLARATION, adopted by 189 heads of state as
measures to end extreme poverty by the year 2015.
There are eight (8) Millennium Goals:
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIVs/AIDs, malaria and other infectious deceases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development
The Millennium Development Goals were adopted by the Philippine
Government soon after their approval in the United Nations.
1
3rd Mindanao Life and Health Congress, Dipolog City Convention Center,
Philippines, October 13-14, 2007.
2
Legal Office, Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines.
1
2. Reproductive Health is not listed above. Whether the omission is deliberate, that
is not the question. Rather, does its silence rule out the reproductive health agenda
altogether? Or are the MDGs new semantics for an old and malevolent agenda?
Stan Bernstein, Senior Sexual and Reproductive Health Policy Adviser to the
Millennium Development Project explained:
1. The UN does not want debate and controversy, where it
acknowledged the controversial and politically sensitive nature
of reproductive health (which inevitably brings in its wake
abortion “again and forever”.3 Gender relations and
adolescents’ “needs” for information and services add more
controversy.
2. While each of the eight GOALS inter-related components
targeting the problem of poverty, Reproductive Health is
difficult to position or integrate within those eight components.
3. The concept of “unmet need” is an “attitudinal variable” which
is difficult to quantify, hence, it is not acceptable as an
indicator of the level of poverty eradication since the MDG
monitoring framework is built around specific quantifiable
benchmarks. Moreover, attitudes on population and fertility
unfold over long periods of time, whereas targets of the MDG
are for the short term (2015).4
Bernstein writes that the Millennium Declaration provided an alternate and
complementary framework to ICPD, and describes it as “an offspring of ICPD” with
many similar elements.5 Notably, Bernstein is of the opinion the omission of
population issues in the MDG’s implicitly assumes that population dynamics are
merely “an outcome of progress toward other desired ends in the MDG’s.”6
While you might now harbor well-founded conclusions on the language of the
MDGs, I invite you to consider what else have been written and said by the
international community about the MDGs in its present form.
International Planned Parenthood Federation had noted the omission:
“Explicit mention of sexual and reproductive health and rights is
missing from the MDGs, however. In particular, no mention is made of
3
Ibid.
4
Ibid., p. 130.
5
Stan Bernstein, “The Changing Discourse on Population and Development: Toward
a New Political Demography”, STUDIES IN FAMILY PLANNING, vol. 36, No. 2, June
2005, p. 129.
6
Ibid.
2
3. the core goal of ICPD that focuses on meeting the sexual and reproductive
health needs and rights of women, men, and young people globally. This
is the only goal set forth at all of the United Nations global development
conferences of the 1990’s that did not become an MDG.” 7
A very candid and straightforward reaction to the MDGs comes from Professor
Alaka Malwade Basu8 who wrote:
“Many of the Millennium Development Goals are an integral part
of any reproductive health agenda.
The problem is x x x how we can keep reproductive health and
rights in the center of the policymaking process, both directly--by adding
them to the MDG agenda--and also more discreetly, by means of some
suggestions I outline below.”9
How “discreet”, the Professor explains thus:
“Perhaps the language of reproductive health (even if not the
language of reproductive rights) will be allowed to inform [infuse] some
of the 18 specific targets elaborating the eight goals of the project.
1. x x x perhaps a number of measures of reproductive health
outcomes beyond the few that are already included will be added to
the 48 indicators of progress in the MDG project.
2. Various task force Reports of the Millennium Development Project
include clearly stated references to reproductive health matters in
several places. 10
3. Much can be done outside the formal dictates of United Nations
declarations. Much must be done in this way.
4. A number of important nongovernmental organizations private
foundations and national governments x x x remain loyal to the
reproductive health paradigm and to the idea that women’s
7
Steven W. Sinding, “Keeping Sexual and R eproductive Health at the Forefront of
Global Efforts to Reduce Poverty”, STUDIES IN FAMILY PLANNING, vol. 36, No. 2,
June 2005, p. 141.
8
Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Cornell University 323 Uris Hall,
Ithaca NY 14853-7601 <ab54@cornell.edu>
9
Alaka Malwade Basu, “The Millennium Development Goals Minus Reproductive
Health: An Unfortunate, But Not Disastrous, Omission”, STUDIES IN FAMILY
PLANNING, vol. 36, No. 2, June 2005 132.
10
See Report of the MDG Task Force on Gender Equality at the later part of this
Paper.
3
4. reproductive rights are central to any sustained poverty-alleviation
strategy.
What is to keep these various organizations from continuing the
fight through their bilateral funding, their advice, their research
support, and their grassroots activity?
5. Even if the Ford Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation have lost
interest in population and reproductive health matters, several ‘new
money’ foundations, such as the William and Flora Hewlett
Foundation the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, and the Bill &
Melinda Gates Foundations, have the resources and the commitment to
replace them in the field.11
6. Co-opting the language of the Millennium Develoopment Project
should be easy enough. Numerous examples of such borrowing of
currently fashionable language exist x x x .
7. In the light of such questionable linguistic tactics, those in the
reproductive health field will be doing women in poor countries a
favor by employing the language of the Millennium Development
Project to press for what were once clearly defined reproductive-
health-related activities.
Such an application of MDG language will not be a subterfuge at
all, because even if the political language of the reproductive health
agenda is temporarily shelved for strategic reasons 12, the MDGs and
the reproductive health agendas are each the means and the ends of
the other. Each requires, sustains, and promotes the other. 13
On the sensitive question of abortion in the MDGs, Prof. Basu observes:
“The only component of reproductive health that will not lend
itself easily to being incorporated into the Millennium Development
project is the vexing question of access to abortion.
But here too, instead of trying to bring the subject directly into the
MDG discourse, much can be gained by imitating the CAIRO Programme
of Action’s less specific language about the ‘sovereignty’ of countries and
their right to implement policies that are ‘consistent with national laws
and development policies’. This language can be used without referring
to abortion or sexual rights.
11
Alaka Malwade Basu, Ibid., p. 133.
12
“Strategic reasons” obvious to the discerning reader.
13
Ibid., p. 134.
4
5. In Cairo, it was a way to appease the Vatican and the Islamic
states. If it 14 were used in the MDG discourse, it would serve to energize
and motivate those groups and nations that already have a legal
commitment and/or a commitment in principle to providing women with
access to abortion, one more way of ensuring women’s right to
reproductive health.”15
Confirming Prof. Basu.
The silence of the MDGs about RH, however, is not the end of the matter.
Adrienne Germain16 and Ruth Dixon-Mueller are more definitive. They wrote:
“Although reproductive health is not specifically named as a goal,
it is widely acknowledged that universal access to reproductive health
services, including family planning and sexual health, is required for
the achievement of the MDGs (Sachs 2001; Singh et al. 2003; United
Nations Millennium Project 205; WHO’ 2002 and 2004)” 17
The declarations of Basu, Bernstein, and Germain are further confirmed by subsequent
actions in the United Nations. An independent advisory body was thereafter
commissioned to advise the UN on strategies for achieving the Goals. Known as the
UN Millennium Project, its Final Report speaks of a “demographically-related
poverty trap” and “attributes to population a significantly causal role in
development.”18 The MILLENNIUM PROJECT REPORT speaks for itself:19
“(1) Rapid population growth continues to be recognized as creating a
demographic poverty trap in the poorest countries, reflecting the
impact of pov erty on the ability to make investments, as well as the
treadmill effect of ever-increasing levels of expenditure required for
the provision of basic social services.
(2) Sexual and reproductive health and rights are recognized as central
pillars of gender equality.
14
The “special language”.
15
Ibid.
16
Adrienne Germain is President, International Women’s Health Coalition, 333
Seventh Avenue, Sixth Floor, New York, 10001, agermain@iwhc.org. Ruth Dixon-
Mueller is a consultant. dixonmueller@yahoo.com
17
Adrienne Germain and Ruth Dixon-Mueller, “Reproductive Health and the MDGs: Is
the Glass Half Full or Half Empty?”, STUDIES IN FAMILY PLANNING, vol. 36, No. 2,
June 2005, p. 137.
18
Ibid.
19
Stan Bernstein, ‘The Changing Discourse on Population and Development:
Toward a New Political Demography”, STUDIES IN FAMILY PLANNING, vol. 36, No.
2, June 2005, p. 130.
5
6. (3) Sexual and reproductive health are recognized as essential to progress
against illness and mortality among mothers, infants, and populations at
risk of acquiring HIV/AIDS.
(4) Population dynamics are recognized as a background driver to climate
change.”
The MILLENNIUM PROJECT REPORT continues 20:
“Sexual and reproductive health is essential for reaching the
Goals. It entails healthy voluntary, and safe sexual and reproductive
choices x x x Maternal mortality takes some 529,000 lives a year. Of
those deaths, around 68,000 are due to unsafe abortion, a sign of the n eed
for better access to higher quality family planning services to prevent
unwanted pregnancies and (where permitted by law) to safe abortion
practices.
“But promoting reproductive health requires more than simply
delivering services and information to prevent disease and reduce risk. It
includes:
■ Family planning, including access to modern contraceptives and
informed and voluntary choice of family planning methods.
■ Safe motherhood including antenatal, postnatal and normal delivery
services and emergency obstetric care.
■ Postabortion care and access to safe abortion, where permitted by
law.
■ A continuum of prevention, treatment, and care for HIV/AIDS and
other sexually transmitted infections.
■ Prevention, surveillance, and care for gender-based violence.
■ Action against harmful traditional practices, such as female genital
mutilation and early and coerced marriage.
■ Information and services for underserved populations including
diverse groups of adolescents, people in emergency situations
and men.”
The question then should be asked: How will the eight goals be accomplished?
According to the MILLENNIUM PROJECT REPORT :
“To achieve GOAL 1- Eliminating Extreme Poverty and Hunger:
Smaller families and longer birth intervals, a result of
contraceptive use, allow families to invest more in each child’s nutrition
and health. That can reduce poverty and hunger for all members of a
20
Ibid., p. 146.
6
7. household. At the national level, voluntary reduction of birth rates may
enable faster social and economic development.
To achieve GOAL 2 - Universal Primary Education:
Families with fewer children, and children spaced further apart,
can afford to invest more in each child’s education. This has a special
benefit for girls, whose education may have lower priority than that of
boys in the family. In addition, girls who have access to contraceptives
are less likely than those who do not to become pregnant and drop out of
school.
To achieve GOAL 3 - Promote gender equality and empower women:
Controlling whether and when to have children is a critical
aspect of women’s empowerment Women who can plan the timing and
number of their births also have greater opportunities for work,
education, and social participation outside the home.
To achieve GOAL 4 - Reduce child mortality:
Prenatal care the ability to avoid high-risk births (such as those to
very young women and those spaced closely together) help prevent infant
and child deaths. Children in large families are likely to have reduced
health care, and unwanted children are more likely to die than wanted
ones.
To achieve GOAL 5- Improve Maternal health:
Preventing unplanned and high-risk pregnancies and providing
care I pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period save women’s
lives.
To achieve GOAL 6- Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.
Sexual and reproductive health care includes preventing and
treating sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS. In addition,
reproductive health care can bring patients into the health care
system encouraging diagnosis and treatment of other diseases and
conditions .
In relation to HIV, the Report of the Task Force on Gender Equality finds that:
“Women’s economic dependency makes them more vulnerable to
HIV and other sexually transmitted infections Research from around the
world has shown that when women are economically vulnerable they
7
8. are less able to negotiate the use of condoms or other forms of safer
sex, less likely to be able to leave a relationship that they perceive to be
risky, and more likely to increase their risk by exchanging sex with
multiple partners for money.21
To achieve GOAL 7 - Ensure environmental sustainability
Providing sexual and reproductive health services and avoiding
unwanted births can help stabilize population numbers in rural areas ,
slow urban migration, and balance natural resource use with the needs of
the population.
To achieve GOAL 8 - Develop a global partnership for development.
Affordable prices for drugs to treat HIV/AIDS and a secure
supply of contraceptives would greatly advance reproductive health
programs in all developing countries.
Notably, the REPORT is quite candid in acknowledging that22--
“There are numerous channels (entry points in the MDG) to
integrate sexual and reproductive health services in a strengthened health
system.
For example, maternal and child health services can provide an
opportunity for family planning information programs, referrals, and
services.”
HIV prevention an be better linked with other reproductive
health and service interventions.
Expanding the scale of family planning service delivery should
include a range of contraceptive options to meet the needs of specific
populations and accommodate choice and appropriate method-
switching.”
Adolescents are a major target identified in the Millennium Project Report:
“A large cohort of adolescents--1.3 billion, mostly in less developed
countries--will require separate facilities addressing a complex of life skill
needs--including productive and entrepreneurial skills for employment, literacy
and numeracy training, and nutrition and health information SO FAR SO
GOOD . . . including that of reproductive health.23
21
Ibid., p. 149
22
Ibid., p. 147.
23
Ibid.
8
9. Programs for adolescents are small, with limited coverage. They need to
be scaled up to provide full services to the entire adolescent population.” 24
The school curriculum for young people is not spared25:
Curriculum reform must be undertaken to make age-appropriate
materials, acceptable in the local context, available in school systems.
According to the Report of the Millennium Task Force on Gender Equality:26
“Girls’ education is important. Schools can provide life skills
education, including information on health, nutrition, and family
planning. Ideally, such curricula would be introduced in primary
schools and continue through the secondary level.
Interventions to improve girls’ and women’s sexual and
reproductive health and rights are needed both in the health system and in
other sectors, such as education and the legal system. 27
Out-of-school youth will not be spared.
Mass media, folk media and other information outreach
approaches must be expanded to reach the large number of out-of-school
young”.28
PTA’s are also targets.
“Working with existing institutions parents, parent groups,
cultural leaders can make information and services more effective for
young people.” 29
Vanguards in the Military are not exempt:
“Service delivery to men in the military and police forces has also
been important in scaling up many national reproductive health programs.
Additional programs addressed to men and boys are needed x x x “ 30
On the goal of GENDER EQUALITY.
24
Ibid., p. 154.
25
Ibid.
26
Ibid., p. 154.
27
Ibid., p. 152.
28
Ibid.
29
Ibid.
30
Ibid.
9
10. On the third GOAL, the UN TASK FORCE ON EDUCATION AND GENDER
EQUALITY (a significant part of the Millennium Project Report) is more explicit in its
strategies. 31:
“Achieving Goal 3 requires guaranteeing women’s and girl’s
sexual and reproductive health and rights. Adolescent fertility rates
remain high, and young women have higher chances of suffering from
complications at birth. They also have a higher unmet need for
contraception x x x
Necessary actions to address these problems are ensuring universal
access to sexual and reproductive health services through the primary
system, providing women and girls with full access to sexual and
reproductive health information and fulfilling all the commitments in
the CAIRO Programme of Action x x x. Interventions are needed within
and outside the health system.“
Great emphasis on sex education:
Outside the health system sexuality education programs are needed
to lay the foundation for improved sexual and reproductive health
outcomes. Ultimately, these interventions must be supported by enabling
policy and a political environment that guarantees women’s and girls’
sexual and reproductive rights. Current threats to those rights must
be be opposed if Goal 3 is to be achieved.32
More emphatically-- the Task Force on Education and Gender Equality says:
“x x x a large body of evidence shows that sexual and
reproductive health and rights are central to women’s ability to build
their capabilities, take advantage of economic and political
opportunities, and control their destinies. For this reason, the task force
has identified guaranteeing sexual and reproductive health and
rights as a strategic priority for achieving gender equality and the
empowerment of women.”
Germain and Dixon-Meuller have a last word on abortion--
“Abortion is permitted by law on some grounds in virtually all
countries (WHO 2003), so that all primary health-care and family
planning facilities should be able to provide, directly or through referral,
early menstrual regulation and safe abortion services.
31
Ibid., p. 148.
32
Ibid.
10
11. For a broader, more beneficial effect, the Task Force on Child
Health and Maternal Health [of the Millennium Development Project]
might have recommended policies and programs to ensure that all
abortions are performed safely in order to eliminate this preventable
cause of maternal mortality.
The Task Force recommendation that “For abortion as for other
areas of sexual and reproductive health, governments and other
relevant actors should review and revise laws, regulations, and
practices that jeopardize women’s health” is significant, however, and
should be widely pursued (United Nations Millennium Project Task Force
on Child Health and Maternal Health 2005 page 74).33
This MDG report is so overwhelming, I must admit. But this is just the
beginning. To continue, I must now proffer a question:
If the Philippines subscribed to the MDGs, does the Philippine
government also subscribe to the strategy to incorporate sexual and
reproductive health and rights in the MDGs ?
Before we confirm our answers, allow me a side note.
When sexual and reproductive health were omitted in the MDG’s, IPPF
Director General, Steven Sinding34 wrote that IPPF had openly urged its member
associations--
“To encourage their governments to press the September 2005
Millennium Summit that will review progress in implementing MDGs to x
x x modify the language of MDG 5 (“Improve Maternal Health”)
explicitly to include reference to reproductive health (“Improve
Maternal and Reproductive Health”)” 35
It seems that the Philippines has hearkened to the IPPF invitation.
Enter: DILG Order 2004-152.
Promulgated in 2004, Admin. Order 152 of the Department of Interior and
Logal Government adopts the eight goals and lays down the guidelines for
“localizing” the MDGs. Signed by then DILG Secretary Angelo Reyes, Goal 5
“Improve Maternal Health” became ”Improved Women’s Reproductive Health” :
33
Ibid., p. 139.
34
IPPF, Regent’s College, London NW1 4NS, U.K. <ssinding@ippf.org>
35
Steven W. Sinding, Ibid., p. 142.
11
12. With specific Targets:
“Reduce maternal mortality rate by 75% by 2015.
Increase access to reproductive health services to 60% by 2005, 80% by
2010 & 100% by 2015
Conduct of advocacy and other related services on the following
reproductive health (RH) elements:
● Family Planning (FP). All methods including voluntary
sterilization service (VSS) be made available to all men and women of
reproductive age
● Establishment of functional Community Based Management
Information Systems (C BMIS) for family planning and other RH
services.
● Provision of family planning education, counseling, services
including VSS and contraceptives for both men and women of
reproductive age
● Ensure adequate supply of contraceptive commodity for current
users and new acceptors
● Resolution on the adoption and implementation of
Contraceptive Self Reliance (CSR) on Family Planning
Promotion of and education on shared parenting responsibilities
Maternal Child Health and Nutrition
Provision of comprehensive pre-natal, natal and post-natal care for
all pregnant women.
Provision of iron tablets and vitamin A capsues for pregnant and
lactating mothers
Establishment/upgrading primary hospitals, maternal clinics and
other health facilities to provide obstetric care
Increase access to basic and comprehensive emergency obstetric
care
Promotion of facility based delivery among pregnant women
Supplemental feeding for malnourished pregnant women
Violence Against Women and Children (VAWC)
Provision of medical, legal, psychological services to victim-survivors of
violence against women and children
Ensure the participation of the community in preventing VAWC and
protection of VAWC victim-surrvivors
Provision of counseling services to perpetrators of VAWC
Men’s Reproductive Health
Increase male involvement in reproductive health activities
12
13. Adolescent reproductive health (ARH)
Massive education on fertility, responsible sexuality and healthy
development including healthy lifestyle through formal education or
outreach activity for young people
Educate parents on fertility, sexuality and RH and mobilize them for the
provision of information in to young people
Provision of health services and counseling
Education and Counseling on Sexuality and Sexual Education
Conduct of fertility awareness campaign and responsible parenthood
● Prevention and treatment of reproductive tract infections (RTIs)/STD/
HIV/AIDS
● Breast and reproductive tract cancers
● Provision of breast and cancer prevention and treatment services
(e.g. acetic acid wash, pap smear, screening, referral) in
selected RHU facilities
● Prevention and Management of Abortion and its complications
● Counseling services incorporated in family planning
● Development of capabilities of health workers in the areas of
maternal care, childbirth, family planning PMAC, VAWC,
ARH and other health care services.”
As for budgetary allocations-
“ LGUs are encouraged to intensify efforts in the implementation
of programs, projects and activities (PPAs) toward the achievement of te
MDGs. LGUs are expected to increase their budgetary allocations for
basic social services responsive to MDGs.”
This DILG directive explains the spate of local Ordinances being proposed and enacted
in Aurora Province, Tagbilaran City, Olongapo City, Quezon City, and lately, Ifugao.
What reasonable-minded government and citizen will oppose:
“improved maternal health, eradicating extreme poverty,
reducing child mortality”?
Are not all these noble intentions?
While apparently noble, the ultimate results of these MDGs are forced,
manipulative programs to promote sterilization, contraception, and abortion—all
of which are being justified under a rationale of achieving peace, economic
development, and social justice.
Using these honorable aspirations to cloak an otherwise pernicious and
discredited “population crisis” agenda brings the utmost injustice to the poorest
13
14. people in the planet who look to the new millennium for new hope for a better
life. On the other hand, in navigating this invidious route, the developed and
powerful countries miss out on a millennium opportunity to effectively create an
environment conducive to rescuing communities from dire poverty and
affirming their new hopes.
WHAT SHOULD OUR COMMUNITIES BE DOING?
We are called upon to--
1. Study. At the World Conference on Population in 1974 in Bucharest, Pope
Paul VI said:
All population policies and strategies . . . must be evaluated
in light of the sacredness of human life, the dignity of every
human being, the inviolability of all human rights, the value of
marriage and the need for economic and social justice. 36
For-- “The human person is the synthesis of the universe and is
the reason for everything that exists.”37
2. Fidelity. Citizens are obliged in conscience not to follow the directives of
civil authorities when they are contrary to the demands of the
moral order, to the fundamental rights of persons or the
teachings of the Gospel. “We must obey God rather than
men.” 38
3. Sensitivity. Seek, know, and fill the authentic needs of your community.
4. People development. Make population a solid economic force. In the
words of Pope Paul VI--
“You must strive to multiply bread so that it suffices for the
tables of mankind, and not favor an artificial control of birth…in
order to diminish the number of guests at the banquet of life.”
4. Honesty. Use the language of the Culture of Life to drown out the
language of the Culture of Death.
36
Javier Lorenzo Cardinal Barragán, President of the Pontifical Council for Pastoral
Assistance to Healthcare Workers, speaking at the Vatican-sponsored World Day of the Sick on
February 10, 2004,
37
Ibid.
38
Acts, 5:29.
14
15. POST-MODERN MANIPULATIONS OF LANGUAGE
Words that are not what they mean39
voluntary interruption of pregnancy abortion
voluntary termination of pregnancy abortion
menstrual regulation abortion
control over the woman’s body abortion
embryonic reduction abortion
prenatal sex selection abortion
regulation of fertility “and other methods
of their choice” includes abortion
reproductive health services includes abortion
sexual and reproductive health rights includes abortion
safe motherhood, ligtas buntis contraception, mostly artificial means
reproductive health center abortion clinic
sexual professional prostitute
sex worker prostitute
serial monogamy promiscuity
inter-generational love child molestation, pedophilia
interspecies love bestiality
alternative lifestyle sexual perversion
unhealthy repression self-discipline, self-control
diversity unnatural sexual behavior
homosexual behavior
other forms of family same-sex partners
adult material pornography
sexually explicit material pornography
death with dignity euthanasia, assisted suicide
in cooperation with relevant interested parties usurping parents’ roles
with peers, other caregivers, educators and
health-care providers excluding parents
rights of the child to access to information excluding parents
consistent with the evolving capacities
of the child excluding parents
the child’s right to confidentiality & privacy excluding parents
youth should be involved in the design and
39
Can these be the ‘less specific language’ described/suggested by Prof. Basu? Please see footnote no.
8.
15
16. implementation of youth programs excluding parents
On Sustainable Development, a strong caveat is in order:
“The incorrect understanding of sustainable development calls
for programming the human species—population control—in order to
protect all animal and vegetative species, seen as equals, from human
beings whose excessive production and consumption threaten the
survival of these species.” (AlbanD’Entremont,Ph.D.
“The Family and Sustainable Development”
Doctor of Geography, University of Navarre)
In the context of the United Nations paradigm, by sustainable
development is meant a development where the different factors involved (food,
health, education, technology, population, environment, etc.) are brought into
harmony so as to avoid imbalanced growth and the waste of resources.
As the Pontifical Council for the Family points out, however, it is the
developed countries of the world that will determine the criteria for “sustainable
development” for the other nations. Thus, certain rich countries and major
international organizations are willing to help developing nations, but only on
the condition that they accept public programs that systematically control birth
rates. In the New Paradigm, Cardinal Barragán asserts, “sustainable
development” becomes the supreme ecological value.
Words which challenge / defy national sovereignty
Must Require Every effort
Establish Should Create
Necessary Entitled Ensure
Imperative Monitor Review and revise
Adopt Modify
THE STRAIGHTFORWARD LANGUAGE
of the
Culture of Life
Words that express protection of human life
inherent dignity of all human beings
dignity and worth of the human person
prenatal care, postnatal care
right to life, right of the unborn
Words that value and safeguard family
The family, the basic unit of society
16
17. the natural and fundamental group of society
a strong force of human cohesion
should be strengthened
the domestic economy
stable, supportive and nurturing family relationships
husband and wife
promote family friendly policies and services
to strengthen the family
contributing to the welfare of the family
impact on family well-being
impact on families
grant assistance to families in difficult situations
an environment supportive of the family
policies to support family security
Words that respect parents
Parents have a prior right
The child’s right to know and be cared for by his parents
That responsibility lies in the first place with the parents
Respect for the fundamental and natural rights of parents
Respecting their cultural values and religious beliefs . . . particularly
Parents
The role of parents and legal guardians in the upbringing of children
Acknowledge and safeguard the central role of parents and families
Respect for the liberty of parents
With proper regard for parental guidance
Recognizing the rights and duties of parents for direction & guidance
Including parents with respect to their children’s education
Taking into account the rights and duties of parents
Should involve the active participation of parents and families
Moral well being/moral upbringing of children and youth
Words that respect religious values
fully respect various religions and ethical values
within a framework of ethical values
abstinence
fidelity
ensure the religious and moral education of their children
freedom of thought, conscience, and religious belief
the right to profess and practice their religion
without offense to religious beliefs and rights of conscience
moral, ethical, spiritual
in harmony with spiritual and cultural values
“What is truth?”
Pontius Pilate asked this of The Christ. With that challenge, the
interrogator became the agent of his own damnation. If he was really searching
17
18. for truth, he was already face-to-face with The Truth. But his heart did not
yearn for truth. And so, he never found it.
Right to truthful information
The right of the citizen to information on matters of public concern is a
constitutional right. Necessarily, the right to information includes the right to
truth on matters affecting the public interest--population data and
population figures included. Public policy that is rooted on a false premise will
be a faulty policy. And a faulty policy harms the common good. And since
“public office is a public trust” 40 public authority that falsifies the truth about
matters of public concern betrays the public whose best interest it is mandated
to serve.
My friends, we have seen how power politics has invaded the region of
the soul. Altered social conditions have diluted our basic holdings and have
gone a long way in upsetting our moral and spiritual values.
We have then to be tough in our determination to put the first things first
and to meet the world’s philosophies with a toughness at least as obstinate as
theirs. We must keep our eyes open all the time, and our hands always on the
plow. Ericti muriamur. Happy indeed is the man who so lives that the final
hour may find him spiritually, and even physically, on his feet. 41
Thank you, and a good day to you all.
40
Art.XI, Sec. 1, Constitution.
41
With apologies to Dom Hubert van Zeller, OSB, “We Die Standing Up”, Image Books.
18