Terms used n forex
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1. Terms used in foreign exchange include repo/ready forwards, currency risk, country risk, tariffs, ad valorem and specific duties, balance of payments, and exchange rates. 2. The international monetary system involves the conversion of currencies and transfer of funds across nations for international trade, financial asset transactions, and credit creation and repayment. 3. Integration and transmission effects have increased in financial markets due to technology, inflation/interest rates, new instruments, and deregulation, allowing funds to be raised and invested globally.
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![Repo/ready forward: [opp – reverse repo] Means of funding by selling a security sold on SPOT basis and repurchasing on forward basis. Currency risk: Risk of value of an investment in some other country’s currency coming down in terms of domestic currency](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Foreign exchange
This document defines foreign exchange and discusses foreign exchange markets and transactions. It begins by defining foreign exchange according to the Foreign Exchange Management Act as including foreign currencies, deposits, credits, and instruments payable abroad. It then discusses how foreign exchange transactions involve the exchange of one country's currency for another at an agreed upon exchange rate. The document outlines the major participants in foreign exchange markets like central banks, commercial banks, and speculators. It also discusses factors that determine exchange rates like economic growth, monetary policies, and speculation. The document concludes by explaining concepts like direct and indirect currency quotes, cross rates for currencies not directly quoted, and fixed versus floating exchange rates.
FUNCTIONS OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET
The foreign exchange market serves three main functions:
1) The transfer function allows for the purchasing power to be transferred between countries through credit instruments like bills of exchange, bank drafts, and telephonic transfers.
2) The credit function provides credit for foreign trade by acting as an intermediary between exporters and importers through purchasing bills of exchange, direct loans, and letters of credit.
3) The hedging function allows exporters and importers to cover exchange rate risks by agreeing on future sales and purchases at current prices and exchange rates, protecting them from potential losses caused by future exchange rate variations.
Foreign exchange rate impact (1)
The document discusses foreign exchange rates and the foreign exchange market. It provides definitions of key terms like exchange rate, spot rate, and forward rate. It describes the functions and key characteristics of the foreign exchange market, including that the daily global turnover is over $2 trillion and the US dollar is involved in 87% of transactions. It also outlines the different types of transactions that occur in the market and identifies the major participants, including banks, companies, speculators, central banks, and foreign exchange brokers.
Interest rate swaps
An interest rate swap involves the periodic exchange of interest payments between two parties, with no exchange of the underlying principal amount. One party pays a fixed interest rate while the other pays a floating rate, typically tied to a reference rate such as LIBOR. Interest rate swaps can be used by companies and investors to hedge against interest rate risk and manage the costs associated with fixed versus floating rate financing. While swaps can be profitable if rates move as anticipated, they also carry risks of losses if rates move adversely.
Presentation1.pptx exchange rate determinations
This document discusses exchange rate determination and convertibility of the Indian rupee. It first describes the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates and then exchange rate regimes since 1973, including floating rates, pegging, crawling pegs, and target zones. It also outlines several theories of exchange rate behavior - balance of payments, monetary, and portfolio balance approaches. Finally, it discusses how exchange rates are determined in foreign exchange markets based on demand and supply, and defines convertibility as a currency's ability to be freely converted to other currencies.
Module 42 the foreign exchange market
The foreign exchange market allows currencies to be traded and provides liquidity for international trade and investment. It operates 24/5 with many factors influencing exchange rates. The equilibrium exchange rate balances supply and demand for currencies, while real exchange rates account for inflation differences between countries. Purchasing power parity estimates the exchange rate at which currencies would buy the same goods.
Swaps
A swap is an agreement between two counterparties to exchange cash flow streams, such as interest payments or currencies. The main types of swaps discussed are interest rate swaps, currency swaps, and forex swaps. An interest rate swap involves exchanging interest payments, such as a fixed rate for a floating rate. A currency swap exchanges principal and interest payments in different currencies. A forex swap is an agreement to buy one currency now and sell it back in the future at an agreed upon exchange rate.
GOVERNMENT INFLUENCE ON EXCHANGE RATES
This document discusses different exchange rate systems and how governments can influence exchange rates. It describes fixed exchange rates where a government sets the rate and controls fluctuations. Freely floating rates are determined by market forces without government intervention. Managed floating allows some flexibility but governments may intervene to limit movement. Pegged rates tie a currency to another stable currency. The document provides pros and cons of each system and gives Bangladesh's historical exchange rate regimes as an example.
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Foreign exchange
This document defines foreign exchange and discusses foreign exchange markets and transactions. It begins by defining foreign exchange according to the Foreign Exchange Management Act as including foreign currencies, deposits, credits, and instruments payable abroad. It then discusses how foreign exchange transactions involve the exchange of one country's currency for another at an agreed upon exchange rate. The document outlines the major participants in foreign exchange markets like central banks, commercial banks, and speculators. It also discusses factors that determine exchange rates like economic growth, monetary policies, and speculation. The document concludes by explaining concepts like direct and indirect currency quotes, cross rates for currencies not directly quoted, and fixed versus floating exchange rates.
FUNCTIONS OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET
The foreign exchange market serves three main functions:
1) The transfer function allows for the purchasing power to be transferred between countries through credit instruments like bills of exchange, bank drafts, and telephonic transfers.
2) The credit function provides credit for foreign trade by acting as an intermediary between exporters and importers through purchasing bills of exchange, direct loans, and letters of credit.
3) The hedging function allows exporters and importers to cover exchange rate risks by agreeing on future sales and purchases at current prices and exchange rates, protecting them from potential losses caused by future exchange rate variations.
Foreign exchange rate impact (1)
The document discusses foreign exchange rates and the foreign exchange market. It provides definitions of key terms like exchange rate, spot rate, and forward rate. It describes the functions and key characteristics of the foreign exchange market, including that the daily global turnover is over $2 trillion and the US dollar is involved in 87% of transactions. It also outlines the different types of transactions that occur in the market and identifies the major participants, including banks, companies, speculators, central banks, and foreign exchange brokers.
Interest rate swaps
An interest rate swap involves the periodic exchange of interest payments between two parties, with no exchange of the underlying principal amount. One party pays a fixed interest rate while the other pays a floating rate, typically tied to a reference rate such as LIBOR. Interest rate swaps can be used by companies and investors to hedge against interest rate risk and manage the costs associated with fixed versus floating rate financing. While swaps can be profitable if rates move as anticipated, they also carry risks of losses if rates move adversely.
Presentation1.pptx exchange rate determinations
This document discusses exchange rate determination and convertibility of the Indian rupee. It first describes the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates and then exchange rate regimes since 1973, including floating rates, pegging, crawling pegs, and target zones. It also outlines several theories of exchange rate behavior - balance of payments, monetary, and portfolio balance approaches. Finally, it discusses how exchange rates are determined in foreign exchange markets based on demand and supply, and defines convertibility as a currency's ability to be freely converted to other currencies.
Module 42 the foreign exchange market
The foreign exchange market allows currencies to be traded and provides liquidity for international trade and investment. It operates 24/5 with many factors influencing exchange rates. The equilibrium exchange rate balances supply and demand for currencies, while real exchange rates account for inflation differences between countries. Purchasing power parity estimates the exchange rate at which currencies would buy the same goods.
Swaps
A swap is an agreement between two counterparties to exchange cash flow streams, such as interest payments or currencies. The main types of swaps discussed are interest rate swaps, currency swaps, and forex swaps. An interest rate swap involves exchanging interest payments, such as a fixed rate for a floating rate. A currency swap exchanges principal and interest payments in different currencies. A forex swap is an agreement to buy one currency now and sell it back in the future at an agreed upon exchange rate.
GOVERNMENT INFLUENCE ON EXCHANGE RATES
This document discusses different exchange rate systems and how governments can influence exchange rates. It describes fixed exchange rates where a government sets the rate and controls fluctuations. Freely floating rates are determined by market forces without government intervention. Managed floating allows some flexibility but governments may intervene to limit movement. Pegged rates tie a currency to another stable currency. The document provides pros and cons of each system and gives Bangladesh's historical exchange rate regimes as an example.
Currency futures and forwards
Futures contracts and forward contracts both allow parties to exchange currencies at a predetermined exchange rate on a future date. Futures are traded on organized exchanges and have standardized contract sizes and delivery dates, while forwards are over-the-counter and allow customization. Corporates can use currency futures and forwards to hedge foreign currency cash flows by taking offsetting long or short positions to lock in exchange rates and reduce exchange rate risk. Speculators can also use futures and forwards to profit from anticipated currency movements.
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The document provides an overview of the foreign exchange market, including the difference between spot and forward exchange rates, determinants of currency values, and methods for hedging foreign exchange risk. It also discusses theories related to exchange rates such as purchasing power parity and interest rate parity. Additionally, it covers topics like exchange rate forecasting methods, currency convertibility, and countertrade as a means of mitigating non-convertibility issues.
Swaps
This document provides an overview of swaps, including:
- A history of swaps beginning with the first interest rate swap in 1981 and growth to $250 trillion by 2006.
- Definitions and key characteristics of swaps, which involve the exchange of cash flows between two counterparties according to a pre-arranged formula.
- The main types of swaps are interest rate swaps, currency swaps, equity swaps, credit default swaps, and commodity swaps. Interest rate swaps and currency swaps make up the largest portion of the swap market.
Interest rate swaps
An interest rate swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange interest rate cash flows, usually involving the exchange of a fixed interest rate for a floating rate. The main types of interest rate swaps are fixed-to-floating swaps, where one party pays a fixed rate and receives a floating rate, and basis swaps, where both rates are floating. Interest rate swaps are commonly used for portfolio management, speculation on interest rate movements, corporate financing, and hedging interest rate risk. Risks of interest rate swaps include opportunity costs, mark-to-market costs if unwound early, and counterparty credit and settlement risks.
Currency futures and forwards
The document discusses currency futures and forward contracts. It defines futures as agreements to buy or sell a specified amount of currency at a predetermined exchange rate in the future. Features include standardized contracts that trade on exchanges. Forwards are over-the-counter agreements with customized terms for non-standard delivery dates and amounts. The document outlines how corporations can use futures and forwards to hedge currency risk from future foreign currency cash flows.
Chap 2
- Futures contracts are exchange-traded agreements to buy or sell an asset at a predetermined price on a specified future date. They are standardized and settled daily through margin accounts.
- Margins are deposits that minimize the risk of default by requiring maintenance of a minimum account balance. Daily price fluctuations result in gains or losses being deposited to or withdrawn from the margin account.
- A long position in gold futures is established with an initial margin deposit. The daily settlement process results in funds being added to or withdrawn from the margin account depending on price movements of the gold futures contract.
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Forward and futures contracts
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Derivatives
Derivatives are financial contracts whose value is derived from an underlying asset such as stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies or interest rates. There are two main types of derivatives - over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives like swaps that are privately negotiated between two parties, and exchange-traded derivatives that are traded on specialized exchanges. Common derivative contracts include forwards, futures, options, and swaps. While derivatives are often used to hedge risk, they can also be used for speculative purposes.
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The document discusses different exchange rate systems used by governments and how governments can intervene in currency markets to influence exchange rates. It describes direct intervention where central banks exchange currencies they hold as reserves and indirect intervention where governments influence factors like interest rates. Government intervention aims to smooth exchange rate movements and respond to economic conditions, though market forces often overwhelm intervention efforts. Intervention is one policy tool governments use to achieve objectives like reducing unemployment or inflation.
CURRENCY SWAP & INTREST RATE SWAP
A currency swap involves the exchange of principal and interest payments in one currency for the same in another currency at fixed intervals over the contract period. In a currency swap, counterparties can choose to exchange principal at the start and end of the swap or just exchange interest payments. An interest rate swap is an agreement where one party pays a fixed interest rate on a loan while receiving a floating rate, or vice versa, from the other party in order to reduce exposure to interest rate fluctuations. Common types of interest rate swaps include fixed to floating, floating to fixed, and float to float (basis) swaps. Swaps allow parties to achieve their desired interest rate exposure and are customized over-the-counter agreements.
Chapter 18 International Finance
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- When transacting internationally, currencies must be exchanged and exchange rates fluctuate daily based on supply and demand in global currency markets. Exchange rate movements can impact the profitability of international businesses.
- Governments sometimes intervene in currency markets to influence exchange rates but ability to influence rates is limited by foreign exchange reserves. The international monetary system has evolved from fixed to floating exchange rates.
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This document provides an overview of interest rate swaps, caps, and floors. It defines an interest rate swap as an agreement where two parties exchange periodic interest payments, based on a notional principal amount, with one party paying a fixed rate and the other paying a floating rate. The document outlines key terms used in swaps, how swap rates are calculated, and how swaps can be used for asset/liability management. It also discusses related derivatives like swaptions, rate caps and floors, and how these tools can be used by institutional investors to manage interest rate risk.
Swaps (derivatives)
A swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange cash flows over a period of time, where at least one cash flow is determined by a variable such as interest rate, foreign exchange rate, or equity price. The most common type is an interest rate swap, where parties exchange interest payments on a notional principal amount at fixed and floating rates. Swaps allow users to align the risk characteristics of their assets and liabilities.
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Chap 2
- Futures contracts are exchange-traded agreements to buy or sell an asset at a predetermined price on a specified future date. They are standardized and settled daily through margin accounts.
- Margins are deposits that minimize the risk of default by requiring maintenance of a minimum account balance. Daily price fluctuations result in gains or losses being deposited to or withdrawn from the margin account.
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Derivatives
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A currency swap involves the exchange of principal and interest payments in one currency for the same in another currency at fixed intervals over the contract period. In a currency swap, counterparties can choose to exchange principal at the start and end of the swap or just exchange interest payments. An interest rate swap is an agreement where one party pays a fixed interest rate on a loan while receiving a floating rate, or vice versa, from the other party in order to reduce exposure to interest rate fluctuations. Common types of interest rate swaps include fixed to floating, floating to fixed, and float to float (basis) swaps. Swaps allow parties to achieve their desired interest rate exposure and are customized over-the-counter agreements.
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Swaps (derivatives)
A swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange cash flows over a period of time, where at least one cash flow is determined by a variable such as interest rate, foreign exchange rate, or equity price. The most common type is an interest rate swap, where parties exchange interest payments on a notional principal amount at fixed and floating rates. Swaps allow users to align the risk characteristics of their assets and liabilities.
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Fera and fema
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FEMA-Foreign Exchange Management Act
The document summarizes the statutory basis and key provisions of foreign exchange regulation in India. [1] The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act of 1973 and subsequent Foreign Exchange Management Act of 1999 form the statutory basis for regulating foreign exchange. [2] FEMA aims to consolidate and amend foreign exchange laws to facilitate trade and maintain an orderly foreign exchange market. [3] Key provisions of FEMA include regulating capital account and current account transactions, duties of authorized foreign exchange dealers, penalties for non-compliance, and establishment of authorities to enforce the act.
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Balance of payment
The document discusses the balance of payments, which is a systematic record of all monetary transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time, usually one year. It includes transactions by citizens and the government. The balance of payments considers all transactions, while the balance of trade only considers trade transactions. A country aims for its balance of payments to equal zero. The main components are the current account, capital account, reserve accounts, and errors and omissions. The document also discusses causes of imbalances and measures to correct adverse balances, such as increasing exports, reducing imports, and controlling the population.
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The document summarizes key aspects of international financial markets and the international monetary system. It discusses the foreign exchange market, how exchange rates work, and the major currency trading centers. It also outlines the roles and functions of international capital markets, bond markets, equity markets, and offshore financial centers in facilitating international financial transactions and currency conversion between nations.
Forex and monetary system
The document discusses international financial markets and the international monetary system. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts such as foreign exchange, exchange rates, international capital markets, foreign exchange markets, offshore financial centers, and the functions of the foreign exchange market. The foreign exchange market allows for the conversion of currencies and provides insurance against foreign exchange risk. It operates globally and continuously as a decentralized over-the-counter market and interbank market.
MGMT 4710INTERNATIONAL BUSINESSUNIT 2 DISCUSSIONS Since
MGMT 4710
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
UNIT 2 DISCUSSIONS
Since the end of World War II, globalization of world markets has been increasing.
The main characteristics of globalization include free flow of goods and services
(International trade), and capital (foreign direct investments), less government intervention,
and regional and global integration. In addition, globalization is strengthened by cross-
national cooperation and institutions such as the World Trade Organization, the World
Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Globalization is supported by the argument
that international trade and foreign direct investments result in a better allocation of
resources.
In the last few years however, international trade and foreign direct investments
have been challenged as a growing number of governments have been questioning the
benefits of free flow of goods, services, and capital. In particular, the United Kingdom has
left the European Union (Brexit), the North American Free Trade Agreements (NAFTA)
has been revised, the United Stated is threatening to reduce or even eliminate its
contributions to international institutions. As a result, tariffs have started to rise, and
multinational enterprises are under increasing pressures to reduce their operations in
foreign countries and invest more in their home countries.
Question: Do you favor globalization of world markets?
Instructions:
-Your answer should be one single-spaced page or less (but at least 10 sentences). Also, cite inside your answer (e.g.: MacMillan, 2020) two recent articles (no older than 2018) from business periodicals such as Business Week, Forbes Magazine, Fortune Magazine, Wall Street Journal, Financial Times, or any other relevant popular press (no textbook, Wikipedia, or academic journal). At the end of your answer, provide complete references of both articles.
MGMK 4710
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
Chapter 9. GLOBAL FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKETS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jo4z26THnpo
I.
INTRODUCTION
Multinational enterprises (MNEs) do business in more than one country. Because countries
have different currencies (e.g. US dollar, Japanese Yen), MNEs will conduct transactions in
several currencies. This chapter (and the next chapter) will look at how companies handle the
complexities of dealing with multiple currencies.
II.
KEY CONCEPTS
- A currency is an instrument of payment in a country (e.g. US dollar) or grouping of countries
(e.g. Euro in most European Union countries).
- Foreign exchange is money denominated in the currency of another country (e.g. China has
more than US$2 trillion in reserve).
- Foreign exchange market is the place where currencies are traded. The foreign exchange
market is comprised of two segments:
+ The over-the-counter market (OTC) includes commercial banks, investment banks, and other financial institutions. The OTC is where most foreign exchange activity occurs
+ The exchange-traded market includes c ...
Exchange rates
The document provides a history of foreign exchange markets. It discusses how bartering led to the development of currency, and how coins and paper money emerged. Modern foreign exchange markets originated in 17th century London coffee houses. These markets grew significantly in the 1970s with the rise of interbank trading between commercial and investment banks. Electronic communications networks and the internet further accelerated growth and lowered transaction costs. Major currencies that are traded include the US dollar, euro, Japanese yen, and British pound. Factors like interest rates, inflation, and central bank policies influence exchange rates in both the short and long term.
Intl fin
This document provides an overview of international finance concepts. It discusses how companies and individuals can raise funds, invest, and conduct business overseas. This increased globalization also introduces additional risks related to foreign exchange, politics, and market imperfections. The document then summarizes how consumption, production, and financial markets have become highly integrated globally. It concludes by outlining some of the key considerations for finance practitioners operating in a global setting.
ForeignCurrencyPaperSenteny1Xa
This document discusses accounting for foreign currency transactions and hedging. It provides definitions of key terms related to foreign currency transactions and hedging instruments like forward contracts and options. It explains how foreign currency risk arises for multinational companies and how these companies use hedging derivatives to mitigate this risk. The document also summarizes regulations from the FASB and IASB around accounting for hedging derivatives and where related financial information should be presented in financial statements.
Exchange Rate Determination.pptx
The document discusses international capital markets and the gains from trade they provide. It describes the three types of international transactions - trade of goods for goods, goods for assets, and assets for assets. International capital markets allow participants like banks, firms, and governments to issue and trade different types of assets, including bonds, stocks, and currency. This increases gains from trade by improving specialization through comparative advantage and facilitating intertemporal trade of assets. It also allows risk to be reduced through international portfolio diversification.
Foreign Exchange market
The document discusses foreign exchange markets and derivatives. It provides information on:
1) The foreign exchange market allows for the trading of international currencies and is the largest financial market in the world, averaging $5 trillion in daily turnover.
2) Derivatives derive their value from underlying assets like currencies, commodities, stocks, or indexes. Common derivatives discussed are futures, options, forwards, and swaps.
3) Participants in forex markets include central banks, large financial institutions, corporations, and individual investors who take on roles as hedgers, speculators, or arbitrageurs.
Balance of Payments and Exchange Rate PPT.pptx
Balance of Payments , Components of BOP, Current account; Causes of disequilibrium in Balance of Payments, Foreign Exchange rate,Devaluation, Appreciation , Revaluation and Depreciation,
Derivatives basic concept
The document provides an overview of derivatives concepts, including the different types of derivatives contracts such as forwards, futures, swaps, and options. It discusses key terms like underlying assets, features of derivatives, and important concepts in options. The history of derivatives trading in India is covered, along with the regulatory framework and guidelines put forth by committees like the L.C. Gupta Committee and J.R. Verma Committee.
foreign exchange
The document provides an overview of foreign exchange including:
1. It defines foreign exchange as the conversion of one country's currency into another. It also discusses how foreign exchange is important for paying import bills.
2. It outlines some fundamentals of foreign exchange including that each country has its own currency and conversions occur through banks and credit instruments.
3. It discusses factors that influence foreign exchange rates such as supply and demand, interest rates, inflation rates, balance of trade, government debt, and political/economic stability.
International Finance
The document discusses India's balance of payments. It includes:
1. The current account which covers merchandise (exports and imports) and invisibles (services, transfers, investment income).
2. The capital account which includes foreign investment, loans, banking capital, and other capital flows.
3. Errors and omissions and the overall balance which is the sum of the current account, capital account and errors/omissions.
Forex ppt
Foreign exchange refers to the exchange of one country's currency for another. The foreign exchange market allows currencies to be traded globally, 24 hours a day. Major participants include banks, brokers, and authorized dealers. Exchange rates are determined by supply and demand in the foreign exchange market. They can be fixed by governments or allowed to float based on market forces. Factors like economic performance, interest rates, trade balances, and political events influence exchange rate movements. Risks from exchange rate fluctuations must be managed through techniques like setting loss limits and controlling overall currency exposure.
International Banking - Principles and Practices of Banking
International Banking
4th unit notes of Principles and Practices of Banking
As per VTU university syllabus
International financial management
This document discusses multinational corporations and the foreign exchange market. It provides details on:
1. The characteristics and criteria of multinational corporations, including operating in multiple countries, local subsidiaries managed by nationals, and centralized global management.
2. Factors that influence foreign exchange rates, such as trends in foreign trade, capital movements, speculative activities, and government control.
3. Components of a country's balance of payments, including the current account of exports/imports and invisibles, and the capital account of long-term and short-term capital flows.
Similar to Terms used n forex (20)
MGMT 4710INTERNATIONAL BUSINESSUNIT 2 DISCUSSIONS Since
MGMT 4710INTERNATIONAL BUSINESSUNIT 2 DISCUSSIONS Since
International Banking - Principles and Practices of Banking
International Banking - Principles and Practices of Banking
More from Thamarai Selvi
Role of advertising
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to the role of advertising in marketing. It discusses topics like the marketing process, marketing mix strategies, segmentation, targeting and positioning, branding, and the concept of added value. The marketing mix strategies section specifically focuses on the 4Ps of product, price, place (distribution), and promotion, including advertising. It emphasizes that the goal of advertising planning is to achieve the advertising objectives through an appropriate allocation of resources.
Types of advertising
1. The document discusses different types of advertising such as product advertising, institutional advertising, and services advertising.
2. It also discusses factors that advertising may be based on like demand, target groups, and geographical spread.
3. Pioneering advertising is defined as advertising to launch an entirely new product category in order to inform consumers and explain benefits, with examples given of early Walkman and iPad campaigns.
Futures and forwards
The document discusses futures and forward contracts. It defines them as agreements between two parties where one party agrees to deliver an asset at a specified future date at a predetermined price. The key differences between futures and forwards are that futures contracts are traded on exchanges, standardized, and can be traded until maturity, while forwards are private agreements that are not standardized and typically held to delivery date. Futures allow for more liquidity and offsetting of positions compared to forwards.
Mutual fund
The mutual fund industry in India has grown significantly since reforms began in the 1990s. Originally a state-run monopoly, the industry is now made up of 33 companies managing over Rs. 567,601 billion in assets as of 2008. Mutual funds pool the savings of individual investors and invest in capital markets and money markets according to the investment objectives of each fund. Key entities involved include the sponsor, trustees, asset management company, custodian, and depository. Trustees are responsible for protecting investor interests and overseeing fund operations.
Futures and forwards
The document discusses futures and forward contracts. It defines them as derivatives whose prices are derived from underlying assets like commodities, currencies, or stocks. Forward contracts involve a private agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a future date at a predetermined price, creating long or short positions. Future contracts are standardized, legally binding forward contracts that are traded on exchanges, allowing for liquidity and partial settlements before maturity. The document provides examples of long and short positions in forward contracts and differences between forward and futures contracts.
Communication
This document discusses various aspects of communication including its definition, purpose, types, processes, and importance. Some key points covered are:
- Communication is the sharing of information between individuals through various channels. Its purposes include expressing oneself, building relationships, and informing others.
- Types of communication include verbal, non-verbal, formal, informal, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and mass communication. Verbal communication includes speaking and writing while non-verbal includes body language, gestures, and facial expressions.
- The communication process involves a sender encoding a message, sending it through a channel, potential noise interfering, a receiver decoding the message, and feedback. Effective communication requires sending clear messages and correctly understanding responses.
Sebi
- SEBI was established in 1988 as a non-statutory body and later given statutory powers through the SEBI Act of 1992 to regulate and develop the securities market.
- Its primary objectives are to protect investors and ensure orderly and fair growth of the capital markets. Some of its key functions include regulating stock exchanges, registration of intermediaries, prohibiting unfair trade practices, and promoting investor education.
- It has the power to oversee stock exchanges, call for information and returns, inspect exchanges, and make regulations for listings. SEBI receives funding from the central government and fees collected.
Credt rating
Credit ratings are issued by credit rating agencies and represent their opinion on the likelihood that a debtor will default on their debt obligations. The ratings are determined after evaluating factors such as the issuer's financial history and strength of assets. Common credit ratings use letter or number symbols to convey the agency's assessment of default risk, from AAA/Aaa (highest safety) to D (already in default). Credit ratings provide investors with an independent evaluation of risk to help inform their investment decisions.
Life insurance
The document discusses the key concepts and principles of life insurance. It covers the nature of life insurance as a long-term contract that provides financial protection to beneficiaries in the event of death. It also discusses the various types of life insurance policies based on duration, premium payments, participation in profits, number of lives covered, and payment of claims. Finally, it outlines some important aspects like assignment and nomination procedures, surrender and loan values, age and death proofs, and payment of claims.
Barriers to communication
There are many potential barriers to effective communication. Meaning is interpreted differently by each individual based on their own experiences and perspectives. Symbols and words may not convey exactly the same meaning between parties. Physical barriers like noise, distance, and information overload can interfere with communication. Cultural differences between communicators also present barriers, as symbols like gestures may have different or even opposing meanings across cultures. Psychological, semantic, and organizational barriers like attitudes, language differences, and rigid hierarchies can also negatively impact communication. Overcoming these barriers requires skills like listening effectively, choosing appropriate channels, and creating an open environment for sharing information.
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Terms used n forex
- 1. Terms used in Foreign Exchange
- 2. Repo/ready forward: [opp – reverse repo] Means of funding by selling a security sold on SPOT basis and repurchasing on forward basis. Currency risk: Risk of value of an investment in some other country’s currency coming down in terms of domestic currency
- 3. Country risk: Risk of not being able to invest at will due to countries changing attitudes on foreign investment/ war revolution,… Tariff: Tax levied on goods traded internationally ->Import duty -on import (to support domestic production) -> Export duty – to discourage exports. (less frequently imposed) -> Transit duty – on goods passing through the country
- 4. Ad valorem duty: % of value of goods Specific valorem duty: flat duty based on number of units, not value of goods. BOP: “ A systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a given country and the rest of the world, carried out over a particular period.(usually a year) ->eco, transactions include ‘invisible transactions’ like- banking, insurance, transport services
- 5. BOT: Merchandise imports and exports (visible trade - follows Double entry system) Transaction↑ purchasing power – exports – credit (capital inflow) Transaction↓ purchasing power – imports - debit (capital outflow/lending)
- 6. Exchange rate: rate at which conversion takes place. Value of one currency in terms of another. International monetary system: movement in which each exchange rate over a period of time involves, 1. conversion of currencies to one another 2. transfer of funds across nations for - i. International trade in goods and services. ii. Liquidation/ acquiring of financial assets. iii. Creation and repayment of individual credit.
- 8. Forwards : a contract (obligation) between two parties, to exchange currency or goods,at some specific date in the future
- 9. Options : contracts that give option to buy or sell underlying asset at a particular price on or before a specified period
- 10. The holder has a right and not obligation
- 12. Put option : Right to sell an underlying asset at a specified price, on or before a particular time by paying a premiumOption writer Bearish : seller (usually writes) Bullish : buyer
- 13. Types of option European style option :exercised only on expiry date/ maturity date American style option :at any time before or on due date
- 14. Swaps :simultaneous purchase and sale of foreign exchange for two different value dates. Happens between banks, govts, and business Arbitrate : buying currency low and selling high at the same time LIBOR : London Interbank Operating Rate of Interest
- 16. Reason for integration? Technology :speed, reduced cost, co- production of activities Inflation & interest rates : changes in different instruments Development of new financial instruments like euro dollar market, interest rate swaps, currency swap, future and forward contract,.. Liberalisation of regulations in financial markets Increased foreign ownership
- 17. LERMS : (Liberalised Exchange Rate Management System) After the liberalisation in 1992, dual exchange system was followed in India. One fixed by RBI and other by market. It was the beginning of moving towards market oriented rate 40/% of the amount was to be converted at RBI rate and the rest by market rate