Technology In Service Of Society
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This is the presentation of talk given Prof. Raj Reddy the pioneer of artificial intelligence on technology and its service for society.
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Technology In Service Of Society
- 1. Technology in Service of Society Raj Reddy Carnegie Mellon University MSRA Talk November 4, 2008
- 3. Exponential Growth Trends in Computer Performance 102400 100 200 400 800 1600 3200 6400 12800 25600 51200 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Year Giga PC 10G PC 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 204800 409600 819200 1638400 Tera PC 100G PC M I P S Doubling every 15 months Doubling every 2 years
- 8. Encouraging Social Activity view video-clip
- 13. Watch Video-Clip
- 16. Cover Page of Sanskrit book Rig-Veda.
- 17. Urdu book by Khader Badesh (1919)
- 18. Watch Video-Clip of Universal Digital Library Concepts
- 23. Reading Tutor pilot in Ghana.
- 24. Reading Tutor being Used in a Class Room Watch Videoclip
- 32. Each year over 100 million infants worldwide need immunizing against six different diseases.
- 33. Education and immunization campaigns have reduced child and maternal mortality rates in china
- 41. Medical Emergencies Medical Emergency % of Total Rural % Female % Age Yrs Pregnancy related 22 82 100 22 Injuries 18 57 18 31 Acute Abdomen 8 77 35 32 Suicide related 6 72 43 27 Cardiac related 5 66 38 42 Respiratory related 4 66 36 46
- 42. Follow-up after 48 hours Discharged 49 % Stable and still in Hospital 45 % Critical and still in Hospital 1 % Expired 5 %
- 43. Robbery – Thief requested wife to dial 108 after 10 minutes to take the injured husband to hospital Extraordinary Performance from Ordinary People 3 Hour Neonate (Baby Girl) Buried Firing - Between Army Commanders and Naxalites Cyclist– Fell on road divider rod
- 44. Bomb Blasts Ahmedabad Snake Bite Suicide Attempt Candle Light Delivery 35 Ambulances to Bihar Extraordinary Performance from Ordinary People
Editor's Notes
- <<Next Slide>>
- Barring the creation of a cartel or some unforeseen technological barrier, we should see a tera-PC by the year 2015 and a peta-PC before 2030. <<Next Slide>>
- The unprecedented exponential improvement of information Technology is the underlying foundation for most of these advances. I created this slide in 1994 which predicted that in 2000 we will see the arrival of a giga-PC capable of a billion operations per second, a billion bits of memory and billion bits per second bandwidth, costing less than two thousand dollars. And this has come to pass. <<Next Slide>>
- The question is what will we do with all this power? How will it affect the way we live and work? Many things will hardly change; our social systems, the food we eat, the clothes we wear, and the mating rituals will hardly be affected. Others, such as the way we learn, the way we work, the way we interact with each other will undergo profound changes . <<Next Slide>>
- It is expected that the exponential doubling of memory and bandwidth will continue for the next 10 to 20 years, leading to the availability of terabyte disks and terabytes per second bandwidth at a cost of pennies per day! This qualitatively changes the way we think of how computers can be used in service of humanity. In this talk, we discuss several applications of robotics and intelligent systems that are expected to transform our lives. <<Next Slide>>
- As the life expectancy of the population of the world increases, it is expected that soon over 10% of the population will be over the age of 70. Increasingly researchers are exploring the use of robots to reduce the cost of elder care. This age group can be expected to have minor disabilities impacting their quality of life. These disabilities can be grouped into three broad categories: sensory disabilities, cognitive disabilities, and motor disabilities and can often be remedied through the use of robotic and intelligent systems technologies. <<Next Slide>>
- Researchers hope that such autonomous mobile robots will one day live in the homes of chronically ill elderly persons to perform a variety of tasks. It reminds elderly patients to visit the bathroom, take medicine, drink, or see the doctor. It connects patients with caregivers through the Internet. It is a platform for tele-presence technology whereby professional caregivers can interact directly with remote patients, reducing the frequency of doctor visits. It collects data and monitors the well-being of patients. Emergency conditions, such as heart failure or high blood sugar levels, can be avoided with systematic data collection. It operates around the appliances such as the refrigerator, washing machine, or microwave for arthritic patients who might otherwise give up independent living. <<Next Slide>>
- The Robot can take over certain social functions. Many elderly people are forced to live alone, deprived of social contacts. The Robot provides an interactive medium to keep the seniors occupied. <<IMAGE 2 to be placed about here>> <<Next Slide>>
- Often the disaster locations are too dangerous or unreachable. Additional constraints like rescuer availability, extreme temperatures, and high winds can cause significant delays before rescuers can start searching for victims. In most cases rescuers need to retrieve victims within 48 hours. Advances like earthquake prediction are not enough by themselves. For example in the Kobe earthquake of 1995 several large structures including buildings and highways were believed to be earthquake proof, but were not. In both Kobe and Oklahoma bombing cases, the technology available was not up to the mark. The huge robot cranes could not maneuver in the rubble and therefore could not be used effectively for the tasks at hand. <<Next Slide>>
- Video on rescue robots <<Next Slide>>
- Globally over a million people die annually in road traffic fatalities. In the U.S. this number is over 40,000 per year. The annual repair bill for the cars involved in these accidents in the U.S. exceeds over $55 billion. A majority of the road accidents were found to be caused due to reduced visibility conditions and by human errors while driving. More often than not, the human errors are due to speeding, driver fatigue or the driver being drunk. Another major concern for drivers is the increasing number of traffic jams on highways and in cities. The Texas Transportation Institute estimates that in 2000 alone, major U.S. cities experienced 3.6 billion vehicle-hours of delay due to traffic congestion. Many of these jams are caused by excessive-braking due to driver panic or minor miscalculations while driving. Such irregular driving not only disrupts the traffic flow but also causes discomfort to the passengers travelling with the driver. In addition, it contributes to the wear of the vehicle resulting in higher fuel consumption. It also leads to significant underutilization of highways as huge gaps are maintained between vehicles. <<Next Slide>>
- In the last decade, we saw the emergence of fully autonomous navigation systems that can plan and navigate through real world traffic conditions. The Navlab vehicles developed by Carnegie Mellon University’s Field Robotics Center have demonstrated capability of autonomously operating at highway speeds for extended periods of time. Navlab vehicles are equipped with perception modules to sense and recognize the surrounding environment. Among other things, these vehicles can maintain a constant speed, navigate turns, follow vehicles, avoid obstacles and also plan their path towards the intended destination using GPS information Current state-of-the-art systems can also do close-following of vehicles on highways (platooning), switch lanes and also park in designated locations The key potential benefits of such systems are reduction of accident rate because of the collision-avoidance capabilities, reduction in driver fatigue, increase in fuel efficiency and better utilization of roads due to close-following (platooning). It has also been observed by a study published in Physics journal that a majority of traffic jams can be prevented if a mere 20% of vehicles on the road used adaptive cruise-control. <<Next Slide>>
- Next we discuss how Language Understanding Systems technology can transform the way we gain access information and knowledge. Creating a universal, free to read, digital library containing all the books ever published is technically feasible today. Google, Yahoo and Microsoft have all announced their intention to scan and make available books of interest to public. Unfortunately most of these will be in English and will not be readable by over 80% of the world’s population. Even when books in other languages become available online, their content will remain incomprehensible to most people on the planet. Language Understanding Systems for translation among languages is not yet perfect but promises to provide a way out of this conundrum. Such a resource furthers the democratization of knowledge by making this large digital library available to scholars around the world. <<Next Slide>>
- The Million Book Digital Library Project 12 at Carnegie Mellon University is a collaborative venture among many countries including USA, China and India. So far over 400,000 books have been scanned in China and 200,000 in India. Content is made available freely from multiple sites around the globe. The website at CMU, www.ul.cs.cmu.edu <http://www.ulib.org>, provides a sampling of this collection which is full-content searchable and readable. <<Next Slide>>
- The following figures provide cover pages of two books, illustrating the multilingual nature of the collection. <<Next Slide>>
- Initiatives like Million Book Digital Library Project and other digitization projects will act as a rich test bed for validating concepts of Language Understanding Systems Research. A few decades ago even if such massive data were to be available, it would have been difficult to effectively utilize it, because the language understanding tools were not advanced enough. <<Next Slide>>
- The Million Book Digital Library Project 12 at Carnegie Mellon University is a collaborative venture among many countries including USA, China and India. So far over 400,000 books have been scanned in China and 200,000 in India. Content is made available freely from multiple sites around the globe. The website at CMU, www.ul.cs.cmu.edu <http://www.ulib.org>, provides a sampling of this collection which is full-content searchable and readable. <<Next Slide>>
- The Million Book Digital Library Project 12 at Carnegie Mellon University is a collaborative venture among many countries including USA, China and India. So far over 400,000 books have been scanned in China and 200,000 in India. Content is made available freely from multiple sites around the globe. The website at CMU, www.ul.cs.cmu.edu <http://www.ulib.org>, provides a sampling of this collection which is full-content searchable and readable. <<Next Slide>>
- Now we come to the topic of speech technology and how it can help overcome the literacy problem. Over a billion people in the world cannot read or write. Over 2 Billion people in the world are functionally illiterate in that they cannot understand the meaning of the sentences. Advances in speech recognition and synthesis technologies provide an opportunity to create a computer based solution that can help to improve literacy. The solution involves creating an automated Reading Tutor that displays stories on a computer screen, and listens to children read aloud using speech recognition technology. <<Next Slide>>
- The Reading Tutor developed by Dr Jack Mostow 5 at Carnegie Mellon University provides one such solution. It adapts Carnegie Mellon’s Sphinx speech recognition system to analyze the student’s oral reading. The current version runs under Windows XP on an ordinary personal computer with at least 128MB of memory. Though not (yet) a commercial product, the Reading Tutor 6 has been used daily (see photos below) by hundreds of children, as part of studies to test its effectiveness. <<Next Slide>>
- The Reading Tutor intervenes when the reader makes mistakes, gets stuck, clicks for help, or is likely to encounter difficulty. It responds with assistance modelled in part after expert reading teachers, but adapted to the capabilities and limitations of the technology. <<Next Slide>>
- To provide help in assisted reading, the Reading Tutor lets the child choose from a menu of high-interest stories from Weekly Reader and other sources including user-authored stories. <<Next Slide>>
- It is expected that the exponential doubling of memory and bandwidth will continue for the next 10 to 20 years, leading to the availability of terabyte disks and terabytes per second bandwidth at a cost of pennies per day! This qualitatively changes the way we think of how computers can be used in service of humanity. In this talk, we discuss several applications of robotics and intelligent systems that are expected to transform our lives. <<Next Slide>>
- Finally we come to the applications of other AI technologies such as Expert Systems, Planning and Problem Solving. Opportunities in healthcare provide the best illustration. In many developing countries, one out of every 5 children dies before reaching the age of 5. Neonatal care is not readily available to many new born children because hospitals are inaccessible and costly. The root causes of many of these deaths are known and preventable. The major direct causes of neonatal death are infection, birth asphyxia/trauma, prematurity, and hypothermia. The underlying causes include poor pre-pregnancy health, inadequate care during pregnancy and delivery, low birth weight, breast-feeding problems, and inadequate newborn and post-partum care. In the systems currently in use, village health workers trained in neonatal care make home visits and manage such problems. These include a community-based integrated management of childhood illnesses. This includes programs such as control of diarrhoeal diseases, control of acute respiratory infection, immunization and nutrition including micro-nutrients and raising community awareness. Scalability and sustainability of the current solutions has been a problem, including ready accessibility to a health worker, identifying and training health workers, and providing the support and medicines in a timely manner. <<Next Slide>>
- Each year over 100 million infants worldwide need immunizing against six different diseases. Fig<*> <<Next Slide>>
- Education and immunization campaigns have reduced child and maternal mortality rates in china Fig <*> <<Next Slide>>