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Telling Stories 
Zoë Freeman
• Fiske et al (1998) defines a story as an “irreducible 
substance” 
• Story = what it’s about 
• Narrative = way it’s told 
• Open text 
• Closed text 
• Barthes argues that there is many meanings to text, more than the 
director intended and expected, this is due to audiences having 
different experiences/expectations 
• Hermeneutic/enigma code – element of mystery to entice the 
audience, is a concealed image, asks ambiguous/philosophical 
questions, persuasion to watch film often comes from feeling of 
uncertainty of characters fate
Todorov’s Theory of Narrative 
• Equilibrium – start of every story, 
balance and harmony 
• Moment of disequilibrium – something 
happens, shatter of equilibrium 
• Disequilibrium – hero(es) struggle to fix 
the wrongs and return to equilibrium 
• New equilibrium – villain is defeated 
peace is restored at a cost/loss, new 
equilibrium is tainted by the experience 
(Example shown through ‘The Descent’ 
(2003) Trailer) 
E 
MOD 
D 
D 
NE

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Telling stories

  • 2. • Fiske et al (1998) defines a story as an “irreducible substance” • Story = what it’s about • Narrative = way it’s told • Open text • Closed text • Barthes argues that there is many meanings to text, more than the director intended and expected, this is due to audiences having different experiences/expectations • Hermeneutic/enigma code – element of mystery to entice the audience, is a concealed image, asks ambiguous/philosophical questions, persuasion to watch film often comes from feeling of uncertainty of characters fate
  • 3. Todorov’s Theory of Narrative • Equilibrium – start of every story, balance and harmony • Moment of disequilibrium – something happens, shatter of equilibrium • Disequilibrium – hero(es) struggle to fix the wrongs and return to equilibrium • New equilibrium – villain is defeated peace is restored at a cost/loss, new equilibrium is tainted by the experience (Example shown through ‘The Descent’ (2003) Trailer) E MOD D D NE