The Swedish telecommunications sector has historically been dominated by Ericsson and dependent on its innovations. Ericsson's success in mobile communications in the 1980s-90s drove significant economic growth in Sweden. However, the Swedish innovation system became overly reliant on one firm, Ericsson, which accounted for the majority of telecom manufacturing. While this strengthened Sweden's telecom sector, it also created vulnerabilities if Ericsson failed. Early cooperation between Ericsson and the Swedish telecom operator Televerket, including jointly developing switching systems, helped drive both companies' competitiveness.
ICTs and Enterprises in Developing Countries: Hype or Opportunity?Alwyn Didar Singh
The role of ICTs in the development of small enterprises has been much discussed. This document brings together material from a wide variety of sources, including development agencies, governments and the private sector. In particular, it aims to present current realities, rather than to emphasize what might one day be possible. It is clear that ICTs are transforming many aspects of life for enterprises; many of the impacts will, however, take many years to fully materialize
In 2009, when worked for the Region of Peel government, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 2800 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
In 2009, when working for the government of Region of Peel, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a
Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 2600 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
In 2009, when worked for the Region of Peel government, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 2800 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
In 2009, when worked for the Region of Peel government, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a
Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 2800 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
European Union- Definition, Public Procurement Scenario & Tender OpportunitiesTendersInfo .com
The European Union is a political and economic integration of 27 countries to promote growth and establish a unified monetary system. EU advances a transparent market by eliminating hindrances in the movement of goods, services, capital and labour. The EU seeks to promote the values, objectives and principles that are in the interest of the citizens of the member states.
External factors affecting the operation of businessesSonny
External factors that can impact a business.
Businesses can’t control external factors but must respond to them.
These political, economic, social, technological and environmental factors are represented by the acronym PESTE (Graham, 2007)
In 2009, when worked for the Region of Peel government, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 2800 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
In 2009, when worked for the Region of Peel government, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a
Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 2800 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
José Molero-La nueva revolución de la producción: la transformación digitalFundación Ramón Areces
'La nueva revolución de la producción: la transformación digital'. Este fue el hilo conductor de la jornada que celebramos el 14 de marzo de 2017 con la OCDE. Arrancó con las intervenciones de Ángel Gurría, Secretario general de la OCDE, y de Álvaro Nadal, Ministro de Energía, Turismo y Agenda Digital. A continuación, diferentes expertos y emprendedores explicaron cómo la tecnología está revolucionando la industria y los negocios.
In 2009, when worked for the Region of Peel government, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a
Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 2800 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
In 2009, when working for the government of Region of Peel, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a
Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 2700 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
In 2009, when working for the government of Region of Peel, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a
Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 2700 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
In 2009, when worked for the Region of Peel government, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 2800 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
In 2009, when worked for the Region of Peel government, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 2900 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
ICTs and Enterprises in Developing Countries: Hype or Opportunity?Alwyn Didar Singh
The role of ICTs in the development of small enterprises has been much discussed. This document brings together material from a wide variety of sources, including development agencies, governments and the private sector. In particular, it aims to present current realities, rather than to emphasize what might one day be possible. It is clear that ICTs are transforming many aspects of life for enterprises; many of the impacts will, however, take many years to fully materialize
In 2009, when worked for the Region of Peel government, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 2800 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
In 2009, when working for the government of Region of Peel, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a
Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 2600 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
In 2009, when worked for the Region of Peel government, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 2800 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
In 2009, when worked for the Region of Peel government, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a
Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 2800 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
European Union- Definition, Public Procurement Scenario & Tender OpportunitiesTendersInfo .com
The European Union is a political and economic integration of 27 countries to promote growth and establish a unified monetary system. EU advances a transparent market by eliminating hindrances in the movement of goods, services, capital and labour. The EU seeks to promote the values, objectives and principles that are in the interest of the citizens of the member states.
External factors affecting the operation of businessesSonny
External factors that can impact a business.
Businesses can’t control external factors but must respond to them.
These political, economic, social, technological and environmental factors are represented by the acronym PESTE (Graham, 2007)
In 2009, when worked for the Region of Peel government, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 2800 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
In 2009, when worked for the Region of Peel government, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a
Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 2800 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
José Molero-La nueva revolución de la producción: la transformación digitalFundación Ramón Areces
'La nueva revolución de la producción: la transformación digital'. Este fue el hilo conductor de la jornada que celebramos el 14 de marzo de 2017 con la OCDE. Arrancó con las intervenciones de Ángel Gurría, Secretario general de la OCDE, y de Álvaro Nadal, Ministro de Energía, Turismo y Agenda Digital. A continuación, diferentes expertos y emprendedores explicaron cómo la tecnología está revolucionando la industria y los negocios.
In 2009, when worked for the Region of Peel government, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a
Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 2800 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
In 2009, when working for the government of Region of Peel, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a
Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 2700 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
In 2009, when working for the government of Region of Peel, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a
Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 2700 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
In 2009, when worked for the Region of Peel government, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 2800 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
In 2009, when worked for the Region of Peel government, Canada, we successfully used patent mapping to identify US patent intensive companies as the potential employers for highly educated immigrants. Following this initiative, we have created and been maintaining a Canadian patent competitive intelligence (CI) database to track the latest patent competence of over 2900 Canadian entities on a weekly basis. This database provides intelligence for long-term strategic research planning and short-term tactics.
Finland & Sweden: Incredible Success in ICTPetri Rouvinen
A presentation by Annika Rickne (KTH) and Petri Rouvinen (ETLA) at the Finnish Embassy in Stockholm (Seminar: "Assessing past achievements and future potential in ICT: A joint future for Finland and Sweden?").
The seminar on Nordic Leadership in ICT held at VINNOVA's, premises in Stockholm on 22 Sep. 2015, 09:30-12:00. The seminar ended a project the findings of which are available in: Giertz, E., Rickne, A., Rouvinen, P., , Ali-Yrkkö, J., Arvidsson, N., Broström, A., Gens, M., Johansson, F., Kotiranta, A., Lindmark, S., Lougui, M., Mattila, J., Pajarinen, M., Pon, B., Seppälä, T., Thorén, K., & Ylä-Anttila, P. (2015). Small and beautiful: The ICT success of Finland and Sweden. VINNOVA Analysis, VA 2015/06.
Chasing the tale of the unicorn: Executive summaryRobin Teigland
Executive summary of our report: http://www.slideshare.net/eteigland/chasing-the-tale-of-the-unicorn-a-study-of-stockholms-misty-meadows
Stockholm currently has some of the most successful high-tech startup companies in the world. New findings from a research team at the Stockholm School of Economics suggest that infrastructure, networks, business climate and supportive policies are key factors that explain Sweden’s success. The research report is part of the Innovative Internet project, funded by the Internet Foundation in Sweden, IIS.
This report presents the preliminary results of The Innovative Internet project, a three-year project funded by the Internet Foundation in Sweden, IIS. The project’s primary objective is to examine how the internet and digitalization have influenced entrepreneurship and innovation in Sweden.
The Evolution of VoIP-A look into how VoIP has proliferated into the global d...Bradley Susser
This paper doesn’t dispute the fact that customers will continue to benefit significantly from VoIP as
quality of service has improved while costs have continued to come down considerably rather our
objective is to focus more on the viability of providers that encompass this sector of the market. We
aim to first describe how VoIP has proliferated into the global dominant platform it is today, the
infrastructure and definition of VoIP, VoIP’s classification schemes, the growth of technologies
leveraging the VoIP platform while disrupting traditional carriers business models, covering the topic of
VoIP security, explaining the different regulatory frameworks around the globe and finally concluding
with an opinion on the competitive landscape.
Executive Resume of the Information and Communication Technologies Business P...CONAPRI
www.conapri.org
Executive Resume of the Information and Communication Technologies Business Profile (2006), edited by the Venezuelan Council for Investment Promotion, CONAPRI
Get the complete version at the www.conapri.org Virtual Store
First, I welcome you to the new Ericsson Technology Review. For some months now, we have been working on how to continue to deliver our in-depth technical insights this journal is renowned for, but also how to offer a broader perspective on technology developments in ICT. So here it is...
I am delighted to be able to share some of my thoughts and the stories of Ericsson experts – their perspectives, concerns, and insights on advancements being made in technology.
Perhaps the most obvious change we’ve made is the name of the journal. As industries merge, overlap, and collaborate more, we find ourselves changing too. I daresay the situation is the same everywhere. Today, Ericsson’s experts have different sets of skills compared with just a few years ago. Our customers also have different problems: subscribers are more demanding, and technology is more complex as it weaves its way deeper into the fabric of our lives. Some of the people I have conversations with today work in businesses that didn’t exist, even a couple of years ago. So, in an attempt to clarify what this journal is about (reviewing technology), we added the word technology to its name.
To our long-standing readers, I would like to emphasize that the fundamental nature of our content – in-depth analyses of specific technologies, their consequences and benefits – hasn’t changed.
The biggest change comes in the form of a new technology trends section. As the CTO of a global ICT player, I am in the fortunate position of hearing about all kinds of innovations that are shaping our industry, and I get to hear them from the multiple perspectives of many different experts. And while technology development often follows an innumerable set of investigation paths, some of them tend to stick out. So, together with a couple of Ericsson experts, I have highlighted the five trends that I believe all of us in ICT should keep an eye on in the coming year. I'd say that virtualization, network slices, more data, more mobile, security, and billions of things are today's primary drivers in ICT.
Otherwise, it’s business as usual... Every month, we publish a new article online. Perhaps not surprisingly, 5G is on the agenda, including a vision for the core network, how transport networks will need to evolve, and how 5g will enable remote control. We’ll round off the year with some insights into cryptography and designing secure algorithms.
Fibre Optic Valley is a cluster of ICT communities and educational institutes developing cutting edge applications using fibre optic technologies and telecommunications. Business Development Manager Jeanette Waax talks with Telecoms IQ to explain some of her interesting insight ahead of her presentation.
This publication describes some of the research highlights achieved in the focus areas of the Open Smart Spaces spearhead programme 2009–2012: interoperability, smartness, and natural interaction.
Interoperability between devices, software and other resources is essential for the emergence of smart spaces. The different levels of interoperability are discussed together with the importance of a common language for the devices. Semantic interoperability in resource limited devices is also elaborated and an implementation example is given. Context recognition has taken significant technical steps and matured from laboratory to real world applications during last couple of years. This development from recognising user’s physical activity – sitting, walking, running – to more elaborate life pattern analysis is discussed. Development of VTT Node, a wireless sensing and processing device bringing distributed intelligence into industrial condition monitoring is explained. An overview of how existing near field communication antennas and circuits can double for the purpose of wireless charging is given. Finally, the interesting possibilities given by augmented and mixed reality and 3D cameras are introduced.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
1. ETE 521: Telecommunication
Business and Management
Lec 09: Telecom Dynamics: History and
state of the Swedish telecom sector and
its innovation system.
2. Sweden:
Population: 9 m
GDP: US$333 b
GDP per capita: US$ 37,00
Currency: SEK
5.96 SEK = 1 US$
Telecommunications,
the automotive industry and
the pharmaceutical industries
are also of great importance.
3. The telecom sector has contributed substantially and
increasingly to economic growth in recent decades. Rapid
technological development, innovation and diffusion have
turned telecom into a major growth generator, globally
and particularly so in Sweden.
The Swedish telecom sector has been extremely
dependent on the manufacturer Ericsson and its capability
to generate innovations, and the success of Ericsson in
mobile communications during the 1980s and 1990s has
been a major growth driver for the Swedish economy.
The Swedish economy and its innovation system have
been crucially impacted by the prosperity of one single
firm – Ericsson – for better for worse.
4. The telecommunication sector is an important
part of the Swedish economy and has been
increasingly so during the 1990s.
The contribution to economic growth (measured
as productivity improvements and value-added
growth) has increased to become almost half of
the contribution of the industry in 2001. The
increase in value added stems mostly from the
telecom equipment part of the industry (with
telecom-services contributions more marginal).
Second only to Finland, Sweden is the OECD
country most dependent on the telecom product
sector of the ICT industry.
5. Telecom has also been the major driver of growth
in the R&D component (as is also shown in
patenting statistics) of the Swedish national
innovation system, while the corresponding
computing part has been relatively low.
It may be hypothesized that, for telecom R&D,
Ericsson’s growth, in particular in mobile
communications, has played an imperative role.
If so, the Swedish R&D system overly depends on
the success and failure of one product area of one
firm.
This has been a strength for Sweden, but may
equally turn out to be a threat and weakness.
6. After a few decades of intense competition, a
de facto monopoly was established in the
Swedish operators’ market in the late 1910s.
This monopoly of Televerket’s lasted until the
1980s.
In terms of penetration of telephony services,
the state of technology implemented and
quality of services, Sweden has been an
advanced market since the late 19th century.
Compared to many other “PTTs”, a number of
features rendered the position of Televerket
unique.
7. It also had a division of equipment
manufacturing, which meant that it
could develop its own manufacturing
and R&D expertise, driven by a
genuine engineering culture, and
became a powerful purchaser.
8. The Swedish supplier industry has been heavily
dominated by one firm: Ericsson. In 1970, there were a
few minor suppliers, including Teli. By the start of the
time period investigated, Ericsson accounted for around
three quarters of the Swedish telecom manufacturing
sector.
The relationship with Televerket was one of collaboration
and to some degree competition.
The development of the AXE switching system
(developed jointly by Televerket and Ericsson) became
crucial to the future competitiveness of Ericsson.
In this respect it was very much a result of collaboration,
guidance and resource-sharing with an advanced
customer, but not of public procurement.
9. In the Swedish telecom innovation system,
Ericsson is in 2004 by far the most important
actor in terms of revenues, followed by the
large operators.
Around Ericsson, a vast number of companies
supplying components and services have
emerged.
Based on statistics on the 500 most important
IT companies in Sweden, it was estimated that
the telecom industry generated revenues of
between 300 and 400 billion SEK in 2002.
10. Industry has come to increasingly
dominate the sector’s R&D funding, in
particular Ericsson.
Following the downturn, effects on
R&D spendings have been dramatic.
In 2001, Ericsson contributed more
than 20% of the total R&D spending
in the country.
11. Innovation System:
The most obvious way is of course to
begin with the functions of (a)
developing/generating, (b) diffusing,
and (c) using innovations.
12. The first is (i) the creation and diffusion of “new”
knowledge. Possible sources may be R&D, identification of
problems, search and experimentation, learning-by-
doing/using and imitation.
The second is (ii) the guidance of the direction of search
among users and suppliers of technology. This function
includes guidance with respect both to the growth
potential of a new technology and to the choice of the
specific design approaches (e.g. standards). It also
includes the supply of incentives for actors to engage in
innovative work, i.e. companies must feel that they get a
reasonable return on investments.
13. Thirdly we have (iii) the function of supply of resources such
as capital and competencies.
The fourth concerns (iv) the creation of positive external
economies, both market- and nonmarket- mediated. It
involves the facilitation of information and knowledge
exchange, and is aided by connectivity between different
actors in the system and the feedback loops between them.
Finally, the fifth function is (v) the creation of markets. Since
innovations rarely find ready-made markets, these may
require stimulation or even creation. This process may be
affected by governmental actions to remove legislative
obstacles, by various organizations’ measures to legitimize the
technology, and by incentives.
14. After scrutiny of these functions, and
familiarization with the innovation systems in
the empirical cases, it was found that one
essential function seemed to be missing,
namely (vi) providing incentives for innovative
activity. These incentives could be financial
(e.g. tax reductions, loans), related to
appropriability conditions (IPR, revenue
sharing among actors).
Expectations are also an important incentive
for innovative activity
15. Innovation Maturity:
(1) the formation or birth phase, (2)
growth phase, (3) maturity phase and
(4) a decline phase.
They emphasize four features of that
process: (1) market formation, (2) entry
of organizations, (3) institutional change
and (4) the formation of technology-
specific advocacy coalitions.
29. Revenue Breakdown:
Infrastructure Providers – SEK 167.8 billion
in 2002
The infrastructure providers are the most
important actors in the Swedish telecom
innovation system in economic terms,
constituting 55% of the top 500 IT companies’
revenues in 2002.
Within this group, Ericsson of course stands out
as the dominant player, alone generating 87%
of the revenues among the group of
infrastructure providers.
30. Terminal manufacturers – SEK 43 billion in 2003
As late as 1998, Ericsson was still the third largest
terminal supplier, with almost 15% of the world market.
The company lost much of its position in the following
years. The terminal business was subsequently merged
with Sony’s terminal company, and the new company –
Sony Ericsson – had a market share around 5% in 2003.
In 2004, two of the remaining product development
centers are located in Sweden – Kista and Lund – but the
headquarters are placed in London.
In 2003, Sony Ericsson sold 27.2 million terminals.
Although the company was profitable in H2 2003, the
annual result was a loss of SEK 1.2 billion.Sony Ericsson
generated a total turnover of SEK 42.3 billion in 2003.
31. Operators – SEK 129.6 billion in 2002
Since the deregulation of the telecom service
market a number of operators have established a
foothold on the Swedish market. The business
magazine Veckans Affärer identified 27 operators
– with a total turnover of SEK 129.6 billion. The
most important operators were TeliaSonera,
Tele2 and Vodafone, between them generating
92% of total revenues. The value of the fixed
telephony market reached SEK 25.8 billion in
2002, 0.8 billion less than the year before.
Mobile telephony generated revenues of SEK
17.3 billion in Sweden in 2002, up from 16.2
billion in 2001.
32. Consultants – SEK 21.6 billion in 2002
An extensive consulting industry has
formed around the telecom companies in
Sweden. Most can be classified as suppliers
to the large telecom companies, assisting in
e.g. product development. To this category
belong companies such as TietoEnator,
Teleca and WM-data.
33. Collaboration Ericsson-Televerket
and the role of public procurement
Recently, attention has been paid to the role of public
procurement for innovation.
The importance of an advanced domestic demand
(Porter 1990) and lead users (whose needs later
become commonplace: von Hippel 1988) is by now
well known.
So is the role of public procurement, and its effects on
long-term technological investments and innovation,
when private industry otherwise would under-invest.
However, there can be negative effects as well; e.g.
stable procurement relations may also bring about
inefficiencies because of a lack of competition.
34. An early form of cooperation between Televerket and
Ericsson was established in the early 1950s when the
electronics council was formed.
Ericsson and Televerket had separately started exploring
the possibilities that opened up as a result of electronic
technology.
It was difficult to recruit engineers, however, and the
electronics counsel was set up to coordinate the two
parties’ development work primarily in order to avoid
duplication of development work and the misuse of scarce
resources.
In spite of this coordination, the two parties developed
two separate SPC switches (A210 and AKE 12). Obviously
the coordination did not work properly.
35. In 1970 Ericsson and Televerket instead formed
a joint R&D company – ELLEMTEL. The company
had as its task to develop and construct
equipment for (1) electronic switches, (2)
computer networks, (3) digital transmission
systems, and (4) advanced telephones.
Manufacturing was to be performed by either
Ericsson or Televerket. The major task was to
develop the computerized electronic switching
system (AX, later AXE).
36. In the case of mobile telephony the role of “public”
procurement by Televerket was more clear-cut.
It is unlikely that Ericsson would have entered into
cellular mobile telephony had it not been for
Televerket’s leading role.
Televerket had built up a position as a competent
developer, operator, standardizer and procurer of
mobile telephony equipment.
It increased the attention and resources spent on
mobile telephony at Ericsson and in particular SRA,
while at the same time influencing critical technological
choices, in particular adapting the AXE switch for
mobile use.
37.
38.
39. Ericsson’s sales came to a drastic halt in 2001,
following a long period of steady growth. As
seen in Figure 4-29, R&D investments have also been
cut, but increased as share of total
sales. This implies R&D spending being cut back less
than other expenditures. Still, the
reliance on Ericsson as a major contributor to the
Swedish R&D investments seems burdened
by a great risk, considering how close the company
came to bankruptcy following the drastic
market slowdown.
40. Supply of incentives to innovation
creation and exploitation
Apart from the advancements on the international
scene, which set the pace also for the
Swedish actors, the interest shown by Televerket was
an important reason for the escalation of the Ericsson
commitment in the 70s. This interest persisted in the
80s although Televerket still had no direct need for
more capacity.
The basic incentive for Televerket was rather to invest
in order not to renovate its old copper network.
As the Swedish market is relatively small, an increasing
international market in the area was probably an
additional incentive for the escalating operations of
Ericsson.
41. During the 1970s and 1980s, Televerket played
an important role in the Swedish
telecommunications R&D system.
With the monopoly situation, Televerket was
commissioned by the government to perform
long-term R&D.
Until the de-monopolization in 1993, Telia (or
Televerket) funded both research and
development of telecommunication equipment.
As discussed earlier, in the cooperation with
Ericsson, Ellemtel, the AXE switch was jointly
funded and developed.
42. With Ericsson and TeliaSonera
decreasing their R&D investments, R&D
in small firms often funded by venture
capital could play a more important role
in the Swedish innovation system.
The development of the venture capital
market will therefore (and for other
reasons) be assessed in the following
section.
43. During the banking crisis in the early
1990s, the government made SEK 6.5
billion available for venture investments
through two new investment
organizations, Atle and Bure, and
stateowned venture capital
organizations.
This was the start of a period of new
growth in the industry.
44. Telecom-related research and
development:
The telecom industry is knowledge-intensive with complex
systemic products. The nature of the products calls for
large R&D investments in order to stay at the frontiers of
technological developments. Throughout the period large
investments have been made in the field, both with public
funds and with corporate R&D investments.
Since the shift from electromechanics to electronics in the
1970s the industry has slowly but surely converged with
the computing industry, often using the same basic
technologies and components.
Thus, it is difficult to identify public research projects
purely dedicated to telecom research. Due to the
importance of the telecom industry in Sweden, we make
the assumption that a large share of electronics R&D has
been invested in areas important for the industry.
47. Industry R&D:
As shown in Figure 4-28, industry has played an
increasingly important role in R&D in recent years;
perhaps more so in the IT field than in other areas.
Some estimates indicate that 90% of all IT-related
research was carried out in the industry in 1987, and
only 3% of total university research funds in 1990 were
allocated to IT-related fields.
In 1993, costs for ICT research were almost SEK 12
billion for industry-related R&D, compared with around
450 million available for academic R&D programs.
This corresponds to around 25% of all R&D funds in the
country in 1993. In most large-scale public R&D
programs, industry has provided up to half of the funds.
48. During the whole period, the telecommunications
industry has had an influential role in Swedish R&D.
In the late 1980s, telecommunications equipment made
up 58% of the electronics production in Sweden.
R&D expenses in the Swedish electronics industry were
also focused on the telecommunications area; of the SEK
19.9 billion invested in electronics R&D in 1999, 10.8
billion were invested by the telecom products companies.
In 1999, the electronics industry in Sweden had a total
turnover of SEK 190 billion, with electronics products
making up SEK 164 billion. Of the total electronics
production, communications equipment constituted 84%.
49. The importance of Ericsson in the Swedish R&D system is
illustrated by the fact that the company spent SEK 43 billion
on R&D in 2001, equivalent to half the total Swedish R&D
investments.
Although the share spent on R&D in Sweden is only roughly
half the total sum, Ericsson had great relevance for the
Swedish ICT R&D.
As a rough estimate, 20 of the 43 billion SEK were spent in
Sweden, which would amount to more than a fifth (>20%) of
the total R&D in Sweden.
Obviously the well-being of this one firm and its decisions
regarding R&D will have effects on the Swedish National
Innovation System.
50. Sweden carefully nurtured the
development of highly knowledge
based telecom equipment maker:
Ericsson.
Ericsson has taken the role of
nurturing Sweden as a highly
knowledge based economy.