Here are the slides to Sunday's (10.21.18) lesson on the Ten Commandments (Part III). After reviewing some material covered in the first and second lessons, I aim to transition from the first group of commands that concern how we are to love God (I-IV) to the second group of commands that concern how we are to love others (V-X).
This is common grouping reflects the First (Love God with all your heart... Dt 6:5 cf. Mt 22:37-38) and Second Greatest Commandments (Love your neighbor as yourself... Lev 19:18 cf. Mt 22:39-40) -- according to Jesus...
Alpha Baptist Church 10.21.18
Blog post: http://bit.ly/10Cs-Pt3
This sermon concludes the Faithbook series focusing on the faith of the believer in Christ. We explore the way in which Jesus is superior to the Old Covenant and take on the very challenging question, "How were the OT saints saved?" If by their good works, in what way was Jesus' death necessary?
This sermon concludes the Faithbook series focusing on the faith of the believer in Christ. We explore the way in which Jesus is superior to the Old Covenant and take on the very challenging question, "How were the OT saints saved?" If by their good works, in what way was Jesus' death necessary?
Ephesians 2:1-10. God's Grace. I. THROUGH GOD'S GRACE WE HAVE A NEW CONDITION - (Eph 2:1-3) II. IN GOD'S GRACE WE HAVE A NEW POSITION - (Eph 2:4-7) III. BECAUSE OF GOD'S GRACE WE HAVE A NEW AMBITION - (Eph 2:8-10)
“Holding Out Hope AGAINST God’s Word” — (Hebrews 6:13-20) — It is foolish to base our hope on something God HAS NOT said, and even more foolish to hope God will do something different from what He has said! Why then will so many do so? – AUDIO / PPT / KEYNOTE / PDF — 9/3/2017
This is a study of Jesus being Paul's example. Paul said follow me and imitate me just as I follow and imitate Jesus. They both become examples for us to imitate.
Power Point presentation slides on the second lesson on the Ten Commandments by Danny Scotton Jr of Alpha Baptist Church in Willingboro, NJ. Covers Commandments II-IV.
Blog post: http://bit.ly/10Cs-Pt2
Ephesians 2:1-10. God's Grace. I. THROUGH GOD'S GRACE WE HAVE A NEW CONDITION - (Eph 2:1-3) II. IN GOD'S GRACE WE HAVE A NEW POSITION - (Eph 2:4-7) III. BECAUSE OF GOD'S GRACE WE HAVE A NEW AMBITION - (Eph 2:8-10)
“Holding Out Hope AGAINST God’s Word” — (Hebrews 6:13-20) — It is foolish to base our hope on something God HAS NOT said, and even more foolish to hope God will do something different from what He has said! Why then will so many do so? – AUDIO / PPT / KEYNOTE / PDF — 9/3/2017
This is a study of Jesus being Paul's example. Paul said follow me and imitate me just as I follow and imitate Jesus. They both become examples for us to imitate.
Power Point presentation slides on the second lesson on the Ten Commandments by Danny Scotton Jr of Alpha Baptist Church in Willingboro, NJ. Covers Commandments II-IV.
Blog post: http://bit.ly/10Cs-Pt2
Session 02 New Testament Overview - Hebrews: The Bridge Between the Old and ...John Brooks
Session 02 New Testament Survey Class
Hebrews: The Bridge Between the Old and the New
Based on material from:
Capital Hill Baptist Church
525 A Street, NE
Washington, DC 20002
Verse one: “And there was given me a reed like unto a rod: and the Angel stood, saying, Rise, and measure the temple of God, and the altar, and them that worship therein”
“And there was given me a reed like unto a rod”
The Greek word for reed is “Kalamos” which is a plant or more specifically the stem of a plant, It was u
1 Corinthians 15:5-8 Bible Study | “Facts: Faith’s Firm Foundation (Part II)”Danny Scotton, Jr.
For the audio, slideshow, unedited live stream recording and more: https://catchforchrist.net/1-corinthians-15-5-8-bible-study/ ✝
If Christ has not been raised our proclamation is without foundation (1 Cor 15:14). If Jesus did not rise from the dead, the Christian faith is worthless (1 Cor 15:17)
When some were doubting the resurrection of the dead, Paul reminds the members of the church in Corinth that he founded about the facts:
Christ died for our sins -- according to the Scriptures. Christ was buried. Christ was raised on the third day -- according to the Scriptures.
And, Christ appeared to many witnesses: Peter, the Twelve, over 500 at the same time, James (his formerly skeptical half-brother) and Paul (the former persecutor) last of all.
Paul uses both subjective and objective evidence to address their doubts. And after considering the objective historical evidence that modern scholars of all stripes agree upon, the best explanation of the "minimal facts" is that Christ indeed was raised from the dead.
Many reject this not only because this would turn their world(view) upside down, but also because many are prejudiced against miracles.
Yet, if God created this incredibly vast, incredibly complex universe out of nothing, raising one person from the dead is small potatoes.
This world is ever-changing, but the facts of what Christ did on the cross are never changing. On Christ the Solid Rock let's stand; all other ground is sinking sand.
For Part I: https://catchforchrist.net/1-corinthians-15-1-4-bible-study/
Chapter 11 of "Bible Basics" a Bible study manual, dealing with practical Christian life, prayer, church life, fellowship, Bible study, preaching, practical Christianity.
The book is available from http://www.biblebasicsonline.com
Similar to Ten Commandments Sunday School Lesson (Part III) (20)
1 Corinthians 15:1-4 Bible Study | “Facts: Faith’s Firm Foundation (Part 1)”Danny Scotton, Jr.
1 Corinthians 15:1-4 Bible Study (edited) live stream recording from a lesson shared on 10.7.20. This lesson provides commentary on the context and meaning of the first part of what is likely the earliest Christian creed.
For the audio, slideshow, and more, please visit: https://catchforchrist.net/1-corinthians-15-1-4-bible-study/
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Since some in the Corinthian church had doubts about a bodily resurrection, Paul reminds those in the church he founded about the basic facts of the faith:
Christ died for our sins -- according to the Scriptures. Christ was buried. Christ was raised on the third day -- according to the Scriptures. And, Christ appeared to many witnesses.
Quoting what is likely the earliest Christian creed we have to date, the apostle emphasizes the factual foundation of the Christian faith.
Due to time constraints, we paused at 1 Cor 15:4 and planned to finish up to 1 Cor 15:8 next Wednesday.
For a previous sermon on this passage, please visit: https://catchforchrist.net/1-corinthians-15-1-8-sermon-commentary-video/
Imagine going to a physician for treatment and the doctor starts talking to you about your sins!
When Jesus heals the paralyzed man in Capernaum, He once again demonstrates His authority -- the authority to even forgive sin.
Seeing true faith -- faith that manifests itself in action, in spite of difficulties -- Jesus, the prophesied Son of Man from Daniel 7:13-14 (cf. Mk 14:61-62), does what only God can do.
The religious leaders present consider Christ's claim to forgive sin to be blasphemy. But Jesus provides eye-opening evidence of His divine authority and of the prophesied Kingdom of God He inaugurated.
Just as Jesus healed the man from His physical paralysis and freed him from his mat, He can heal us from our spiritual paralysis and free us from our sin.
For the audio, video and more from this lesson, please visit: https://catchforchrist.net/mark-2-1-12-bible-study/
"Preach the Word. Teach the Word. Reach the World" | 2 Timothy 4:1-5Danny Scotton, Jr.
2 Timothy 4:1-5 sermon slides from Pastor Danny Scotton, Sr.'s 18th Pastoral Anniversary Sunday Service Live Stream.
For the sermon text, video, audio, sources and more, please visit: http://bit.ly/C4C-2-Tim-4-1-5
For more sermons and studies, please visit: https://CatchForChrist.net
For more from this service, please visit http://bit.ly/ABC-9-27-20
Some of the last words the Apostle Paul ever wrote charge the younger and more timid Timothy to preach the word -- always being ready -- and to fulfill his ministry before God the Father and Jesus the Coming Judge and King.
Since false teachers had infiltrated the church in Ephesus, scratching the itch of those who wanted their ears tickled with something new, Paul commands Timothy to correct, rebuke, encourage with great forbearance and thorough instruction.
Timothy must also endure hardship and do the work of an evangelist, spreading the Gospel to nonbelievers.
He must preach the word, teach the word, and reach the world -- as should we.
"Good Seed. Good Ground?" Matthew 13:1-23 Sermon SlideshowDanny Scotton, Jr.
The Gospel is always good seed. But it doesn't always fall on good ground. The question is, what kind of soil are we? For the sermon text, audio, slideshow, sources, and more, please visit: http://bit.ly/C4C-Four-Soils
Christ the Redeemer's message produces a mixed bag of results. Jesus explains four different reactions to the Gospel in the Parable of the Sower (aka The Parable of the Four Soils).
First, hard-hearted hearers, referring to the seed sown by the path, are unwilling to understand. Satan snatches the seed of the message of the Kingdom from their hearts.
Second, fair-weather “fans”, referring to the seed sown on rocky ground, are initially enthusiastic but fickle and fleeting; when times get tough, they fall away since they have no root. They have a superficial, shallow commitment.
Third, backburner “believers”, referring to the seed sown among thorns, are unfruitful because the daily concerns of life and lure of material wealth compete for their allegiance.
No matter which camp one is in, all three are useless.
In contrast, fruitful followers, referring to the seed sown on good soil, bear fruit 100, 60, and 30 times what was sown. Such people continually produce fruit – godly actions that manifest their commitment to Christ.
https://catchforchrist.net/luke-5-1-11-sermon/
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After the miraculous catch of fish, Jesus calls Peter and the others to (metaphorically) catch people -- that they also may follow Christ.
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In response to the grace of Christ, let’s respond with faith in Christ. Since we’ve been caught by God’s amazing grace, let’s seek to catch others -- with God’s amazing guidance.
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Luke 5:1-11 sermon first broadcast during the Alpha Baptist Church (of Willingboro, NJ) Sunday Service Live Stream on August 2, 2020.
For the (footnoted) sermon text, bibliography, and more, please visit: https://catchforchrist.net/luke-5-1-11-sermon/
For more from this virtual service, please visit: https://www.alphabc.org/8-2-20-catch-for-christ/ . For more sermons, lessons, etc., please visit: https://CatchForChrist.net
Matthew 7:24-27 Sermon Slides | "Listen the LORD, the Wise Foundation"Danny Scotton, Jr.
Ever have to ask someone, "Did you hear what I just said?" Often, we know that they heard us, but they're acting as if they didn't.
There's a difference between hearing and listening. Hearing means audibly perceiving something with one's ear. Listening means responding to what was heard with appropriate action.
In light of all that He has said previously, at the end of the Sermon of the Mount, Jesus makes it clear that it is necessary not to just hear His words, but to do them.
For there are essentially two ways to live upon hearing Christ's words. The wise both hear and do -- metaphorically building their house on the rock. The foolish hear but don't -- metaphorically building their house on sand.
Those who listen to Christ can stand when the storms come; those who don't can't stand the rain.
Will we listen to the LORD? Did we hear what Jesus just said?
For the sermon text, sermon audio, sermon slideshow, bibliography, footnotes, and more, please visit: https://catchforchrist.net/matthew-7-24-27-sermon/
For more sermons, lessons, etc., please visit: https://CatchForChrist.net
James gives wise instruction concerning how brothers and sisters in Christ should view worldly wealth. The rich and poor should evaluate themselves not by material standards but by spiritual standards.
Poor Christians should boast in their exalted position in/with Christ; rich Christians should boast in their humble dependence on and identification with our humble Lord.
For more information on this study, please visit: https://alphabc.org/james-1-9-11-bible-study
The first lesson in our Bible Study series on the letter of James, which was live streamed on 4.1.20. To view/download the corresponding slideshow, please visit: https://alphabc.org/james-1-1-4-bible...
James commands Christian brothers and sisters to consider it all joy when we fall into various trials. Why? Because the testing of our faith produces perseverance. We must persevere through the testing God allows us to endure so that this process may perfect our faith(fulness) and Christian character.
We must trust God's refinement process! Let's have joy (different from happiness) through our growing pains!
For an audio recording of this Bible Study live stream and the aforementioned slideshow (in addition to more studies), please visit: https://alphabc.org/bible-study
While teaching in the Capernaum synagogue on the Sabbath, Jesus is interrupted by a demon-possessed man. Jesus then rebukes the demon, commanding it to shut up and get out of the man. After its violent exit, people in the synagogue are not only amazed with Jesus authoritative words, but astonished by His authoritative works. He proclaims the inbreaking kingdom of God in both word and deed
For more information, please visit: https://bit.ly/Mark-1-21--28-Lesson
The (Post-)Baptism & Temptation of Jesus | Mark 1:9-13 (Prologue Part II) LessonDanny Scotton, Jr.
Three important experiences signify the inauguration of the kingdom of God through Jesus Christ -- the King. (1) The heavens are torn open, (2) the Holy Spirit descends into Jesus, and (3) God's heavenly voice speaks. God's word confirm that Jesus is the royal Messiah, the unique Son of God, and the prophesied Suffering Servant.
Then, Jesus is driven out into the wilderness to be tempted by Satan -- setting the stage for the spiritual battle that runs throughout Mark.
Kingdom Come/Coming! Repent and Believe! Exhibit A | Mark 1:14-20 LessonDanny Scotton, Jr.
Because the appointed time has come, and the kingdom of God has come near, people should repent and believe in the gospel. Christ -- the King -- is both the message and the messenger. His first disciples exhibit the appropriate response to Christ's radical claim: radical obedience
The (Post-)Baptism and Temptation of Jesus | Mark 1:9-13 LessonDanny Scotton, Jr.
Three important experiences signify the inauguration of the kingdom of God through Jesus Christ -- the King. (1) The heavens are torn open, (2) the Holy Spirit descends into Jesus, and (3) God's heavenly voice speaks. God's word confirm that Jesus is the royal Messiah, the unique Son of God, and the prophesied Suffering Servant.
Then, Jesus is driven out into the wilderness to be tempted by Satan -- setting the stage for the spiritual battle that runs throughout Mark.
For more information, please visit: http://bit.ly/C4C-Mark-One-9-13
The LORD is our shepherd. Therefore, He has authority over us humble sheep. Moreover, He protects and provides, sustains and secures, guards and guides. Even in trouble, we need not fear; for God is with us. Our ultimate desire should not be God’s presents but God’s presence.
For more information, please visit: http://bit.ly/C4C-Psalm-23-Study
The Gospel of Mark Prologue (Part I) | Mark 1:1-8 Lesson Danny Scotton, Jr.
Though scholars debate the length of the prologue, Mk 1:1-8 is largely about John the Baptist while Mk 1:9-15 is largely about Jesus. The transition from John the Baptist to Jesus the Christ (i.e., the Messiah) indicates the transition from the old era to the dawning of a new age in redemptive history.
For more info, please visit: http://bit.ly/C4C-Mark-Overview
What do lions do when they take over a pride? They often kill the cubs of the former lion king. Similarly, in the ancient Near East, new kings would often kill off any potential rivals from the former king's family. Going against cultural norms, however, King David demonstrates his lovingkindness by having King Saul's grandson eat at his table like a son...
For more information, please see: http://bit.ly/C4C-Davids-Lovingkindness
Psalm 1 tells us that the righteous will prosper and the wicked will be destroyed. But what should we do when it seems like the wicked prosper -- often at the expense of the righteous? Psalm 37 is wisdom psalm, full of proverbs from A-Z, that tells us how to live faithfully while the faithless seem to flourish
For more information, please visit: http://bit.ly/C4C-Psalm-37
David's road to the throne exemplifies putting the matter into God's hands, rather than one's own hands. Though he has to be reminded by the wise Abigail, when it comes to dealing with his enemies, David relies on God's timing.
In this lesson, we briefly review the drama that takes place between 1 Samuel 24 and 2 Samuel 4 (cf. David Sparing Saul... Again), before focusing on the three reasons why David is finally anointed king of the United Kingdom in 2 Samuel 5.
For more info, please visit: http://bit.ly/C4C-Davids-Road-To-Royalty
Deja Vu All Over Again? David Spares Saul Again: 1 Samuel 26 Bible StudyDanny Scotton, Jr.
Many think 1 Samuel 24 and 26 are different traditions of the same event, but there are important differences. David here comes across Saul not by chance, but by choice. In both accounts he acts wisely -- by not taking matters into his own hands.
For more information, please visit: http://bit.ly/C4C-2-Sam-26
Wisdom Personified: Abigail, Nabal and David (1 Samuel 25 Sunday School Lesson)Danny Scotton, Jr.
This account of the foolish and evil Nabal and the beautiful Abigail who has good understanding is sandwiched between two episodes (1 Sam 24, 26) in which David spares King Saul's life. The placement is purposeful. Given the number of parallels between Nabal and Saul, the author(s) are likely engaging in "narrative analogy" -- making a point without explicitly stating it...
For more information on this lesson, first shared on 10.6.19, please visit: http://bit.ly/C4C-1-Sam-25 or https://CatchForChrist.net
Ambassadors For Christ (2 Corinthians 5:11-21) Bible StudyDanny Scotton, Jr.
Christians are called to be ambassadors -- authorized agents of the message of reconciliation to God through Christ. In this (updated) Bible Study, based on a sermon previously shared on 9.29.19.
For more information, please visit: http://bit.ly/C4C-Ambassadors-Study
For the sermon video, outline, text, bibliography and more, please visit: http://bit.ly/C4C-Ambassadors-Sermon
Homily: The Solemnity of the Most Holy Trinity Sunday 2024.docxJames Knipper
Countless volumes have been written trying to explain the mystery of three persons in one true God, leaving us to resort to metaphors such as the three-leaf clover to try to comprehend the Divinity. Many of us grew up with the quintessential pyramidal Trinity structure of God at the top and Son and Spirit in opposite corners. But what if we looked at this ‘mystery’ from a different perspective? What if we shifted our language of God as a being towards the concept of God as love? What if we focused more on the relationship within the Trinity versus the persons of the Trinity? What if stopped looking at God as a noun…and instead considered God as a verb? Check it out…
The Chakra System in our body - A Portal to Interdimensional Consciousness.pptxBharat Technology
each chakra is studied in greater detail, several steps have been included to
strengthen your personal intention to open each chakra more fully. These are designed
to draw forth the highest benefit for your spiritual growth.
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way.pptxCelso Napoleon
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way
SBs – Sunday Bible School
Adult Bible Lessons 2nd quarter 2024 CPAD
MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
Commentator: Pastor Osiel Gomes
Presentation: Missionary Celso Napoleon
Renewed in Grace
The Book of Joshua is the sixth book in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament, and is the first book of the Deuteronomistic history, the story of Israel from the conquest of Canaan to the Babylonian exile.
In Jude 17-23 Jude shifts from piling up examples of false teachers from the Old Testament to a series of practical exhortations that flow from apostolic instruction. He preserves for us what may well have been part of the apostolic catechism for the first generation of Christ-followers. In these instructions Jude exhorts the believer to deal with 3 different groups of people: scoffers who are "devoid of the Spirit", believers who have come under the influence of scoffers and believers who are so entrenched in false teaching that they need rescue and pose some real spiritual risk for the rescuer. In all of this Jude emphasizes Jesus' call to rescue straying sheep, leaving the 99 safely behind and pursuing the 1.
What Should be the Christian View of Anime?Joe Muraguri
We will learn what Anime is and see what a Christian should consider before watching anime movies? We will also learn a little bit of Shintoism religion and hentai (the craze of internet pornography today).
The Good News, newsletter for June 2024 is hereNoHo FUMC
Our monthly newsletter is available to read online. We hope you will join us each Sunday in person for our worship service. Make sure to subscribe and follow us on YouTube and social media.
The PBHP DYC ~ Reflections on The Dhamma (English).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma Reflections for the PBHP DYC for the years 1993 – 2012. To motivate and inspire DYC members to keep on practicing the Dhamma and to do the meritorious deed of Dhammaduta work.
The texts are in English.
For the Video with audio narration, comments and texts in English, please check out the Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF2g_43NEa0
Evangelization in the footsteps of Saint Vincent de Paul
Ten Commandments Sunday School Lesson (Part III)
1. GOD GIVES THE TEN
COMMANDMENTS (PT. III)
DANNY SCOTTON JR
ALPHA BAPTIST CHURCH | 10.21.18
2. REVIEW
• Grace Comes Before Commands
• God graciously freed Israel; Israel should faithfully serve God. The Son of God graciously
freed us from sin; we should faithfully serve the Son of God
• Christ died for us; we should live for Christ (2 Cor 5:15)
• God doesn’t tell us what to do without first telling us what He’s done (Indicative before
Imperative)
• Israel’s Purpose: To be a Kingdom of Priests (Ex 19:5-6)
• Intermediaries & vessels through whom God would bless all nations (Abrahamic covenant Gen
12:2-3)
• In Christ, we are a royal priesthood (1 Pet 2:9, Rev 1:6)
• Commandments in Two Categories
• Love God (Commandments 1-IV): Vertical Relationship (cf. Dt 6:5, Mt 22:37-38)
• Love Others (Commandments V-X): Horizontal Relationship (cf. Lev 19:18, Mt 22:39-40)
To view or download these slides:
www.bit.ly/10Cs-Pt3
3. THE X COMMANDMENTS
GREEK LETTER Χ = CHI (RHYMES WITH “KEY”)
• Some scholars (Motyer, Smith) suggest a chiastic
structure of the Ten Commandments:
• A: Thoughts (Commands 1-2)
• B: Words (Commandment 3)
• C: Deeds (Commandment 4)
• Family Obligation (Commandment
5)
• C’: Deeds (Commandments 6-8)
• B’: Words (Commandment 9)
• A’: Thoughts (Commandment 10)
I love you
you love me
Ask not what your country
can do for you, but what
you can do for your
country (JFK)
Never let a fool kiss you or
a kiss fool you (Mardy
Grothe)
Thoughts, words, deeds,
family, deeds, words,
thoughts
4. REVIEW: COMMANDMENTS I-III
• Thoughts
• First Commandment: No “god,” no one, no thing should come before God. God wants
undivided, utter devotion – “forsaking all others,” including self
• Second Commandment: We should not think of or treat God like a quid-pro-quo, tit-
for-tat, pagan “god,” which is what some scholars argue is essentially behind the
prohibition making and worshiping all images (Motyer, etc.)
• Words
• Third Commandment: Do not take (up) the LORD’s (YHWH) name in vain
• Swearing (both senses of the word)
• Attaching divine authority to our words
• “Taking up” or bearing the name of the LORD (2 Chron 7:14, 1 Pet 4:16), without acting like a
servant of the LORD – giving God a bad name
5. REVIEW: THE FOURTH COMMANDMENT
REMEMBER THE SABBATH DAY AND KEEP IT HOLY
• STOP: Sign of the Covenant
• Ancient covenants had “signs” – visible reminders; Sabbath was a sign of the
Sinai Covenant (Stuart, Alexander)
• Had to cease “business as usual” (Durham) and dedicate a day to worship and
grow closer to God
• Everyone had to stop; could not shift work to others (e.g., son, daughter,
servants, animals, foreigners)
• Some say: do as I say not as I do.
• God says: do as I say and as I do.
• The Israelites were to imitate God’s creation workweek
6. SHOULD CHRISTIANS KEEP THE SABBATH?
• All of the Ten Commandments are repeated in the New Testament – except the Fourth
Commandment
• 18 When the LORD finished speaking to Moses on Mount Sinai, he gave him the two tablets of the
covenant law, the tablets of stone inscribed by the finger of God (Ex 31:18, NIV, cf. Ex 24:12)
• 31 “The days are coming,” declares the LORD, “when I will make a new covenant with the people of
Israel and with the people of Judah. 32 It will not be like the covenant I made with their ancestors
when I took them by the hand to lead them out of Egypt, because they broke my covenant, though I
was a husband to them,” declares the LORD. 33 “This is the covenant I will make with the people of
Israel after that time,” declares the LORD. “I will put my law in their minds and write it on their hearts.
I will be their God, and they will be my people…" (Jer 31:31-33, NIV)
• 3 You show that you are a letter from Christ, the result of our ministry, written not with ink but with
the Spirit of the living God, not on tablets of stone but on tablets of human hearts. 4 Such
confidence we have through Christ before God. 5 Not that we are competent in ourselves to claim
anything for ourselves, but our competence comes from God. 6 He has made us competent as
ministers of a new covenant—not of the letter but of the Spirit; for the letter kills, but the Spirit gives
life. (2 Cor 3:3-6, NIV)
7. SHOULD CHRISTIANS KEEP THE SABBATH?
• Paul is referring to the new covenant prophesied by Jeremiah and inaugurated by Christ
(Barnett)
• 25 In the same way, after supper he took the cup, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in my
blood; do this, whenever you drink it, in remembrance of me” (1 Cor 11:25, cf. Lk 22:19).
• “As a result of the new covenant inaugurated by Christ the Sabbath (Saturday) was replaced by
the Lord’s day (Sunday). The strict observance of the Sabbath, like circumcision, is no longer
binding upon Christians” (Alexander)
• Jesus was crucified on Good Friday afternoon (“from noon until three in the afternoon darkness
came over the land” (Mt 27:45, NIV) and was taken for burial as “evening approached” (Mt
27:57, NIV).
• The Empty Tomb was discovered early on the “first day of the week” (Mt 28:1, Mark 16:2; Luke
24:1; John 20:1, NIV) (France).
• Christians worship on Sunday to commemorate the Resurrection of our Lord Jesus Christ
• Communion is a sign – a visible reminder -- of the New Covenant
8. SHOULD CHRISTIANS KEEP THE SABBATH?
NOT AS STRICTLY AS THE JEWS
• Some sects claim that Christians still should be keeping the Sabbath and even observing certain Jewish
festivals.
• 16 Therefore do not let anyone judge you by what you eat or drink, or with regard to a religious
festival, a New Moon celebration or a Sabbath day. 17 These are a shadow of the things that were to
come; the reality, however, is found in Christ (Col 2:16-17, NIV).
• “The observance of the sacred calendar, like the observance of the levitical food laws, was obligatory
on Jews. But Christians are free from obligations of this kind” (Bruce, cf., Gal 4:9-10).
• 5 One person considers one day more sacred than another; another considers every day alike. Each of
them should be fully convinced in their own mind. 6 Whoever regards one day as special does so to
the Lord (Rom 14:5-6. NIV)
• My opinion: we all should still set aside time to cease all other activities and gather together to learn
more about and worship God. Yet, individuals do not necessarily always have to do this on a set day or
time
• “…these are questions to be settled between the individual conscience and God” (Bruce).
9. THE FIFTH COMMANDMENT:
HONOR THY FATHER AND MOTHER
• 12 “Honor your father and your mother, so that you may live long in the land the LORD
your God is giving you (Ex 20:12, NIV, cf. Lev 19:3 “mother” first).
• Nowadays, one of the most desired qualities is youth (Cole)
• We want to act, look, and/or feel younger
• Much of what’s “cool” in the media (movies, TV shows, music, fashion, etc.) features or targets the young
• Our society puts a lot of weight (i.e., importance) on youth
• This commandment tells those who are younger to put weight on (ד ֵָּבכ | kābēd) their parents – on their concerns and
needs (Bruckner, Durham, Hamilton) and their instruction in the covenant (Matthews, et. al)
• More specifically, it is also probably telling young adults to take care of their parents in their old age – when they
can no longer work (Stuart, Bruckner, Walton)
• God is the Creator of life, parents are the procreators of life – the vessels through which the LORD gives life
(Durham).
• Ideally, parents should be godly teachers, but not gods (Hamilton)
Others
Parents
10. THE FIFTH COMMANDMENT:
…THAT YOU MAY LIVE LONG…
• Not saying: do whatever your mother and father say or die young!
• If children take care of their parents in their old age, they can set a precedent for
their children to do the same for them (Walton)
• If children do not follow their parents’ godly instruction, the covenant would be in
jeopardy (Matthews, et. al.). This is “vital for the preservation of the social fabric”
(Sarna)
• The covenant was conditional on the Israelites’ obedience (e.g., Ex. 19:5f. “Now if
you obey me full and keep my covenant, then…” NIV).
• This commandment is probably not about individual life spans, but the life span of
God’s people – corporately – in the Promised Land (Stuart, Durham, Enns)
• In the Bible, “you” is often plural
11. TRANSITIONAL POINT:
• Some scholars (Motyer) suggest a chiastic
structure of the Ten Commandments:
• A: Thoughts (Commands 1-2)
• B: Words (Commandment 3)
• C: Deeds (Commandment 4)
• Family Obligation (Commandment
5)
• C’: Deeds (Commandments 6-8)
• B’: Words (Commandment 9)
• A’: Thoughts (Commandment 10)
Love God: Commandments I-IV
Love Others: Commandments V-X
1. God (I-IV)
2. Family (V)
3. Others (VI-X)
(Motyer)
12. THE SIXTH COMMANDMENT:
DO NOT TAKE LIFE IMPROPERLY (DEEDS)
• “Kill” is too general; “murder” is too specific (Bruckner cf. Alexander)
• Two words in Hebrew: don’t [חַצ ָּר | rāṣaḥ] = “[put] to death improperly…” (Stuart) without proper authorization
(cf. Bruckner)
• rāṣaḥ includes premeditated murder (e.g., Nu 35:16), unintentional manslaughter (e.g., Dt 4:42,19:4, Jos 20:3),
negligent homicide, etc. (Bruckner, etc.) with various punishments. Never used with reference to divine actions
(Sarna)
• “Whoever sheds human blood, by humans shall their blood be shed; for in the image of God has God made
mankind” (Gen 9:6, NIV)
• Only God, the Author of life, has this ultimate authority. The Israelites were not to take life without divine
approval (e.g., war, capital punishment) (Alexander).
• The “eye for eye”(lex talionis) principle was to ensure justice and to prevent “cycles of personal vengeance.”
(Bruckner)
• Unlike in other ancient Near East cultures, it had to be blood for blood, not blood for ransom money
(Num 35:31) (Sarna). The crime was against the Creator, only God could forgive.
13. THE SEVENTH COMMANDMENT:
DO NOT COMMIT ADULTERY (DEEDS)
• The biblical ideal is monogamy, based on the Genesis creation narrative (Stuart):
• 24 That is why a man leaves his father and mother and is united to his wife, and they
become one flesh (Gen 2:24, NIV).
• 4 “Haven’t you read,” [Jesus] replied, “that at the beginning the Creator ‘made them
male and female,’ v 5 and said, ‘For this reason a man will leave his father and mother
and be united to his wife, and the two will become one flesh’? (Mt 19:4-5, NIV).
• For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and
the two will become one flesh (Eph 5:31, NIV).
• Adultery is not just a sin against a person, it is a sin against God (Durham, Sarna)
• No one is greater in this house than I am. My master has withheld nothing from me
except you, because you are his wife. How then could I do such a wicked thing and sin
against God?” (Gen 39:9, NIV)
14. THE EIGHTH COMMANDMENT:
DO NOT STEAL (DEEDS)
• In God’s covenant community, all theft is prohibited
• This may likely include kidnapping (Cole, Sarna)
• 7 If someone is caught kidnapping a fellow Israelite and treating or selling them as a slave,
the kidnapper must die. You must purge the evil from among you (Dt 24:7, NIV)
(Matthews, et. al.).
• Stealing also includes deceit and cheating (Alexander)
• Stealing robs another Israelite of God’s blessings
15. THE NINTH COMMANDMENT
DO NOT GIVE FALSE TESTIMONY… (WORDS)
• Many offenses were capital crimes… bearing false witness is essentially murder (Cole)
• The testimony of two or three witnesses was necessary to convict (Dt 19:15, Num 35:30) (Durham)
• Witnesses had to cast the first stone (Cole)
• The hands of the witnesses must be the first in putting that person to death, and then the hands of all the
people. You must purge the evil from among you (Dt 17:7, NIV)
• if the witness proves to be a liar, giving false testimony against a fellow Israelite, 19 then do to the false
witness as that witness intended to do to the other party. You must purge the evil from among you (Dt
19:18b-19, NIV) (Bruckner).
• How could Israel be God’s witnesses to the world if they were false witnesses to each other?
(Durham)
• Like with the other commandments, this is not strictly a matter of personal goodness, it is about
the well-being of the entire covenant community (Enns) – society’s stability (Sarna)
16. THE TENTH COMMANDMENT:
DO NOT COVET YOUR NEIGHBOR’S…(THOUGHTS)
• 17 “You shall not covet your neighbor’s house. You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife,
or his male or female servant, his ox or donkey, or anything that belongs to your
neighbor” (Ex 20:17, NIV)
• House = household… all that belongs to the neighbor (Durham, Sarna)
• The Israelites are told not to desire or crave anything that rightfully belongs to
someone else (Stuart)
• Desiring what we cannot rightfully have/do is the source (Bruckner) or “first step” of sin
(Durham cf. Alexander)
• I have learned the secret of being content.. whether well fed or hungry, living in plenty or
in want… I can do all this through him who gives me strength (Php 4:12-13)(Hamilton).
• The Ten Commandments begin and end with thoughts. Outward obedience is not
enough, inward trust in God is a must (Alexander).
17. CONCLUSION
• If Israel kept the covenant, they would be God’s treasured possession (Ex 19:5), a kingdom of priests and a holy
nation (Ex 19:6).
• Through Israel – His priestly intermediaries – God would bless all nations (Gen 12:2-3).
• This required the right thoughts, words, or deeds about God, and the right deeds, words, or thoughts about
others
• The Ten Commandments outline how God’s people are to love God (I-IV) and love others (V-X) (cf. Mt 22:37-
40)
• They outline correct priorities: God 1st (I-IV), Family 2nd(V), Others 3rd (VI-X)
• They concern both outward obedience and inward trust: Trust and Obey
• New Covenant: Christ’s Church is now the royal priesthood, the holy nation, the chosen people of God
• 9 But you are a chosen people, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, God’s special possession, that you may
declare the praises of him who called you out of darkness into his wonderful light. 10 Once you were not a
people, but now you are the people of God; once you had not received mercy, but now you have received
mercy (1 Pet 2:9-10, NIV)
• To him [Jesus] who loves us and has freed us from our sins by his blood, 6 and has made us to be a kingdom
and priests to serve his God and Father—to him be glory and power for ever and ever! Amen (Rev 1:5b-6, NIV)
To view or download these
slides:
www.bit.ly/10Cs-Pt3
18. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Alexander, T. Desmond. “Exodus.” In New Bible Commentary: 21st Century Edition, edited by D. A. Carson, R. T. France, J. A. Motyer, and G. J. Wenham, 4th ed., 92–120. Leicester, England; Downers Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity Press, 1994.
• Alexander, T. Desmond. Exodus. Edited by David W. Baker and Gordon J. Wenham. Vol. 2. Apollos Old Testament Commentary. London; Downers Grove, IL: Apollos; InterVarsity Press, 2017.
• Allen, R. Michael. ET101 Law and Gospel: The Basis of Christian Ethics. Logos Mobile Education. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2016.
• Barnett, Paul. The Second Epistle to the Corinthians. The New International Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1997.
• Bruckner, James K. Exodus. Edited by W. Ward Gasque, Robert L. Hubbard Jr., and Robert K. Johnston. Understanding the Bible Commentary Series. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2012.
• Cole, R. Alan. Exodus: An Introduction and Commentary. Vol. 2. Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1973.
• Durham, John I. Exodus. Vol. 3. Word Biblical Commentary. Dallas: Word, Incorporated, 1998.
• Elwell, Walter A. Evangelical Commentary on the Bible. Vol. 3. Baker Reference Library. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1995.
• Enns, Peter. Exodus. The NIV Application Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2000.
• Fee, Gordon D., and Robert L. Hubbard Jr., eds. The Eerdmans Companion to the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI; Cambridge, U.K.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2011.
• France, R. T. The Gospel of Matthew. The New International Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publication Co., 2007.
• Hamilton, Victor P. Exodus: An Exegetical Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2011.
• Matthews, Victor Harold, Mark W. Chavalas, and John H. Walton. The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament. Electronic ed. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000.
• Motyer, Alec. The Message of Exodus: The Days of Our Pilgrimage. Edited by Alec Motyer and Derek Tidball. The Bible Speaks Today. Nottingham, England: Inter-Varsity Press, 2005.
• Sarna, Nahum M. Exodus. The JPS Torah Commentary. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991.
• Stuart, Douglas K. Exodus. Vol. 2. The New American Commentary. Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2006.
• Walton, John H. Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds Commentary (Old Testament): Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2009.
Editor's Notes
A1 God
a1 Thoughts (commandments 1–2)
b1 Words (commandment 3)
c1 Deeds (commandment 4)
A2 Society
c2 Deeds (commandments 6–8)
b2 Words (commandment 9)
a2 Thoughts (commandment 10)
Alec Motyer, , ed. Alec Motyer and Derek Tidball, The Bible Speaks Today (Nottingham, England: Inter-Varsity Press, 2005), 216.
Alec Motyer, The Message of Exodus: The Days of Our Pilgrimage, ed. Alec Motyer and Derek Tidball, The Bible Speaks Today (Nottingham, England: Inter-Varsity Press, 2005), 216.
L. Smith, “Original Sin as ‘Envy’: The Structure of the Biblical Decalogue,” Dialog 30 (1991): 227–30. Smith considers the structure of the Decalog to be essentially chiastic, with the first commandment (against idolatry) and the tenth commandment (against covetousness) as the anchors, with the other commandments correspondingly paired (two and nine, three and eight) and the centerpiece to be the commandment against murder
Douglas K. Stuart, , vol. 2, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2006).
Douglas K. Stuart, Exodus, vol. 2, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2006).
These references, which are traceable to Jesus at the Last Supper, represent his affirmation that “in [his] blood” the “new covenant” prophesied by Jeremiah had been inaugurated. The prophet had written:
Paul Barnett, , The New International Commentary on the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1997), 175.
Paul Barnett, The Second Epistle to the Corinthians, The New International Commentary on the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1997), 175.
It seems most likely however that, oddly as he has expressed it, Matthew refers, as the other three evangelists clearly do in different ways (Mark 16:2; Luke 24:1; John 20:1) to early on Sunday morning, as it was getting light.
R. T. France, , The New International Commentary on the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publication Co., 2007), 1099.
R. T. France, The Gospel of Matthew, The New International Commentary on the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publication Co., 2007), 1099.
F. F. Bruce, , The New International Commentary on the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1984), 114.
F. F. Bruce, The Epistles to the Colossians, to Philemon, and to the Ephesians, The New International Commentary on the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1984), 114.
This is not a popular doctrine in our modern world, where youth is worshipped, and old age dreaded or despised. The result is the folly by which men or women strive to remain eternally youthful, only to find it an impossible task
R. Alan Cole, , vol. 2, Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1973), 166.
R. Alan Cole, Exodus: An Introduction and Commentary, vol. 2, Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1973), 166.
To “give honor” to father and mother means more than to be subject to them, or respectful of their wishes: they are to be given precedence by the recognition of the importance which is theirs by right, esteemed for their priority, and loved for it as well. As Yahweh is honored for his priority to all life, so father and mother must be honored for their priority, as Yahweh’s instruments, to the lives of their children
John I. Durham, , vol. 3, Word Biblical Commentary (Dallas: Word, Incorporated, 1998), 291.
John I. Durham, Exodus, vol. 3, Word Biblical Commentary (Dallas: Word, Incorporated, 1998), 291.
Respect for parents is deemed to be vital for the preservation of the social fabric; dishonoring parents imperils the well-being of society
Nahum M. Sarna, , The JPS Torah Commentary (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991), 113.
Nahum M. Sarna, Exodus, The JPS Torah Commentary (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991), 113.
Honoring and respecting parents consists of respecting their instruction in the covenant. This assumes that a religious heritage is being passed on. The home was seen as an important and necessary link for the covenant instruction of each successive generation. Honor
Victor Harold Matthews, Mark W. Chavalas, and John H. Walton, , electronic ed. (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000), Ex 20:12.
Victor Harold Matthews, Mark W. Chavalas, and John H. Walton, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament, electronic ed. (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000), Ex 20:12.
There is not promise here of individually long life spans. Rather the promise refers to God’s protection of his covenant people if and as long as they keep his covenant
Douglas K. Stuart, , vol. 2, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2006), 462.
Douglas K. Stuart, Exodus, vol. 2, The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2006), 462.
Nahum M. Sarna, , The JPS Torah Commentary (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991), 113.
Nahum M. Sarna, Exodus, The JPS Torah Commentary (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991), 113.
By breaking God’s commands, the people will jeopardize their possession of the land God has given them. This “promise” is not personal blessing, but a blessing for a people to possess a land under God’s rule and thus become a light to the nations.
Peter Enns, , The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2000), 421.
Peter Enns, Exodus, The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2000), 421.
“Born in 1825, [Randolph] McCoy began his bitter feud with the Hatfields in 1878 when he accused Floyd Hatfield of stealing one of his hogs. In 1882, three of McCoy's sons killed a Hatfield in a fight, and they, in turn, were shot to death by some Hatfields in revenge. [Randolph] McCoy nearly died in 1888 when a group of Hatfields attacked his home. In all, he lost five of his children in the feud. McCoy died in 1914.” (https://www.biography.com/people/randall-mccoy-20824891)
“In 1878 Randolph McCoy accused Floyd Hatfield, a cousin of Devil Anse, of stealing one of his pigs, a valuable commodity in the poor region. Floyd Hatfields’s trial took place in McCoy territory but was presided over by a cousin of Devil Anse. It hinged on the testimony of star witness Bill Staton, a McCoy relative married to a Hatfield. Staton testified in Floyd Hatfield’s favor, and the McCoys were infuriated when Floyd was cleared of the charges against him. Two years later, Staton was violently killed in a fracas with Sam and Paris McCoy, nephews of Randolph. Sam stood trial for the murder but was acquitted for self-defense reasons”. (https://www.history.com/shows/hatfields-and-mccoys/articles/the-hatfield-mccoy-feud)
The use of such a specialized term in the specific context of the Decalogue leaves the way open for the killing of the Yahweh-war or capital punishment, both of which are of course permitted by the OT, and also sets apart other uses of רצח by relating them inevitably to the obligations of the covenant with Yahweh.
John I. Durham, , vol. 3, Word Biblical Commentary (Dallas: Word, Incorporated, 1998), 293.
John I. Durham, Exodus, vol. 3, Word Biblical Commentary (Dallas: Word, Incorporated, 1998), 293.
The Hebrew stem r-ts-ḥ, as noted by Rashbam and Bekhor Shor, applies only to illegal killing and, unlike other verbs for the taking of life, is never used in the administration of justice or for killing in war
Nahum M. Sarna, , The JPS Torah Commentary (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991), 113.
Nahum M. Sarna, Exodus, The JPS Torah Commentary (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991), 113.
Also, it is never employed when the subject of the action is God or an angel.
Nahum M. Sarna, , The JPS Torah Commentary (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991), 113.
Nahum M. Sarna, Exodus, The JPS Torah Commentary (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991), 113.
or as Domeris writes, ‘the prohibition may be defined more narrowly as the taking of a life outside of the parameters … laid down by God’ (1996: 1189)
T. Desmond Alexander, , ed. David W. Baker and Gordon J. Wenham, vol. 2, Apollos Old Testament Commentary (London; Downers Grove, IL: Apollos; InterVarsity Press, 2017), 416.
T. Desmond Alexander, Exodus, ed. David W. Baker and Gordon J. Wenham, vol. 2, Apollos Old Testament Commentary (London; Downers Grove, IL: Apollos; InterVarsity Press, 2017), 416.
27 “You have heard that it was said, ‘You shall not commit adultery.’ j 28 But I tell you that anyone who looks at a woman lustfully has already committed adultery with her in his heart.
(Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2011), Mt 5:2728.
In spite of occasional modern claims to the contrary, at no point does the OT endorse polygyny (Hugenberger 1994: 313–338; Davidson 2007: 177–212). As already indicated, almost every reference to a man having more than one wife reveals a family situation fraught with difficulties. While social conventions throughout the period of the OT usually permitted polygyny or concubinage, we should not assume that the authors of the biblical books accepted this uncritically. In almost all the narratives that engage with this issue, problems are associated with having several wives. This is clearly so with the patriarchs Abraham and Jacob, as their marriage partners struggle with one another. Esau’s marriage to two women is a source of grief to his parents (Gen. 26:34–35). Further evidence concerning dysfunctional families due to multiple wives comes in the cases of Gideon and David, when siblings from different mothers are hostile towards their half-brothers (a feature also of the Joseph story). Tensions between wives are evident in some narratives and possibly reflected in the legislation of Deut. 21:15, although in this instance it is possible that one of the wives is already dead; the primary focus is on the inheritance problems raised by having children from more than one wife. Although it is sometimes cited as an example of a man having more than one wife, Exod. 21:10 is irrelevant: it addresses the case of a maidservant who has been acquired, somewhat like a slave, with the intention of being married either to her master or his son. The legislation addresses her treatment prior to being married (see comment on 21:7–11).
T. Desmond Alexander, , ed. David W. Baker and Gordon J. Wenham, vol. 2, Apollos Old Testament Commentary (London; Downers Grove, IL: Apollos; InterVarsity Press, 2017), 418.
T. Desmond Alexander, Exodus, ed. David W. Baker and Gordon J. Wenham, vol. 2, Apollos Old Testament Commentary (London; Downers Grove, IL: Apollos; InterVarsity Press, 2017), 418.
The Bible has much to say about sexual ethics – much of which is at odds with our current culture
The New International Version (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2011), Mt 5:27–28.
A person steals not only when he robs a man’s strong box or his pocket, but also when he takes advantage of his neighbor at the market, in a grocery shop, butcher stall, wine and beer cellar, workshop, and, in short, wherever business is transacted and money is exchanged for goods or labor. (1976: 39)
T. Desmond Alexander, , ed. David W. Baker and Gordon J. Wenham, vol. 2, Apollos Old Testament Commentary (London; Downers Grove, IL: Apollos; InterVarsity Press, 2017), 421.
T. Desmond Alexander, Exodus, ed. David W. Baker and Gordon J. Wenham, vol. 2, Apollos Old Testament Commentary (London; Downers Grove, IL: Apollos; InterVarsity Press, 2017), 421.
After all, if Israelites cannot behave properly toward their God and cannot treat each other as “special people,” as God treats them, how can they ever be a light to the Gentiles? How can they ever be a kingdom of priests in a world that does not know the true God?
Peter Enns, , The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2000), 425.
Peter Enns, Exodus, The NIV Application Commentary (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2000), 425.
