Testing: an Introduction and Panorama
- what testing is
- perspectives on testing
- xUnit, TDD, acceptance testing
- pointers to more stuff about testing
This presentation gives you a walkthorugh on CTFL module 01.
Covers in detail about-
1. Fundamentals of testing
2. Terminologies in testing
3. Seven testing principles
4. Fundamental test process
When created early in the product development lifecycle, a trace matrix can do more than just help you gain FDA approval for your device. Unfortunately, many companies create the matrix sporadically during a project, mainly right before regulatory submission—too late to capture the benefits a well-maintained matrix can deliver.
During this recorded webinar, guest speaker Steve Rakitin, President of Software Quality Consulting, discussed five of the benefits gained by maintaining a matrix throughout the project. A software engineer with more than 20 years of experience in the medical device industry, Steve explains how a trace matrix can help you:
- Plan and estimate testing and validation needs
- Ensure all requirements are implemented
- Verify that all requirements have been tested
- Manage change throughout product development
- Provide evidence that hazard mitigations are implemented and validated
This presentation gives you a walkthorugh on CTFL module 01.
Covers in detail about-
1. Fundamentals of testing
2. Terminologies in testing
3. Seven testing principles
4. Fundamental test process
When created early in the product development lifecycle, a trace matrix can do more than just help you gain FDA approval for your device. Unfortunately, many companies create the matrix sporadically during a project, mainly right before regulatory submission—too late to capture the benefits a well-maintained matrix can deliver.
During this recorded webinar, guest speaker Steve Rakitin, President of Software Quality Consulting, discussed five of the benefits gained by maintaining a matrix throughout the project. A software engineer with more than 20 years of experience in the medical device industry, Steve explains how a trace matrix can help you:
- Plan and estimate testing and validation needs
- Ensure all requirements are implemented
- Verify that all requirements have been tested
- Manage change throughout product development
- Provide evidence that hazard mitigations are implemented and validated
Exploratory testing is an approach to testing that emphasizes the freedom and responsibility of testers to continually optimize the value of their work. It is the process of three mutually supportive activities done in parallel: learning, test design, and test execution. With skill and practice, exploratory testers typically uncover an order of magnitude more problems than when the same amount of effort is spent on procedurally scripted testing. All testers conduct exploratory testing in one way or another, but few know how to do it systematically to obtain the greatest benefits. Even fewer can articulate the process. James Bach looks at specific heuristics and techniques of exploratory testing that will help you get the most from this highly productive approach. James focuses on the skills and dynamics of exploratory testing, and how it can be combined with scripted approaches.
From previous year researches, it is concluded that testing is playing a vital role in the development of the software product. As, software testing is a single approach to assure the quality of the software so most of the development efforts are put on the software testing. But software testing is an expensive process and consumes a lot of time. So, testing should be start as early as possible in the development to control the money and time problems. Even, testing should be performed at every step in the software development life cycle (SDLC) which is a structured approach used in the development of the software product. Software testing is a tradeoff between budget, time and quality. Now a day, testing becomes a very important activity in terms of exposure, security, performance and usability. Hence, software testing faces a collection of challenges.
Static techniques can improve both quality and productivity by impressive factors. Static testing is not magic and it should not be considered a replacement for dynamic testing, but all software organizations should consider using reviews in all major aspects of their work including requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. Static analysis tools implement automated checks, e.g. on code
"To be tested a system has to be designed to be tested"
Eberhardt Rechtin, The Art Of System Architecting
Testing is one of the main activities through which we gather data to assess the quality of our software; this makes testability an important attribute of software--not only for development, but also for maintenance and bug fixing.
Design for testability is a term that has its origin in hardware design, where the concept was introduced in order to make it easier testing circuits while reducing the costs of doing so.
In this talk I'll show how to translate this concept to the software domain along with the consequences on various aspects of the development activities, both from the technical point of view (e.g., design, code quality, choice of frameworks, etc.), and the product management point of view (e.g., management of team dependencies, delivery time, costs, etc.). I'll provide examples based on real world experience, both for the technical and the management aspects.
QA Interview Questions With Answers from software testing experts. Frequently asked questions in Quality Assurance (QA) interview for freshers and experienced professionals.
Exploratory testing is an approach to testing that emphasizes the freedom and responsibility of testers to continually optimize the value of their work. It is the process of three mutually supportive activities done in parallel: learning, test design, and test execution. With skill and practice, exploratory testers typically uncover an order of magnitude more problems than when the same amount of effort is spent on procedurally scripted testing. All testers conduct exploratory testing in one way or another, but few know how to do it systematically to obtain the greatest benefits. Even fewer can articulate the process. James Bach looks at specific heuristics and techniques of exploratory testing that will help you get the most from this highly productive approach. James focuses on the skills and dynamics of exploratory testing, and how it can be combined with scripted approaches.
From previous year researches, it is concluded that testing is playing a vital role in the development of the software product. As, software testing is a single approach to assure the quality of the software so most of the development efforts are put on the software testing. But software testing is an expensive process and consumes a lot of time. So, testing should be start as early as possible in the development to control the money and time problems. Even, testing should be performed at every step in the software development life cycle (SDLC) which is a structured approach used in the development of the software product. Software testing is a tradeoff between budget, time and quality. Now a day, testing becomes a very important activity in terms of exposure, security, performance and usability. Hence, software testing faces a collection of challenges.
Static techniques can improve both quality and productivity by impressive factors. Static testing is not magic and it should not be considered a replacement for dynamic testing, but all software organizations should consider using reviews in all major aspects of their work including requirements, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. Static analysis tools implement automated checks, e.g. on code
"To be tested a system has to be designed to be tested"
Eberhardt Rechtin, The Art Of System Architecting
Testing is one of the main activities through which we gather data to assess the quality of our software; this makes testability an important attribute of software--not only for development, but also for maintenance and bug fixing.
Design for testability is a term that has its origin in hardware design, where the concept was introduced in order to make it easier testing circuits while reducing the costs of doing so.
In this talk I'll show how to translate this concept to the software domain along with the consequences on various aspects of the development activities, both from the technical point of view (e.g., design, code quality, choice of frameworks, etc.), and the product management point of view (e.g., management of team dependencies, delivery time, costs, etc.). I'll provide examples based on real world experience, both for the technical and the management aspects.
QA Interview Questions With Answers from software testing experts. Frequently asked questions in Quality Assurance (QA) interview for freshers and experienced professionals.
Peter Zimmerer - Evolve Design For Testability To The Next Level - EuroSTAR 2012TEST Huddle
EuroSTAR Software Testing Conference 2012 presentation on Evolve Design For Testability To The Next Level by Peter Zimmerer . See more at: http://conference.eurostarsoftwaretesting.com/past-presentations/
COURSE IS NOW FULLY AVAILABLE AND LIVE HERE: https://goo.gl/gVukvc
What you will learn in this second section
Software Testing Methodologies. Waterfall, V-Model and Iterative
What is unity or component system testing
What is integration, system and acceptance means
Differences between functional and non-functional testing
What is a structural testing
Change-related testing
Maintenance testing
Access my blog for much more material and the mock exams.
www.rogeriodasilva.com
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Software organizations that want to maximize the yield of Software Testing find that choosing the right testing strategy is hard, and most testing managers are ill-prepared for this. The organization has to learn how to plan testing efforts based on the characteristics of each project and the many ways the software product is to be used. This tutorial is intended for Software professionals who are likely to be responsible for defining the strategy and planning of the testing effort and managing it through its life cycle. These roles are usually Testing Managers or Project Managers.
Programming (and Learning) Self-Adaptive & Self-Organising Behaviour with Sca...Roberto Casadei
Large-scale and fully distributed cyber-physical sys-
tems (CPS), such as swarm robotics or IoT systems, pose
significant challenges for programming and design. These chal-
lenges include promoting the desired (emergent) collective and
self-organising behaviour, dealing with failures, enacting decen-
tralised coordination, and deploying efficient executions. Aggre-
gate computing is a promising approach that aims to simplify
the design of such systems by providing a high-level abstraction
for describing collective and self-organising behaviours. In this
tutorial, we introduce a toolchain that supports the development
of aggregate computing applications, based on ScaFi (a Scala-
based language and toolkit for aggregate computing) and Al-
chemist (a simulator for CPS scenarios). We will showcase the
toolchain by means of a series of examples, ranging from simple
collective behaviours to more complex self-adaptive and self-
organising ones. Finally, we provide several pointers to research
opportunities (e.g., related to learning collective behaviours
and adaptive large-scale deployments) and applications (e.g., in
swarm robotics, edge-cloud ecosystems, and more).
Self-Organisation Programming: a Functional Reactive Macro Approach (FRASP) [...Roberto Casadei
Engineering self-organising systems – e.g., robot
swarms, collectives of wearables, or distributed infrastructures
– has been investigated and addressed through various kinds
of approaches: devising algorithms by taking inspiration from
nature, relying on design patterns, using learning to synthesise
behaviour from expectations of emergent behaviour, and exposing
key mechanisms and abstractions at the level of a programming
language. Focussing on the latter approach, most of the state-
of-the-art languages for self-organisation leverage a round-based
execution model, where devices repeatedly evaluate their context
and control program fully: this model is simple to reason about
but limited in terms of flexibility and fine-grained management
of sub-activities. By inspiration from the so-called functional
reactive paradigm, in this paper we propose a reactive self-
organisation programming approach that enables to fully decouple
the program logic from the scheduling of its sub-activities.
Specifically, we implement the idea through a functional reactive
implementation of aggregate programming in Scala, based on
the functional reactive library Sodium. The result is a functional
reactive self-organisation programming model, called FRASP,
that maintains the same expressiveness and benefits of aggregate
programming, while enabling significant improvements in terms
of scheduling controllability, flexibility in the sensing/actuation
model, and execution efficiency.
Programming Distributed Collective Processes for Dynamic Ensembles and Collec...Roberto Casadei
Recent trends like the Internet of Things (IoT) suggest a vi-
sion of dense and multi-scale deployments of computing devices in nearly
all kinds of environments. A prominent engineering challenge revolves
around programming the collective adaptive behaviour of such compu-
tational ecosystems. This requires abstractions able to capture concepts
like ensembles (dynamic groups of cooperating devices) and collective
tasks (joint activities carried out by ensembles). In this work, we con-
sider collections of devices interacting with neighbours and that execute
in nearly-synchronised sense–compute–interact rounds, where the com-
putation is given by a single control program. To support programming
whole computational collectives, we propose the abstraction of a dis-
tributed collective process (DCP), which can be used to define at once
the ensemble formation logic and its collective task. We implement the
abstraction in the eXchange Calculus (XC), a core language based on
neighbouring values (maps from neighbours to values) where state man-
agement and interaction is handled through a single primitive, exchange.
Then, we discuss the features of the abstraction, its suitability for differ-
ent kinds of distributed computing applications, and provide a proof-of-
concept implementation of a wave-like process propagation.
Towards Automated Engineering for Collective Adaptive Systems: Vision and Res...Roberto Casadei
The opportunities and challenges of recent and
forthcoming distributed computing scenarios have been promot-
ing research on languages and paradigms aimed at modelling the
macro/collective behaviour of systems as well as mechanisms to
endow them with self-* capabilities. One example is the aggregate
computing paradigm, which supports the development of self-
organising systems (e.g., robot swarms, computational ecosys-
tems, and crowd-based services) through various formalisms and
tools developed over a decade. However, very limited work has
been done by a methodological and automation perspective. In
this paper, we explore the issue of organising the development
process of aggregate computing systems. Accordingly, we outline
novel research directions that arise from careful analysis of
the peculiar issues in collective and self-organising systems, the
cornerstones of effective software engineering practices, and
recent scientific trends and insights.
Aggregate computing is a research topic that is addressed by multiple perspectives: computational models, programming languages, distributed adaptive algorithms, middleware architectures, formal analysis, tools.
Introduction to the 1st DISCOLI workshop on distributed collective intelligenceRoberto Casadei
The 1st DISCOLI workshop on DIStributed COLlective Intelligence is co-located with the 42nd IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS 2022) that will take place in Bologna, Italy, 10-13 July 2022.
Recent technological and scientific trends are promoting a vision where intelligence is more and more distributed and collective. Indeed, as computing and communication technologies are becoming increasingly pervasive, and complexity of systems is growing in terms of scale, heterogeneity, and interaction, hence the focus tends to shift from the intelligence of individual devices or agents to the collective intelligence (CI) emerging from a dynamic collection of diverse devices. Such intelligence would allow systems to address complex problems through proper coordination (e.g., cooperation or competition), to self-organise to promote functionality under changing environments, and to improve decision-making capabilities.
The workshop aims to provide a forum where researchers and practitioners can share and discuss fundamental concepts, models, and techniques for studying and implementing collectively intelligent distributed systems. Accordingly, it welcomes original research work providing ideas and technical contributions for promoting scientific discussion and practical adoption of CI mechanisms in engineered systems. As such, the workshop also welcomes cross-disciplinary contributions (e.g., extracting computational mechanisms from natural systems exhibiting forms of CI) and contributions from related research areas like coordination (the study of interaction), multi-agent systems (MAS), socio-technical systems, organisational paradigms, Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSANs), the Internet of Things (IoT), crowd computing, and swarm robotics.
The topics of interest include (but are not limited to) the following:
Algorithms for self-adaptive/self-organizing system behaviour
Algorithms of artificial collective intelligence (e.g., multi-agent reinforcement learning)
Techniques for task-specific collective intelligence
Extraction of collective knowledge in Internet of Things systems
Collaborations of humans and artificial agents in socio-technical systems
Formal models for computational collective intelligence
Design and verification of emergent properties in distributed systems
Coordination models and languages
Programming languages for distributed CI systems
Languages for multi-tier programming or macro-programming
CI for distributed wearable computing systems
Techniques for crowd computing systems and applications
Applications of distributed CI for smart environments (e.g., smart cities, smart buildings)
Tools for programming and simulation of multi-agent systems
Digital Twins, Virtual Devices, and Augmentations for Self-Organising Cyber-P...Roberto Casadei
The engineering of large-scale cyber-physical systems (CPS) increasingly relies on principles from self-organisation and collective computing, enabling these systems to cooperate and adapt in dynamic environments. CPS engineering also often leverages digital twins that provide synchronised logical counterparts of physical entities. In contrast, sensor networks rely on the different but related concept of virtual device that provides an abstraction of a group of sensors. In this work, we study how such concepts can contribute to the engineering of self-organising CPSs. To that end, we analyse the concepts and devise modelling constructs, distinguishing between identity correspondence and execution relationships. Based on this analysis, we then contribute to the novel concept of “collective digital twin” (CDT) that captures the logical counterpart of a collection of physical devices. A CDT can also be “augmented” with purely virtual devices, which may be exploited to steer the self-organisation process of the CDT and its physical counterpart. We underpin the novel concept with experiments in the context of the pulverisation framework of aggregate computing, showing how augmented CDTs provide a holistic, modular, and cyber-physically integrated system view that can foster the engineering of self-organising CPSs.
FScaFi: A Core Calculus for Collective Adaptive Systems ProgrammingRoberto Casadei
A recently proposed approach to the rigorous engineering of collective adaptive systems is the aggregate computing paradigm, which operationalises the idea of expressing collective adaptive behaviour by a global perspective as a functional composition of dynamic computational fields (i.e., structures mapping a collection of individual devices of a collective to computational values over time). In this paper, we present FScaFi, a core language that captures the essence of exploiting field computations in mainstream functional languages, and which is based on a semantic model for field computations leveraging the novel notion of “computation against a neighbour”. Such a construct models expressions whose evaluation depends on the same evaluation that occurred on a neighbour, thus abstracting communication actions and, crucially, enabling deep and straightforward integration in the Scala programming language, by the ScaFi incarnation. We cover syntax and informal semantics of FScaFi, provide examples of collective adaptive behaviour development in ScaFi, and delineate future work.
6th eCAS workshop on Engineering Collective Adaptive SystemsRoberto Casadei
This is the presentation introducing the 6th eCAS workshop on Engineering Collective Adaptive Systems. It recaps its scope, provides data regarding this edition, provides an overview of the program and related initiatives.
Augmented Collective Digital Twins for Self-Organising Cyber-Physical SystemsRoberto Casadei
Context. Self-organising and collective computing
approaches are increasingly applied to large-scale cyber-physical
systems (CPS), enabling them to adapt and cooperate in dynamic
environments. Also, in CPS engineering, digital twins are often
leveraged to provide synchronised logical counterparts of physical
entities, whereas in sensor networks the different-but-related
concept of virtual device is used e.g. to abstract groups of sensors.
Vision. We envision the design concept of “augmented collective
digital twin” that captures digital twins at a collective level
extended with purely virtual devices. We argue that this concept
can foster the engineering of self-organising CPS by providing a
holistic, declarative, and integrated system view.
Method. From a review and proposed taxonomy of logical
devices comprehending both digital twins and virtual devices,
we reinterpret a meta-model for self-organising CPSs and discuss
how it can support augmented collective digital twins. We illus-
trate the approach in a crowd-aware navigation scenario, where
virtual devices are opportunistically integrated into the system
to enhance spatial coverage, improving navigation capabilities.
Conclusion. By integrating physical and virtual devices, the
novel notion of augmented collective digital twin paves the way
to self-improving system functionality and intelligent use of
resources in self-organising CPSs.
Tuple-Based Coordination in Large-Scale Situated SystemsRoberto Casadei
Space and time are key elements for many computer-based systems and often elevated to first-class abstractions. In tuple-based coordination, Linda primitives have been independently extended with space (with tuples and queries spanning spatial regions) or time information (mostly for tuple scoping). However, recent works in collective adaptive systems and aggregate computing show that space and time can naturally be considered as two intertwined facets of a common coordination abstraction for situated distributed systems. Accordingly, we introduce the Spatiotemporal Tuples model, a natural adaptation of Linda model for physically deployed large-scale networks. Unlike prior research, spatiotemporal properties – expressing where and when a tuple should range and has to be deposited/retrieved – naturally turn into specifications of collective adaptive processes, to be carried on in cooperation by the devices filling the computational environment, and sustaining tuple operations in a resilient way, possibly even in mobile and faulty environments. Additionally, the model promotes decentralised implementations where tuples actually reside where they are issued, which is good for supporting peer-to-peer and mobile ad-hoc networks as well as privacy. In this paper, we (i) present and formalise the Spatiotemporal Tuples model, based on the unifying notion of computational space-time structure, (ii) provide an implementation in the ScaFi aggregate computing framework, turning tuple operations into aggregate processes, and finally (iii) provide evaluation through simulation and a rescue case study.
Collective Adaptive Systems as Coordination Media: The Case of Tuples in Spac...Roberto Casadei
Coordination is a fundamental problem in the
engineering of collective adaptive systems (CAS). Prominent
approaches in this context promote adaptivity and collective
behaviour by founding coordination on local, decentralised in-
teraction. This is usually enabled through abstractions such as
collective interfaces, neighbour-based interaction, and attribute-
based communication. Application designers, then, use such
coordination mechanisms to enact collective adaptive behaviour
in order to solve specific problems or provide specific services
while coping with dynamic environments. In this paper, we
consider the other way round: we argue that a CAS model can
be used to provide support for high-level coordination models,
simplifying their implementation and transferring to them the
self-* properties it emergently fosters. As a motivating example,
we consider the idea of supporting tuple-based coordination by
Linda primitives such that tuples and operations have a position
and extension in space and time. Then, we adopt an aggregate
perspective, by which space-time is logically represented by a
mobile ad-hoc network of devices, and show that coordination
primitives can be implemented as true collective adaptive pro-
cesses. We describe this model and a prototype implementation
in the ScaFi aggregate programming framework, which is rooted
in the so-called computational field paradigm.
On Context-Orientation in Aggregate ProgrammingRoberto Casadei
Context-awareness plays a central role in self-
adaptive software. By a programming perspective, context is
often used implicitly, and context-aware code is fragmented
in the codebase. In Context-Oriented Programming, instead,
context is considered a first-class citizen and is explicitly used
to modularise context-sensitive functionality and behavioural
variability. In this paper, we reflect on the role of context in
collective adaptive systems, by a discussion from the special
perspective of a macro paradigm, Aggregate Programming,
which supports the specification of collective behaviour by a
global perspective through functional compositions of field com-
putations. In particular, we consider the abstractions exposed in
Context-Oriented and Aggregate Programming, suggest potential
synergies in both directions, and accordingly take the first steps
towards a combined design.
Novel scenarios like IoT and smart cities promote
a vision of computational ecosystems whereby heterogeneous
collectives of humans, devices and computing infrastructure
interact to provide various services. There, autonomous agents
with different capabilities are expected to cooperate towards
global goals in dependable ways. This is challenging, as deployments are within unknown, changing and loosely connected environments characterized by lack of centralized control, where
components may come and go, or disruption may be caused by
failures. Key issues include (i) how to leverage, functionally and
non-functionally, forms of opportunistic computing and locality
that often underlie IoT scenarios; (ii) how to design and operate
large-scale, resilient ecosystems through suitable assumptions,
decentralized control, and adaptive mechanisms; and (iii) how
to capture and enact “global” behaviors and properties, when
the system consists of heterogeneous, autonomous entities. In
this paper, we propose a model for resilient, collaborative edge-
enabled IoT that leverages spatial locality, opportunistic agents,
and coordinator nodes at the edge. The engineering approach
is declarative and configurable, and works by dynamically
dividing the environment into collaboration areas coordinated
by edge devices. We provide an implementation as a collective, self-organizing workflow based on Aggregate Computing,
provide evaluation by means of simulation, and finally discuss
properties and general applicability of the approach.
Engineering distributed applications and services in emerg-
ing and open computing scenarios like the Internet of Things, cyber-physical systems and pervasive computing, calls for identifying proper abstractions to smoothly capture collective behaviour, adaptivity, and dynamic injection and execution of concurrent distributed activities. Accordingly, we introduce a notion of “aggregate process” as a concurrent
field computation whose execution and interactions are sustained by a dynamic team of devices, and whose spatial region can opportunistically vary over time. We formalise this notion by extending the Field Calculus with a new primitive construct, spawn, used to instantiate a set of field
computations and regulate key aspects of their life-cycle. By virtue of an open-source implementation in the ScaFi framework, we show basic programming examples and benefits via two case studies of mobile ad-hoc networks and drone swarm scenarios, evaluated by simulation.
Coordinating Computation at the Edge: a Decentralized, Self-organizing, Spati...Roberto Casadei
Presentation of a paper accepted at the 4th Internetional Conference on Fog and Mobile Edge Computing (FMEC).
It discusses a decentralised, self-organising, spatial, collective approach to the development of edge-clouds/edge computing ecosystems.
Brief overview of the Rust system programming language. Provides a concise introduction of its basic features, with an emphasis on its memory safety features (ownership, moves, borrowing) and programming style with generic functions, structures, and traits.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Testing: an Introduction and Panorama
1. Software Testing
An introduction and panorama
Roberto Casadei, PhD
{roby.casadei}@unibo.it
Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna
Dipartimento di Informatica - Scienza e Ingegneria
July 30, 2020
Laboratory of Software Systems
3. Error vs. failure vs. fault
Failure (problem, anomaly): difference from expected result (e.g., wrt to specs)
Fault (defect, bug): cause of a failure; manifestation of an error
A failure may be caused by many faults
A fault can cause many failures.
Error (mistake): mistake which caused the faults to occur
R.Casadei Introduction Panorama xUnit, TDD Pointers Wrap-up 1/22
4. Testing and V&V
Testing: activity looking for failures, revealing faults
Testing reveals the presence of faults, not their absence
Verification: checks system conformance with specifications
“Build the thing right”
“A design without specifications cannot be right or wrong, it can only be surprising!”
Validation: does the system meet stakeholder expectations?
“Build the right thing” (i.e., what is valuable)
R.Casadei Introduction Panorama xUnit, TDD Pointers Wrap-up 2/22
5. Definitions of “software testing”
1) “An investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about
the quality of the software product or service under test” (Cem Kaner/Wikipedia)
2) “Activity in which a system or component is executed under specified
conditions, the results are observed or recorded, and an evaluation is made
of some aspect of the system or component” (ISO/IEC/IEEE 24765:2010
Systems and software engineering – Vocabulary)
3) “The process consisting of all lifecycle activities, both static and dynamic,
concerned with planning, preparation and evaluation of software products
and related work products to determine that they satisfy specified
requirements, to demonstrate that they are fit for purpose and to detect
defects.” (ISTQB–International Software Testing Qualifications Board)
4) “The overall process of planning, preparing, and carrying out a suite of
different types of tests designed to validate a system under development, in
order to achieve an acceptable level of quality and to avoid unacceptable
risks”
R.Casadei Introduction Panorama xUnit, TDD Pointers Wrap-up 3/22
6. Definitions of “software testing”
1) “An investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about
the quality of the software product or service under test” (Cem Kaner/Wikipedia)
2) “Activity in which a system or component is executed under specified
conditions, the results are observed or recorded, and an evaluation is made
of some aspect of the system or component” (ISO/IEC/IEEE 24765:2010
Systems and software engineering – Vocabulary)
3) “The process consisting of all lifecycle activities, both static and dynamic,
concerned with planning, preparation and evaluation of software products
and related work products to determine that they satisfy specified
requirements, to demonstrate that they are fit for purpose and to detect
defects.” (ISTQB–International Software Testing Qualifications Board)
4) “The overall process of planning, preparing, and carrying out a suite of
different types of tests designed to validate a system under development, in
order to achieve an acceptable level of quality and to avoid unacceptable
risks”
→ activity/process; variety; v&v; quality; risk
R.Casadei Introduction Panorama xUnit, TDD Pointers Wrap-up 3/22
7. Standards for software testing
IEEE Std 1044-1 Classification for Software Anomalies
IEEE Std 829-2008 Software Test Documentation — superseded by 29119-3
ISO/IEC/IEEE 29119: Software and systems engineering – Software testing
− 29119-1:2013 Concepts and Definitions
− 29119-2:2013 Test processes
− 29119-3:2013 Test documentation
− 29119-4:2015 Test techniques
Specification-based test design techniques
Structure-based test design techniques
Experience-based test design techniques
− 29119-5:2016 Keyword-driven testing
29119 is controverse! due to (1) lack of true consensus; (2) heavy focus on
docs; (3) theory vs. practice inconsistencies; (4) exclusion of context-driven
testing; (5) too prescriptive; (6) political and monetary connotations
R.Casadei Introduction Panorama xUnit, TDD Pointers Wrap-up 4/22
8. Testing: what it is all about1
Why you test
I.e., what is the goal?
What to test
Subject/System Under Test (SUT); functional & non-functional requirements
Who prepares tests, run tests, evaluates results, etc.
and relationships with other stakeholders (e.g., developers, customers)
When tests are prepared, executed
w.r.t. when the SUT is designed, implemented, validated, and released?
How testing is done
I.e., what techniques, tools, processes etc.?
1
Cf., Six Honest Serving Men (Rudyard Kipling)
R.Casadei Introduction Panorama xUnit, TDD Pointers Wrap-up 5/22
9. Perspectives on testing
“Schools” of testing
Analytic School: testing as a rigorous task, via formal methods
Motto: Programs are logical artifacts, subject to math laws
Factory School: testing to measure project progress
Motto: Testing must be planned/scheduled/managed
Quality School: testing as a quality process
Motto: A quality process for a quality product
Context-Driven School: testing as a stakeholder-oriented, adaptable process
Key question: which testing would be more valuable right now?
Agile School: testing to facilitate change
Techniques: test automation, test-driven approaches
Takeaway: perspectives on testing impact the why/what/how.. of testing
R.Casadei Introduction Panorama xUnit, TDD Pointers Wrap-up 6/22
10. Testing: why
Testing is the widest industrial approach to V&V
Why doing testing
Testing as a key means for
1) quality
2) project risk mitigation
3) (long-term) productivity
4) specification/documentation
Why exploring testing
Powerful tool in any software engineer’s toolbox
Career paths
Intensively researched topic
R.Casadei Introduction Panorama xUnit, TDD Pointers Wrap-up 7/22
12. Many different kinds of testing (what, how, when)
Multiple dimensions
Technology-facing vs. Business-facing testing
Verification vs. validation; component vs. usability testing
Granularity/scope of testing
Unit – integration – system-level/end-to-end/acceptance
Static vs. dynamic
Code-level vs. runtime
Manual (human-based) vs. automated (computer-based)
Examples of human testing: inspection (code reviews), walkthrough
Examples of computer-based testing: static analysis, “standard” testing
Structural (aka white-box) vs. functional (aka black-box)
Examples of structural testing: control flow testing, path testing
Examples of functional testing: equivalence partitioning, BVA
Frequency, whether planned or not, temporal scope..
Waterfall vs. shift-left; build/manually/change-triggered
R.Casadei Introduction Panorama xUnit, TDD Pointers Wrap-up 8/22
13. V&V techniques by static/dynamic × manual/automated
Human Computer
Static Inspection, technical reviews Static analysis
Dynamic Walkthrough, usability testing Testing
Note: terminology is sometimes inconsistent or ambiguous.
What precisely is “testing” and what “V&V” and what “analysis” depend on
definitions, hence to where lines are drawn.
For sure: testing includes both V&V techniques
For sure: V&V include testing techniques
Often, testing is considered only as a dynamic activity
R.Casadei Introduction Panorama xUnit, TDD Pointers Wrap-up 9/22
14. Levels of testing
Levels of testing based on granularity/scope
1) Unit testing: testing at the level of individual units (of functionality)
2) Integration testing: testing of the functionality provided by multiple
integrated/interacting units
3) System testing: testing the whole system for correctness
In a black-box way
Non-functional requirements (e.g., efficiency, reliability, security) are typically tested
at this level
R.Casadei Introduction Panorama xUnit, TDD Pointers Wrap-up 10/22
15. Acceptance tests
Acceptance testing: testing the whole system against the needs and
expectations of users and stakeholders
Acceptance testing
Is the SW system “acceptable” (for delivery)?
It’s about testing whether the SW system satisfies the acceptance criteria (e.g.,
as specified in the requirements)
Acceptability is matter of customers, product owners, or users
It is very much about what has to be built
⇒ Acceptance test-driven development (ATDD)
Tools: FitNesse (wiki-based), JBehave, Cucumber
Acceptance testing vs. system testing
System tests ⇒ build the thing right (things should behave correctly)
Acceptance tests ⇒ build the right thing (validate what you want)
R.Casadei Introduction Panorama xUnit, TDD Pointers Wrap-up 11/22
17. jUnit
public class DeviceImplTest {
private DeviceImpl device;
@Before public void init(){
this.device = new DeviceImpl(); // Arrange
}
@Test public void on() throws Exception {
this.device.on(); // Act
assertTrue(this.device.isOn()); // Assert
}
}
Concepts
Test suite (1+ test classes), test cases (test methods)
Assertions
Fixture
Arrange–Act–Assert
Test automation, Test execution, Test lifecycle, Test reporting
R.Casadei Introduction Panorama xUnit, TDD Pointers Wrap-up 12/22
18. Code Coverage
Coverage
Various definitions/metrics
Many “things” can be “covered” (statements, decisions, paths...)
Code coverage: which/how much code is executed during testing
Mainly used for finding untested codea
Note: 100% coverage doesn’t mean that tests cover all the scenarios
The goal is not 100% coverage → testing the “right things”
a
https://martinfowler.com/bliki/TestCoverage.html
R.Casadei Introduction Panorama xUnit, TDD Pointers Wrap-up 13/22
19. Test-Driven Development (TDD)
What
“Development” is guided (“driven”) by “tests”
I.e., it is not “really” a testing activity; tests as (useful) side-effect
Exercise your code before even writing it
Makes you explore the problem before attempting a solution
Forces you to think as the user of your code
Makes you focus on what is important right now (cf., KISS)
Red – Green – Refactor cycle
Benefits
Specification before implementation
Guides the (detailed) design process
You end up with regression tests (i.e., tests to catch regressions)
A regression is when something correct gets broken
A safety net against regressions is fundamental for refactoring activities
R.Casadei Introduction Panorama xUnit, TDD Pointers Wrap-up 14/22
22. Testing and Software Development / Project Lifecycle
Testing and Agile
Continuous testing: automatically, frequently run tests in background upon
source file changes
By shortening the mistake-to-failure time, it is easier to trace faults
Testing and CI/CD
Use test results as barriers for build processes, merges, and releases
Produce reports (e.g., coverage...) and keep track of project health
Issue tracking and debugging
Testing and production/deployment
A/B testing: testing two versions of the same SW (e.g., by splitting users)
… often combined with Blue/Green deployment
Canary releases: canary traffic to test candidate releases before promoting ’em
Chaos engineering: inject errors in production to anticipate problems
R.Casadei Introduction Panorama xUnit, TDD Pointers Wrap-up 16/22
23. More testing techniques and practice (1/2)
Effective testing
Good tests are: readable, maintainable, trustworthy
Good code is testable code (modularity, SOLID, dependency injection)
Test doubles
Replace real impls for: isolation, speedup, determinism, observation&control
dummies, stubs, fake objects, test spies, mocks
Testing techniques
Exploratory testing (ad-hoc testing)
Test-case construction: Decision tables, Equivalence partitioning, BVA, ..
Property-based testing, metamorphic testing
R.Casadei Introduction Panorama xUnit, TDD Pointers Wrap-up 17/22
24. More testing techniques and practice (2/2)
Behaviour-Driven Development (BDD)
BDD ≈ ATDD + customer-orientation
collaborative specification of acceptance tests, working as executable specs
and living documentation, fostering an ubiquitous language (cf. DDD)
Cf., Cucumber
Testing tools
Testing frameworks for automation, execution, reporting
Testing libraries for mocking and specific testing techniques
Testing DSLs (cf. ScalaTest) and consequences in readability and reporting
More tools: issue tracking, mutation testing, ...
R.Casadei Introduction Panorama xUnit, TDD Pointers Wrap-up 18/22
25. Testing everything (1/2)
Testing web applications
MVC testing (frameworks – Rails, Spring... – generally provide some support)
Selenium: tool that provides support for browser-based tests
Test-driven DB development
Leverage concept of migration (document each DB change, checkout DB
version by running the sequence of changes)
Testing GUIs
Test monkey + logging
Mouse/Keyboard capture + replay tools + scripts
Programmatic access to GUI
Image recognition (e.g., SikuliX)
R.Casadei Introduction Panorama xUnit, TDD Pointers Wrap-up 19/22
28. Concluding Remarks
Testing is a process looking for failures to reveal faults and provide information
to stakeholders
Testing is key for
1) driving design
2) fostering quality
3) collaborative specification
4) documentation
5) (long-term) productivity
The panorama of testing is highly variegated
R.Casadei Introduction Panorama xUnit, TDD Pointers Wrap-up 21/22